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Peng J, Gao S, Bi JH, Shi J, Jia L, Pang QF, Zhao DM, Fu Y, Ye F. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Purine Derivatives as Herbicide Safeners. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38598318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Mesosulfuron-methyl, an inhibitor of acetolactate synthase (ALS), has been extensively used in wheats. However, it can damage wheat (Triticum aestivum) and even lead to crop death. Herbicide safeners selectively shield crops from such damage without compromising weed control. To mitigate the phytotoxicity of mesosulfuron-methyl in crops, several purine derivatives were developed based on active substructure splicing. The synthesized title compounds underwent thorough characterization using infrared spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), and high-resolution mass spectrometry. We evaluated chlorophyll and glutathione contents as well as various enzyme activities to evaluate the safer activity of these compounds. Compounds III-3 and III-7 exhibited superior activity compared with the safener mefenpyr-diethyl. Molecular structure analysis, along with predictions of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity, indicated that compound III-7 shared pharmacokinetic traits with the commercial safener mefenpyr-diethyl. Molecular docking simulations revealed that compound III-7 competitively bound to the ALS active site with mesosulfuron-methyl, elucidating the protective mechanism of the safeners. Overall, this study highlights purine derivatives as potential candidates for novel safener development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jing-Hu Bi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Juan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ling Jia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qi-Fan Pang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhao
- School of Food Engineering, East University of Heilongjiang, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Zhao Y, Ye F, Fu Y. Herbicide Safeners: From Molecular Structure Design to Safener Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2451-2466. [PMID: 38276871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Herbicide safeners, highly effective antidotes, find widespread application in fields for alleviating the phytotoxicity of herbicides to crops. Designing new herbicide safeners remains a notable issue in pesticide research. This review focuses on discussing and summarizing the structure-activity relationships, molecular structures, physicochemical properties, and molecular docking of herbicide safeners in order to explore how different structures affect the safener activities of target compounds. It also provides insights into the application prospects of computer-aided drug design for designing and synthesizing new safeners in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Liu H, Liu M, Zong X, Liu A, Yuan M, Fang S. Mechanism of safener mefenpyr-diethyl biodegradation by a newly isolated Chryseobacterium sp. B6 from wastewater sludge and application in co-contaminated soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140385. [PMID: 37839750 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Safener mefenpyr-diethyl (MFD) was applied to cereal crops along with herbicides to improve herbicide selectivity for crops and weeds. However, the degradation mechanism of MFD in the environment remains unclear. One MFD-degrading bacterium, Chryseobacterium sp. B6, was isolated from activated sludge. According to Box-Behnken's optimal design, the degradation efficiency of MFD can reach 92% under conditions of pH 7.5, 30 °C, and a MFD concentration of 184 mg L-1. The degradation half-life experiment showed that a high concentration of MFD (300 mg L-1) inhibited the degradation ability of strain B6. Additionally, strain B6 was resistant to Ba2+, Cr3+, Li+, Zn2+, and Cu2+. The MFD degradation products of strain B6 were detected by GC/MS and its degradation pathway was proposed. MFD was first hydrolyzed by a hydrolase to an intermediate (RS)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2-pyrazoline-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester-3-carboxylic acid, and then further degraded by a decarboxylase to form the intermediate (RS)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2-pyrazoline-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester, finally, it is completely degraded by strain B6. Furthermore, strain B6 could effectively remove MFD from MFD-contaminated soil, and the half-life of MFD was also significantly reduced in MFD and Cu2+ co-contaminated soil after inoculating strain B6. To our knowledge, strain B6 was the first strain reported to degrade safener MFD, and this study provides a valuable candidate to remediate the co-contaminated soil with MFD and Cu2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, PR China.
| | - Mengna Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, PR China
| | - Xuan Zong
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, PR China
| | - Aimin Liu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, PR China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology and Mechanism of Major Diseases, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, PR China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, PR China
| | - Shangping Fang
- School of Anesthesiology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, PR China.
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Shi Y, Wang J, Wang Z, Jiao Z, Du Q, Jia X, Niu J, Du R, Ji G, Duan P, Lv P, Cao J. Integrating transcriptome and physiological analyses to elucidate the molecular responses of sorghum to fluxofenim and metolachlor herbicide. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105692. [PMID: 38072547 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of herbicides has raised concerns about crop damage, necessitating the development of effective herbicide safeners. Fluxofenim has emerged as a promising herbicide safener; however, it's underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we screened two inbred lines 407B and HYZ to investigate the detoxication of fluxofenim in mitigating metolachlor damage in sorghum. Metolachlor inhibited seedling growth in both 407B and HYZ, while, fluxofenim could significantly restore the growth of 407B, but not effectively complement the growth of HYZ. Fluxofenim significantly increased the activities of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) to decrease metolachlor residue in 407B, but not in HYZ. This implys that fluxofenim may reduce metolachlor toxicity by regulating its metabolism. Furthermore, metolachlor suppressed AUX-related and JA-related genes expression, while up-regulated the expression of SA-related genes. Fluxofenim also restored the expression of AUX-related and JA-related genes inhibited by metolachlor and further increased expression of SA-related genes. Moreover, we noted a significant increase in the content of trans-zeatin O-glucoside (tZOG) and Gibberellin1 (GA1) after the fluxofenim treatment. In conclusion, fluxofenim may reduce the injury of herbicide by affecting herbicide metabolism and regulating hormone signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Shi
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences/Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences/Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences/Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Zhiyin Jiao
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences/Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Qi Du
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences/Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Xinyue Jia
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences/Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Jingtian Niu
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences/Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Ruiheng Du
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences/Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Guisu Ji
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences/Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Pengwei Duan
- Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Peng Lv
- Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture & Forestry Sciences/Hebei Branch of China National Sorghum Improvement Center, Shijiazhuang 050035, China.
| | - Junfeng Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Tang X, Lei L, Liao A, Sun W, Zhang J, Wu J. Morpholine Derivatives in Agrochemical Discovery and Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13197-13208. [PMID: 37583294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Derivatives of morpholine are biologically active organic compounds with special structures discovered in multiple drugs. As a result of the terminal pharmacophore of action and extraordinary activity, they attracted fair attention with regard to pesticide innovation and development. Analysis of brief structure-activity relationships and the summarization of the characteristics of pesticides containing morpholine fragments with efficient activity are key steps in the development of novel pesticides. This review primarily overviews morpholine compounds with insecticidal, fungicidal, herbicidal, antiviral, and plant growth regulation properties to provide educational insight for the creation of new morpholine-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Lei
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Anjing Liao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, People's Republic of China
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6
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Leng XY, Zhao LX, Gao S, Ye F, Fu Y. Review on the Discovery of Novel Natural Herbicide Safeners. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37466454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The phytotoxicity of herbicides on crops is a major dilemma in agricultural production. Fortunately, the emergence of herbicide safeners is an excellent solution to this challenge, selectively enhancing the performance of herbicides in controlling weeds while reducing the phytotoxicity to crops. But owing to their potential toxicity, only a tiny proportion of safeners are commercially available. Natural products as safeners have been extensively explored, which are generally safe to mammals and cause little pollution to the environment. They are typically endogenous signal molecules or phytohormones, which are generally difficult to extract and synthesize, and exhibit relatively lower activity than commercial products. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt rational design approaches to modify the structure of natural safeners. This paper reviews the application, safener effects, structural characteristics, and modifications of natural safeners and provides insights on the discovery of natural products as potential safeners in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Leng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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7
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Ding Y, Zhao DM, Kang T, Shi J, Ye F, Fu Y. Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Novel Aryl-Substituted Formyl Oxazolidine Derivatives as Herbicide Safeners. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:7654-7668. [PMID: 37191232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nicosulfuron is the leading herbicide in the global sulfonylurea (SU) herbicide market; it was jointly developed by DuPont and Ishihara. Recently, the widespread use of nicosulfuron has led to increasingly prominent agricultural production hazards, such as environmental harm and influence on subsequent crops. The use of herbicide safeners can significantly alleviate herbicide injury to protect crop plants and expand the application scope of existing herbicides. A series of novel aryl-substituted formyl oxazolidine derivatives were designed using the active group combination method. Title compounds were synthesized using an efficient one-pot method and characterized by infrared (IR) spectrometry, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The chemical structure of compound V-25 was further identified by X-ray single crystallography. The bioactivity assay and structure-activity relationship proved that nicosulfuron phytotoxicity to maize could be reduced by most title compounds. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and acetolactate synthase (ALS) in vivo were determined, and compound V-12 showed inspiring activity comparable to that of the commercial safener isoxadifen-ethyl. The molecular docking model indicated that compound V-12 competed with nicosulfuron for the acetolactate synthase active site and that this is the protective mechanism of safeners. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) predictions demonstrated that compound V-12 exhibited superior pharmacokinetic properties to the commercialized safener isoxadifen-ethyl. The target compound V-12 shows strong herbicide safener activity in maize; thus, it may be a potential candidate compound that can help further protect maize from herbicide damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhao
- School of Food Engineering, East University of Heilongjiang, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Engineering, East University of Heilongjiang, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
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Hernández-Ruiz J, Giraldo-Acosta M, El Mihyaoui A, Cano A, Arnao MB. Melatonin as a Possible Natural Anti-Viral Compound in Plant Biocontrol. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:781. [PMID: 36840129 PMCID: PMC9961163 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a multifunctional and ubiquitous molecule. In animals, melatonin is a hormone that is involved in a wide range of physiological activities and is also an excellent antioxidant. In plants, it has been considered a master regulator of multiple physiological processes as well as of hormonal homeostasis. Likewise, it is known for its role as a protective biomolecule and activator of tolerance and resistance against biotic and abiotic stress in plants. Since infections by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses in crops result in large economic losses, interest has been aroused in determining whether melatonin plays a relevant role in plant defense systems against pathogens in general, and against viruses in particular. Currently, several strategies have been applied to combat infection by pathogens, one of them is the use of eco-friendly chemical compounds that induce systemic resistance. Few studies have addressed the use of melatonin as a biocontrol agent for plant diseases caused by viruses. Exogenous melatonin treatments have been used to reduce the incidence of several virus diseases, reducing symptoms, virus titer, and even eradicating the proliferation of viruses such as Tobacco Mosaic Virus, Apple Stem Grooving Virus, Rice Stripe Virus and Alfalfa Mosaic Virus in tomato, apple, rice and eggplant, respectively. The possibilities of using melatonin as a possible natural virus biocontrol agent are discussed.
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McFadden M, Reber KP, Sivey JD, Cwiertny DM, LeFevre GH. Microbial Biotransformation Products and Pathways of Dichloroacetamide Herbicide Safeners. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:72-78. [PMID: 37091899 PMCID: PMC10111411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.2c00862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Dichloroacetamide safeners are common ingredients in commercial herbicide formulations. We previously investigated the environmental fate of dichloroacetamides via photolysis and hydrolysis, but other potentially important, environmentally relevant fate processes remain uncharacterized and may yield products of concern. Here, we examined microbial biotransformation of two dichloroacetamide safeners, benoxacor and dichlormid, to identify products and elucidate pathways. Using aerobic microcosms inoculated with river sediment, we demonstrated that microbial biotransformations of benoxacor and dichlormid proceed primarily, if not exclusively, via cometabolism. Benoxacor was transformed by both hydrolysis and microbial biotransformation processes; in most cases, biotransformation rates were faster than hydrolysis rates. We identified multiple novel products of benoxacor and dichlormid not previously observed for microbial processes, with several products similar to those reported for structurally related chloroacetamide herbicides, thus indicating potential for conserved biotransformation mechanisms across both chemical classes. Observed products include monochlorinated species such as the banned herbicide CDAA (from dichlormid), glutathione conjugates, and sulfur-containing species. We propose a transformation pathway wherein benoxacor and dichlormid are first dechlorinated, likely via microbial hydrolysis, and subsequently conjugated with glutathione. This is the first study reporting biological dechlorination of dichloroacetamides to yield monochlorinated products in aerobic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica
E. McFadden
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience
and Engineering, University of Iowa, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics
Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keith P. Reber
- Department
of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - John D. Sivey
- Department
of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - David M. Cwiertny
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience
and Engineering, University of Iowa, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics
Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Center
for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination (CHEEC), University of Iowa, 251 North Capitol St., Chemistry Building, Room W195, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Public
Policy Center, University of Iowa, 310 South Grand Ave., 209 South
Quadrangle, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gregory H. LeFevre
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience
and Engineering, University of Iowa, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics
Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Krivokolysko BS, Dotsenko VV, Pakholka NA, Dakhno PG, Strelkov VD, Aksenov NA, Aksenova IV, Krivokolysko SG. Bromine- and iodine-mediated oxidative dimerization of cyanothioacetamide derivatives: synthesis of new functionalized 1,2,4-thiadiazoles. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-022-02688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Navarro-León E, Borda E, Marín C, Sierras N, Blasco B, Ruiz JM. Application of an Enzymatic Hydrolysed L-α-Amino Acid Based Biostimulant to Improve Sunflower Tolerance to Imazamox. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2761. [PMID: 36297785 PMCID: PMC9611503 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides, commonly used in agriculture to control weeds, often cause negative effects on crops. Safeners are applied to reduce the damage to crops without affecting the effectiveness of herbicides against weeds. Plant biostimulants have the potential to increase tolerance to a series of abiotic stresses, but very limited information exists about their effects on herbicide-stressed plants. This study aims to verify whether the application of a potential safener such as Terra-Sorb®, an L-α-amino acid-based biostimulant, reduces the phytotoxicity of an Imazamox-based herbicide and to elucidate which tolerance mechanisms are induced. Sunflower plants were treated with Pulsar® 40 (4% Imazamox) both alone and in combination with Terra-Sorb®. Plants treated with the herbicide in combination with Terra-Sorb® showed higher growth, increased acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity, and amino acid concentration with respect to the plants treated with Imazamox alone. Moreover, the biostimulant protected photosynthetic activity and reduced oxidative stress. This protective effect could be due to the glutathione S-transferase (GST) induction and antioxidant systems dependent on glutathione (GSH). However, no effect of the biostimulant application was observed regarding phenolic compound phenylalanine ammonium-lyase (PAL) activity. Therefore, this study opens the perspective of using Terra-Sorb® in protecting sunflower plants against an imazamox-based herbicide effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy Navarro-León
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Elisabet Borda
- R & D Plant Health, Bioiberica S.A.U., 08389 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cándido Marín
- R & D Plant Health, Bioiberica S.A.U., 08389 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Sierras
- R & D Plant Health, Bioiberica S.A.U., 08389 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Blasco
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan M. Ruiz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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12
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Dahno PG, Zhilyaev DM, Dotsenko VV, Strelkov VD, Krapivin GD, Aksenov NA, Aksenova IV, Likhovid NG. Oxidation of 2-Cyanothioacrylamides with Sodium Nitrite in Acidic Medium. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222090080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
(E)-3-Aryl-2-cyanoprop-2-entioamides, prepared by Knoevenagel condensation between aromatic aldehydes and cyanothioacetamide, react with sodium nitrite in acetic acid to form (2E,2′E)-2,2′-(1,2,4-thiadiazole-3,5-diyl)bis[3-arylacrylonitriles]. A possible mechanism and limitations of the reaction are discussed. Molecular docking was carried out in order to search for possible protein targets for the obtained 1,2,4-thiadiazoles. One of the compounds showed a pronounced antidote effect against the herbicide 2,4-D in a laboratory experiment on sunflower seedlings and under field conditions.
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13
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Liu S, Wang L, Chen K, Yang H, Ling M, Wu L, Zhou X, Ma G, Bai L. Combined effects of S-metolachlor and benoxacor on embryo development in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 238:113565. [PMID: 35512469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is necessary to study the combined toxicity of an herbicide and its safener because the two are often used in combination. S-metolachlor and its safener benoxacor have been detected in aquatic environments and can individually damage the oxidative stress system in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). However, only their separate toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo development has been reported. This study assessed the combined toxicity of benoxacor and S-metolachlor in zebrafish embryo development, including acute toxicity, developmental toxicity, oxidative damage, and cell apoptosis. The 96-h LC50 values were higher in mixtures of benoxacor and S-metolachlor than in benoxacor alone. The treatments included S-metolachlor, Mix-1 (0.1 mg/L benoxacor + 0.1 mg/L S-metolachlor), Mix-2 (0.1 mg/L benoxacor + 0.3 mg/L S-metolachlor) and benoxacor alone. Embryos exposed to Mix-1 and Mix-2 had lower developmental toxicities, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, osx and cat expression levels than those exposed to benoxacor alone. Moreover, glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and the expressions of tbx16, nrf2, bcl2, and caspase9 were higher in the mixtures than in the benoxacor group. High-throughput RNA sequencing revealed that benoxacor had a greater effect on gene regulation than Mix-1 and Mix-2. The malformation rate, different enrichment gene numbers, and gene expression levels of hatched embryos were higher in Mix-1 than in Mix-2. The results indicate that a mixture of S-metolachlor and benoxacor has antagonistic effects in the early stage of embryo development. The mixtures can break the reactive oxygen species balance, causing abnormal cell apoptosis and developmental malformation in embryos. Besides investigating the combined toxicity of benoxacor and S-metolachlor in zebrafish embryo development, this study provides a risk assessment basis for a herbicide combined with its safener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihong Liu
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China; Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China; Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, PR China.
| | - Ke Chen
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China; Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Haona Yang
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China
| | - Min Ling
- Hunan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Changsha, PR China
| | - Lamei Wu
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China
| | - Xiaomao Zhou
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China; Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Guolan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China
| | - Lianyang Bai
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, PR China; Longping Branch, Graduate School of Hunan University, Changsha, PR China.
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14
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Lanasa S, Niedzwiecki M, Reber KP, East A, Sivey JD, Salice CJ. Comparative Toxicity of Herbicide Active Ingredients, Safener Additives, and Commercial Formulations to the Nontarget Alga Raphidocelis Subcapitata. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1466-1476. [PMID: 35262227 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chloroacetanilide herbicides are used worldwide to control weeds that affect crops such as corn, soybeans, and cotton. These herbicides are frequently paired with a "safener," which prevents herbicidal damage to the crop without diminishing weed control. Formulated herbicide products that include safeners and other ingredients are infrequently assessed for toxicity. Our goal was to understand the potential toxicity of safeners and herbicide + safener formulations relative to the toxicity of associated active ingredients. We quantified the concentration of safeners in commercially available formulations and tested effects on nontarget algae, Raphidocelis subcapitata, when exposed to individual herbicide active ingredients, safeners, and commercial formulations. The median effective concentrations (EC50s) causing 50% reduction in population growth for the herbicide active ingredients S-metolachlor and acetochlor were 0.046 and 0.003 ppm, respectively. The safeners benoxacor, AD-67, furilazole, and dichlormid were all substantially less toxic than the herbicides and were not toxic at environmentally relevant concentrations. The commercial formulations Dual II Magnum®, Me-Too-Lachlor II®, Harness®, and Surpass EC® all resulted in EC50 values that fell within the 95% confidence interval of the associated active ingredient herbicide. Interestingly, a significant increase in cell size was observed when algae were exposed to all the formulations, herbicides (acetochlor and S-metolachlor), and safener (dichlormid). The safener furilazole caused a significant decrease in cell size, whereas benoxacor and AD-67 had no observed effect on algae cell size. Significant algae cell size effects all occurred at or above the EC50 concentrations for each chemical, suggesting that other morphological effects may be occurring. Importantly, safeners in commercial formulations appeared not to impact toxicity to R. subcapitata compared with the active ingredient alone. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1466-1476. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lanasa
- Environmental Science and Studies Program, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Niedzwiecki
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Keith P Reber
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew East
- Environmental Science and Studies Program, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - John D Sivey
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher J Salice
- Environmental Science and Studies Program, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
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15
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Jia L, Jin XY, Zhao LX, Fu Y, Ye F. Research Progress in the Design and Synthesis of Herbicide Safeners: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5499-5515. [PMID: 35473317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Detoxification plays an important role in herbicide action. Herbicide safeners selectively protect crops from herbicide injury without reducing the herbicidal efficiency against the target weeds. With the large-scale use of herbicides, herbicide safeners have been widely used in sorghum, wheat, rice, corn, and other crops. In recent years, an increasing number of unexpected new herbicide safeners have been designed. The varieties, structural characteristics, uses, and synthetic routes of commercial herbicide safeners are reviewed in this paper. The design ideas and structural characteristics of novel herbicide safeners are summarized, which provide a basis for the design of bioactive molecules as new herbicide safeners in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yu Jin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
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16
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Giraldo Acosta M, Cano A, Hernández-Ruiz J, Arnao MB. Melatonin as a Possible Natural Safener in Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11070890. [PMID: 35406870 PMCID: PMC9003551 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a well-known animal hormone with relevant and multiple cellular and hormonal roles. Its discovery in plants in 1995 has led to a great diversity of molecular and physiological studies that have been showing its multiple actions also in plants. Its roles as a biostimulator and modulator agent of responses to abiotic and biotic stresses have been widely studied. This review raises the possible use of melatonin as a natural safener in herbicide treatments. Existing studies have shown excellent co-acting qualities between both the following agents: herbicide and melatonin. The presence of melatonin reduces the damage caused by the herbicide in the crop and enhances the stress antioxidant response of plants. In this area, a similar role is suggested in the co-action between fungicides and melatonin, where a synergistic response has been demonstrated in some cases. The possible reduction in the fungicide doses is proposed as an eco-friendly advance in the use of these pesticides in certain crops. Finally, future research and applied actions of melatonin on these pest control agents are suggested.
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17
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Xu X, Gujarati PD, Okwor N, Sivey JD, Reber KP, Xu W. Reactivity of chloroacetamides toward sulfide + black carbon: Insights from structural analogues and dynamic NMR spectroscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150064. [PMID: 34525700 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chloroacetamides are commonly used in herbicide formulations, and their occurrence has been reported in soils and groundwater. However, how their chemical structures affect transformation kinetics and pathways in the presence of environmental reagents such as hydrogen sulfide species and black carbon has not been investigated. In this work, we assessed the impact of increasing Cl substituents on reaction kinetics and pathways of six chloroacetamides. The contribution of individual pathways (reductive dechlorination vs. nucleophilic substitution) to the overall decay of selected chloroacetamides was differentiated using various experimental setups; both the transformation rates and product distributions were characterized. Our results suggest that the number of Cl substituents affected reaction pathways and kinetics: trichloroacetamides predominantly underwent reductive dechlorination whereas mono- and dichloroacetamides transformed via nucleophilic substitution. Furthermore, we synthesized eight dichloroacetamide analogs (Cl2CHC(=O)NRR') with differing R groups and characterized their transformation kinetics. Dynamic NMR spectroscopy was employed to quantify the rotational energy barriers of dichloroacetamides. Our results suggest that adsorption of dichloroacetamides on black carbon constrained R groups from approaching the dichloromethyl carbon and subsequently favored nucleophilic attack. This study provides new insights to better predict the fate of chloroacetamides in subsurface environments by linking their structural characteristics to transformation kinetics and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | | | - Neechi Okwor
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - John D Sivey
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Keith P Reber
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
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18
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McFadden M, Patterson EV, Reber KP, Gilbert IW, Sivey JD, LeFevre GH, Cwiertny DM. Acid- and Base-Mediated Hydrolysis of Dichloroacetamide Herbicide Safeners. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:325-334. [PMID: 34920670 PMCID: PMC8733929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Safeners are used extensively in commercial herbicide formulations. Although safeners are regulated as inert ingredients, some of their transformation products have enhanced biological activity. Here, to fill gaps in our understanding of safener environmental fate, we determined rate constants and transformation products associated with the acid- and base-mediated hydrolysis of dichloroacetamide safeners AD-67, benoxacor, dichlormid, and furilazole. Second-order rate constants for acid- (HCl) and base-mediated (NaOH) dichloroacetamide hydrolysis (2.8 × 10-3 to 0.46 and 0.3-500 M-1 h-1, respectively) were, in many cases (5 of 8), greater than those reported for their chloroacetamide herbicide co-formulants. In particular, the rate constant for base-mediated hydrolysis of benoxacor was 2 orders of magnitude greater than that of its active ingredient co-formulant, S-metolachlor. At circumneutral pH, only benoxacor underwent appreciable hydrolysis (5.3 × 10-4 h-1), and under high-pH conditions representative of lime-soda softening, benoxacor's half-life was 13 h─a timescale consistent with partial transformation during water treatment. Based on Orbitrap LC-MS/MS analysis of dichloroacetamide hydrolysis product mixtures, we propose structures for major products and three distinct mechanistic pathways that depend on the system pH and compound structure. These include base-mediated amide cleavage, acid-mediated amide cleavage, and acid-mediated oxazolidine ring opening. Collectively, this work will help to identify systems in which hydrolysis contributes to the transformation of dichloroacetamides, while also highlighting important differences in the reactivity of dichloroacetamides and their active chloroacetamide co-formulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica
E. McFadden
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience
and Engineering, University of Iowa, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics
Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Eric V. Patterson
- Department
of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, 104 Chemistry, Stony Brook, New York 11790, United States
| | - Keith P. Reber
- Department
of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Ian W. Gilbert
- Department
of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - John D. Sivey
- Department
of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Gregory H. LeFevre
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience
and Engineering, University of Iowa, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics
Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - David M. Cwiertny
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience
and Engineering, University of Iowa, 100 C. Maxwell Stanley Hydraulics
Laboratory, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Center
for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination (CHEEC), University of Iowa, 251 North Capitol Street, Chemistry Building—Room
W195, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- . Phone: (319) 335-1401
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19
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Oloye FF, Femi-Oloye OP, Challis JK, Jones PD, Giesy JP. Dissipation, Fate, and Toxicity of Crop Protection Chemical Safeners in Aquatic Environments. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 258:27-53. [PMID: 34529146 DOI: 10.1007/398_2021_70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Safeners are a group of chemicals applied with herbicides to protect crop plants from potential adverse effects of agricultural products used to kill weeds in monocotyledonous crops. Various routes of dissipation of safeners from their point of applications were evaluated. Despite the large numbers of safeners (over 18) commercially available and the relatively large quantities (~2 × 106 kg/year) used, there is little information on their mobility and fate in the environment and occurrence in various environmental matrices. The only class of safeners for which a significant amount of information is available is dichloroacetamide safeners, which have been observed in some rivers in the USA at concentrations ranging from 42 to 190 ng/L. Given this gap in the literature, there is a clear need to determine the occurrence, fate, and bioavailability of other classes of safeners. Furthermore, since safeners are typically used in commercial formulations, it is useful to study them in relation to their corresponding herbicides. Common routes of dissipation for herbicides and applied safeners are surface run off (erosion), hydrolysis, photolysis, sorption, leaching, volatilization, and microbial degradation. Toxic potencies of safeners vary among organisms and safener compounds, ranging from as low as the LC50 for fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for isoxadifen-ethyl, which was 0.34 mg/L, to as high as the LC50 for Daphnia magna from dichlormid, which was 161 mg/L. Solubilities and octanol-water partition coefficients seem to be the principal driving force in understanding safener mobilities. This paper provides an up-to-date literature review regarding the occurrence, behaviour, and toxic potency of herbicide safeners and identifies important knowledge gaps in our understanding of these compounds and the potential risks posed to potentially impacted ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femi F Oloye
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwabunmi P Femi-Oloye
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria
| | | | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Veterinary Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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20
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Zhang YY, Gao S, Hoang MT, Wang ZW, Ma X, Zhai Y, Li N, Zhao LX, Fu Y, Ye F. Protective efficacy of phenoxyacetyl oxazolidine derivatives as safeners against nicosulfuron toxicity in maize. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:177-183. [PMID: 32652758 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbicide safeners mitigate crop damage without reducing herbicide efficacy. Here, the protective effects of phenoxyacetyl oxazolidine derivatives as potential safeners were evaluated with a view toward reducing injury caused by sulfonylurea herbicide nicosulfuron to sensitive maize varieties. RESULTS Growth indices demonstrated that the bioactivity of compound 9 (N-phenoxyacety-2-methyl-2,4-diethyl-1,3-oxazolidine) was superior to that of R-28725 and all other compounds tested. Compound 9 induced endogenous glutathione and upregulated glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in maize. Thus, it could enhance maize tolerance to nicosulfuron. Compared with the untreated water control group, the maximum reaction rate of GST was increased by 37.62%, while the maximum velocity of GST was decreased by 61.93% after treatment with compound 9. Acetolactate synthase relative activity was significantly enhanced in the case of treatment with compound 9, indicating the excellent protective effects of compound 9 against nicosulfuron in maize. CONCLUSIONS The present work demonstrates that phenoxyacetyl oxazolidine derivatives are potentially efficacious as herbicide safeners and merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Minh-Tu Hoang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zi-Wei Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Zhai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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21
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Deng X, Zheng W, Zhan Q, Deng Y, Zhou Y, Bai L. New Lead Discovery of Herbicide Safener for Metolachlor Based on a Scaffold-Hopping Strategy. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214986. [PMID: 33126493 PMCID: PMC7663620 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of herbicide safeners can significantly alleviate herbicide injury to protect crop plants and expand the application scope of the existing herbicides in the field. Sanshools, which are well known as spices, are N-alkyl substituted compounds extracted from the Zanthoxylum species and have several essential physiological and pharmacological functions. Sanshools display excellent safener activity for the herbicide metolachlor in rice seedlings. However, the high cost of sanshools extraction and difficulties in the synthesis of their complicated chemical structures limit their utilization in agricultural fields. Thus, the present study designed and synthesized various N-alkyl amide derivatives via the scaffold-hopping strategy to solve the challenge of complicated structures and find novel potential safeners for the herbicide metolachlor. In total, 33 N-alkyl amide derivatives (2a–k, 3a–k, and 4a–k) were synthesized using amines and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids as starting materials through acylation and condensation. The identity of all the target compounds was well confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The primary evaluation of safener activities for the compounds by the agar method indicated that most of the target compounds could protect rice seedlings from injury caused by metolachlor. Notably, compounds 2k and 4k displayed excellent herbicide safener activities on plant height and demonstrated relatively similar activities to the commercialized compound dichlormid. Moreover, we showed that compounds 2k and 4k had higher glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in rice seedlings, compared to the metolachlor treatment. In particular, 2k and 4k are safer for aquatic organisms than dichlormid. Results from the current work exhibit that compounds 2k and 4k have excellent crop safener activities toward rice and can, thus, be promising candidates for further structural optimization in rice protection.
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22
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Xu X, Sivey JD, Xu W. Black carbon-enhanced transformation of dichloroacetamide safeners: Role of reduced sulfur species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:139908. [PMID: 32531604 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dichloroacetamide safeners are commonly included in herbicide formulations to protect crops from unintended herbicide toxicity, but knowledge of their environmental fate is scarce. Hydrogen sulfide, a naturally-occurring nucleophile and reductant, often coexists with black carbon (e.g., biochar, soot) in subsurface environments and could influence the fate of these safeners. In this study, we demonstrated that graphite powder, a model black carbon, significantly accelerated the transformation of three dichloroacetamide safeners (AD-67, benoxacor, and dichlormid) and two chloroacetamide herbicides (metolachlor and acetochlor) by hydrogen sulfide. Chloride was formed together with an array of sulfur-substituted products, suggesting a nucleophilic substitution pathway. Our results suggest that the electron-accepting capacity of black carbon can oxidize hydrogen sulfide species to elemental sulfur, which can further react with bisulfide to form polysulfide, likely accounting for the observed accelerated transformation of (di)chloroacetamides in systems containing black carbon and hydrogen sulfide. Moreover, our product analyses indicate that dimerization and/or trimerization of (di)chloroacetamides is possible in the presence of hydrogen sulfide and graphite, which is anticipated to decrease the mobility of these products in aquatic environments relative to the parent compounds. Herein, we also discuss how the structure and concentration of (di)chloroacetamides can influence their reactivity in the presence of black carbon and reduced sulfur species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - John D Sivey
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252, USA
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
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23
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Ricko AN, Psoras AW, Sivey JD. Reductive transformations of dichloroacetamide safeners: effects of agrochemical co-formulants and iron oxide + manganese oxide binary-mineral systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2104-2116. [PMID: 32959852 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00331j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of herbicides are often incompletely selective and can harm crops. Safeners are "inert" ingredients commonly added to herbicide formulations to protect crops from herbicide-induced injury. Dichloroacetamide safeners have been previously shown to undergo reductive dechlorination in anaerobic abiotic systems containing an iron (hydr)oxide mineral (goethite or hematite) amended with Fe(ii). Manganese oxides (e.g., birnessite) are important redox-active species that frequently co-occur with iron (hydr)oxides, yet studies examining the effects of more than one mineral on transformations of environmental contaminants are rare. Herein, we investigate the reactivity of dichloroacetamide safeners benoxacor, furilazole, and dichlormid in binary-mineral, anaerobic systems containing Fe(ii)-amended hematite and birnessite. As the molar ratio of Fe(ii)-to-Mn(iv) oxide increased, the transformation rate of benoxacor and furilazole increased. The safener dichlormid did not transform appreciably over the sampling period (6 hours). The concentration of pH buffer ([MOPS] = 10-50 mM), ionic strength ([NaCl] = 10-200 mM), and order of solute addition (e.g., safener followed by Fe(ii) or vice versa) do not appreciably affect transformation rates of the examined dichloroacetamide safeners in Fe(ii) + hematite slurries. The presence of agrochemical co-formulants, including the herbicide S-metolachlor and three surfactants, in solutions containing Cr(H2O)62+ (as a model homogeneous reductant) also did not substantially influence rates of safener transformation. This study is among the first to examine laboratory systems of intermediate complexity (e.g., systems containing mixtures of agrochemical co-formulants or mineral phases) when assessing the environmental fate of emerging contaminants such as dichloroacetamide safeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison N Ricko
- Environmental Science & Studies Program, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA.
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24
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Guo KL, Zhao LX, Wang ZW, Gao YC, Li JJ, Gao S, Fu Y, Ye F. Design, Synthesis, and Bioevaluation of Substituted Phenyl Isoxazole Analogues as Herbicide Safeners. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10550-10559. [PMID: 32886503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide safeners enhance herbicide detoxification in crops without affecting target weed sensitivity. To enhance crop tolerance to the toxicity-related stress caused by the herbicide acetochlor (ACT), a new class of substituted phenyl isoxazole derivatives was designed by an intermediate derivatization method as herbicide safeners. Microwave-assisted synthesis was used to prepare the phenyl isoxazole analogues, and all of the structures were confirmed via IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Compound I-1 was further characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. Bioassay results showed that most of the obtained compounds provided varying degrees of safening against ACT-induced injury by increasing the corn growth recovery, glutathione content, and glutathione S-transferase activity. In particular, compound I-20 showed excellent safener activity against ACT toxicity, comparable to that of the commercial safener benoxacor. Gaussian calculations have been performed and the results indicated that the nucleophilic ability of compound I-20 is higher than that of benoxacor, thus the activity is higher than that of benoxacor. These findings demonstrate that phenyl isoxazole derivatives possess great potential for protective management in cornfields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Liang Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zi-Wei Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying-Chao Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Juan-Juan Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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25
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Deng X, Zheng W, Jin C, Bai L. Synthesis of Novel 6-Aryloxy-4-chloro-2-phenylpyrimidines as Fungicides and Herbicide Safeners. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:23996-24004. [PMID: 32984721 PMCID: PMC7513367 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fenclorim is a commercial herbicide safener with fungicidal activity used for chloroacetanilide herbicides, which might be suitable as a lead compound for screening novel fungicides. However, little has been reported so far on the structure-activity relationship of fungicidal activities of fenclorim or its analogues. Here, a series of 4-chloro-6-substituted phenoxy-2-phenylpyrimidine derivatives was synthesized by a substructure splicing route using fenclorim as a lead compound. The structures of synthesized derivatives were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Their fungicidal and herbicide safening activities were then evaluated. The results revealed that compound 11 had the best fungicidal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Thanatephorus cucumeris, which was better than that of the control pyrimethanil. Moreover, compounds 3, 5, and 25 exhibited excellent safening activities against fresh weight, plant height, and root length, respectively. Such activities were significantly improved when compared to fenclorim. In summary, these findings look promising for the preparation of new fungicides and herbicide safeners based on the structure of fenclorim.
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Chu C, Liu B, Liu J, He J, Lv L, Wang H, Xie X, Tao Q, Chen Q. Phytoremediation of acetochlor residue by transgenic Arabidopsis expressing the acetochlor N-dealkylase from Sphingomonas wittichii DC-6. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138687. [PMID: 32361114 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic engineering is an effective way for plants to obtain strong degradation or detoxification abilities to target pollutants. Acetochlor is an important and widely used herbicide, however, its residue is persistent in soil and is toxic to humans and rotation crops. In this study, the degradation ability and tolerance to acetochlor of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana synthesizing the oxygenase component, CndA, of the bacterial acetochlor N-dealkylase system, CndABC, were investigated. Two transgenic plants, including a cytoplasm transformant, in which the CndA was located in the cytoplasm, and a chloroplast transformant, in which the CndA was located in the chloroplast, were constructed. The cytoplasm transformant acquired only weak acetochlor degradation activity and displayed little acetochlor tolerance. In contrast, the chloroplast transformant exhibited high degradation efficiency and strong tolerance to acetochlor; it could transform 94.3% of 20 μM acetochlor in water within 48 h and eliminate 80.2% of 5 mg/kg acetochlor in soil within 30 d. The metabolite of acetochlor N-dealkylation catalyzed by CndA, 2-chloro-N-(2-methyl-6-ethylphenyl)acetamide (CMEPA), could be released outside the cells by chloroplast transformant and further degraded by indigenous microorganisms in the soil. This study provides an effective strategy for the phytoremediation of acetochlor residue in water and soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiwei Chu
- College of Life Sciences and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466000, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junwei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian He
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lijie Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277100, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277100, China
| | - Xiangting Xie
- DBN Biotech Center, Beijing Dabeinong Technology Group Co., Ltd., 100193, PO Box 5109, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Tao
- DBN Biotech Center, Beijing Dabeinong Technology Group Co., Ltd., 100193, PO Box 5109, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277100, China.
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27
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Zhang YY, Gao S, Liu YX, Wang C, Jiang W, Zhao LX, Fu Y, Ye F. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of Novel Diazabicyclo Derivatives as Safeners. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3403-3414. [PMID: 32101688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide safeners selectively protect crops from herbicide damage without reducing the herbicidal efficiency on target weed species. The title compounds were designed by the intermediate derivatization approach and fragment splicing to exploit novel potential safeners. A total of 31 novel diazabicyclo derivatives were synthesized by the microwave-assistant method using isoxazole-4-carbonyl chloride and diazabicyclo derivatives. All synthetic compounds were confirmed by infrared, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The bioassay results demonstrated that most of the title compounds could reduce the nicosulfuron phytotoxicity on maize. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in vivo was assayed, and compound 4(S15) revealed an inspiring safener activity comparable to commercialized safeners isoxadifen-ethyl and BAS-145138. The molecular docking model exhibited that the competition at the active sites of target enzymes between compound 4(S15) and nicosulfuron was investigated with respect to herbicide detoxification. The current work not only provided a powerful supplement to the intermediate derivatization approach and fragment splicing in design pesticide bioactive molecules but also assisted safener development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Xuan Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, People's Republic of China
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The Effect of Salicylic Acid and 20 Substituted Molecules on Alleviating Metolachlor Herbicide Injury in Rice (Oryza sativa). AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an endogenous plant hormone that has a wide range of pharmacological effects. Studies have indicated that SA has herbicide safening activity. In this study, the herbicide safening activity of SA and 20 substituted molecules were tested on agar-cultured rice. Biological assay results indicated that SA and substituted SA had a low inhibitory effect on the growth of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa), and partially alleviated the effects of metolachlor toxicity. Moreover, at 0.25 mg L−1, the safening effect of compounds l and u lessened the effects of metolachlor phytotoxicity on plant height and fresh weight when compared to the effects of the control, fenclorim. The effects of metolachlor toxicity were reduced on root length due to the safening effects of compounds l, n, and u; these effects were greater than those of fenclorim. These compounds could facilitate the development of novel herbicide safeners.
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Del Buono D, Terzano R, Panfili I, Bartucca ML. Phytoremediation and detoxification of xenobiotics in plants: herbicide-safeners as a tool to improve plant efficiency in the remediation of polluted environments. A mini-review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2020; 22:789-803. [PMID: 31960714 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2019.1710817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is a widely studied and applied technology, based on the use of plants and their associated microorganisms to decontaminate polluted sites. In recent years, different strategies have been investigated to improve the phytoremediation efficiency of the selected plants. In this context, some studies have shown that herbicide-safeners, chemicals applied to crops to enhance their tolerance to herbicides, can increase the phytoremediation of soils and water polluted by organic and inorganic contaminants. Safeners, by inducing the xenobiotic detoxification and the antioxidant metabolism in plants, can enhance their removal potential in the cleaning process. In this review, after a short survey of phytoremediation technologies and the biochemical mechanisms activated by plants to tolerate and detoxify heavy metals and herbicides, the use of herbicide-safeners as a tool to increase the phytoremediation performance is reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Del Buono
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Studies of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Terzano
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Ivan Panfili
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Studies of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Luce Bartucca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Studies of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, Perugia, Italy
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30
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Ye F, Zhai Y, Guo KL, Liu YX, Li N, Gao S, Zhao LX, Fu Y. Safeners Improve Maize Tolerance under Herbicide Toxicity Stress by Increasing the Activity of Enzymes in Vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11568-11576. [PMID: 31584809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tribenuron-methyl (TM), as one of the sulfonylurea (SU) herbicides, has been widely and effectively applied for many kinds of plants. SUs inhibit plant growth by restraining the biosynthetic pathway of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) catalyzed by acetolactate synthase (ALS). Safeners are agrochemicals that protect crops from herbicide injuries. To improve the crop tolerance under TM toxicity stress, this paper evaluated the protective effect of N-tosyloxazolidine-3-carboxamide. It turned out that most of the tested compounds showed significant protection against TM via enhancing the glutathione (GSH) content and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. Among all of the tested compounds, compound 16 exhibited more excellent protection than the contrast safener R-28725 and other target compounds. A positive correlation between the growth level, endogenous GSH content, and GST activity was observed in this research. The GST kinetic parameter Vmax of the maize was increased by 29.6% after treatment with compound 16, while Km was decreased by 51.9% compared to the untreated control. The molecular docking model indicated that compound 16 could compete with TM in the active site of ALS, which could interpret the protective effects of safeners. The present work demonstrated that N-tosyloxazolidine-3-carboxamide derivatives could be considered as potential candidates for developing new safeners in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Liang Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Xuan Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin , Heilongjiang 150030 , People's Republic of China
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31
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Dotsenko VV, Buryi DS, Lukina DY, Stolyarova AN, Aksenov NA, Aksenova IV, Strelkov VD, Dyadyuchenko LV. Substituted N-(thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-3-yl)acetamides: synthesis, reactions, and biological activity. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-019-02505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Novel Thiazole Phenoxypyridine Derivatives Protect Maize from Residual Pesticide Injury Caused by PPO-Inhibitor Fomesafen. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100514. [PMID: 31547161 PMCID: PMC6843476 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The herbicide fomesafen has the advantages of low toxicity and high selectivity, and the target of this compound is protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO, EC 1.3.3.4). However, this herbicide has a long residual period and can have phytotoxic effects on succeeding crops. To protect maize from fomesafen, a series of thiazole phenoxypyridines were designed based on structure–activity relationships, active substructure combinations, and bioisosterism. Bioassays showed that thiazole phenoxypyridines could improve maize tolerance under fomesafen toxicity stress to varying degrees at a dose of 10 mg·kg−1. Compound 4i exhibited the best effects. After being treated by compound 4i, average recovery rates of growth index exceeded 72%, glutathione content markedly increased by 167% and glutathione S-transferase activity was almost 163% of fomesafen-treated group. More importantly, after being treated by compound 4i, the activity of PPO, the main target enzyme of fomesafen, recovered to 93% of the control level. The molecular docking result exhibited that the compound 4i could compete with fomesafen to bind with the herbicide target enzyme, which consequently attained the herbicide detoxification. The present work suggests that compound 4i could be developed as a potential safener to protect maize from fomesafen.
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33
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Guo KL, Zhao LX, Wang ZW, Rong SZ, Zhou XL, Gao S, Fu Y, Ye F. Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Trichloromethyl Dichlorophenyl Triazole Derivatives as Potential Safener. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E438. [PMID: 31480620 PMCID: PMC6770657 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The dominance of safener can unite with herbicides acquiring the efficient protection of crop and qualifying control of weeds in agricultural fields. In order to solve the crop toxicity problem and exploit the novel potential safener for fenoxaprop-P-ethyl herbicide, a series of trichloromethyl dichlorobenzene triazole derivatives were designed and synthesized by the principle of active subunit combination. A total of 21 novel substituted trichloromethyl dichlorobenzene triazole compounds were synthesized by substituted aminophenol and amino alcohol derivatives as the starting materials, using cyclization and acylation. All the compounds were unambiguously characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS. A greenhouse bioassay indicated that most of the title compounds could protect wheat from injury caused by fenoxaprop-P-ethyl at varying degrees, in which compound 5o exhibited excellent safener activity at a concentration of 10 μmol/L and was superior to the commercialized compound fenchlorazole. A structure-activity relationship for the novel compounds was determined, which demonstrated that those compounds containing benzoxazine groups showed better activity than that of oxazole-substituted compounds. Introducing a benzoxazine fragment and electron-donating group to specific positions could improve or maintain the safener activity for wheat against attack by the herbicide fenoxaprop-P-ethyl. A molecular docking model suggested that a potential mechanism between 5o and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl is associated with the detoxication of the herbicide. Results from the present work revealed that compound 5o exhibited good crop safener activities toward wheat and could be a promising candidate structure for further research on wheat protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Liang Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zi-Wei Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shu-Zhe Rong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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34
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Ye F, Zhai Y, Kang T, Wu SL, Li JJ, Gao S, Zhao LX, Fu Y. Rational design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of novel substituted oxazole isoxazole carboxamides as herbicide safener. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 157:60-68. [PMID: 31153478 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel substituted oxazole isoxazole carboxamides derivatives were designed on the basis of active subunit combination. Forty-four novel compounds were synthesized by an efficient one-pot procedure under microwave irradiation. The bioactivity was evaluated as herbicide safener against the injury of chlorsulfuron. It was found that most of the synthesized compounds displayed remarkable protection against chlorsulfuron via enhanced glutathione content and glutathione S transferase activity. Especially compound I-11 exhibited better bioactivity than the safeners isoxadifen-ethyl and R-28725. Molecular docking simulations suggested that the target compounds could compete with chlorsulfuron in the active site of acetolactate synthase, which could explain the protective effects of safeners. The present work demonstrates that the target compounds containing oxazole isoxazole groups could be considered as potential candidates for developing novel safeners in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue Zhai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Tao Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shi-Long Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Juan-Juan Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Li-Xia Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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35
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Fragment splicing-based design, synthesis and safener activity of novel substituted phenyl oxazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:570-576. [PMID: 30606701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fragment splicing is a primary strategy in the design and optimization of leading compound toward new skeleton with target bioactivity. Herein a series of novel substituted phenyl oxazole derivatives were designed via fragment analysis and coupling strategy that led to highly potent and bio-selective herbicide safener. The biological tests showed that most of the compounds could enhance the maize growth index, glutathione content and anti-reverse enzyme glutathione S-transferase activity in vivo. The molecular docking model exhibited that the novel compound could compete with chlorsulfuron binding to the herbicide target enzyme, which consequently attained the herbicide detoxification. Especially compound I-f displayed the best activities than commercial safener isoxadifen-ethyl and other compounds. The present work demonstrates that the synthesized compounds could be developed as potential candidates for the discovery of novel herbicide safeners in the future.
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36
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Acharya SP, Weidhaas J. Solubility, partitioning, oxidation and photodegradation of dichloroacetamide herbicide safeners, benoxacor and furilazole. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:1018-1024. [PMID: 30223316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 242 million kg of herbicides are applied in the United States (US) annually. While herbicides prevent the growth of weeds, they can damage crops resulting in so called "herbicide injury." To increase herbicidal tolerance of crops, herbicide safeners are commonly added to formulations. Herbicidal safeners are labeled as inert ingredients in herbicide formulations and typically minimal fate and transport information is available. The objective of this study is to experimentally derive the aqueous solubility, octanol-water partition coefficient, and photo-degradation and permanganate oxidation of two dichloroacetamide safeners, benoxacor and furilazole. These results can be used to understand the environmental chemodynamics of these compounds and their degradation via common drinking water treatment systems containing permanganate. The aqueous solubility of benoxacor and furilazole was 22 and 235 mg L-1 respectively while the estimated solubility from EPI Suite was 102.7 and 255 mg L-1 respectively. The log octanol-water partition coefficient of benoxacor and furilazole was 2.23 and 1.96 respectively. The selected safeners were not photodegradable to any great extent. Both benoxacor and furilazole oxidation were found to be second order with respect to initial KMnO4 concentrations. The results of this study can be used to predict distribution of safeners after application in agricultural fields and aid in the design of treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswati Poudel Acharya
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, 110 Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jennifer Weidhaas
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, 110 Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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37
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Li D, Gao Q, Xu L, Pang S, Liu Z, Wang C, Tan W. Characterization of glutathione S-transferases in the detoxification of metolachlor in two maize cultivars of differing herbicide tolerance. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 143:265-271. [PMID: 29183603 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) have been widely studied in relation to their role in herbicide tolerance and detoxification. However, a detailed characterization of GSTs from herbicide tolerant and sensitive maize cultivars is still lacking. In this study, we determined the mechanism of differential tolerance between two maize cultivars which had 4-fold difference tolerance to metolachlor. The metabolism rate of metolachlor was more rapid in the tolerant cultivar (Zea mays L. cv Nongda86) than the susceptible one (Zea mays L. cv Zhengda958). Addition of the GST inhibitor ethacrynic acid reduced the metabolism of metolachlor indicating the involvement of GSTs in the differential detoxification of metolachlor. The expression profiles of 32 GST isozymes were measured using quantitative RT-PCR. The results showed the expression of GST genes were slightly up-regulated in Nongda86, but severely inhibited in Zhengdan958 24h after metolachlor treatment. The genes GSTI, GSTIII, GSTIV, GST5, GST6 and GST7, which can detoxify chloroacetanilide herbicides, were all expressed higher in Nongda86 compared to Zhendgan958. The result of GST activity was consistent with the gene expression profiles. Collectively, higher-level expression of GST genes, leading to higher GST activity and faster herbicide detoxification, appears to be responsible for the difference in tolerance to metolachlor in two maize cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhi Li
- Engineering Research Centre of Plant Growth Regulators, Ministry of Education, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | | | - Li Xu
- Engineering Research Centre of Plant Growth Regulators, Ministry of Education, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Sen Pang
- Engineering Research Centre of Plant Growth Regulators, Ministry of Education, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhiqian Liu
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Chengju Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Plant Growth Regulators, Ministry of Education, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Weiming Tan
- Engineering Research Centre of Plant Growth Regulators, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China.
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Casida JE. Pesticide Interactions: Mechanisms, Benefits, and Risks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4553-4561. [PMID: 28537748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between pesticides at common molecular targets and detoxification systems often determine their effectiveness and safety. Compounds with the same mode of action or target are candidates for cross resistance and restrictions in their recommended uses. Discovery research is therefore focused on new mechanisms and modes of action. Interactions in detoxification systems also provide cross resistance and synergist and safener mechanisms illustrated with serine hydrolases and inhibitors, cytochrome P450 and insecticide synergists, and glutathione S-transferases and herbicide safeners. Secondary targets are also considered for inhibitors of serine hydrolases, aldehyde dehydrogenases, and transporters. Emphasis is given to the mechanistic aspects of interactions, not the incidence, which depends on potency, exposure, ratios, and timing. The benefits of pesticide interactions are the additional levels of chemical control to achieve desired organismal effects. The risks are the unpredictable interactions of complex interconnected biological systems. However, with care, two can be better than one.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Casida
- Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Design of novel CSA analogues as potential safeners and fungicides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:791-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Joly P, Bonnemoy F, Charvy JC, Bohatier J, Mallet C. Toxicity assessment of the maize herbicides S-metolachlor, benoxacor, mesotrione and nicosulfuron, and their corresponding commercial formulations, alone and in mixtures, using the Microtox(®) test. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:2444-50. [PMID: 24075530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Microtox(®) test, using the prokaryote Vibrio fischeri, was employed to assess the toxicity of the maize herbicides S-metolachlor, benoxacor, mesotrione and nicosulfuron, and their formulated compounds: Dual Gold Safeneur(®), Callisto(®) and Milagro(®); alone and in mixtures. For each compound we obtained original IC50 values, with consistent higher toxicities for formulated compounds compared to active ingredients alone. Mixtures of the four herbicides, prepared according to application doses encountered in agriculture, were found to be toxic at a lower concentration than single molecules. Mesotrione and nicosulfuron mixture appeared to be highly toxic to V. fischeri, however, this recommended post-emergence combination for maize crops got its toxicity decreased in formulated compound mixtures, suggesting that chemical interactions could potentially reduce the toxicity. Data comparisons to theoretical models showed a good prediction of mixture toxicity by Concentration Addition concept. Results seemed to exclude any synergistic effects on V. fischeri for the tested herbicide mixtures. Additional work coupling these bioassay data to ecosystemic level studies (aquatic and soil compartments) and data on additives and degradation products toxicity, will help to fill the gap in our knowledge of the environmental impact of these xenobiotics and in the choice of a more sustainable use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Joly
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, LMGE, F-63000 Clermont Ferrand, France; CNRS, UMR 6023, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, F-63177 Aubière, France.
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Bernasinska J, Duchnowicz P, Koter-Michalak M, Koceva-Chyla A. Effect of safeners on damage of human erythrocytes treated with chloroacetamide herbicides. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:368-377. [PMID: 23732483 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroacetamides are used as pre-emergent substances for growth control of annual grasses and weeds. Since they can be harmful for crop plants, protective compounds (safeners) are used along with herbicides. So far, their effects on human blood cells have not been evaluated, and this study is the very first one devoted to this subject. We examined the harmful effects of chloroacetamides, their metabolites and safeners, used alone or in combination with herbicides, on human erythrocytes measuring the extent of hemolysis, lipid peroxidation and catalase activity. Higher impact of herbicides than their metabolites on all of the investigated parameters was found. Safeners alone did not produce any damage to erythrocytes and did not elicit any changes in oxidative stress parameters. Combination of safener with herbicide did not attenuate hemolysis of erythrocytes compared to the herbicide alone. Safeners reduced lipid peroxidation induced by herbicides, which suggest the role of safeners as antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bernasinska
- Department of Thermobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Duchnowicz
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maria Koter-Michalak
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Koceva-Chyla
- Department of Thermobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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Ye F, Liu CG, Wang XM, Fu Y, Gao S. A convenient one-pot synthesis and bioactivity of N -dichloroacetyl-5-aryl-1,3-oxazolidines. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2013-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Sivey JD, Roberts AL. Abiotic reduction reactions of dichloroacetamide safeners: transformations of "inert" agrochemical constituents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:2187-95. [PMID: 22300219 DOI: 10.1021/es203755h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Safeners are so-called "inert" constituents of herbicide formulations added to protect crops from the toxic effects of herbicides. We examined the reactivity of three dichloroacetamide safeners and 12 structural analogues [all neutral compounds of the form Cl(2)CXC(═O)NRR'; X = H, Cl; R-groups include alkyl, branched alkyl, n-allyl, and cyclic moieties] in one homogeneous and two heterogeneous reductant systems: solutions of Cr(H(2)O)(6)(2+), suspensions of Fe(II)-amended goethite, and suspensions of Fe(II)-amended hematite. Analyses of reaction products indicate each safener can undergo stepwise hydrogenolysis (replacement of chlorine by hydrogen) in each system at near-neutral pH. The first hydrogenolysis step generates compounds similar (in one case, identical) to herbicide active ingredients. Rates of product formation and (when reactions were sufficiently fast) parent loss were quantified; reaction rates in heterogeneous systems spanned 2 orders of magnitude and were strongly influenced by R-group structure. The length of n-alkyl R-groups exerted opposite effects on hydrogenolysis rates in homogeneous versus heterogeneous systems: as R-group size increased, reduction rates in heterogeneous systems increased, whereas reduction rates in the homogeneous system decreased. Branched alkyl R-groups decreased hydrogenolysis rates relative to their straight-chain homologues in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. Reaction rates in heterogeneous systems can be described via polyparameter linear free energy relationships employing molecular parameters likely to influence dichloroacetamide adsorption. The propensity of dichloroacetamide safeners to undergo reductive transformations into herbicide-like products challenges their classification as "inert" agrochemical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Sivey
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 313 Ames Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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Hu JY, Dong BZ, Zhen ZH. Residue determination and dissipation of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2012; 47:385-389. [PMID: 22424062 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2012.648533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient residue analysis method for direct determination of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil was developed and validated with High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Ultra Violet (HPLC-UV). The samples were extracted with mixtures of acetonitrile and deionized water followed by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) to remove co-extractives prior to analysis by HPLC-UV. The recoveries of ioxynil octanoate extracted from maize and soil samples ranged from 86 %-104 % and 84 %-96 %, respectively, with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 7.84% and sensitivity of 0.01 mg kg(-1). The method was applied to determine the residue of ioxynil octanoate in maize and soil samples from experimental field. Data had shown that the dissipation rate in soil was described as pseudo-first-order kinetics and the half-life (t(1/2)) was less than 1.78 days. No ioxynil octanoate residue (<0.01 mg kg(-1)) was detected in maize at harvest time withholding period of 60 days after treatments of the pesticide. Direct confirmation of the analytes in field trial samples was realized by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Y Hu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, China.
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Zhang J, Zheng JW, Liang B, Wang CH, Cai S, Ni YY, He J, Li SP. Biodegradation of chloroacetamide herbicides by Paracoccus sp. FLY-8 in vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4614-4621. [PMID: 21417467 DOI: 10.1021/jf104695g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A butachlor-degrading strain, designated FLY-8, was isolated from rice field soil and was identified as Paracoccus sp. Strain FLY-8 could degrade and utilize six chloroacetamide herbicides as carbon sources for growth, and the degradation rates followed the order alachlor > acetochlor > propisochlor > butachlor > pretilachlor > metolachlor. The influence of molecular structure of the chloroacetamide herbicides on the microbial degradation rate was first analyzed; the results indicated that the substitutions of alkoxymethyl side chain with alkoxyethyl side chain greatly reduced the degradation efficiencies; the length of amide nitrogen's alkoxymethyl significantly affected the biodegradability of these herbicides: the longer the alkyl was, the slower the degradation efficiencies occurred. The phenyl alkyl substituents have no obvious influence on the degradation efficiency. The pathway of butachlor complete mineralization was elucidated on the basis of the results of metabolite identification and enzyme assays. Butachlor was degraded to alachlor by partial C-dealkylation and then converted to 2-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide by N-dealkylation, which subsequently transformed to 2,6-diethylaniline, which was further degraded via the metabolites aniline and catechol, and catechol was oxidized through an ortho-cleavage pathway. This study highlights an important potential use of strain FLY-8 for the in situ bioremediation of chloroacetamide herbicides and their metabolite-contaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Life Sciences College of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Hu T, He S, Yang G, Zeng H, Wang G, Chen Z, Huang X. Isolation and characterization of a rice glutathione S-transferase gene promoter regulated by herbicides and hormones. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:539-49. [PMID: 21153026 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OsGSTL2, encoding glutathione S-transferase, is a lambda class gene on chromosome 3 of rice (Oryza sativa L.). RNA blot analysis and semi-quantitative RT-PCR assays demonstrated that the transcription of OsGSTL2 in rice roots treated with chlorsulfuron increased significantly. To further understand OsGSTL2 promoter activity, a DNA fragment (GST2171) of 2,171 bp upstream of the OsGSTL2 coding region was isolated. In silico sequence analysis revealed that this fragment contains stress-regulated regulatory elements, hormone-responsive elements and three transposable elements. To define the core promoter sequence, a series of 5' truncation derivatives of GST2171 were fused to uidA gene. The chimeric genes were introduced into rice plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The expression of the GST2171::GUS transgene varied considerably. GUS staining indicated that the uidA gene is expressed in young seedlings, older leaves, flowering glumes and seeds, but not in older roots. Quantitative fluorescence assays revealed that the expression of the uidA gene is strong in young seedlings and decreases gradually over a period of 25 days. To our surprise, among the 5' truncation derivatives, the shortest promoter GST525 showed the highest GUS expression, and the second shortest promoter GST962 showed the lowest GUS expression. The uidA gene expression in the roots of transgenic rice seedlings is upregulated by chlorsulfuron, glyphosate, salicylic acid (SA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The possible roles of the repetitive elements on the OsGSTL2 promoter were discussed in terms of transcription repression and promoter induction by herbicides and hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingzhang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, 400044 Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Ye F, Yang L, Fu Y, Gao S. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis and Bioactivity of Novel 2,2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted 3-Dichloroacetyl-1,3-oxazolidines. HETEROCYCLES 2011. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fu Y, Ye F, Wen X. 2,2-Dichloro-1-[(2 R,5 S)-5-ethyl-2-methyl-2-propyl-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]ethanone. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o1293. [PMID: 21579390 PMCID: PMC2979515 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810016090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ye F, Yang L, Li H, Fu Y, Xu W. A convenient synthesis of novel N-dichloroacetyl-1,3-oxazolidine. J Heterocycl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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