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Andreolli M, Lampis S, Brignoli P, Vallini G. Mesocosm-based simulations to optimize a bioremediation strategy for the effective restoration of wildfire-impacted soils contaminated with high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1249-1260. [PMID: 33507603 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We obtained four microbial isolates from soil exposed to forest fire and evaluated their potential bioremediation activity when combined with a biosurfactant-producing bacterial strain for the decontamination of wildfire-impacted soil polluted with high-molecular-weight (HMW) hydrocarbons. METHODS AND RESULTS We established mesocosm trials to compare three bioremediation strategies: natural attenuation, bioaugmentation and biostimulation. Chemical analysis, culture-dependent and culture-independent methods were used to evaluate the bioremediation efficiency and speciation of the microbial cenoses based on these approaches. After treatment for 90 days, bioaugmentation removed 75·2-75·9% of the HMW hydrocarbons, biostimulation removed 63·2-69·5% and natural attenuation removed ~22·5%. Hydrocarbon degradation was significantly enhanced in the mesocosm supplemented with the biosurfactant-producing bacterial strain after 20 and 50 days of treatment compared to the other bioremediation strategies. CONCLUSIONS We found that the bioaugmentation approach was more effective than biostimulation and natural attenuation for the removal of HMW hydrocarbons from fire-impacted soil. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our study showed that micro-organisms from wildfire-impacted soil show significant potential for bioremediation, and that biosurfactant-producing bacterial strains can be combined with them as part of an effective bioremediation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andreolli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - S Lampis
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - P Brignoli
- Centre for Geotechnologies, University of Siena, San Giovanni Valdarno, Italy
| | - G Vallini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Korucu MK. PCDD/F contamination on surface soil in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator: is it possible a different trend? ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:45. [PMID: 28039661 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first to investigate the contamination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) on surface soils in the vicinity of the first hazardous waste incinerator of Turkey. In the study, 24 soil samples were taken from a 1625-m-radius circle whose center is the stack of the incinerator. This process was repeated 1 year later. Since the acquired average PCDD/F concentrations of the two sampling campaigns (0.05 and 0.02 ng WHO-toxic equivalent (TEQ)/kg) were meaningfully low compared to the related literatures, a new sampling campaign was carried out to control this inconsistency, but this time in a foreign laboratory (0.56 ng WHO-TEQ/kg). In the same period, eight gas samples were taken from the stack under different operational conditions of the facility. According to the evaluations of the findings, the geographical-meteorological data of the study area and the specific operational conditions of the facility corroborate the concentrations of the first and the second soil samplings rather than the third one. The major underlying reason for the inconsistency of the soil concentrations may be the fact that the data analysis procedures used by the laboratories are different. The author suggests a hypothesis which argues that the soils in the vicinity of a hazardous waste incinerator may have significantly lower concentration levels than in related literatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Kemal Korucu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Andreolli M, Lampis S, Brignoli P, Vallini G. Bioaugmentation and biostimulation as strategies for the bioremediation of a burned woodland soil contaminated by toxic hydrocarbons: a comparative study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 153:121-131. [PMID: 25688477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the natural attenuation strategy (no soil amendments done) was compared with two different bioremediation approaches, namely bioaugmentation through soil inoculation with a suspension of Trichoderma sp. mycelium and biostimulation by soil addition with a microbial growth promoting formulation, in order to verify the effectiveness of these methods in terms of degradation efficiency towards toxic hydrocarbons, with particular attention to the high molecular weight (HMW) fraction, in a forest area impacted by recent wildfire in Northern Italy. The area under investigation, divided into three parcels, was monitored to figure out the dynamics of decay in soil concentration of C₁₂₋₄₀ hydrocarbons (including isoalkanes, cycloalkanes, alkyl-benzenes and alkyl-naphthalenes besides PAHs) and low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs, following the adoption of the foregoing different remediation strategies. Soil hydrocarbonoclastic potential was even checked by characterizing the autochthonous microbial cenoses. Field experiments proved that the best performance in the abatement of HMW hydrocarbons was reached 60 days after soil treatment through the biostimulation protocol, when about 70% of the initial concentration of HMW hydrocarbons was depleted. Within the same time, about 55% degradation was obtained with the bioaugmentation protocol, whilst natural attenuation allowed only a 45% removal of the starting C12-40 hydrocarbon fraction. Therefore, biostimulation seems to significantly reduce the time required for the remediation, most likely because of the enhancement of microbial degradation through the improvement of nutrient balance in the burned soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Andreolli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Lampis
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | | | - Giovanni Vallini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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4
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Klees M, Hiester E, Bruckmann P, Molt K, Schmidt TC. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in street dust of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:72-81. [PMID: 25531591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) in street dust samples was investigated using pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Street dust samples were taken from rural, urban, industrial and industrially influenced urban areas. PCB6 concentrations ranged from 5090±2200 μg/kg (average±standard error of mean) in dusts from industrial premises to 29±8.7 μg/kg in rural areas. Concentration ranges were for dioxin-like PCB toxicity equivalents (dl-PCB TEQ) from 362±164 ng/kg (industrial premises) to 6.5±1.8 ng/kg (rural areas), and for PCDD/PCDF TEQ from 503±448 ng/kg to 2.4±0.13 ng/kg, respectively. Area concentrations of PCB6 (0.040 μg/m2-22 μg/m2), dl-PCB TEQ (0.0038 ng/m2-2.6 ng/m2) and PCDD/PCDF TEQs (14 pg/m2-1980 pg/m2) were estimated. Furthermore, particle size related concentrations of PCBs and PCDD/PCDFs in street dusts were analysed showing throughout almost all samples a distinctive trend of increasing concentrations with decreasing particle sizes. Characterization of homologue patterns of PCBs and PCDDs/PCDFs in street dusts was performed showing a dependence of homologue patterns on different area types, especially for PCBs. It could be demonstrated that the analysis of concentrations in combination with specific homologue patterns of PCBs and PCDDs/PCDFs in street dust samples enables allocation of potential emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Klees
- North Rhine-Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment, and Consumer Protection (LANUV NRW), Wallneyer Str. 6, 45133 Essen, Germany; University Duisburg-Essen, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Ernst Hiester
- North Rhine-Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment, and Consumer Protection (LANUV NRW), Wallneyer Str. 6, 45133 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Bruckmann
- North Rhine-Westphalian State Agency for Nature, Environment, and Consumer Protection (LANUV NRW), Wallneyer Str. 6, 45133 Essen, Germany
| | - Karl Molt
- University Duisburg-Essen, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- University Duisburg-Essen, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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Pizarro-Tobías P, Fernández M, Niqui JL, Solano J, Duque E, Ramos JL, Roca A. Restoration of a Mediterranean forest after a fire: bioremediation and rhizoremediation field-scale trial. Microb Biotechnol 2015; 8:77-92. [PMID: 25079309 PMCID: PMC4321375 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest fires pose a serious threat to countries in the Mediterranean basin, often razing large areas of land each year. After fires, soils are more likely to erode and resilience is inhibited in part by the toxic aromatic hydrocarbons produced during the combustion of cellulose and lignins. In this study, we explored the use of bioremediation and rhizoremediation techniques for soil restoration in a field-scale trial in a protected Mediterranean ecosystem after a controlled fire. Our bioremediation strategy combined the use of Pseudomonas putida strains, indigenous culturable microbes and annual grasses. After 8 months of monitoring soil quality parameters, including the removal of monoaromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as well as vegetation cover, we found that the site had returned to pre-fire status. Microbial population analysis revealed that fires induced changes in the indigenous microbiota and that rhizoremediation favours the recovery of soil microbiota in time. The results obtained in this study indicate that the rhizoremediation strategy could be presented as a viable and cost-effective alternative for the treatment of ecosystems affected by fires.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Luis Niqui
- Bio-Ilíberis R&DPolígono Industrial Juncaril, Peligros, Granada, 18210, Spain
| | - Jennifer Solano
- Bio-Ilíberis R&DPolígono Industrial Juncaril, Peligros, Granada, 18210, Spain
| | - Estrella Duque
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín-CSICGranada, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Juan-Luis Ramos
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín-CSICGranada, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Amalia Roca
- Bio-Ilíberis R&DPolígono Industrial Juncaril, Peligros, Granada, 18210, Spain
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Li F, Jin J, Sun X, Wang X, Li Y, Shah SM, Chen J. Gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for the determination of atmospheric polychlorinated naphthalenes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 280:111-117. [PMID: 25151234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) ranging from mono-CNs to octa-CNs were detected using isotope-dilution gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The developed instrumental method was successfully applied to the determination of PCNs in technical products. It was observed that there were significant differences in concentrations, homologue profiles, chlorinated contents and total toxic equivalents (∑TEQs) of PCNs for four Halowax products. Subsequently, the validation of the analytical method was evaluated for the determination of PCNs in air samples in terms of method detection limit (MDL), recovery and matrix effect. The results demonstrated that this method could provide satisfactory sensitivity and adequate selectivity with lower cost. It was conducted to comprehensively evaluate the levels, composition patterns, ∑TEQs, and daily intake exposure of PCNs in indoor and outdoor air samples. Concentrations and ∑TEQs of PCNs in air samples ranged 47.7-832.7 pg m(-3) and 1.31-5.99 fg m(-3), respectively, and the predominant homologues were di- and tri-CNs in the gas phase. The results indicated that this analytical method was useful for the accurate and specific evaluation of dioxin-like toxicity and human exposure levels of PCNs in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Syed Mazhar Shah
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
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Relvas H, Lopes M, Coutinho M. Portuguese inventory of dioxins and furans atmospheric emissions. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1569-1577. [PMID: 24011897 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the results of the most recent estimation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) atmospheric emissions in Portugal, which has covered the period 2004-2009 and includes 27 emission sources types. The results are compared with previous emissions inventories published for Portugal. The main objective of this work is to provide relevant information about the amounts of the compounds that are released into the atmosphere in Portugal, and identify their major sources and trends. The methodology involved the identification of relevant sources, the collection of information to characterize these sources, the selection of appropriate emission factors and their application to estimate the emissions. Furthermore, several studies conducted in Portugal were considered, namely reports from PCDD/PCDF measurements performed in some industrial facilities. The inventory covered 27 emission sources types. However the results show that only 8 were relevant, i.e. with emission amounts greater than 1 g I-TEQ year(-1). The total emissions of PCDD/PCDF in Portugal reached between 40 and 105 g I-TEQ year(-1), for the period of 2004-2009. The largest emission source and at same time with greater variation is forest fires, with emissions between 3 g I-TEQ year(-1) and 67 g I-TEQ year(-1) in 2008 and 2005, respectively. Excluding the emissions from forest fires, the total emission is more or less constant over the years and around 37 g I-TEQ year(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Relvas
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Schmitz M, Scheeder G, Bernau S, Dohrmann R, Germann K. Dioxins in primary kaolin and secondary kaolinitic clays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:461-467. [PMID: 21126071 DOI: 10.1021/es103000v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Since 1996 dioxins have been repeatedly detected worldwide in Tertiary ball clays used as anticaking agent in the production of animal feed and a variety of other applications. The dioxins of these natural clays are very unlikely of anthropogenic source, but no model of dioxin enrichment has been established. A hypothetical model is presented which explains the highly variable dioxin loadings of the Tertiary kaolinitic clays by natural addition during clay-sedimentation. To prove this hypothesis, Tertiary primary nonsedimentary kaolin and sedimentary kaolinitic clays were collected at three profiles in Europe and analyzed for mineralogy, chemistry, organic carbon, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/-furans (PCDD/F). Primary kaolin, kaolinitic, and lignitic clays contained almost no PCDFs. PCDD concentration differed markedly between primary kaolin (3-91 pg/g) and secondary kaolinitic clay (711-45935 pg/g), respectively, lignitic clays (13513-1191120 pg/g). The dioxin loading of secondary kaolinitic and lignitic clays is approximately 10 to a few thousand times higher than in the primary kaolin or recent environmental settings. The dioxin concentrations decrease from octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin to the tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and exhibit the "natural formation pattern". No correlation between PCDD/F concentration and bulk composition of clays was found. These findings support the hypothesis of the enrichment of dioxin in clays during sedimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schmitz
- Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Hannover, Germany.
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Estrellan CR, Iino F. Toxic emissions from open burning. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:193-207. [PMID: 20471058 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review compiled the data from recent actual and simulation studies on toxic emissions from open burning and categorized into sources, broadly as biomass and anthropogenic fuels. Emission factors, in mass of pollutant per mass of material being burned, and actual concentrations, in mass of pollutant per unit volume have been compared based on source classifications. In addition to gaseous emissions, this review presents the updated data on emissions to air in the form of particulate matter, and emissions to soil and water environment. Data from forest fires, accidental fires such as vehicle fires, house fires, and unintentional landfill fires are included in this review as well as combustion involving traditional and recreational activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Renan Estrellan
- Institute of Sustainability and Peace, United Nations University, 5-53-70 Jingu-mae, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Moltó J, Font R, Gálvez A, Rey MD, Pequenín A. Analysis of dioxin-like compounds formed in the combustion of tomato plant. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:121-126. [PMID: 19879625 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In an initial effort to minimize some of the uncertainty regarding the open burning of biomass, emission factors of carbon oxides, light hydrocarbons, PAHs, PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs were determined in the combustion of tomato plant in a residential stove and in two runs at 500 degrees C and 850 degrees C in a laboratory scale reactor. In all the runs nearly the same PAHs were identified, being naphthalene the main obtained. Combustion of tomato plant at 500 degrees C in the laboratory scale reactor produced the highest emission factors for all compounds analyzed. Tomato plant was analyzed for PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB content in order to establish the level of pollutants in the sample itself. Ash obtained in the combustion carried out in the residential stove was analyzed for the dioxin-like compound content and compared with a sample of ash collected from the open burning of tomato plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Moltó
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Kukucka P, Klánová J, Sánka M, Holoubek I. Soil burdens of persistent organic pollutants--their levels, fate and risk. Part II. Are there any trends in PCDD/F levels in mountain soils? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:3255-3263. [PMID: 19540028 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Good quality data apt for an assessment of temporal trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDDs/Fs) in soils are difficult to obtain since there is a general lack of information on their residues in soils. Variability of soil profiles, non-homogeneity of samples, and often also inconsistency of applied sampling procedures further complicate this problem. To assess spatial and temporal trends of contamination, three soil sampling campaigns have been performed over the period of 12 years at the mountain forest sites in the Czech Republic. Relation between the air, needle and soil contaminations was addressed in addition to time-related variability of soil. It has been confirmed that soil is a good matrix for evaluation of spatial distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) but difficult for establishment of temporal trends. A slow rate of the soil-forming processes and their site-specificity was generally the major source of uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kukucka
- Research Centre for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Vilavert L, Nadal M, Mari M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL. Modification of an environmental surveillance program to monitor PCDD/Fs and metals around a municipal solid waste incinerator. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2009; 44:1343-1352. [PMID: 20183491 DOI: 10.1080/10934520903213210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Since the mid-90s, an environmental surveillance program has been on-going to provide information on the levels of PCDD/Fs and various metals in soil and vegetation samples collected in the vicinity of a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) in Tarragona (Catalonia, Spain). However, the presence of other potential sources of pollution in the zone, such as traffic, forest fires, local industries, etc., makes hard to determine the impact concerning the MSWI. Therefore, in 2007 a change in the monitoring program was implemented by collecting additional ambient air samples through active and passive sampling devices. Mean PCDD/F levels in herbage and soil were 0.10 ng I-TEQ/kg dry weight (range: 0.05-0.17 ng I-TEQ/kg dw) and 0.64 ng I-TEQ/kg dw (range: 0.13-2.41 ng I-TEQ/kg dw), respectively. A significant reduction of the PCDD/F concentration in both monitors was observed with respect to our previous surveys. Air mean concentrations of PCDD/Fs were 12.04 and 15.21 fg WHO-TEQ/m(3) in 2007 and 2008, respectively, meaning a non-significant increase of 26%. In addition, a generalized increase of environmental metal levels with respect to our baseline study was not observed. The current concentrations of PCDD/Fs and metals in the vicinity of the MSWI of Tarragona are relatively low in comparison with other areas under the influence of emissions from waste incinerators. This indicates that the environmental impact of the MSWI of Tarragona is not significant. Moreover, the modification of the surveillance program has proven to be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lolita Vilavert
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Rovira i Virgili University, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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Brändli RC, Kupper T, Bucheli TD, Zennegg M, Huber S, Ortelli D, Müller J, Schaffner C, Iozza S, Schmid P, Berger U, Edder P, Oehme M, Stadelmann FX, Tarradellas J. Organic pollutants in compost and digestate. : Part 2. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and -furans, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated alkyl substances, pesticides, and other compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:465-72. [PMID: 17492092 DOI: 10.1039/b617103f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Compost and digestate are important recycling fertilizers and have beneficial effects on soil parameters. However, they can contain significant amounts of organic pollutants. Here, the first comprehensive data set on dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/F), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCB), brominated flame retardants, perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), pesticides, phthalates, nonylphenol and chlorinated paraffins (CP) in source-separated compost and digestate from Switzerland is presented (n = 3-18). The median summation 17PCDD/F and summation 12DL-PCB concentrations were at 3.2 ng I-TEQ kg(-1)dry weight (dw) and 3.0 ng WHO-TEQ kg(-1)dw, respectively. Brominated diphenyl ether 209 (BDE 209) accounted for 72% of the total polyBDE content (10 microg kg(-1)dw). Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) levels were at 100 and 0.51 microg kg(-1)dw, respectively. PFAS were identified for the first time in compost and digestate (median concentration 6.3 microg kg(-1)dw, summation 21compounds). Out of 269 pesticides analysed, 30 fungicides, 14 herbicides, eight insecticides and one acaricide were detected. Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) median concentration accounted for 280 microg kg(-1)dw and nonylphenol was below the detection limit of 1 mg kg(-1)dw. The sum of short and medium chain CP was between 90 and 390 microg kg(-1)dw. The concentrations observed were at or above the levels found in background soils, which are the main recipient of compost and digestate. Where actually applied, compost can contribute considerably to the total input of organic pollutants to the soil. However, on a total Swiss agricultural area base, inputs seem to be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel C Brändli
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ferré-Huguet N, Nadal M, Schuhmacher M, Domingo JL. Environmental impact and human health risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the vicinity of a new hazardous waste incinerator: a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:61-6. [PMID: 16433333 DOI: 10.1021/es051630+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the environmental impact of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the vicinity of a new hazardous waste incinerator (HWI) 4 years after regular operation of the facility. A double approach was carried out. The PCDD/F congener profiles corresponding to environmental samples, soil and herbage, collected before the HWI (baseline) and 4 years after starting regular operations, as well as PCDD/F profiles of air emission samples, were compared. The potential health risks (carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic) due to PCDD/F exposure were assessed for adults and children living in the neighborhood of the facility. Human exposure to PCDD/Fs was mainly due to dietary food intake. Comparisons between the PCDD/F congener profiles corresponding to the baseline and current surveys, as well as data concerning the human health risk assessment, indicate that the HWI in question does not cause additional risks to the environment orto the population living in the vicinity of the facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Ferré-Huguet
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Rovira i Virgili University, San Lorenzo 21, 43201 Reus, Spain
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Esser C, Steinwachs S, Herder C, Majora M, Lai ZW. Effects of a single dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, given at post-puberty, in senescent mice. Toxicol Lett 2005; 157:89-98. [PMID: 15836996 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is a well-known immunosuppressive environmental pollutant. TCDD interferes with physiological signaling of the arylhydrocarbon receptor, leading to cell-specific changes in gene transcription and cell differentiation. With respect to the immune system, the T-cell lineage and B-cell lineages are particularly affected. Although a single dose given to mice is excreted within weeks, these changes in differentiation may have long-term consequences for immune competence. We studied the effects of a single dose of TCDD given to young mice on some parameters of their immune system after they had aged almost to the end of their lifespan. Groups of 15 mice were given either 2.5 microg TCDD/kg b.w. or 25 microg TCDD/kg b.w. at the age of 8-12 weeks, and were analyzed between 16 and 21 months of age. Survival was equal in all groups. Blood glucose levels did not differ, and glucose tolerance after oral challenge was normal in old control mice and TCDD-exposed mice. No differences in the frequencies of B-cells, T-cells, or NK-cells were detectable. TCDD-exposed mice at both doses had a significantly higher titer of IgM compared to controls. Histological examination of pancreas, liver, kidney, spleen, and lungs yielded no differences, except for the lungs, where a significantly higher number of animals displayed activated BALT. In conclusion, our data suggest that a single dose of TCDD in young mice is correlated to activated secondary lymphoid tissues and high IgM titers. Both findings are congruent with a weakened immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Esser
- Institute of Environmental Research gGmbH, University of Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Vajda AM, Norris DO. Effects of steroids and dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) on the developing wolffian ducts of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005; 141:1-11. [PMID: 15707598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Revised: 10/06/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate effects of the prototypical dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on steroid-dependent development of the wolffian ducts of an amphibian, the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). Larvae with immature gonads and undeveloped mullerian ducts were injected with the steroid hormones estradiol (E2), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or vehicle alone. Additionally, steroid-treated and vehicle-control larvae were immersed in sub-lethal solutions of technical grade TCDD (0, 0.0003, 0.003, 0.03, 0.3, and 3.0 microg TCDD/L). Both steroid treatments stimulated hypertrophy of the wolffian duct epithelium and an increase in mean epithelial cell size. Only DHT treatment stimulated epithelial cell proliferation. TCDD stimulated wolffian duct hypertrophy through an increase in mean epithelial cell size. TCDD acted as an androgen agonist on wolffian duct epithelial area and epithelial cell size. TCDD had no effect on wolffian duct epithelium among E2-injected animals. Stimulatory effects on cell size were observed at 0.0003 microg/L TCDD in saline-injected animals and at 0.003 microg/L TCDD in DHT-injected animals. Both E2 and DHT stimulated growth of the wolffian ducts early in development. Technical grade TCDD alone mimics E2 and DHT action but exhibits an androgen-agonistic action in the presence of exogenously administered DHT. Implications of possible interactions between TCDD and xenosteroids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Vajda
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Campus Box 354, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Criado M, Pereiro I, Torrijos R. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in ash using dimethylsulfoxide microwave assisted extraction followed by solid-phase microextraction. Talanta 2004; 63:533-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2003.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2003] [Revised: 09/18/2003] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Prange JA, Gaus C, Weber R, Päpke O, Müller JF. Assessing forest fire as a potential PCDD/F source in Queensland, Australia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:4325-4329. [PMID: 14572080 DOI: 10.1021/es0343454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Forest fires are suggested as a potential and significant source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), even though no studies to date provide sufficient evidence to confirm forest fires as a source of PCDD/Fs. Recent investigations in Queensland, Australia have identified a widespread contamination of PCDDs (in particular OCDD) in soils and sediments in the coastal region from an unknown source of PCDD/Fs. Queensland is predominately rural; it has few known anthropogenic sources of PCDD/Fs, whereas forest fires are a frequent occurrence. This study was conducted to assess forest fires as a potential source of the unknown PCDD/F contamination in Queensland. A combustion experiment was designed to assess the overall mass of PCDD/Fs before and after a simulated forest fire. The results from this study did not identify an increase in sigmaPCDD/Fs or OCDD after the combustion process. However, specific non-2,3,7,8 substituted lower chlorinated PCDD/Fs were elevated after the combustion process, suggesting formation from a precursor. The results from this study indicate that forest fires are unlikely to be the source of the unknown PCDD contamination in Queensland, rather they are a key mechanism for the redistribution of PCDD/Fs from existing sources and precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle A Prange
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (EnTox), University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia 4108.
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Kim EJ, Oh JE, Chang YS. Effects of forest fire on the level and distribution of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 311:177-89. [PMID: 12826391 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(03)00095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Forest fires are believed to produce polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs); however, there is no firm evidence supporting this conjecture. To address this issue, we investigated whether PCDD/Fs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed by forest fires. The present work takes the indirect approach of measuring the levels of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in soil and ash samples 1, 5 and 9 months after forest fires. To determine if PCDD/Fs or PAHs were formed during forest fires, the levels of PCDD/Fs and PAHs measured in the burnt soil samples were compared with those in the corresponding unburnt soil samples. One month after forest fires, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in burnt soils were higher than in the corresponding unburnt soils. In addition, the homologue profiles differed between the burnt and unburnt soils. Five months after forest fires, however, the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in the burnt soils were similar to those in unburnt soils. The data presented here strongly suggest that PCDD/Fs and PAHs form during forest fires and are then introduced into the soil. The results further suggest that the ash resulting from the combustion of wood and other organic matter is the main agent influencing the concentration of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Kim
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyojadong, Namku, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
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Abstract
More than 3800 organohalogen compounds, mainly containing chlorine or bromine but a few with iodine and fluorine, are produced by living organisms or are formed during natural abiogenic processes, such as volcanoes, forest fires, and other geothermal processes. The oceans are the single largest source of biogenic organohalogens, which are biosynthesized by myriad seaweeds, sponges, corals, tunicates, bacteria, and other marine life. Terrestrial plants, fungi, lichen, bacteria, insects, some higher animals, and even humans also account for a diverse collection of organohalogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, 6128 Burke Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755-3564, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Meharg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK.
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Ramil Criado M, Rodríguez Pereiro I, Cela Torrijos R. Optimization of a microwave-assisted extraction method for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in ash samples. J Chromatogr A 2003; 985:137-45. [PMID: 12580480 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An alternative method for the extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in ash samples, which is less time and solvent consuming than Soxhlet extraction, is presented. A study was carried out to evaluate the possibilities of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to determine exactly which parameters affect the efficiency of the process, since direct extrapolation of extraction conditions for PCBs in other solid matrices, failed when applied to coplanar congeners in ash samples. Influence of the organic solvent on the yield of the extraction was first evaluated using two ash samples with different percentages of carbon. Once the extraction solvent was fixed, the effects of solvent volume, extraction temperature and extraction time were investigated using an experimental design. It was found that the volume of organic solvent played a more important role in the extraction efficiency than the other factors. In the optimal conditions microwave extractions were performed at 110 degrees C. for 10 min and using 30 ml of toluene. Recoveries higher than 80% were obtained for all the highly chlorinated congeners. including coplanar species, in a spiked ash sample containing a relatively high concentration of carbon. The proposed method was also applied to the determination of PCBs in a reference material of urban dust. Recoveries were similar to those obtained for spiked ash samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ramil Criado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela (15782), Spain
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Gaus C, Brunskill GJ, Weber R, Papke O, Muller JF. Historical PCDD inputs and their source implications from dated sediment cores in Queensland (Australia). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2001; 35:4597-4603. [PMID: 11770761 DOI: 10.1021/es011086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations have demonstrated the presence of an unidentified source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in the coastal zone of Queensland (Australia). The present study provides new information on the possible PCDD sources and their temporal input to this environment. Two estuarine sediment cores were collected in northern Queensland for which radiochemical chronologies were established. Core sections from different depositional ages, up to three centuries, have been analyzed for 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Variations of PCDD concentrations in the sediment cores over several centuries of depositional history were relatively small, and elevated PCDD levels were still present in sediment slices from the early 17th century. PCDD/F isomer patterns and congener profiles in sediments deposited during the last 350 years were almost identical and correlated well to the characteristic profiles observed in surface sediments and soils from the entire Queensland coastline. Profiles were dominated by higher chlorinated PCDDs, in particular octachlorodibenzodioxin (OCDD), whereas PCDF concentrations were below or near the limit of detection. These results indicate the presence of a PCDD source prior to industrialization and production of commercial organochlorine products. Further, the present study demonstrates that PCDD input patterns have been similar along an extensive but localized area over at least several centuries, contributing relatively high concentrations of PCDDs to the coastal system of Queensland.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gaus
- National Research Center for Environmental Toxicology, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia.
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