1
|
Ramatla TA, Mphuthi N, Ramaili T, Taioe M, Thekisoe O, Syakalima M. Molecular detection of zoonotic pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans:
Salmonella
spp.,
Shigella
spp. and
Escherichia coli
isolated from
Rattus
species inhabiting chicken farms in North West Province, South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2022; 93:63-69. [DOI: 10.36303/jsava.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- TA Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University,
South Africa
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University,
South Africa
| | - N Mphuthi
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University,
South Africa
| | - T Ramaili
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University,
South Africa
| | - M Taioe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University,
South Africa
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, Agriculture Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research,
South Africa
| | - O Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University,
South Africa
| | - M Syakalima
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University,
South Africa
- University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Disease Control,
Zambia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Halimeh FB, Rafei R, Osman M, Kassem II, Diene SM, Dabboussi F, Rolain JM, Hamze M. Historical, current, and emerging tools for identification and serotyping of Shigella. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:2043-2055. [PMID: 34524650 PMCID: PMC8441030 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Shigella genus includes serious foodborne disease etiologic agents, with 4 species and 54 serotypes. Identification at species and serotype levels is a crucial task in microbiological laboratories. Nevertheless, the genetic similarity between Shigella spp. and Escherichia coli challenges the correct identification and serotyping of Shigella spp., with subsequent negative repercussions on surveillance, epidemiological investigations, and selection of appropriate treatments. For this purpose, multiple techniques have been developed historically ranging from phenotype-based methods and single or multilocus molecular techniques to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). To facilitate the selection of the most relevant method, we herein provide a global overview of historical and emerging identification and serotyping techniques with a particular focus on the WGS-based approaches. This review highlights the excellent discriminatory power of WGS to more accurately elucidate the epidemiology of Shigella spp., disclose novel promising genomic targets for surveillance methods, and validate previous well-established methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Bachir Halimeh
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine Et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Rayane Rafei
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Osman
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Issmat I Kassem
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA, 30223-1797, USA
| | - Seydina M Diene
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine Et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Fouad Dabboussi
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine Et de Pharmacie, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Monzer Hamze
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Liu L, Li Q, Xu G, Zheng J. Salmonella Enteritidis in Layer Farms of Different Sizes Located in Northern China: On-Farm Sampling and Detection by the PCR Method. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- China Agricultural University, China
| | - L Liu
- China Agricultural University, China
| | - Q Li
- China Agricultural University, China
| | - G Xu
- China Agricultural University, China
| | - J Zheng
- China Agricultural University, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Anukampa, Shagufta B, Sivakumar M, Kumar S, Agarwal RK, Bhilegaonkar KN, Kumar A, Dubal ZB. Antimicrobial resistance and typing of Salmonella isolated from street vended foods and associated environment. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:2532-2539. [PMID: 28740311 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to find out the occurrence and types of Salmonella present in street vended foods and associated environment, and their resistance pattern against various antibiotics. About 1075 street vended food and associated environment samples were processed for isolation and confirmation of different Salmonella spp. by targeting gene specific invA gene and serotype specific Sdf I, Via B and Spy genes by PCR. Selected Salmonella isolates were screened for antibiotic resistance by using Baeur-Kirby disk diffusion test. Out of 1075 samples, only 31 (2.88%) isolates could be amplified the invA gene of which 19 could be recovered from meat vendors; 8 from egg vendors while remaining 4 from milk vendors. Though, majority of Salmonella recovered from raw foods the ready-to-eat food like chicken gravy and rasmalai also showed its presence which pose a serious public health threat. Overall, 19, 6 and 1 isolates of S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhi could be detected by PCR while remaining 5 isolates could not be amplified suggesting other type of Salmonella. Selected Salmonella isolates were completely resistance to Oxacillin (100%) followed by Cefoxitin (30.43%) and Ampicillin (26.10%). Thus, it is observed that the street vended foods of animal origin and associated environment play an important role in transmission of food borne pathogens including Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anukampa
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243 122 India
| | - Bi Shagufta
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243 122 India
| | - M Sivakumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243 122 India
| | - Surender Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243 122 India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Agarwal
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243 122 India
| | - Kiran Narayan Bhilegaonkar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243 122 India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243 122 India
| | - Zunjar Baburao Dubal
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly, U.P. 243 122 India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abia ALK, Ubomba-Jaswa E, Momba MNB. Competitive Survival of Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae in Riverbed Sediments. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 72:881-889. [PMID: 27193001 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the survival of bacterial enteric pathogens in riverbed sediments have mostly focused on individual organisms. Reports on the competitive survival of these pathogens in riverbed sediments under the same experimental setup are limited. We investigated the survival of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae and Shigella dysenteriae in riverbed sediments of the Apies River. Experiments were performed in flow chambers containing three sediment types and connected to aquarium pumps immersed in river water to maintain continuous water circulation. Each chamber was inoculated with ~107 CFU/mL (final concentration) of each microorganism and kept at 4, 20 and 30 °C. Chambers were sampled on days 0, 1, 2, 7, 14 and 28. At 4 °C, only E. coli and S. typhimurium survived throughout the 28 experimental days. V. cholerae had the shortest survival time at this temperature and was not detected in any of the sediment chambers 24 h after inoculation. S. dysenteriae only survived until day 7. At an increased temperature of 20 °C, only S. dysenteriae was not detected on day 28 of the experiment. At 30 °C, V. cholerae and Salmonella survived longer (28 days) than E. coli (14 days) and S. dysenteriae (4 days). Vibrio cholerae was shown to have the highest T 90 values (32 days) in all sediment types at 20 and 30 °C. We conclude that the sediments of the Apies River present a favourable environment for the survival of indicator and pathogenic bacteria depending on the prevailing temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akebe Luther King Abia
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| | - Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa
- Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abia ALK, Ubomba-Jaswa E, Genthe B, Momba MNB. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) shows increased public health risk associated with exposure to river water under conditions of riverbed sediment resuspension. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1143-1151. [PMID: 27297265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although higher microbial concentrations have been reported in sediments than in the overlying water column, most quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) studies have not clearly indicated the contribution of sediment-borne pathogens to estimated risks. Thus, the present study aimed at determining the public health risk associated with exposure to pathogenic bacteria in polluted river water under undisturbed conditions and conditions of sediment resuspension in the Apies River, Gauteng, South Africa. Microbial pathogens were isolated and identified using culture and molecular methods. The beta-Poisson dose-response model was used to estimate the probability of infection (Pi) with the various pathogens, following accidental/intentional ingestion of 1mL or 100mL (or 50mL) of untreated river water. Mean wet season Escherichia coli counts ranged between 5.8E+01 and 8.8E+04MPN/100mL (water column) and between 2.40E+03 and 1.28E+05MPN/100mL (sediments). Mean dry season E. coli counts ranged between 5.11E+00 and 3.40E+03MPN/100mL (water column) and between 5.09E+00 and 6.30E+03MPN/100mL (sediments). Overall (water and sediments) Vibrio cholerae was the most detected pathogen (58.8%) followed by Salmonella spp. (23.9%) and Shigella (10.1%). Ingestion of 1mL of river water could lead to 0%-4% and 1%-74% Pi with E. coli during the dry and wet season, respectively. During the dry season, the Pi with V. cholerae, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were 0%-1.39%, 0%-4.11% and 0%-0.16% respectively, depending on volume of water ingested. The risks of infections with all microorganisms increased during the wet season. A 2-log increase in water E. coli count following sediments disturbance led to approximately 10 times higher Pi with E. coli than when sediments were undisturbed. Therefore, the use of the untreated water from the Apies River for drinking, household purposes or recreational activities poses a potential health risk to the users of the river.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akebe Luther King Abia
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa
- Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Bettina Genthe
- Natural Resources and the Environment, CSIR, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Source identification of bacterial and viral pathogens and their survival/fading in the process of wastewater treatment, reclamation, and environmental reuse. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 31:109-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
8
|
Radhika M, Saugata M, Murali H, Batra H. A novel multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of Salmonella enterica and Shigella species. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:667-76. [PMID: 25242957 PMCID: PMC4166298 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014005000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica and Shigella species are commonly associated with food and water borne infections leading to gastrointestinal diseases. The present work was undertaken to develop a sensitive and reliable PCR based detection system for simultaneous detection of Salmonella enterica and Shigella at species level. For this the conserved regions of specific genes namely ipaH1, ipaH, wbgZ, wzy and invA were targeted for detection of Shigella genus, S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. boydii and Salmonella enterica respectively along with an internal amplification control (IAC). The results showed that twenty Salmonella and eleven Shigella spp., were accurately identified by the assay without showing non-specificity against closely related other Enterobacteriaceae organisms and also against other pathogens. Further evaluation of multiplex PCR was undertaken on 50 natural samples of chicken, eggs and poultry litter and results compared with conventional culture isolation and identification procedure. The multiplex PCR identified the presence of Salmonella and Shigella strains with a short pre-enrichment step of 5 h in peptone water and the same samples were processed by conventional procedures for comparison. Therefore, this reported multiplex PCR can serve as an alternative to the tedious time-consuming procedure of culture and identification in food safety laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Radhika
- Microbiology DivisionDefence Food Research LaboratorySiddharthanagar, MysoreKarnatakaIndiaMicrobiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddharthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Majumder Saugata
- Microbiology DivisionDefence Food Research LaboratorySiddharthanagar, MysoreKarnatakaIndiaMicrobiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddharthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - H.S. Murali
- Microbiology DivisionDefence Food Research LaboratorySiddharthanagar, MysoreKarnatakaIndiaMicrobiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddharthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - H.V. Batra
- Microbiology DivisionDefence Food Research LaboratorySiddharthanagar, MysoreKarnatakaIndiaMicrobiology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddharthanagar, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pentaplex PCR assay for detection of hemorrhagic bacteria from stool samples. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:3244-9. [PMID: 24958797 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00891-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrheal diseases cause illness and death among children younger than 10 years in developing countries. Conventional testing for the detection of hemorrhagic bacteria takes 2 to 5 days to yield complete information on the organism and its antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Hence, in the present study, we developed a molecular-based diagnostic assay that identifies common hemorrhagic bacteria in stool samples. A set of specific primers were designed for the detection of Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), and Campylobacter spp., suitable for use in a one-tube PCR assay. The assay in the present study simultaneously detected five genes, namely, ompC for the Salmonella genus, virA for the Shigella genus, eaeA for EHEC, 16S rRNA for the Campylobacter genus, and hemA for an internal control. Specific primer pairs were successfully designed and simultaneously amplified the targeted genes. Validation with 20 Gram-negative and 17 Gram-positive strains yielded 100% specificity. The limit of detection of the multiplex PCR assay was 1 × 10(3) CFU at the bacterial cell level and 100 pg at the genomic DNA level. Further evaluation of the multiplex PCR with 223 bacterium-spiked stool specimens revealed 100% sensitivity and specificity. We conclude that the developed multiplex PCR assay was rapid, giving results within 4 h, which is essential for the identification of hemorrhagic bacteria, and it might be useful as an additional diagnostic tool whenever time is important in the diagnosis of hemorrhagic bacteria that cause diarrhea. In addition, the presence of an internal control in the multiplex PCR assay is important for excluding false-negative cases.
Collapse
|
10
|
Duran C, Nato F, Dartevelle S, Thi Phuong LN, Taneja N, Ungeheuer MN, Soza G, Anderson L, Benadof D, Zamorano A, Diep TT, Nguyen TQ, Nguyen VH, Ottone C, Bégaud E, Pahil S, Prado V, Sansonetti P, Germani Y. Rapid diagnosis of diarrhea caused by Shigella sonnei using dipsticks; comparison of rectal swabs, direct stool and stool culture. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80267. [PMID: 24278267 PMCID: PMC3838397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated a dipstick test for rapid detection of Shigella sonnei on bacterial colonies, directly on stools and from rectal swabs because in actual field situations, most pathologic specimens for diagnosis correspond to stool samples or rectal swabs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The test is based on the detection of S. sonnei lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-side chains using phase I-specific monoclonal antibodies coupled to gold particles, and displayed on a one-step immunochromatographic dipstick. A concentration as low as 5 ng/ml of LPS was detected in distilled water and in reconstituted stools in 6 minutes. This is the optimal time for lecture to avoid errors of interpretation. In distilled water and in reconstituted stools, an unequivocal positive reaction was obtained with 4 x 10(6) CFU/ml of S. sonnei. The specificity was 100% when tested with a battery of Shigella and different unrelated strains. When tested on 342 rectal swabs in Chile, specificity (281/295) was 95.3% (95% CI: 92.9% - 97.7%) and sensitivity (47/47) was 100%. Stool cultures and the immunochromatographic test showed concordant results in 95.5 % of cases (328/342) in comparative studies. Positive and negative predictive values were 77% (95% CI: 65% - 86.5%) and 100% respectively. When tested on 219 stools in Chile, Vietnam, India and France, specificity (190/198) was 96% (95% CI 92%-98%) and sensitivity (21/21) was 100%. Stool cultures and the immunochromatographic test showed concordant results in 96.3 % of cases (211/219) in comparative studies. Positive and negative predictive values were 72.4% (95% CI 56.1%-88.6%) and 100 %, respectively. CONCLUSION This one-step dipstick test performed well for diagnosis of S. sonnei both on stools and on rectal swabs. These data confirm a preliminary study done in Chile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Duran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Faridabano Nato
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-Forme 5 - Production de Protéines recombinantes et d'Anticorps, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Dartevelle
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-Forme 5 - Production de Protéines recombinantes et d'Anticorps, Paris, France
| | - Lan Nguyen Thi Phuong
- Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Neelam Taneja
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Marie Noëlle Ungeheuer
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Dona Benadof
- Hospital Roberto del Río-Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chili
| | | | - Tai The Diep
- Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Catherine Ottone
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Investigation Clinique et Accès aux Ressources Biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Bégaud
- Institut Pasteur, Centre de Ressources Biologiques, Paris, France
| | - Sapna Pahil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Valeria Prado
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Philippe Sansonetti
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U786, Paris, France
| | - Yves Germani
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U786, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Genthe B, Le Roux WJ, Schachtschneider K, Oberholster PJ, Aneck-Hahn NH, Chamier J. Health risk implications from simultaneous exposure to multiple environmental contaminants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 93:171-9. [PMID: 23669339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Water quality has deteriorated in the upper Olifants River system, South Africa, as a result of land use activities which include mining, agriculture and industries. A health risk assessment was conducted from 2009 to 2011 in the catchment to determine the possible risks local communities face from various pollutants such as microbials, heavy metals and oestrogen in the river water and vegetation. Aluminium and manganese accumulated in plants and vanadium and aluminium concentrations found in selective water samples posed significant health risks when consumed. A quantitative microbial risk assessment revealed that the combined risk of infection ranged from 1 to 26 percent with the Norovirus posing the overall greatest health risk. The anticipated disability adjusted life years resulting from drinking untreated water from these sites are in the order of 10,000 times greater than what is considered acceptable. The oestradiol activity, caused by endocrine disrupting compounds in the water, measured above the trigger value of 0.7ngL(-1). Impoverished communities in the area, who partially depend on river water for potable and domestic use, are exposed to immune-compromising metals that increase their probability of infection from waterborne diseases caused by the excess microbial pathogens in the contaminated surface water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Genthe
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Natural Resources and the Environment, PO Box 320, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
John J, Wright CY, Oosthuizen MA, Steyn M, Genthe B, le Roux W, Albers P, Oberholster P, Pauw C. Environmental health outcomes and exposure risks among at-risk communities living in the Upper Olifants River Catchment, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2013; 24:195-214. [PMID: 23815773 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2013.807327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Potential exposure to water and air pollution and associated health impacts of three low-income communities in the Upper Olifants River Catchment, South Africa, was investigated through a cross-sectional epidemiological study comprising a household survey. Water samples were collected and analysed for microbial indicators and pathogens. Ambient air-monitoring included some of the criteria pollutants, as well as mercury and manganese. Associations between environmental exposure and health outcomes were analysed by means of logistic regression. Despite poor water and air quality episodes, the communities' self-perceived health was good with relatively low prevalence of reported health outcomes. Hygiene practices with respect to water collection and storage were often poor, and most likely contributed to the regularly contaminated water storage containers. Community proximity to the polluted stream was associated with increased prevalence in adverse health outcomes. This paper reports on preliminary results and additional multivariate analyses are necessary to further understand study results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanette John
- a Natural Resource and the Environment, CSIR , Pretoria , South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
A pentaplex PCR assay for the detection and differentiation of Shigella species. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:412370. [PMID: 23509722 PMCID: PMC3586438 DOI: 10.1155/2013/412370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of shigellosis in developing countries is largely unknown because an affordable detection method is not available. Current laboratory diagnosis of Shigella spp. is laborious and time consuming and has low sensitivity. Hence, in the present study, a molecular-based diagnostic assay which amplifies simultaneously four specific genes to identify invC for Shigella genus, rfc for S. flexneri, wbgZ for S. sonnei, and rfpB for S. dysenteriae, as well as one internal control (ompA) gene, was developed in a single reaction to detect and differentiate Shigella spp. Validation with 120 Shigella strains and 37 non-Shigella strains yielded 100% specificity. The sensitivity of the PCR was 100 pg of genomic DNA, 5.4 × 104 CFU/ml, or approximately 120 CFU per reaction mixture of bacteria. The sensitivity of the pentaplex PCR assay was further improved following preincubation of the stool samples in Gram-negative broth. A preliminary study with 30 diarrhoeal specimens resulted in no cross-reaction with other non-Shigella strains tested. We conclude that the developed pentaplex PCR assay is robust and can provide information about the four target genes that are essential for the identification of the Shigella genus and the three Shigella species responsible for the majority of shigellosis cases.
Collapse
|
14
|
Gómez-Hurtado I, Santacruz A, Peiró G, Zapater P, Gutiérrez A, Pérez-Mateo M, Sanz Y, Francés R. Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with inflammation and bacterial translocation in mice with CCl4-induced fibrosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23037. [PMID: 21829583 PMCID: PMC3146520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut is the major source of endogenous bacteria causing infections in advanced cirrhosis. Intestinal barrier dysfunction has been described in cirrhosis and account for an increased bacterial translocation rate. HYPOTHESIS AND AIMS We hypothesize that microbiota composition may be affected and change along with the induction of experimental cirrhosis, affecting the inflammatory response. ANIMALS AND METHODS Progressive liver damage was induced in Balb/c mice by weight-controlled oral administration of carbon tetrachloride. Laparotomies were performed at weeks 6, 10, 13 and 16 in a subgroup of treated mice (n = 6/week) and control animals (n = 4/week). Liver tissue specimens, mesenteric lymph nodes, intestinal content and blood were collected at laparotomies. Fibrosis grade, pro-fibrogenic genes expression, gut bacterial composition, bacterial translocation, host's specific butyrate-receptor GPR-43 and serum cytokine levels were measured. RESULTS Expression of pro-fibrogenic markers was significantly increased compared with control animals and correlated with the accumulated dose of carbon tetrachloride. Bacterial translocation episodes were less frequent in control mice than in treated animals. Gram-positive anaerobic Clostridia spp count was decreased in treated mice compared with control animals and with other gut common bacterial species, altering the aerobic/anaerobic ratio. This fact was associated with a decreased gene expression of GPR43 in neutrophils of treated mice and inversely correlated with TNF-alpha and IL-6 up-regulation in serum of treated mice along the study protocol. This pro-inflammatory scenario favoured blood bacterial translocation in treated animals, showing the highest bacterial translocation rate and aerobic/anaerobic ratio at the same weeks. CONCLUSIONS Gut microbiota alterations are associated with the development of an inflammatory environment, fibrosis progression and bacterial translocation in carbon tetrachloride-treated mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gómez-Hurtado
- Unidad Hepática, Hospital General Universitario, Alicante, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arlette Santacruz
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Peiró
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pedro Zapater
- Unidad Hepática, Hospital General Universitario, Alicante, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Unidad Hepática, Hospital General Universitario, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Yolanda Sanz
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Rubén Francés
- Unidad Hepática, Hospital General Universitario, Alicante, Spain
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Clark ST, Gilbride KA, Mehrvar M, Laursen AE, Bostan V, Pushchak R, McCarthy LH. Evaluation of low-copy genetic targets for waterborne bacterial pathogen detection via qPCR. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:3378-3388. [PMID: 21514618 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in water quality research have highlighted difficulties in accurately predicting the incidence of pathogens within freshwater based on the viability, culturability and metabolic activity of indicator organisms. QPCR-driven assays are candidates to replace standard culture-based methods, however, protocols suitable for routine use have yet to be sufficiently validated. The objective of this study was to evaluate five oligonucleotide primers sets (ETIR, SINV, exoT, VS1 and ipaH2) for their potential applicability in qPCR assays to detect contamination from five waterborne bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shigella flexneri). An enrichment-free qPCR protocol was also tested using S. Typhimurium-seeded source water, combining membrane filtration and mechanical, chemical and enzymatic lysis techniques to recover the bacterial cells. All five primer sets were found to have high specificity and sensitivity for the tested organisms. Four of the primers were able to detect pathogen loads as low as 10 cells/mL while 200 cells/mL of C. jejuni were detectable in pure culture. Although sensitivity decreased in an artificially contaminated environmental matrix, it was still possible to detect as few as 10 S. Typhimurium cells without enrichment. The primers and protocols evaluated in this study have demonstrated potential for further validation for possible application alongside traditional indicator techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn T Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Jofre J, Blanch AR. Feasibility of methods based on nucleic acid amplification techniques to fulfil the requirements for microbiological analysis of water quality. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 109:1853-67. [PMID: 20722877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular methods based on nucleic acid recognition and amplification are valuable tools to complement and support water management decisions. At present, these decisions are mostly supported by the principle of end-point monitoring for indicators and a small number of selected measured by traditional methods. Nucleic acid methods show enormous potential for identifying isolates from conventional culture methods, providing data on cultivable and noncultivable micro-organisms, informing on the presence of pathogens in waters, determining the causes of waterborne outbreaks, and, in some cases, detecting emerging pathogens. However, some features of water microbiology affect the performance of nucleic acid-based molecular techniques and thus challenge their suitability for routine water quality control. These features include the variable composition of target water samples, the generally low numbers of target micro-organisms, the variable water quality required for different uses and the physiological status or condition of such micro-organisms. The standardization of these molecular techniques is also an important challenge for its routine use in terms of accuracy (trueness and precision) and robustness (reproducibility and reliability during normal usage). Most of national and international water regulations recommend the application of standard methods, and any new technique must be validated respect to established methods and procedures. Moreover, molecular methods show a high cost-effectiveness value that limits its practicability on some microbial water analyses. However, new molecular techniques could contribute with new information or at least to supplement the limitation of traditional culture-based methods. Undoubtedly, challenges for these nucleic acid-based methods need to be identified and solved to improve their feasibility for routine microbial water monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jofre
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Theron J, Eugene Cloete T, de Kwaadsteniet M. Current molecular and emerging nanobiotechnology approaches for the detection of microbial pathogens. Crit Rev Microbiol 2010; 36:318-39. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2010.489892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
18
|
Ellafi A, Abdallah FB, Bakhrouf A. Effect of starvation on survival and adhesion ability of Shigella spp. in domestic treatment plant effluent microcosms. ANN MICROBIOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
19
|
SHYLAJA R, MURALI H, BATRA H, BAWA A. A NOVEL MULTIPLEX PCR SYSTEM FOR THE DETECTION OFSTAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN B,TSST,NUCANDFEMGENES OFSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUSIN FOOD SYSTEM. J Food Saf 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2010.00218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
BALAKRISHNA K, MURALI H, BATRA H. A NOVEL MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OFYERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA, STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, AEROMONASANDSALMONELLAFROM CHICKEN MEAT AND MILK SAMPLES. J Food Saf 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2009.00204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
21
|
Multiplex PCR assay for the detection of enterotoxic Bacillus cereus group strains and its application in food matrices. Indian J Microbiol 2010; 50:165-71. [PMID: 23100823 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-010-0002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis are the major concerns for the food safety in terms of frequency and/or seriousness of the disease. Being members of the same group and sharing DNA homology to a larger extent, they do create problems when their specific detection/identification is attempted from different food and environmental sources. Numerous individual polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and few multiplex PCR (mPCR) methods have been employed to detect these organisms by targeting toxin genes but with lack of internal amplification control (IAC). Therefore, we attempted a mPCR with IAC for the detection of enterotoxic B. cereus group strains by selecting hbl A, nhe A and cyt K genes from B. cereus, indicative of the diarrheal potential and cry I A and pag genes, the plasmid borne phenotypic markers specific to B. thuringiensis and B. anthracis strains, respectively. Multiplex PCR assay validation was performed by simultaneous comparison with the results of single-target PCR assays and correlated to the classical conventional and biochemical identification of the organisms. The mPCR was able to detect as low as 10(1)-10(2) organisms per ml following overnight enrichment of spiked food samples (vegetable biriyani and milk) in buffered peptone water (BPW). The presence of these organisms could also be detected by mPCR in naturally contaminated samples of rice based dishes and milk. The high throughput and cost-effective mPCR method described could provide a powerful tool for simultaneous, rapid and reliable detection of enterotoxic B. cereus group organisms.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin WS, Cheng CM, Van KT. A quantitative PCR assay for rapid detection of Shigella species in fresh produce. J Food Prot 2010; 73:221-33. [PMID: 20132666 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.2.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay with two primers and a TaqMan probe targeting conserved regions of the specific ipaH gene of Shigella species and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) were developed. This qPCR assay was used to identify 206 Shigella strains (including four Shigella species with all serotypes and two provisional Shigella species), 3 EIEC strains, and 113 non-Shigella strains with 100% accuracy. Pure cultures of six Shigella reference strains were used to derive standard curves to determine the detection limit and efficiency of the qPCR method. The ipaH qPCR assay had an equally low detection limit (0.12 to 0.74 CFU per PCR) for the four Shigella species tested. The average qPCR efficiency was 99.29% (95.36 to 103.92%). The detection limit of the qPCR assay tested on 15 varieties of inoculated fresh produce ranged from 0.4 to 16 CFU/100 ml of buffer rinse. This qPCR assay took the variation of wild-type nucleotides into consideration and was used successfully to screen fresh produce. This highly sensitive qPCR assay can be completed within 24 h and has potential use as a screening tool for all four Shigella species and EIEC in food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen S Lin
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Field Science, 5600 Fishers Lane, Room 12-41, Rockville, Maryland 20857, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Levin RE. Molecular Methods for Detecting and DiscriminatingShigellaAssociated with Foods and Human Clinical Infections — A Review. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430903102729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
24
|
Kumar TDK, Murali HS, Batra HV. Simultaneous detection of pathogenic B. cereus, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes by multiplex PCR. Indian J Microbiol 2009; 49:283-9. [PMID: 23100783 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-009-0032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three important foodborne pathogens, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus are of major concern for food safety in terms of frequency and seriousness of the disease. The occurrence these three important pathogens and their coexistence in food matrices are predominant. Moreover, symptoms associated with B. cereus and S. aureus food poisoning not only closely resembles each other but can also be overlapping with other foodborne infections. In this context, detection of these three pathogens simultaneously in food samples by a single multiplex PCR (mPCR) would have advantages in terms of rapidity and cost saving, when compared with single organism specific PCRs. mPCR has been standardized by targeting three major diarrheal enterotoxin genes hbl A, cyt K and nhe A of B. cereus, virulence associated nuc and Ent B genes of S. aureus and virulence associated hly and iap genes of L. monocytogenes along with internal amplification control (IAC). The results showed that mPCR accurately identified all the three organisms individually or in combination without non-specificity. The mPCR was able to detect as low as 10 to 100 organisms per ml of growth following overnight enrichment of spiked food samples (vegetable biriyani and milk) and their presence in naturally contaminated samples also. The high throughput and cost effective multiplex PCR method developed in this study could provide a powerful tool for simultaneous, rapid and reliable detection of B. cereus, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes in food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T D Kalyan Kumar
- Division of Microbiology, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Siddhartha Nagar, Mysore, 570 011 India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kapetanović D, Vardić I, Kurtović B, Valić D, Teskeredzić E. Detection of the causative agent of furunculusis, Aeromonas salmonicida in salmonids of the Krka River. Vet Res Commun 2007; 32:131-5. [PMID: 17624808 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-007-9011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we describe the bacterial community associated with salmonids from the Krka River. Diversity analysis demonstrated that majority of the recovered bacteria were related to Aeromonadaceae group. Bacterial analysis also revealed the presence of Shigella spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Isolation of Aeromonas salmonicida from trout, presents first isolation of this bacteria Croatian rivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Kapetanović
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division for Marine and Enviromental Research, Laboratory for Aquaculture, Bijenicka 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Han W, Liu B, Cao B, Beutin L, Krüger U, Liu H, Li Y, Liu Y, Feng L, Wang L. DNA microarray-based identification of serogroups and virulence gene patterns of Escherichia coli isolates associated with porcine postweaning diarrhea and edema disease. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:4082-8. [PMID: 17449692 PMCID: PMC1932722 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01820-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains causing postweaning diarrhea (PWD) and edema disease (ED) in pigs are limited to a number of serogroups, with O8, O45, O138, O139, O141, O147, O149, and O157 being the most commonly reported worldwide. In this study, a DNA microarray based on the O-antigen-specific genes of all 8 E. coli serogroups, as well as 11 genes encoding adhesion factors and exotoxins associated with PWD and ED, was developed for the identification of related serogroups and virulence gene patterns. The microarray method was tested against 186 E. coli and Shigella O-serogroup reference strains, 13 E. coli reference strains for virulence markers, 43 E. coli clinical isolates, and 12 strains of other bacterial species and shown to be highly specific with reproducible results. The detection sensitivity was 0.1 ng of genomic DNA or 10(3) CFU per 0.3 g of porcine feces in mock samples. Seventeen porcine feces samples from local hoggeries were examined using the microarray, and the result for one sample was verified by the conventional serotyping methods. This microarray can be readily used to screen for the presence of PWD- and ED-associated E. coli in porcine feces samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Han
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hsu WB, Wang JH, Chen PC, Lu YS, Chen JH. Detecting low concentrations of Shigella sonnei in environmental water samples by PCR. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 270:291-8. [PMID: 17391373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei associated with contaminated water have been reported and methods for the simultaneous detection of Shigellae and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli in water samples have been developed with detection limits of 10(1)-10(2) CFU mL(-1) of water. Because 10(1)-10(2)Shigellae can cause disease, a more sensitive detection method as an addition to the existing methods for detection of Shigella sonnei in water samples is reported here. Initially, 33 Shigella sonnei and 72 non-Shigella sonnei isolates were tested and one primer pair was found capable of specifically amplifying a 369-bp insertion sequence 1 (IS1) fragment from all 33 Shigella sonnei isolates and one Shigella dysenteriae ATCC isolate by PCR. The detection method was developed, which included filtration of 50 mL of water through a membrane and application of PCR to the membrane using this primer pair. Environmental water samples with total bacterial numbers of 384-2.84 x 10(7) CFU L(-1) were collected and seeded with 13 Shigella sonnei and the Shigella dysenteriae ATCC isolates. Detection limits were determined as 1.7-24.7 and 270-8000 CFU per 50 mL of water, respectively, using this detection method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
WARREN BENJAMINR, YUK HYUNGYUN, SCHNEIDER KEITHR. DETECTION OF SHIGELLA SONNEI IN SELECTED FOODS BY FLOW-THROUGH IMMUNOCAPTURE FOLLOWED BY REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION OR ISOLATION ON MACCONKEY AGAR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2006.00060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
29
|
Warren BR, Parish ME, Schneider KR. Shigellaas a Foodborne Pathogen and Current Methods for Detection in Food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2006; 46:551-67. [PMID: 16954064 DOI: 10.1080/10408390500295458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Shigella, the causative agent of shigellosis or "bacillary dysentery," has been increasingly involved in foodborne outbreaks. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Emerging Infections Program, Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), Shigella was the third most reported foodborne bacterial pathogen in 2002. Foods are most commonly contaminated with Shigella by an infected food handler who practices poor personal hygiene. Shigella is acid resistant, salt tolerant, and can survive at infective levels in many types of foods such as fruits and vegetables, low pH foods, prepared foods, and foods held in modified atmosphere or vacuum packaging. Survival is often increased when food is held at refrigerated temperatures. Detection methods for Shigella include conventional culture methods, immunological methods, and molecular microbiological methods. Conventional culture of Shigella in foods is often problematic due to the lack of appropriate selective media. Immunological methods for Shigella have been researched, yet there is only one commercially available test kit. Molecular microbiological methods such as PCR, oligonucleotide microarrays, and rep-PCR have also been developed for the detection and identification of Shigella. This manuscript reviews the general characteristics, prevalence, growth and survival, and methods for detection of Shigella in food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Warren
- University of Florida, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 359 FSHN Bldg, Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kumar S, Balakrishna K, Batra HV. Detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) by selective amplification of invA, viaB, fliC-d and prt genes by polymerase chain reaction in mutiplex format. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 42:149-54. [PMID: 16441380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Development of a PCR assay that can target multiple genes for rapid detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) from water and food samples. METHODS AND RESULTS PCR primers for invasion, O, H and Vi antigen genes, invA, prt, fliC-d and viaB were designed and used for the rapid detection of S. Typhi by multiplex PCR. Internal amplification control, which co-amplified with prt primers, was also included in the assay. The results showed that all cultures of Salmonella were accurately identified by the assay with no nonspecific amplification in other cultures. The assay had 100% detection probability when a cell suspension of 10(4) CFU ml(-1) (500 CFU per reaction) was used. Salmonella Typhi bacteria were artificially inoculated in the water and food (milk and meat rinse) samples and detected by mPCR after overnight pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water. No Salmonella bacteria could be detected from water samples collected from the field by mPCR or standard culture method. CONCLUSIONS The developed mPCR assay provides specific detection of S. Typhi. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Rapid methods for detection of S. Typhi from complex environmental matrices are almost nonexistent. The mPCR assay reported in this study can be useful to identify S. Typhi bacteria in field environmental samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Division of Microbiology, Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Muniesa M, Blanch AR, Lucena F, Jofre J. Bacteriophages may bias outcome of bacterial enrichment cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:4269-75. [PMID: 16085813 PMCID: PMC1183318 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.8.4269-4275.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enrichment cultures are widely used for the isolation of bacteria in clinical, biotechnological, and environmental studies. However, competition, relative growth rates, or inhibitory effects may alter the outcome of enrichment cultures, causing the phenomenon known as enrichment bias. Bacteriophages are a major component in many microbial systems, and it abounds in natural settings. This abundance means that bacteriophages are likely to be present in many laboratory enrichment cultures. Our hypothesis was that bacteriophages present in the sample might bias the enriched subpopulation, since it can infect and lyse the target bacteria during the enrichment step once the bacteria reach a given density. Here we show that the presence of bacteriophages in Salmonella and Shigella enrichment cultures produced a significant reduction (more than 1 log unit) in the number of these bacteria compared with samples in which bacteriophages had been reduced by filtration through 0.45-microm non-protein-binding membranes. Furthermore, our data indicate that the Salmonella biotypes isolated after the enrichment culture change if bacteriophages are present, thus distorting the results of the analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maite Muniesa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Warren BR, Parish ME, Schneider KR. Comparison of conventional culture methods and FTA filtration-nested PCR for the detection of Shigella boydii and Shigella sonnei on tomato surfaces. J Food Prot 2005; 68:1606-12. [PMID: 21132967 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-68.8.1606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Detection of Shigella boydii UI02 and Shigella sonnei UI05 artificially inoculated onto tomatoes was evaluated using enrichment protocols of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) and the American Public Health Association's Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Food (CMMEF), enrichment in Enterobacteriaceae enrichment (EE) broth supplemented with 1.0 microg/ml novobiocin and incubated at 42 degrees C, and FTA filtration-nested PCR. To assess the effect of natural tomato microflora on recovery, conventional culture enrichments were repeated using rifampin-adapted inocula and enrichment medium supplemented with 50 microg/ml rifampin. The lowest detection levels for S. boydii UI02 were > 5.3 x 10(5) (BAM, CMMEF, and EE broth) and 6.2 CFU per tomato (FTA filtration-nested PCR). For S. sonnei UI05, the lowest detection levels were 1.9 x 10(1) (BAM), 1.5 x 10(3) (CMMEF), 1.1 x 10(1) (EE broth), and 7.4 CFU per tomato (FTA filtration-nested PCR). Natural tomato microflora had a large impact on recovery of S. sonnei UI05 and completely inhibited recovery of S. boydii UI02. EE broth was inhibitory to S. boydii UI02. FTA filtration-nested PCR provided superior detection (P < 0.05) compared with the conventional culture enrichment protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Warren
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, 359 FSHN Building, Newell Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lemarchand K, Masson L, Brousseau R. Molecular biology and DNA microarray technology for microbial quality monitoring of water. Crit Rev Microbiol 2004; 30:145-72. [PMID: 15490968 DOI: 10.1080/10408410490435142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Public concern over polluted water is a major environmental issue worldwide. Microbial contamination of water arguably represents the most significant risk to human health on a global scale. An important challenge in modern water microbial quality monitoring is the rapid, specific, and sensitive detection of microbial indicators and waterborne pathogens. Presently, microbial tests are based essentially on time-consuming culture methods. Rapid microbiological analyses and detection of rare events in water systems are important challenges in water safety assessment since culture methods present serious limitations from both quantitative and qualitative points of view. To circumvent lengthy culture methods, newer enzymatic, immunological, and genetic methods are being developed as an alternative. DNA microarray technology is a new and promising tool that allows the detection of several hundred or even thousands DNA sequences simultaneously. Recent advances in sample processing and DNA microarray technologies provide new perspectives to assess microbial water quality. The aims of this review are to (1) summarize what is currently known about microbial indicators, (2) describe the most important waterborne pathogens, (3) present molecular methods used to monitor the presence of pathogens in water, and (4) show the potential of DNA microarrays in water quality monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karine Lemarchand
- National Research Council of Canada, Biotechnology Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chern EC, Tsai YL, Olson BH. Occurrence of genes associated with enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in agricultural waste lagoons. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:356-62. [PMID: 14711663 PMCID: PMC321254 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.1.356-362.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2003] [Accepted: 10/07/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence among all Escherichia coli bacteria of the LTIIa toxin gene and STII toxin gene, both associated with enterotoxigenic E. coli, and of three genes (stxI, stxII, and eaeA) associated with enterohemorrhagic E. coli was determined in farm waste disposal systems seasonally for 1 year. Single- and nested-PCR results for the number of E. coli isolates carrying each toxin gene trait were compared with a five-replicate most-probable-number (MPN) method. The STII and LTIIa toxin genes were present continuously at all farms and downstream waters that were tested. Nested-MPN-PCR manifested sensitivity increased over that of single-MPN-PCR by a factor of 32 for LTIIa, 10 for STII, and 2 for the stxI, stxII, and eaeA genes. The geometric mean prevalence of each toxin gene within the E. coli community in waste disposal site waters after nested MPN-PCR was 1:8.5 E. coli isolates (1:8.5 E. coli) for the LTIIa toxin gene and 1:4 E. coli for the STII toxin gene. The geometric mean prevalence for the simultaneous occurrence of toxin genes stxI, stxII, and eaeA, was 1:182 E. coli. These findings based on total population analysis suggest that prevalence rates for these genes are higher than previously reported in studies based on surveys of single isolates. With a population-based approach, the frequency of each toxin gene at the corresponding disposal sites and the endemic nature of diseases on farms can be easily assessed, allowing farmers and public health officials to evaluate the risk of infection to animals or humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunice C Chern
- Department of Environmental Analysis and Design, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|