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Akdogan I, Ogmen H, Kafaligonul H. The phase coherence of cortical oscillations predicts dynamic changes in perceived visibility. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae380. [PMID: 39319441 PMCID: PMC11422671 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The phase synchronization of brain oscillations plays an important role in visual processing, perceptual awareness, and performance. Yet, the cortical mechanisms underlying modulatory effects of post-stimulus phase coherence and frequency-specific oscillations associated with different aspects of vision are still subject to debate. In this study, we aimed to identify the post-stimulus phase coherence of cortical oscillations associated with perceived visibility and contour discrimination. We analyzed electroencephalogram data from two masking experiments where target visibility was manipulated by the contrast ratio or polarity of the mask under various onset timing conditions (stimulus onset asynchronies, SOAs). The behavioral results indicated an SOA-dependent suppression of target visibility due to masking. The time-frequency analyses revealed significant modulations of phase coherence over occipital and parieto-occipital regions. We particularly identified modulations of phase coherence in the (i) 2-5 Hz frequency range, which may reflect feedforward-mediated contour detection and sustained visibility; and (ii) 10-25 Hz frequency range, which may be associated with suppressed visibility through inhibitory interactions between and within synchronized neural pathways. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that oscillatory phase alignments, not only in the pre-stimulus but also in the post-stimulus window, play a crucial role in shaping perceived visibility and dynamic vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Akdogan
- Department of Neuroscience, Bilkent University, Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Türkiye
- Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Türkiye
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Türkiye
| | - Haluk Ogmen
- Laboratory of Perceptual and Cognitive Dynamics, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Ritchie School of Engineering & Computer Science, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210, United States
| | - Hulusi Kafaligonul
- Department of Neuroscience, Bilkent University, Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Türkiye
- Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Türkiye
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, Cankaya, Ankara 06800, Türkiye
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Yenimahalle, Ankara 06560, Türkiye
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Zhang S, Morrison J, Sun T, Kowal DR, Greene E. Evaluating integration of letter fragments through contrast and spatially targeted masking. J Vis 2024; 24:9. [PMID: 38856981 PMCID: PMC11174100 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.6.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to gain a better understanding of the visual mechanisms related to how integration of partial shape cues provides for recognition of the full shape. In each experiment, letters formed as outline contours were displayed as a sequence of adjacent segments (fragments), each visible during a 17-ms time frame. The first experiment varied the contrast of the fragments. There were substantial individual differences in contrast sensitivity, so stimulus displays in the masking experiments that followed were calibrated to the sensitivity of each participant. Masks were displayed either as patterns that filled the entire screen (full field) or as successive strips that were sliced from the pattern, each strip lying across the location of the letter fragment that had been shown a moment before. Contrast of masks were varied to be lighter or darker than the letter fragments. Full-field masks, whether light or dark, provided relatively little impairment of recognition, as was the case for mask strips that were lighter than the letter fragments. However, dark strip masks proved to be very effective, with the degree of recognition impairment becoming larger as mask contrast was increased. A final experiment found the strip masks to be most effective when they overlapped the location where the letter fragments had been shown a moment before. They became progressively less effective with increased spatial separation from that location. Results are discussed with extensive reference to potential brain mechanisms for integrating shape cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Sun
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel R Kowal
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ernest Greene
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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Wan Y, Sarter N. Attention Limitations in the Detection and Identification of Alarms in Close Temporal Proximity. HUMAN FACTORS 2024; 66:234-257. [PMID: 35012376 DOI: 10.1177/00187208211063991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to establish the effects of simultaneous and asynchronous masking on the detection and identification of visual and auditory alarms in close temporal proximity. BACKGROUND In complex and highly coupled systems, malfunctions can trigger numerous alarms within a short period of time. During such alarm floods, operators may fail to detect and identify alarms due to asynchronous and simultaneous masking. To date, the effects of masking on detection and identification have been studied almost exclusively for two alarms during single-task performance. This research examines 1) how masking affects alarm detection and identification in multitask environments and 2) whether those effects increase as a function of the number of alarms. METHOD Two experiments were conducted using a simulation of a drone-based package delivery service. Participants were required to ensure package delivery and respond to visual and auditory alarms associated with eight drones. The alarms were presented at various stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). The dependent measures included alarm detection rate, identification accuracy, and response time. RESULTS Masking was observed intramodally and cross-modally for visual and auditory alarms. The SOAs at which asynchronous masking occurred were longer than reported in basic research on masking. The effects of asynchronous and, even more so, simultaneous masking became stronger as the number of alarms increased. CONCLUSION Masking can lead to breakdowns in the detection and identification of alarms in close temporal proximity in complex data-rich domains. APPLICATION The findings from this research provide guidance for the design of alarm systems.
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Komiyama T, Takedomi H, Aoyama C, Goya R, Shimegi S. Acute exercise has specific effects on the formation process and pathway of visual perception in healthy young men. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3239-3252. [PMID: 37424403 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Visual perception is formed over time through the formation process and visual pathway. Exercise improves visual perception, but it is unclear whether exercise modulates nonspecifically or specifically the formation process and pathway of visual perception. Healthy young men performed the visual detection task in a backward masking paradigm before and during cycling exercise at a mild intensity or rest (control). The task presented gratings of a circular patch (target) and annulus (mask) arranged concentrically as a visual stimulus and asked if the presence and striped pattern (feature) of the target were detected. The relationship between the orientations of the gratings of the target and the mask included iso-orientation and orthogonal orientation to investigate the orientation selectivity of the masking effect. The masking effect was evaluated by perceptual suppressive index (PSI). Exercise improved feature detection (∆PSI; Exercise: -20.6%, Control: 1.7%) but not presence detection (∆PSI; Exercise: 8.9%, Control: 29.6%) compared to the control condition, and the improving effect resulted from the attenuation of the non-orientation-selective (∆PSI; Exercise: -29.0%, Control: 16.8%) but not orientation-selective masking effect (∆PSI; Exercise: -3.1%, Control: 11.7%). These results suggest that exercise affects the formation process of the perceptual feature of the target stimulus by suppressively modulating the neural networks responsible for the non-orientation-selective surround interaction in the subcortical visual pathways, whose effects are inherited by the cortical visual pathways necessary for perceptual image formation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that acute exercise improves visual perception transiently through the modulation of a specific formation process of visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Komiyama
- Laboratory of Brain Information Science in Sports, Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Takedomi
- Graduate School of Frontier of Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Chisa Aoyama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Ryoma Goya
- Graduate School of Frontier of Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Faculty of Sports Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Shimegi
- Laboratory of Brain Information Science in Sports, Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier of Biosciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
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5
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Zhang S, Morrison J, Wang W, Greene E. Recognition of letters displayed as successive contour fragments. AIMS Neurosci 2022; 9:491-515. [PMID: 36660071 PMCID: PMC9826752 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2022028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Shapes can be displayed as parts but perceived as a whole through feedforward and feedback mechanisms in the visual system, though the exact spatiotemporal relationships for this process are still unclear. Our experiments examined the integration of letter fragments that were displayed as a rapid sequence. We examined the effects of timing and masking on integration, hypothesizing that increasing the timing interval between frames would impair recognition by disrupting contour linkage. We further used different mask types, a full-field pattern mask and a smaller strip mask, to examine the effects of global vs local masking on integration. We found that varying mask types and contrast produced a greater decline in recognition than was found when persistence or mask density was manipulated. The study supports prior work on letter recognition and provides greater insight into the spatiotemporal factors that contribute to the identification of shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, United States of America,* Correspondence:
| | - Jack Morrison
- Neuropsychology Foundation, Sun Valley, CA 91353, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital. Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
| | - Ernest Greene
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, United States of America
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Pavan A, Koc Yilmaz S, Kafaligonul H, Battaglini L, Blurton SP. Motion processing impaired by transient spatial attention: Potential implications for the magnocellular pathway. Vision Res 2022; 199:108080. [PMID: 35749832 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Spatial cues presented prior to the presentation of a static stimulus usually improve its perception. However, previous research has also shown that transient exogenous cues to direct spatial attention to the location of a forthcoming stimulus can lead to reduced performance. In the present study, we investigated the effects of transient exogenous cues on the perception of briefly presented drifting Gabor patches. The spatial and temporal frequencies of the drifting Gabors were chosen to mainly engage the magnocellular pathway. We found better performance in the motion direction discrimination task when neutral cues were presented before the drifting target compared to a valid spatial cue. The behavioral results support the hypothesis that transient attention prolongs the internal response to the attended stimulus, thus reducing the temporal segregation of visual events. These results were complemented by applying a recently developed model for perceptual decisions to rule out a speed-accuracy trade-off and to further assess cueing effects on visual performance. In a model-based assessment, we found that valid cues initially enhanced processing but overall resulted in less efficient processing compared to neutral cues, possibly caused by reduced temporal segregation of visual events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pavan
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat, 5, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Seyma Koc Yilmaz
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hulusi Kafaligonul
- National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Aysel Sabuncu Brain Research Center, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Luca Battaglini
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Steven P Blurton
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, 1353 København, Denmark
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Effects of spatial attention on spatial and temporal acuity: A computational account. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:1886-1900. [PMID: 35729455 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In our daily lives, the visual system receives a plethora of visual information that competes for the brain's limited processing capacity. Nevertheless, not all visual information is useful for our cognitive, emotional, social, and ultimately survival purposes. Therefore, the brain employs mechanisms to select critical information and thereby optimizes its limited resources. Attention is the selective process that serves such a function. In particular, covert spatial attention - attending to a particular location in the visual field without eye movements - improves spatial resolution and paradoxically deteriorates temporal resolution. The neural correlates underlying these attentional effects still remainelusive. In this work, we tested a neural model's predictions that explain these phenomena based on interactions between channels with different spatiotemporal sensitivities - namely, the magnocellular (transient) and parvocellular (sustained) channels. More specifically, our model postulates that spatial attention enhances activities in the parvocellular pathway, thereby producing improved performance in spatial resolution tasks. However, the enhancement of parvocellular activities leads to decreased magnocellular activities due to parvo-magno inhibitory interactions. As a result, spatial attention hampers temporal resolution. We compared the predictions of the model to psychophysical data, and show that our model can account qualitatively and quantitatively for the effects of spatial attention on spatial and temporal acuity.
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8
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Chung STL, Patel SS. Spatial and temporal proximity of objects for maximal crowding. Vision Res 2022; 194:108012. [PMID: 35042087 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Crowding refers to the deleterious visual interaction among nearby objects. Does maximal crowding occur when objects are closest to one another in space and time? We examined how crowding depends on the spatial and temporal proximity, retinally and perceptually, between a target and flankers. Our target was a briefly flashed T-stimulus presented at 10° right of fixation (3-o'clock position). It appeared at different target-onset-to-flanker asynchronies with respect to the instant when a pair of flanking Ts, revolving around the fixation target, reached the 3-o'clock position. Observers judged the orientation of the target-T (the crowding task), or its position relative to the revolving flankers (the flash-lag task). Performance was also measured in the absence of flanker motion: target and flankers were either presented simultaneously (closest retinal temporal proximity) with different angular spatial offsets, or were presented collinearly (closest retinal spatial proximity) with different temporal onset asynchronies. We found that neither retinal nor perceptual spatial or temporal proximity could account for when maximal crowding occurred. Simulations using a model based on feed-forward interactions between sustained and transient channels in static and motion pathways, taking into account the differential response latencies, can explain the crowding functions observed under various spatio-temporal conditions between the target and flankers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana T L Chung
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Saumil S Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Neural correlates of metacontrast masking across different contrast polarities. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:3067-3081. [PMID: 33779794 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metacontrast masking is a powerful illusion to investigate the dynamics of perceptual processing and to control conscious visual perception. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this fundamental investigative tool are still debated. In the present study, we examined metacontrast masking across different contrast polarities by employing a contour discrimination task combined with EEG (Electroencephalography). When the target and mask had the same contrast polarity, a typical U-shaped metacontrast function was observed. A change in mask polarity (i.e., opposite mask polarity) shifted this masking function to a monotonic increasing function such that the target visibility was strongly suppressed at stimulus onset asynchronies less than 50 ms. This transition in metacontrast function has been typically interpreted as an increase in intrachannel inhibition of the sustained activities functionally linked to object visibility and identity. Our EEG analyses revealed an early (160-300 ms) and a late (300-550 ms) spatiotemporal cluster associated with this effect of polarity. The early cluster was mainly over occipital and parieto-occipital scalp sites. On the other hand, the later modulations of the evoked activities were centered over parietal and centro-parietal sites. Since both of these clusters were beyond 160 ms, the EEG results point to late recurrent inhibitory mechanisms. Although the findings here do not directly preclude other proposed mechanisms for metacontrast, they highlight the involvement of recurrent intrachannel inhibition in metacontrast masking.
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10
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Niu X, Huang S, Yang S, Wang Z, Li Z, Shi L. Comparison of pop-out responses to luminance and motion contrasting stimuli of tectal neurons in pigeons. Brain Res 2020; 1747:147068. [PMID: 32827547 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of visual saliency has been widely studied in the primary visual cortex and the superior colliculus (SC) in mammals. There are fewer studies on the pop-out response to motion direction contrasting stimuli taken in the optic tectum (OT, homologous to mammalian SC), and these are mainly of owls and fish. To our knowledge the influence of spatial luminance has not been reported. In this study, we have recorded multi-units in pigeon OT and analyzed the tectal response to spatial luminance contrasting, motion direction contrasting, and contrasting stimuli from both feature dimensions. The comparison results showed that 1) the tectal response would pop-out in either motion direction or spatial luminance contrasting conditions. 2) The modulation from motion direction contrasting was independent of the temporal luminance variation of the visual stimuli. 3) When both spatial luminance and motion direction were salient, the response of tectal neurons was modulated more intensely by motion direction than by spatial luminance. The phenomenon was consistent with the innate instinct of avians in their natural environment. This study will help to deepen the understanding of mechanisms involved in bottom-up visual information processing and selective attention in the avian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Niu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; College of Basic Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Shuman Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shangfei Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhizhong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Li Shi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interface Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100000, China.
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11
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Asaoka R. Sandwiched visual stimuli are perceived as shorter than the stimulus alone. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 203:102982. [PMID: 31884042 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A visual stimulus is perceived as shorter when a short sound is presented immediately before and after the visual target than when the visual target appears alone. It remains unclear whether the time compression occurs in an intramodal condition. Therefore, the present study examined how and when non-target sandwiching stimuli affect the perceived filled duration of target visual stimuli. We further hypothesized that this effect could be modulated by temporal and spatial proximity between the target and non-target stimuli. Experiments 1a, 1b, and 2 showed that non-target stimuli could decrease the perceived duration only when the inter-stimulus interval between these stimuli was 0 ms, using time reproduction and category estimation methods. Experiments 3 revealed that the time compression effect did not occur when both the non-target preceding and trailing stimuli were spatially distinct from the target. Experiment 4 demonstrated that either the preceding or trailing stimulus induced the time compression effect when the non-target stimuli were presented at the same position as the target stimuli. We discuss the implications of the time compression effect induced by non-target sandwiching stimuli with reference to the Scalar Expectancy Theory and the Neural Readout Model. We speculated that the attenuation of neural responses to the target via visual masking or perceptual grouping may be attributable to the time compression effect.
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12
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Dell KL, Arabzadeh E, Price NSC. Differences in perceptual masking between humans and rats. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01368. [PMID: 31444998 PMCID: PMC6749492 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The perception of a target stimulus can be impaired by a subsequent mask stimulus, even if they do not overlap temporally or spatially. This "backward masking" is commonly used to modulate a subject's awareness of a target and to characterize the temporal dynamics of vision. Masking is most apparent with brief, low-contrast targets, making detection difficult even in the absence of a mask. Although necessary to investigate the underlying neural mechanisms, evaluating masking phenomena in animal models is particularly challenging, as the task structure and critical stimulus features to be attended must be learned incrementally through rewards and feedback. Despite the increasing popularity of rodents in vision research, it is unclear if they are susceptible to masking illusions. METHODS We characterized how spatially surrounding masks affected the detection of sine-wave grating targets. RESULTS In humans (n = 5) and rats (n = 7), target detection improved with contrast and was reduced by the presence of a mask. After controlling for biases to respond induced by the presence of the mask, a clear reduction in detectability was caused by masks. This reduction was evident when data were averaged across all animals, but was only individually significant in three animals. CONCLUSIONS While perceptual masking occurs in rats, it may be difficult to observe consistently in individual animals because the complexity of the requisite task pushes the limits of their behavioral capabilities. We suggest methods to ensure that masking, and similarly subtle effects, can be reliably characterized in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Dell
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Vic., Australia
| | - Ehsan Arabzadeh
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The Australian National University Node, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Nicholas S C Price
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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13
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Ro T, Beauchamp M. Ipsilesional perceptual deficits in hemispatial neglect: Case reports. Cortex 2019; 122:277-287. [PMID: 31036260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hemispatial neglect, usually after right hemisphere lesions, is characterized by contralesional deficits in attention and perception. However, little is known about impairments of perceptual processing in the ipsilesional region of visual space (the right visual field for right hemisphere lesions). In two right hemisphere neglect patients, we used a metacontrast masking paradigm to characterize systematic spatial and temporal visual processing deficits in the ipsilesional right visual field. The presence of a visual mask caused the neglect patients to miss targets in ipsilesional space, even when a mask was presented as long as 1.5 sec after the target and in a different spatial position. These prolonged and spatially extended masking effects were not measured in age-matched healthy controls or in two control patients with hemianopsia but without neglect. The results show that perceptual processing is distorted and delayed in a region of the visual field that has been thought to be unaffected - the ipsilesional hemifield in patients with neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Ro
- Programs in Psychology, Biology, and Cognitive Neuroscience, The Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Michael Beauchamp
- Department of Neurosurgery and Core for Advanced MRI, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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14
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Slugocki M, Duong CQ, Sekuler AB, Bennett PJ. Evaluating spatiotemporal interactions between shapes. J Vis 2019; 19:30. [PMID: 31026017 DOI: 10.1167/19.4.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal interactions between stimuli can alter the perceived curvature along the outline of a shape (Habak, Wilkinson, Zakher, & Wilson, 2004; Habak, Wilkinson, & Wilson, 2006). To better understand these interactions, we used a forward and backward masking paradigm with radial frequency (RF) contours while measuring RF detection thresholds. In Experiment 1, we presented a mask alongside a target contour and altered the stimulus onset asynchrony between this target-mask pair and a temporal mask. We found that a temporal mask increased thresholds when it preceded the target-mask stimulus by 130-180 ms but decreased thresholds when it followed the target-stimulus mask by 180 ms. Furthermore, Experiment 2 demonstrated that the effects of temporal and spatial masks are approximately additive. We discuss these findings in relation to theories of transient and sustained channels in vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Slugocki
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Q Duong
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison B Sekuler
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick J Bennett
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Ro T. Alpha Oscillations and Feedback Processing in Visual Cortex for Conscious Perception. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:948-960. [PMID: 30912724 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Variability in perception between individuals may be a consequence of different inherent neural processing speeds. To assess whether alpha oscillations systematically reflect a feedback pacing mechanism for cortical processing during visual perception, comparisons were made between alpha oscillations, visual suppression from TMS, visual evoked responses, and metacontrast masking. Peak alpha oscillation frequencies, measured through scalp EEG recordings, significantly correlated with the optimum latencies for visual suppression from TMS of early visual cortex. Individuals with shorter alpha periods (i.e., higher peak alpha frequencies) processed visual information faster than those with longer alpha periods (i.e., lower peak alpha frequencies). Moreover, peak alpha oscillation periods and optimum TMS visual suppression latencies predicted the latencies of late but not early visual evoked responses. Together, these findings demonstrate an important role of alpha oscillatory and late feedback activity in visual cortex for conscious perception. They also show that the timing for visual awareness varies across individuals, depending on the pace of one's endogenous oscillatory cycling frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Ro
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York
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16
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Bavard S, Lebreton M, Khamassi M, Coricelli G, Palminteri S. Reference-point centering and range-adaptation enhance human reinforcement learning at the cost of irrational preferences. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4503. [PMID: 30374019 PMCID: PMC6206161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In economics and perceptual decision-making contextual effects are well documented, where decision weights are adjusted as a function of the distribution of stimuli. Yet, in reinforcement learning literature whether and how contextual information pertaining to decision states is integrated in learning algorithms has received comparably little attention. Here, we investigate reinforcement learning behavior and its computational substrates in a task where we orthogonally manipulate outcome valence and magnitude, resulting in systematic variations in state-values. Model comparison indicates that subjects' behavior is best accounted for by an algorithm which includes both reference point-dependence and range-adaptation-two crucial features of state-dependent valuation. In addition, we find that state-dependent outcome valuation progressively emerges, is favored by increasing outcome information and correlated with explicit understanding of the task structure. Finally, our data clearly show that, while being locally adaptive (for instance in negative valence and small magnitude contexts), state-dependent valuation comes at the cost of seemingly irrational choices, when options are extrapolated out from their original contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bavard
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives Computationnelles, Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Médicale, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
- Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, 75005, France
- Institut d'Etudes de la Cognition, Université de Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Maël Lebreton
- CREED lab, Amsterdam School of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 11, Amsterdam, 1018 WB, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 WB, The Netherlands
- Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, 24 rue du Général-Dufour, Geneva, 1205, Switzerland
| | - Mehdi Khamassi
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et Robotiques, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 4 place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
- Institut des Sciences de l'Information et de leurs Interactions, Sorbonne Universités, 3 rue Michel-Ange, Paris, 75794, France
| | - Giorgio Coricelli
- Department of Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
- Centro Mente e Cervello, Università di Trento, corso Bettini 21, Rovereto, 38068, Italy
| | - Stefano Palminteri
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives Computationnelles, Institut National de la Santé et Recherche Médicale, 29 rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France.
- Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, 75005, France.
- Institut d'Etudes de la Cognition, Université de Paris Sciences et Lettres, Paris, 75005, France.
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Extrafoveally applied flashing light affects contrast thresholds of achromatic and S-cone isolating, but not L-M cone modulated stimuli. Neurosci Lett 2018; 678:99-103. [PMID: 29751069 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Flashing light stimulation is often used to investigate the visual system. However, the magnitude of the effect of this stimulus on the various subcortical pathways is not well investigated. The signals of conscious vision are conveyed by the magnocellular, parvocellular and koniocellular pathways. Parvocellular and koniocellular pathways (or more precisely, the L-M opponent and S-cone isolating channels) can be accessed by isoluminant red-green (L-M) and S-cone isolating stimuli, respectively. The main goal of the present study was to explore how costimulation with strong white extrafoveal light flashes alters the perception of stimuli specific to these pathways. Eleven healthy volunteers with negative neurological and ophthalmological history were enrolled for the study. Isoluminance of L-M and S-cone isolating sine-wave gratings was set individually, using the minimum motion procedure. The contrast thresholds for these stimuli as well as for achromatic gratings were determined by an adaptive staircase procedure where subjects had to indicate the orientation (horizontal, oblique or vertical) of the gratings. Thresholds were then determined again while a strong white peripheral light flash was presented 50 ms before each trial. Peripheral light flashes significantly (p < 0.05) increased the contrast thresholds of the achromatic and S-cone isolating stimuli. The threshold elevation was especially marked in case of the achromatic stimuli. However, the contrast threshold for the L-M stimuli was not significantly influenced by the light flashes. We conclude that extrafoveally applied light flashes influence predominantly the perception of achromatic stimuli.
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Retter TL, Jiang F, Webster MA, Rossion B. Dissociable effects of inter-stimulus interval and presentation duration on rapid face categorization. Vision Res 2018; 145:11-20. [PMID: 29581059 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fast periodic visual stimulation combined with electroencephalography (FPVS-EEG) has unique sensitivity and objectivity in measuring rapid visual categorization processes. It constrains image processing time by presenting stimuli rapidly through brief stimulus presentation durations and short inter-stimulus intervals. However, the selective impact of these temporal parameters on visual categorization is largely unknown. Here, we presented natural images of objects at a rate of 10 or 20 per second (10 or 20 Hz), with faces appearing once per second (1 Hz), leading to two distinct frequency-tagged EEG responses. Twelve observers were tested with three squarewave image presentation conditions: 1) with an ISI, a traditional 50% duty cycle at 10 Hz (50-ms stimulus duration separated by a 50-ms ISI); 2) removing the ISI and matching the rate, a 100% duty cycle at 10 Hz (100-ms duration with 0-ms ISI); 3) removing the ISI and matching the stimulus presentation duration, a 100% duty cycle at 20 Hz (50-ms duration with 0-ms ISI). The face categorization response was significantly decreased in the 20 Hz 100% condition. The conditions at 10 Hz showed similar face-categorization responses, peaking maximally over the right occipito-temporal (ROT) cortex. However, the onset of the 10 Hz 100% response was delayed by about 20 ms over the ROT region relative to the 10 Hz 50% condition, likely due to immediate forward-masking by preceding images. Taken together, these results help to interpret how the FPVS-EEG paradigm sets temporal constraints on visual image categorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia L Retter
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Louvain, Belgium; Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, USA.
| | - Fang Jiang
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Michael A Webster
- Department of Psychology and Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Louvain, Belgium; Neurology Unit, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire (CHRU) de Nancy, F-54000 Nancy, France
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19
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Hung SM, Nieh CH, Hsieh PJ. Unconscious processing of facial attractiveness: invisible attractive faces orient visual attention. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37117. [PMID: 27848992 PMCID: PMC5111056 DOI: 10.1038/srep37117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Past research has proven human’s extraordinary ability to extract information from a face in the blink of an eye, including its emotion, gaze direction, and attractiveness. However, it remains elusive whether facial attractiveness can be processed and influences our behaviors in the complete absence of conscious awareness. Here we demonstrate unconscious processing of facial attractiveness with three distinct approaches. In Experiment 1, the time taken for faces to break interocular suppression was measured. The results showed that attractive faces enjoyed the privilege of breaking suppression and reaching consciousness earlier. In Experiment 2, we further showed that attractive faces had lower visibility thresholds, again suggesting that facial attractiveness could be processed more easily to reach consciousness. Crucially, in Experiment 3, a significant decrease of accuracy on an orientation discrimination task subsequent to an invisible attractive face showed that attractive faces, albeit suppressed and invisible, still exerted an effect by orienting attention. Taken together, for the first time, we show that facial attractiveness can be processed in the complete absence of consciousness, and an unconscious attractive face is still capable of directing our attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Min Hung
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Chih-Hsuan Nieh
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Po-Jang Hsieh
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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20
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Deplancke A, Madelain L, Coello Y. Differential effects of forward and backward masks on the relationship between perception and action. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:792-801. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Deplancke
- Univ. Lille; CNRS; CHU Lille; UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives; F-59000 Lille France
| | - L. Madelain
- Univ. Lille; CNRS; CHU Lille; UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives; F-59000 Lille France
| | - Y. Coello
- Univ. Lille; CNRS; CHU Lille; UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives; F-59000 Lille France
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21
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Abstract
Crowding between adjacent letters has been investigated primarily as a spatial effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatio-temporal properties of letter crowding. Specifically, we examined the systematic changes in the degradation effects in letter identification performance when adjacent letters were presented with a temporal asynchrony, as a function of letter separation and between the fovea and the periphery. We measured proportion-correct performance for identifying the middle target letter in strings of three lowercase letters at the fovea and 10° in the inferior visual field, for a range of center-to-center letter separations and a range of stimulus onset asynchronies (SOA) between the target and flanking letters (positive SOAs: target preceded flankers). As expected, the accuracy for identifying the target letters reduces with decreases in letter separation. This crowding effect shows a strong dependency on SOAs, such that crowding is maximal between 0 and ∼100 ms (depending on conditions) and diminishes for larger SOAs (positive or negative). Maximal crowding does not require the target and flanking letters to physically coexist for the entire presentation duration. Most importantly, crowding can be minimized even for closely spaced letters if there is a large temporal asynchrony between the target and flankers. The reliance of letter identification performance on SOAs and how it changes with letter separations imply that the crowding effect can be traded between space and time. Our findings are consistent with the notion that crowding should be considered as a spatio-temporal, and not simply a spatial, effect.
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22
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Jardine NL, Moore CM. Losing the trees for the forest in dynamic visual search. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2015; 42:617-30. [PMID: 26689307 DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Representing temporally continuous objects across change (e.g., in position) requires integration of newly sampled visual information with existing object representations. We asked what consequences representational updating has for visual search. In this dynamic visual search task, bars rotated around their central axis. Observers searched for a single episodic target state (oblique bar among vertical and horizontal bars). Search was efficient when the target display was presented as an isolated static display. Performance declined to near chance, however, when the same display was a single state of a dynamically changing scene (Experiment 1), as though temporal selection of the target display from the stream of stimulation failed entirely (Experiment 3). The deficit is attributable neither to masking (Experiment 2), nor to a lack of temporal marker for the target display (Experiment 4). The deficit was partially reduced by visually marking the target display with unique feature information (Experiment 5). We suggest that representational updating causes a loss of access to instantaneous state information in search. Similar to spatially crowded displays that are perceived as textures (Parkes, Lund, Angelucci, Solomon, & Morgan, 2001), we propose a temporal version of the trees (instantaneous orientation information) being lost for the forest (rotating bars).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Jardine
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa
| | - Cathleen M Moore
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa
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23
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Siekmeier PJ. Computational modeling of psychiatric illnesses via well-defined neurophysiological and neurocognitive biomarkers. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:365-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Hong SW, Yoon KL, Peaco S. Sex differences in perception of invisible facial expressions. Front Psychol 2015; 6:392. [PMID: 25883583 PMCID: PMC4382973 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research indicates that women are better at recognizing facial expressions than men. In the current study, we examined whether this female advantage in the processing of facial expressions also occurs at the unconscious level. In two studies, participants performed a simple detection task and a 4-AFC task while faces were rendered invisible by continuous flash suppression. When faces with full intensity expressions were suppressed, there was no significant sex difference in the time of breakup of suppression (Study 1). However, when suppressed faces depicted low intensity expressions, suppression broke up earlier in men than women, indicating that men may be more sensitive to facial features related to mild facial expressions (Study 2). The current findings suggest that the female advantage in processing of facial expressions is absent in unconscious processing of emotional information. The female advantage in facial expression processing may require conscious perception of faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Wook Hong
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - K Lira Yoon
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Sophia Peaco
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, FL, USA
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25
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Rassovsky Y, Lee J, Nori P, Wu AD, Iacoboni M, Breitmeyer BG, Hellemann G, Green MF. Exploring facial emotion perception in schizophrenia using transcranial magnetic stimulation and spatial filtering. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 58:102-8. [PMID: 25106071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients have difficulty extracting emotional information from facial expressions. Perception of facial emotion can be examined by systematically altering the spatial frequency of stimuli and suppressing visual processing with temporal precision using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In the present study, we compared 25 schizophrenia patients and 27 healthy controls using a facial emotion identification task. Spatial processing was examined by presenting facial photographs that contained either high (HSF), low (LSF), or broadband/unfiltered (BSF) spatial frequencies. Temporal processing was manipulated using a single-pulse TMS delivered to the visual cortex either before (forward masking) or after (backward masking) photograph presentation. Consistent with previous studies, schizophrenia patients performed significantly below controls across all three spatial frequencies. A spatial frequency by forward/backward masking interaction effect demonstrated reduced performance in the forward masking component in the BSF condition and a reversed performance pattern in the HSF condition, with no significant differences between forward and backward masking in the LSF condition. However, the group by spatial frequency interaction was not significant. These findings indicate that manipulating visual suppression of emotional information at the level of the primary visual cortex results in comparable effects on both groups. This suggests that patients' deficits in facial emotion identification are not explained by low-level processes in the retino-geniculo-striate projection, but may rather depend on deficits of affect perception occurring at later integrative processing stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Rassovsky
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Junghee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Poorang Nori
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allan D Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marco Iacoboni
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Gerhard Hellemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael F Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Veteran Affairs VISN-22 Mental Illness Research Education Clinical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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26
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Tapia E, Beck DM. Probing feedforward and feedback contributions to awareness with visual masking and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1173. [PMID: 25374548 PMCID: PMC4204434 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of influential theories posit that visual awareness relies not only on the initial, stimulus-driven (i.e., feedforward) sweep of activation but also on recurrent feedback activity within and between brain regions. These theories of awareness draw heavily on data from masking paradigms in which visibility of one stimulus is reduced due to the presence of another stimulus. More recently transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been used to study the temporal dynamics of visual awareness. TMS over occipital cortex affects performance on visual tasks at distinct time points and in a manner that is comparable to visual masking. We draw parallels between these two methods and examine evidence for the neural mechanisms by which visual masking and TMS suppress stimulus visibility. Specifically, both methods have been proposed to affect feedforward as well as feedback signals when applied at distinct time windows relative to stimulus onset and as a result modify visual awareness. Most recent empirical evidence, moreover, suggests that while visual masking and TMS impact stimulus visibility comparably, the processes these methods affect may not be as similar as previously thought. In addition to reviewing both masking and TMS studies that examine feedforward and feedback processes in vision, we raise questions to guide future studies and further probe the necessary conditions for visual awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Tapia
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL USA
| | - Diane M Beck
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL, USA
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27
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Herzog MH, Hermens F, Oğmen H. Invisibility and interpretation. Front Psychol 2014; 5:975. [PMID: 25278910 PMCID: PMC4166109 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Invisibility is often thought to occur because of the low-level limitations of the visual system. For example, it is often assumed that backward masking renders a target invisible because the visual system is simply too slow to resolve the target and the mask separately. Here, we propose an alternative explanation in which invisibility is a goal rather than a limitation and occurs naturally when making sense out of the plethora of incoming information. For example, we present evidence that (in)visibility of an element can strongly depend on how it groups with other elements. Changing grouping changes visibility. In addition, we will show that features often just appear to be invisible but are in fact visible in a way the experimenter is not aware of.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Herzog
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frouke Hermens
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen, UK
| | - Haluk Oğmen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Center for NeuroEngineering and Cognitive Science, University of Houston Houston, TX, USA
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28
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Summation versus suppression in metacontrast masking: On the potential pitfalls of using metacontrast masking to assess perceptual-motor dissociation. Atten Percept Psychophys 2014; 76:1403-13. [PMID: 24719237 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-014-0670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A briefly flashed target stimulus can become "invisible" when immediately followed by a mask-a phenomenon known as backward masking, which constitutes a major tool in the cognitive sciences. One form of backward masking is termed metacontrast masking. It is generally assumed that in metacontrast masking, the mask suppresses activity on which the conscious perception of the target relies. This assumption biases conclusions when masking is used as a tool-for example, to study the independence between perceptual detection and motor reaction. This is because other models can account for reduced perceptual performance without requiring suppression mechanisms. In this study, we used signal detection theory to test the suppression model against an alternative view of metacontrast masking, referred to as the summation model. This model claims that target- and mask-related activations fuse and that the difficulty in detecting the target results from the difficulty to discriminate this fused response from the response produced by the mask alone. Our data support this alternative view. This study is not a thorough investigation of metacontrast masking. Instead, we wanted to point out that when a different model is used to account for the reduced perceptual performance in metacontrast masking, there is no need to postulate a dissociation between perceptual and motor responses to account for the data. Metacontrast masking, as implemented in the Fehrer-Raab situation, therefore is not a valid method to assess perceptual-motor dissociations.
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29
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Breitmeyer BG. Contributions of magno- and parvocellular channels to conscious and non-conscious vision. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130213. [PMID: 24639584 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsal and ventral cortical pathways, driven predominantly by magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) inputs, respectively, assume leading roles in models of visual information processing. Although in prior proposals, the dorsal and ventral pathways support non-conscious and conscious vision, respectively, recent modelling and empirical developments indicate that each pathway plays important roles in both non-conscious and conscious vision. In these models, the ventral P-pathway consists of one subpathway processing an object's contour features, e.g. curvature, the other processing its surface attributes, e.g. colour. Masked priming studies have shown that feed-forward activity in the ventral P-pathway on its own supports non-conscious processing of contour and surface features. The dorsal M-pathway activity contributes directly to conscious vision of motion and indirectly to object vision by projecting to prefrontal cortex, which in turn injects top-down neural activity into the ventral P-pathway and there 'ignites' feed-forward-re-entrant loops deemed necessary for conscious vision. Moreover, an object's shape or contour remains invisible without the prior conscious registration of its surface properties, which for that reason are taken to comprise fundamental visual qualia. Besides suggesting avenues for future research, these developments bear on several recent and past philosophical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G Breitmeyer
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuro-Engineering and Cognitive Science, University of Houston, , Houston, TX 77204-5022, USA
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30
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Deplancke A, Madelain L, Gorea A, Coello Y. Perception-action dissociations depend on the luminance contrast of the stimuli. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:1974-83. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00575.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The observation that near-threshold low-contrast visual distractors can equally influence perceptual state and goal-directed motor responses was recently taken as an argument against a sharp separation between a conscious vision for perception and an unconscious vision for action. However, data supporting the dual visual system theory have principally involved high-contrast stimuli. In the present study, we assessed the effect of varying the contrast of a near-threshold visual distractor while keeping its visibility constant with backward noise masks. Eight participants performed fast manual reaching movements toward a highly visible target while subsequently reporting the presence/absence of a near-threshold distractor appearing at the opposite location with respect to the body midline. For all distractor contrasts, hand trajectory deviations toward the distractor were observed when the distractor was present and detected. When the distractor remained undetected deviations also occurred, but for higher contrasts. The subliminal motor effect traditionally observed in visual masking studies may therefore primarily depend on the luminance contrast of the interfering stimuli. These results suggest that dissociations between perceptual and motor responses can be explained by a single-signal model involving differential thresholds for perception and action that are specifically modulated as a function of both the requirements of the task and the contrast level of the stimuli. Such modulation is compatible with neurophysiological accounts of visual masking in which feedforward activation to—and feedback activation from—higher visual areas are correlated with the actual presence of the stimulation and its conscious perception, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Deplancke
- URECA (EA 1059), University Lille Nord de France-UDL3, Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France; and
| | - L. Madelain
- URECA (EA 1059), University Lille Nord de France-UDL3, Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France; and
| | - A. Gorea
- LPP (UMR-CNRS 8158), University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Y. Coello
- URECA (EA 1059), University Lille Nord de France-UDL3, Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France; and
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Rassovsky Y, Lee J, Nori P, D Wu A, Iacoboni M, Breitmeyer BG, Hellemann G, Green MF. Assessing temporal processing of facial emotion perception with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Brain Behav 2013; 3:263-72. [PMID: 23785658 PMCID: PMC3683286 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to process facial expressions can be modified by altering the spatial frequency of the stimuli, an effect that has been attributed to differential properties of visual pathways that convey different types of information to distinct brain regions at different speeds. While this effect suggests a potential influence of spatial frequency on the processing speed of facial emotion, this hypothesis has not been examined directly. We addressed this question using a facial emotion identification task with photographs containing either high spatial frequency (HSF), low spatial frequency (LSF), or broadband spatial frequency (BSF). Temporal processing of emotion perception was manipulated by suppressing visual perception with a single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), delivered to the visual cortex at six intervals prior to (forward masking) or following (backward masking) stimulus presentation. Participants performed best in the BSF, followed by LSF, and finally HSF condition. A spatial frequency by forward/backward masking interaction effect demonstrated reduced performance in the forward masking component in the BSF condition and a reversed performance pattern in the HSF condition, with no significant differences between forward and backward masking in the LSF condition. Results indicate that LSF information may play a greater role than HSF information in emotional processing, but may not be sufficient for fast conscious perception of emotion. As both LSF and HSF filtering reduced the speed of extracting emotional information from faces, it is possible that intact BSF faces have an inherent perceptual advantage and hence benefit from faster temporal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Rassovsky
- Department of Psychology and Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University Ramat-Gan, Israel ; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior Los Angeles, California
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32
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Jacobs C, de Graaf TA, Goebel R, Sack AT. The temporal dynamics of early visual cortex involvement in behavioral priming. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48808. [PMID: 23155408 PMCID: PMC3498241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows for non-invasive interference with ongoing neural processing. Applied in a chronometric design over early visual cortex (EVC), TMS has proved valuable in indicating at which particular time point EVC must remain unperturbed for (conscious) vision to be established. In the current study, we set out to examine the effect of EVC TMS across a broad range of time points, both before (pre-stimulus) and after (post-stimulus) the onset of symbolic visual stimuli. Behavioral priming studies have shown that the behavioral impact of a visual stimulus can be independent from its conscious perception, suggesting two independent neural signatures. To assess whether TMS-induced suppression of visual awareness can be dissociated from behavioral priming in the temporal domain, we thus implemented three different measures of visual processing, namely performance on a standard visual discrimination task, a subjective rating of stimulus visibility, and a visual priming task. To control for non-neural TMS effects, we performed electrooculographical recordings, placebo TMS (sham), and control site TMS (vertex). Our results suggest that, when considering the appropriate control data, the temporal pattern of EVC TMS disruption on visual discrimination, subjective awareness and behavioral priming are not dissociable. Instead, TMS to EVC disrupts visual perception holistically, both when applied before and after the onset of a visual stimulus. The current findings are discussed in light of their implications on models of visual awareness and (subliminal) priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Jacobs
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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33
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Ahissar E, Arieli A. Seeing via Miniature Eye Movements: A Dynamic Hypothesis for Vision. Front Comput Neurosci 2012; 6:89. [PMID: 23162458 PMCID: PMC3492788 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2012.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During natural viewing, the eyes are never still. Even during fixation, miniature movements of the eyes move the retinal image across tens of foveal photoreceptors. Most theories of vision implicitly assume that the visual system ignores these movements and somehow overcomes the resulting smearing. However, evidence has accumulated to indicate that fixational eye movements cannot be ignored by the visual system if fine spatial details are to be resolved. We argue that the only way the visual system can achieve its high resolution given its fixational movements is by seeing via these movements. Seeing via eye movements also eliminates the instability of the image, which would be induced by them otherwise. Here we present a hypothesis for vision, in which coarse details are spatially encoded in gaze-related coordinates, and fine spatial details are temporally encoded in relative retinal coordinates. The temporal encoding presented here achieves its highest resolution by encoding along the elongated axes of simple-cell receptive fields and not across these axes as suggested by spatial models of vision. According to our hypothesis, fine details of shape are encoded by inter-receptor temporal phases, texture by instantaneous intra-burst rates of individual receptors, and motion by inter-burst temporal frequencies. We further describe the ability of the visual system to readout the encoded information and recode it internally. We show how reading out of retinal signals can be facilitated by neuronal phase-locked loops (NPLLs), which lock to the retinal jitter; this locking enables recoding of motion information and temporal framing of shape and texture processing. A possible implementation of this locking-and-recoding process by specific thalamocortical loops is suggested. Overall it is suggested that high-acuity vision is based primarily on temporal mechanisms of the sort presented here and low-acuity vision is based primarily on spatial mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Ahissar
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, Israel
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34
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Jacobs C, Sack AT. Behavior in oblivion: the neurobiology of subliminal priming. Brain Sci 2012; 2:225-41. [PMID: 24962773 PMCID: PMC4061795 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci2020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Subliminal priming refers to behavioral modulation by an unconscious stimulus, and can thus be regarded as a form of unconscious visual processing. Theories on recurrent processing have suggested that the neural correlate of consciousness (NCC) comprises of the non-hierarchical transfer of stimulus-related information. According to these models, the neural correlate of subliminal priming (NCSP) corresponds to the visual processing within the feedforward sweep. Research from cognitive neuroscience on these two concepts and the relationship between them is discussed here. Evidence favoring the necessity of recurrent connectivity for visual awareness is accumulating, although some questions, such as the need for global versus local recurrent processing, are not clarified yet. However, this is not to say that recurrent processing is sufficient for consciousness, as a neural definition of consciousness in terms of recurrent connectivity would imply. We argue that the limited interest cognitive neuroscience currently has for the NCSP is undeserved, because the discovery of the NCSP can give insight into why people do (and do not) express certain behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Jacobs
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, FPN, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexander T Sack
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, FPN, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
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35
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Two means of suppressing visual awareness: A direct comparison of visual masking and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Cortex 2012; 48:333-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Yilmaz O. Oscillatory synchronization model of attention to moving objects. Neural Netw 2012; 29-30:20-36. [PMID: 22369920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The world is a dynamic environment hence it is important for the visual system to be able to deploy attention on moving objects and attentively track them. Psychophysical experiments indicate that processes of both attentional enhancement and inhibition are spatially focused on the moving objects; however the mechanisms of these processes are unknown. The studies indicate that the attentional selection of target objects is sustained via a feedforward-feedback loop in the visual cortical hierarchy and only the target objects are represented in attention-related areas. We suggest that feedback from the attention-related areas to early visual areas modulates the activity of neurons; establishes synchronization with respect to a common oscillatory signal for target items via excitatory feedback, and also establishes de-synchronization for distractor items via inhibitory feedback. A two layer computational neural network model with integrate-and-fire neurons is proposed and simulated for simple attentive tracking tasks. Consistent with previous modeling studies, we show that via temporal tagging of neural activity, distractors can be attentively suppressed from propagating to higher levels. However, simulations also suggest attentional enhancement of activity for distractors in the first layer which represents neural substrate dedicated for low level feature processing. Inspired by this enhancement mechanism, we developed a feature based object tracking algorithm with surround processing. Surround processing improved tracking performance by 57% in PETS 2001 dataset, via eliminating target features that are likely to suffer from faulty correspondence assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Yilmaz
- National Research Center for Magnetic Resonance (UMRAM), Bilkent Cyberpark Ankara, Turkey.
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37
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Tapia E, Breitmeyer BG, Jacob J. Metacontrast masking with texture-defined second-order stimuli. Vision Res 2011; 51:2453-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Breitmeyer BG, Tapia E. Roles of contour and surface processing in microgenesis of object perception and visual consciousness. Adv Cogn Psychol 2011; 7:68-81. [PMID: 22253670 PMCID: PMC3259033 DOI: 10.2478/v10053-008-0088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Developments in visual neuroscience and neural-network modeling indicate the existence of separate pathways for the processing of form and surface attributes of a visual object. In line with prior theoretical proposals, it is assumed that the processing of form can be explicit or conscious only as or after the surface property such as color is filled in. In conjunction with extant psychophysical findings, these developments point to interesting distinctions between nonconscious and conscious processing of these attributes, specifically in relation to distinguishable temporal dynamics. At nonconscious levels form processing proceeds faster than surface processing, whereas in contrast, at conscious levels form processing proceeds slower than surface processing. I mplications of separate form and surface processing for current and future psychophysical and neuroscientific research, particularly that relating cortical oscillations to conjunctions of surface and form features, and for cognitive science and philosophy of mind and consciousness are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evelina Tapia
- Center for Neuro-Engineering and Cognitive Science, University of
Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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39
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Railo H, Tallus J, Hämäläinen H. Right visual field advantage for perceived contrast: Correlation with an auditory bias and handedness. Brain Cogn 2011; 77:391-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Harris JA, Wu CT, Woldorff MG. Sandwich masking eliminates both visual awareness of faces and face-specific brain activity through a feedforward mechanism. J Vis 2011; 11:11.7.3. [PMID: 21669859 DOI: 10.1167/11.7.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally agreed that considerable amounts of low-level sensory processing of visual stimuli can occur without conscious awareness. On the other hand, the degree of higher level visual processing that occurs in the absence of awareness is as yet unclear. Here, event-related potential (ERP) measures of brain activity were recorded during a sandwich-masking paradigm, a commonly used approach for attenuating conscious awareness of visual stimulus content. In particular, the present study used a combination of ERP activation contrasts to track both early sensory-processing ERP components and face-specific N170 ERP activations, in trials with versus without awareness. The electrophysiological measures revealed that the sandwich masking abolished the early face-specific N170 neural response (peaking at ~170 ms post-stimulus), an effect that paralleled the abolition of awareness of face versus non-face image content. Furthermore, however, the masking appeared to render a strong attenuation of earlier feedforward visual sensory-processing signals. This early attenuation presumably resulted in insufficient information being fed into the higher level visual system pathways specific to object category processing, thus leading to unawareness of the visual object content. These results support a coupling of visual awareness and neural indices of face processing, while also demonstrating an early low-level mechanism of interference in sandwich masking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Harris
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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41
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Modulation of activity in human visual area V1 during memory masking. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18651. [PMID: 21525988 PMCID: PMC3078121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the primary visual cortex, V1, are specialized for the processing of elemental features of the visual stimulus, such as orientation and spatial frequency. Recent fMRI evidence suggest that V1 neurons are also recruited in visual perceptual memory; a number of studies using multi-voxel pattern analysis have successfully decoded stimulus-specific information from V1 activity patterns during the delay phase in memory tasks. However, consistent fMRI signal modulations reflecting the memory process have not yet been demonstrated. Here, we report evidence, from three subjects, that the low V1 BOLD activity during retention of low-level visual features is caused by competing interactions between neural populations coding for different values along the spectrum of the dimension remembered. We applied a memory masking paradigm in which the memory representation of a masker stimulus interferes with a delayed spatial frequency discrimination task when its frequency differs from the discriminanda with ±1 octave and found that impaired behavioral performance due to masking is reflected in weaker V1 BOLD signals. This cross-channel inhibition in V1 only occurs with retinotopic overlap between the masker and the sample stimulus of the discrimination task. The results suggest that memory for spatial frequency is a local process in the retinotopically organized visual cortex.
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42
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Sung YW, Choi SH, Hong SJ, Choi US, Cho JH, Ogawa S. An fMRI study of neuronal interactions in face-selective areas of the brain. Brain Res 2010; 1366:54-9. [PMID: 20950590 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Functionally activated sites usually have multiple specificities where coactivation is induced by inputs with different informational content. Using typical voxel-based functional mapping (univariate analysis), it is possible to show the presence of coactivation; however, it is not possible to distinguish whether coactivation occurs by independent or interactive processing units unless measurements are made at an extremely high spatial resolution. To address this problem, we have utilized the phenomenon of refractory suppression observable when two stimuli were given with a temporal separation of approximately 100 ms. This phenomenon is known to be noticeable in primary sensory areas. In this study, refractory suppression was investigated to determine its possible applications in higher functional sites. Two visual stimuli were presented in different hemifields, using a paradigm in which the first of the paired stimuli (face pictures) was placed in the left visual hemifield and the second stimulus was placed in the right hemifield. In this manner, the primary visual areas (V1) of the left and right hemispheres were independently activated. Along with independent activation in both V1, refractory suppression was indeed observed in higher functional areas, including the occipital and fusiform face areas in both hemispheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yul-Wan Sung
- Kansei Fukushi Research Institute, Tohoku Fukushi University,Aoba, Sendai, Japan.
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43
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Zhou B, Qin J, Mao L, Han S, Pöppel E. Modulations of temporal perception by consciously and unconsciously perceived stimuli. Perception 2010; 39:900-8. [PMID: 20842967 DOI: 10.1068/p6662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Temporal processing is of fundamental importance to the understanding of orders and durations of events in daily life. While recent research found that the perception of event durations is modulated by the visibility of perceived stimuli, it is still not known whether consciously and unconsciously perceived stimuli modulate temporal perception of a following stimulus in a similar vein. We investigated this using a temporal-comparison task that requires duration judgments of a standard stimulus and a probe. A prime prior to the standard stimulus reduced the subjective duration of the standard stimulus when observers were aware of the prime, and this effect changed with the temporal distance between the prime and standard. In contrast, a prime increased the subjective duration of the following standard stimulus when observers were unaware of the presence of the prime. Our findings indicate that a temporally neighbouring transient stimulus produces essentially different effects on temporal perception of following events when it is consciously and unconsciously perceived, leading to compression and expansion of subjective time, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road 5, Beijing 100871, PR China.
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44
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Deplancke A, Madelain L, Chauvin A, Cardoso-Leite P, Gorea A, Coello Y. Influence of near threshold visual distractors on perceptual detection and reaching movements. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104:2249-56. [PMID: 20702742 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01123.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing evidence against a dissociation between conscious vision for perception and unconscious vision for action, recent studies have suggested that perceptual and motor decisions are based on a unique signal but distinct decisional thresholds. The aim of the present study was to provide a direct test of this assumption in a perceptual-motor dual task involving arm movements. In 300 trials, 10 participants performed speeded pointing movements toward a highly visible target located at 10° from the fixation point and ± 45° from the body midline. The target was preceded by one or two close to threshold distractor(s) (80 ms stimulus onset asynchrony) presented ± 30° according to the target location. After each pointing movement, participants judged whether the distractor was present or not on either side of the target. Results showed a robust reaction time facilitation effect and a deviation toward the distractor when the distractor was both present and consciously perceived (Hit). A small reaction time facilitation was also observed when two distractors were physically present but undetected (double-miss)--this facilitation being highly correlated with the physical contrast of the distractors. These results are compatible with the theory proposing that perceptual and motor decisions are based on a common signal but emerge from a contrast dependent fixed threshold for motor responses and a variable context dependent criterion for perceptual responses. This paper thus extends to arm movement control previous findings related to oculomotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Deplancke
- Unité de Recherche en sciences Cognitives et Affectives (URECA, EA 1059), Université Lille Nord de France, France
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45
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Caetta F, Gorea A. Upshifted decision criteria in attentional blink and repetition blindness. VISUAL COGNITION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/13506280902884402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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46
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47
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Railo H, Koivisto M. The electrophysiological correlates of stimulus visibility and metacontrast masking. Conscious Cogn 2009; 18:794-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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48
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Carrasco M, Fuller S, Ling S. Transient attention does increase perceived contrast of suprathreshold stimuli: a reply to Prinzmetal, Long, and Leonhardt (2008). PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 2008; 70:1151-64. [PMID: 18979688 PMCID: PMC2638121 DOI: 10.3758/pp.70.7.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carrasco, Ling, and Read (2004) showed that transient attention increases perceived contrast. However, Prinzmetal, Long, and Leonhardt (2008) suggest that for targets of low visibility, observers may bias their response toward the cued location, and they propose a cue-bias explanation for our previous results. Our response is threefold. First, we outline several key methodological differences between the studies that could account for the different results. We conclude that the cue-bias hypothesis is a plausible explanation for Prinzmetal et al.'s (2008) results, given the characteristics of their stimuli, but not for the studies by Carrasco and colleagues, in which the stimuli were suprathreshold (Carrasco, Ling, & Read, 2004; Fuller, Rodriguez, & Carrasco, 2008; Ling & Carrasco, 2007). Second, we conduct a study to show that the stimuli used in our previous studies are not near-threshold, but suprathreshold (Experiment 1, Phase 1). Furthermore, we found an increase in apparent contrast for a high-contrast stimulus when it was precued, but not when it was postcued, providing more evidence against a cue-bias hypothesis (Experiment 1, Phase 2). We also show that the visibility of the stimuli in Prinzmetal et al. (2008) was much lower than that of Carrasco, Ling, and Read, rendering their stimuli susceptible to their cue-bias explanation (Experiment 2). Third, we present a comprehensive summary of all the control conditions used in different labs that have ruled out a cue bias explanation of the appearance studies. We conclude that a cue-bias explanation may operate with near-threshold and low-visibility stimuli, as was the case in Prinzmetal et al. (2008), but that such an explanation has no bearing on studies with suprathreshold stimuli. Consistent with our previous studies, the present data support the claim that attention does alter the contrast appearance of suprathreshold stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Carrasco
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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49
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Oğmen H. A theory of moving form perception: Synergy between masking, perceptual grouping, and motion computation in retinotopic and non-retinotopic representations. Adv Cogn Psychol 2008; 3:67-84. [PMID: 20517499 PMCID: PMC2864981 DOI: 10.2478/v10053-008-0015-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Because object and self-motion are ubiquitous in natural viewing conditions, understanding how the human visual system achieves a relatively clear perception for moving objects is a fundamental problem in visual perception. Several studies have shown that the visible persistence of a briefly presented stationary stimulus is approximately 120 ms under normal viewing conditions. Based on this duration of visible persistence, we would expect moving objects to appear highly blurred. However, in human vision, objects in motion typically appear relatively sharp and clear. We suggest that clarity of form in dynamic viewing is achieved by a synergy between masking, perceptual grouping, and motion computation across retinotopic and non-retinotopic representations. We also argue that dissociations observed in masking are essential to create and maintain this synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haluk Oğmen
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Center for Neuro-Engineering & Cognitive Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-4005 USA
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50
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Hamker FH. The mechanisms of feature inheritance as predicted by a systems-level model of visual attention and decision making. Adv Cogn Psychol 2008; 3:111-23. [PMID: 20517503 PMCID: PMC2864986 DOI: 10.2478/v10053-008-0019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Feature inheritance provides evidence that properties of an invisible target stimulus can be attached to a following mask. We apply a systemslevel model of attention and decision making to explore the influence of memory and feedback connections in feature inheritance. We find that the presence of feedback loops alone is sufficient to account for feature inheritance. Although our simulations do not cover all experimental variations and focus only on the general principle, our result appears of specific interest since the model was designed for a completely different purpose than to explain feature inheritance. We suggest that feedback is an important property in visual perception and provide a description of its mechanism and its role in perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred H Hamker
- Department of Psychology, Westf.-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
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