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Xie H, Shi Y, Wang L, Yan H, Ci M, Wang Z, Chen Y. Source and risk assessment of heavy metals in mining-affected areas in Jiangxi Province, China, based on Monte Carlo simulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:21765-21780. [PMID: 38393575 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, heavy metal contamination of soils has become a major concern in China due to the potential risks involved. To assess environmental pollution and human health risks in a typical heavy metal polluted site in Jiangxi Province, a thorough evaluation of the distribution, pollution levels, and sources of heavy metals in soils of the Yangmeijiang River watershed was conducted in this study. Positive matrix factorization and Monte Carlo simulation were used to evaluate the ecological and human health risks of heavy metals. The research findings indicate that heavy metal pollution was the most severe at the depth of 20-40 cm in soils, with local heavy metal pollution resulting from mining and sewage irrigation. The high-risk area accounted for 91.11% of the total area. However, the pollution level decreased with time due to sampling effects, rainfall, and control measures. Leaf-vegetables and rice were primarily polluted by Cd and Pb. The main four sources of heavy metals in soils were traffic emission, metal smelting, agricultural activities and natural sources, mining extraction, and electroplating industries. Heavy metals with the highest ecological risk and health risk are Cd and As, respectively. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of children were 7.0 and 1.7 times higher than those of adults, respectively. Therefore, children are more likely to be influenced by heavy metals compared to adults. The results obtained by the risk assessments may contribute to the identification of specific sources of heavy metals (e.g., traffic emissions, metal smelting, mining excavation, and electroplating industries). Additionally, the environmental impacts and biotoxicity associated with various heavy metals (e.g., Cd and As) can also be reflected. These outcomes may serve as a scientific basis for the pollution monitoring and remediation in the mining-affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Xie
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hanghzou, 310007, China
| | - Yanghui Shi
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- The Architectural Design and Research Institute of Zhejiang University Co., Ltd., 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Liang Wang
- The Architectural Design and Research Institute of Zhejiang University Co., Ltd., 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Huaxiang Yan
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China.
| | - Manting Ci
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- The Architectural Design and Research Institute of Zhejiang University Co., Ltd., 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Ziheng Wang
- Zijin School of Geology and Mining, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Center for Balance Architecture, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hanghzou, 310007, China
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Li CA, Li SS, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Tao L. Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a wild predatory fish from an e-waste site in South China between 2009 and 2016. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:7303-7311. [PMID: 36031680 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crude electronic waste (e-waste) recycling has been banned due to the serious environmental pollution it caused, leaving many abandoned e-waste sites. However, information on the current levels and associated ecological risks of e-waste-derived contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in e-waste site is limited. Wild fish, because they can accumulate high pollutant levels, are suitable indicators for environmental pollution monitoring and has been widely employed as biomonitoring. In this study, we investigated the changes in the levels and profiles of PCBs in a wild fish species, the northern snakehead (Channa argus), before (2009) and after (2016) the ban of crude e-waste recycling from a typical e-waste recycling site in South China. The mean total PCB concentration in the northern snakehead sampled in 2016 (343 ng/g ww) declined by 75% compared with that (1410 ng/g ww) in 2009. The contributions of less chlorinated congeners (tri-CBs and tetra-CBs) in the northern snakehead tended to decrease over the years, indicating that the lighter congeners are more easily eliminated than the heavier ones in the environment. Our findings suggested no fresh PCB input in these years, as well as the positive impacts of laws and regulations on the prohibition of e-waste recycling. The ecological risk assessment suggested that PCB exposure may have median to high risks to the wild fish and fish-eating wildlife that inhabit the e-waste site, even after the ban of crude e-waste recycling activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-An Li
- Hefei Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Hefei, 230061, China
| | - Si-Sheng Li
- Hefei Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Hefei, 230061, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Administration of Ecology and Environment of the Pearl River Basin & South China Sea, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center, Guangzhou, 510611, China
| | - Yichao Huang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Mule CM, Doltade SB, Pandit AB. A review on pesticide degradation from irrigation water and techno-economic feasibility of treatment technologies. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:2391-2413. [PMID: 34350673 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses and assures the need for pesticide degradation from various water bodies used for irrigation and the available technologies to treat them effectively. A thorough review of the literature is done on pesticide residues present in various irrigation water sources like rivers, groundwater, river sediments, and soil which signifies the existence of pesticides in the ecosystem. This indicates the severity of water pollution due to various sources around and their adverse effect on the ecosystem. However, several technologies are available to treat these pesticides based on the classification. A Cross comparison between the technologies is done to determine the efficient technology for the treatment of irrigation water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirag Mandar Mule
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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4
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Investigating the Relationship between Public Satisfaction and Public Environmental Participation during Government Treatment of Urban Malodorous Black River in China. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13063584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During China’s rapid economic development and urbanization, numerous cases of urban malodorous black river (MBR) have occurred. MBR refers to a polluted urban river that smells bad, is almost black in color, has no aquatic plants or animals, and that consequently causes many social and environmental problems. The Chinese government has sought public participation during the whole process of MBR treatment as part of a comprehensive action plan to improve residents’ satisfaction with their environment. To investigate the influencing factors of public participation and satisfaction, a questionnaire survey was conducted among residential communities close to an MBR. SPSS 22.0 was employed to conduct an analysis of the collected data, using factor analysis, correlation analysis, and linear regression analysis. The results indicate that there is a direct relationship between public satisfaction and the factors of government treatment, public perception and public participation behaviors, such as engagement behavior, supervision behavior, health influence, and compensation measures.
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Kean EF, Shore RF, Scholey G, Strachan R, Chadwick EA. Persistent pollutants exceed toxic thresholds in a freshwater top predator decades after legislative control. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:116415. [PMID: 33421660 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Declining emissions of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), subject to international control under the Stockholm convention, are not consistently reflected in biotic samples. To assess spatial and temporal variation in organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in UK freshwaters, we analysed tissues of a sentinel predator, the Eurasian otter, Lutra lutra between 1992 and 2009. Past declines in otter populations have been linked to POPs and it is unclear whether otter recovery is hampered in any areas by their persistence. PCBs, DDT (and derivatives), dieldrin and HCB were detected in over 80% of 755 otter livers sampled. Concentrations of ∑PCB, ∑DDT and dieldrin in otter livers declined across the UK, but there was no significant time trend for ∑PCB-TEQ (WHO toxic equivalency, Van den Berg et al., 2006) or HCB. In general, higher concentrations were found in the midlands and eastern regions, and lowest concentrations in western regions. Concentrations of PCBs and HCB in otters increased near the coast, potentially reflecting higher pollutant levels in estuarine systems. Decades after legislative controls, concentrations of these legacy pollutants still pose a risk to otters and other freshwater predators, with spatially widespread exceedance of thresholds above which reproduction or survival has been reduced in related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E F Kean
- Cardiff University, Biomedical Science Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - R F Shore
- Deceased, formerly at UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, UK
| | - G Scholey
- Environment Agency, Red Kite House, Howbery Park, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BD, UK
| | - R Strachan
- Deceased, formerly at Natural Resources Wales, UK
| | - E A Chadwick
- Cardiff University, Biomedical Science Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK.
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Hrebień‐Filisińska A. Application of natural antioxidants in the oxidative stabilization of fish oils: A mini‐review. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Strandberg U, Bhavsar SP, Parmar TP, Arts MT. Spatial and length-dependent variation of the risks and benefits of consuming Walleye (Sander vitreus). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 112:251-260. [PMID: 29306138 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Restricted fish consumption due to elevated contaminant levels may limit the intake of essential omega-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n-3) acids. We analyzed lake- and length-specific mercury and EPA+DHA contents in Walleye (Sander vitreus; Mitchell 1818) from 20 waterbodies in Ontario, Canada, and used this information to calculate the theoretical intake of EPA+DHA when the consumption advisories are followed. The stringent consumption advisory resulted in decreased EPA+DHA intake regardless of the EPA+DHA content in Walleye. Walleye length had a strong impact on the EPA+DHA intake mainly because it was positively correlated with the mercury content and thereby consumption advisories. The highest EPA+DHA intake was achieved when smaller Walleye (30-40cm) were consumed. The strong relationship between the consumption advisory and EPA+DHA intake enabled us to develop a more generic regression equation to estimate EPA+DHA intake from the consumption advisories, which we then applied to an additional 1322 waterbodies across Ontario, and 28 lakes from northern USA for which Walleye contaminant data are available but fatty acid data are missing. We estimate that adequate EPA+DHA intake (>250mgday-1) is achieved in 23% of the studied Ontario lakes, for the general population, when small (30-40cm) Walleye are eaten. Consumption of medium- (41-55cm), and large-sized (60-70cm) Walleye would provide adequate EPA+DHA intake from only 3% and 1% of the lakes, respectively. Our study highlights that mercury contamination, which triggers consumption advisories, strongly limits the suitability of Walleye as the sole dietary source of EPA+DHA to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Strandberg
- Ryerson University, Department of Chemistry and Biology, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Satyendra P Bhavsar
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Sport Fish Contaminant Monitoring Program, Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, 125 Resources Road, Toronto, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Tarn Preet Parmar
- Ryerson University, Department of Chemistry and Biology, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Michael T Arts
- Ryerson University, Department of Chemistry and Biology, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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Gurdian C, Reyes V, Kyereh E, Bonilla F, Galindo C, Chouljenko A, Solval KM, Boeneke C, King JM, Sathivel S. Incorporating flaxseed ( linum usitatissimum) oil into queso blanco at different stages of the cheese manufacturing process. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristhiam Gurdian
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Vondel Reyes
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Emmanuel Kyereh
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Franklin Bonilla
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Cesar Galindo
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Alexander Chouljenko
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Kevin Mis Solval
- Department of Biological and Physical Sciences; University of Holy Cross; New Orleans Louisiana
| | - Charles Boeneke
- Department of Animal Sciences; Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Joan M. King
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Subramaniam Sathivel
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge Louisiana
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering; Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Baton Rouge Louisiana
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Lu Q, Jürgens MD, Johnson AC, Graf C, Sweetman A, Crosse J, Whitehead P. Persistent Organic Pollutants in sediment and fish in the River Thames Catchment (UK). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 576:78-84. [PMID: 27780102 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Some organic pollutants including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) have been banned from production and use in the UK for >30years but due to their toxicity and persistence are still of concern. However, due to their hydrophobicity they are present at very low concentrations and are difficult to measure in water, and so other matrices need to be sampled in order to best assess contamination. This study measured concentrations of ΣICES 7 PCBs (PCB congeners 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180) and Σ6 PBDEs (PBDE congeners 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154) and HCB in both bed-sediments and wild roach (a common pelagic fish) in the Thames Basin. The highest sediment concentrations were detected in an urbanised tributary of the Thames, The Cut at Bracknell (HCB: 0.03-0.40μg/kg dw; ICES 7 PCBs: 4.83-7.42μg/kg dw; 6 BDEs: 5.82-23.10μg/kg dw). When concentrations were expressed on a dry weight basis, the fish were much more contaminated than the sediments, but when sediment concentrations were normalised to organic carbon concentration they were comparable to the fish lipid normalised concentrations. Thus, despite the variability in the system, both sediments and wild fish can be considered suitable for representing the level of POPs contamination of the river system given sufficient sample numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Lu
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Monika D Jürgens
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - Carola Graf
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LEC Building, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Andy Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LEC Building, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - John Crosse
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LEC Building, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Paul Whitehead
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK.
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Dahshan H, Megahed AM, Abd-Elall AMM, Abd-El-Kader MAG, Nabawy E, Elbana MH. Monitoring of pesticides water pollution-The Egyptian River Nile. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2016; 14:15. [PMID: 27761264 PMCID: PMC5054583 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-016-0259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent organic pollutants represent about 95 % of the industrial sector effluents in Egypt. Contamination of the River Nile water with various pesticides poses a hazardous risk to both human and environmental compartments. Therefore, a large scale monitoring study was carried on pesticides pollution in three geographical main regions along the River Nil water stream, Egypt. METHODS Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed by GC-ECD. RESULTS Organochlorine pesticides mean concentrations along the River Nile water samples were 0.403, 1.081, 1.209, 3.22, and 1.192 μg L-1 for endrin, dieldrin, p, p'-DDD, p, p'-DDT, and p, p'-DDE, respectively. Dieldrin, p, p'-DDT, and p, p'-DDE were above the standard guidelines of the World Health Organization. Detected organophosphorus pesticides were Triazophos (2.601 μg L-1), Quinalphos (1.91 μg L-1), fenitrothion (1.222 μg L-1), Ethoprophos (1.076 μg L-1), chlorpyrifos (0.578 μg L-1), ethion (0.263 μg L-1), Fenamiphos (0.111 μg L-1), and pirimiphos-methyl (0.04 μg L-1). Toxicity characterization of organophosphorus pesticides according to water quality guidelines indicated the hazardous risk of detected chemicals to the public and to the different environmental compartments. The spatial distribution patterns of detected pesticides reflected the reverse relationship between regional temperature and organochlorine pesticides distribution. However, organophosphorus was distributed according to the local inputs of pollutant compounds. CONCLUSIONS Toxicological and water quality standards data revealed the hazardous risk of detected pesticides in the Egyptian River Nile water to human and aquatic life. Thus, our monitoring data will provide viewpoints by which stricter legislation and regulatory controls can be admitted to avoid River Nile pesticide water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Dahshan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia governorate Egypt
| | - Ayman Mohamed Megahed
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia governorate Egypt
| | - Amr Mohamed Mohamed Abd-Elall
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia governorate Egypt
| | - Mahdy Abdel-Goad Abd-El-Kader
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia governorate Egypt
| | - Ehab Nabawy
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia governorate Egypt
| | - Mariam Hassan Elbana
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia governorate Egypt
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Oluoch-Otiego J, Oyoo-Okoth E, Kiptoo KKG, Chemoiwa EJ, Ngugi CC, Simiyu G, Omutange ES, Ngure V, Opiyo MA. PCBs in fish and their cestode parasites in Lake Victoria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:483. [PMID: 27456696 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) regulated by the Stockholm Convention (2001). Although their production and use was stopped almost three decades ago, PCBs are environmental persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulate in biota. We assessed the levels of 7 PCB congeners (IUPAC nos. 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, and 180) in sediment and fish (Oreochromis niloticus, Lates niloticus, and Rastrineobola argentea) and evaluated the potential of cestode fish endoparasite (Monobothrioides sp., Proteocephalaus sp., and Ligula intestinalis) as biomonitors of PCBs in Lake Victoria, Kenya. The median concentration of Σ7PCBs in sediments and fish were 2.2-96.3 μg/kg dw and 300-3,000 μg/kg lw, respectively. At all the sampling sites, CB138, CB153, and CB180 were the dominant PCB congeners in sediment and fish samples. Compared to the muscle of the piscine host, Proteocephalaus sp. (infecting L. niloticus) biomagnified PCBs ×6-14 while Monobothrioides sp. (infecting O. niloticus) biomagnified PCBs ×4-8. Meanwhile, L. intestinalis (infecting R. argentea) biomagnified PCBs ×8-16 compared to the muscle of unparasitized fish. We demonstrate the occurrence of moderate to high levels of PCB in sediments and fish in Lake Victoria. We also provide evidence that fish parasites bioaccumulate higher levels of PCBs than their piscine hosts and therefore provide a promising biomonitor of PCBs. We urge further a long-term study to validate the use of the above cestode fish parasites as biomonitoring tools for PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Oluoch-Otiego
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Environmental Studies, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Elijah Oyoo-Okoth
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Department of Natural Resource, Karatina University, P.O. Box 1957-10101, Karatina, Kenya.
| | | | - Emily J Chemoiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Charles C Ngugi
- Department of Agricultural Resource Management, Kenyatta University, School of Agriculture and Enterprise Development, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gelas Simiyu
- Division of Environmental Health, School of Environmental Studies, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Elijah S Omutange
- Department of Technology Education, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Veronica Ngure
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laikipia University, Nyahururu, P.O. Box 1100-20300, Kenya
| | - Mary A Opiyo
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, National Aquaculture Research Development and Training Center, P.O. Box 451-10230, Sagana, Kenya
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Robinson T, Ali U, Mahmood A, Chaudhry MJI, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC, Malik RN. Concentrations and patterns of organochlorines (OCs) in various fish species from the Indus River, Pakistan: A human health risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:1232-1242. [PMID: 26476063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to reveal the concentrations and patterns of organochlorines [i.e., organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)] in freshwater fish species collected from four ecologically important sites of the Indus River i.e., Taunsa (TAU), Rahim Yar Khan (RYK), Guddu (GUD) and Sukkur (SUK). In the fish muscle tissues, concentrations of 15 OCPs (∑15OCPs) and 29 PCBs (∑29PCBs) varied between 1.93-61.9 and 0.81-44.2 ng/g wet weight (ww), respectively. Overall, the rank order of OCs was DDTs>PCBs>hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs)>chlordanes (CHLs). The patterns of PCBs showed maximum contribution of tri-CBs (59%). Ratios of individual HCH and DDT analytes contributing to the summed values indicated both recent and past use of these chemicals in the region, depending upon fish species. To assess the associated health risks, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were calculated through hazard ratios (HRs). For carcinogenic risk, HR was >1 at both 50th and 95th percentile concentrations, suggesting that the daily exposure to OCPs and PCBs yields a lifetime cancer risk of 1 in a million. HR for non-cancerous risk was <1 at both the percentiles, signifying no adverse effect by OCs exposure in native population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timmer Robinson
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Jürgens MD, Chaemfa C, Hughes D, Johnson AC, Jones KC. PCB and organochlorine pesticide burden in eels in the lower Thames River (UK). CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 118:103-111. [PMID: 25078785 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-five European eels (Anguilla anguilla), caught in 2007 in the river Thames upstream and downstream of both London and the tidal limit, were analysed for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides. Most chemicals were detectable in every fish, although they have been banned or severely restricted for many years. In general, the tidal eels were more contaminated than upstream ones, which was related to their higher lipid contents. The ICES7 indicator PCB concentrations ranged overall from 4.2 to 124μgkg(-1) fresh weight with averages of 33 and 56μgkg(-1) for the upstream and tidal eels; 3.5-104μgkg(-1), average 26 and 48μgkg(-1) of that were ICES6 PCBs. Total DDT was on average 16μgkg(-1) (1.7-38μgkg(-1)) upstream and 18μgkg(-1) (8.6-35μgkg(-1)) downstream with about half of that provided by pp'DDE. Lindane (γ-HCH) was found at up to 2.8μgkg(-1) (averages 0.58 and 1.1μgkg(-1) upstream and downstream) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was on average 1.9 and 2.5μgkg(-1) in the two groups with a maximum of 6.4μgkg(-1) in each. Therefore all individuals passed the European Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) of 10μgkg(-1) for HCB. PCB contamination was fairly typical for recent UK eel data, whilst DDE and lindane concentrations were lower than most previous UK eel studies, perhaps reflecting a downward trend. Although not as highly contaminated as some eels from previous UK and European studies, the presence of so many of these chemicals, with their known health effects may represent a stress for the fish or higher predators, such as birds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chakra Chaemfa
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom; Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 511 Kehua Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, GD 510640, China
| | - David Hughes
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
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Cerveny D, Zlabek V, Velisek J, Turek J, Grabic R, Grabicova K, Fedorova G, Rosmus J, Lepic P, Randak T. Contamination of fish in important fishing grounds of the Czech Republic. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 109:101-109. [PMID: 25173745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the contamination levels of certain important fishing grounds in the Czech Republic and to assess the health risk of consuming the fish from these localities. The assessment was performed from 2006 to 2010 in 27 fishing grounds. Within this project, 707 fish from 14 different species were sampled. The concentration of selected toxic metals (Hg, Pb, Cd) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (o,p´-DDE; p,p´-DDE; o,p´-DDD; p,p´-DDD; o,p´-DDT; p,p´-DDT) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), were analysed in the muscle tissue of the sampled fish. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used for the analysis of toxic metals. All of the POPs were analysed using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC/ECD). Common bream (Abramis brama) was chosen as a reference fish species for the comparison of fishing grounds. Mercury was found as a major pollutant in fish flesh at all of the sampling sites. Concentrations in excess of the maximum level (ML) of mercury in the muscle tissue of fish (0.5 mg kg(-1)) were registered in 32 samples. Concentrations of other monitored toxic metals in fish muscle were low, typically below the limit of quantification (LOQ). From the tested POPs, DDTs and NDL-PCBs were found as major pollutants. ML for NDL-PCBs (ICES-6) in muscle tissue of fish (0.125 mg kg(-1)) was exceeded in 7 samples. In case of tested pesticides, concentrations in excess of the MRL were not registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cerveny
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Zlabek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Velisek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Turek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Grabicova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Rosmus
- Státní veterinární ústav Praha, Sidlistni 24, 165 03, Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Lepic
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Randak
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
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Szlinder-Richert J, Ruczynska W, Nermer T, Usydus Z, Robak S. The occurrence of organic contaminants in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) in Poland: an environmental quality assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 114:282-290. [PMID: 25113214 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to provide information on the levels of pollutants in the tissues of eels caught in Polish waters. The contaminants included in the study are those which have not yet been widely studied in eel stocks, but which arouse concern in relation to the environment. An overview of the pollutant levels in eels caught in other European waters was also conducted. The results are evaluated in terms of environmental quality and consumer health. The mean concentrations of ΣPBDEs and ΣHBCDs in muscles of eels sampled in Polish waters were between 1 and 2 ng g(-1) ww. The mean TBT concentrations were between 2 and 4 ng g(-1)ww with the exception of samples from the Szczecin Lagoon, in which the mean TBT concentration was about tenfold higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szlinder-Richert
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, Kollataja 1 Str., 81-332 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Wiesława Ruczynska
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, Kollataja 1 Str., 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nermer
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Monitoring and Logistics, Kollataja 1 Str., 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Usydus
- National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Food and Environmental Chemistry, Kollataja 1 Str., 81-332 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Stanisław Robak
- Institute of Inland Fisheries, Department of Ichthyology, Oczapowskiego 10, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Jirsa F, Pirker D, Krachler R, Keppler BK. Total mercury in sediments, macrophytes, and fish from a shallow steppe lake in eastern Austria. Chem Biodivers 2014; 11:1263-75. [PMID: 25146770 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During summer 2011, samples of sediment, macrophytes, and fish tissues from the shallow, slightly alkaline Lake Neusiedl, Austria, were evaluated for their total Hg content. This is the first report of Hg levels from this lake. Sediments displayed Hg contents between 0.025 and 0.113 μg g(-1) dw (dry weight), significantly correlating with the proportion of organic components pointing to a small anthropogenic impact on the lake's Hg content. Hg Levels in plants and fish were unexpectedly high: both investigated submerged plant species, Potamogeton pectinatus and Myriophyllum spicatum, showed mean values of 0.245 ± 0.152 and 0.298 ± 0.115 μg g(-1) dw, respectively. Biomagnification was evident when comparing muscle samples of the planktivorous fish species rudd Scardinus erythrophthalmus (n = 10, mean = 0.084 μg g(-1) ww (wet weight)) with the piscivorous perch Perca fluviatilis (n = 21, mean = 0.184 μg g(-1) ww) or pike-perch Sander lucioperca (n = 9, mean = 0.205 μg g(-1) ww). Significantly lower values were found in the muscle of the piscivorous pike Esox lucius (n = 25, mean = 0.135 μg g(-1) ww), pointing to a specific Hg metabolism of this fish, presumably under the particular physicochemical properties of the lake. Hg Concentrations in fish could pose a risk to piscivorous birds in this protected wetland system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Jirsa
- University of Vienna, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Währingerstrasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, (phone: +43-1-427752627; fax: +43-1-427752620); University of Johannesburg, Department of Zoology, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006 South Africa.
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Nicola GG, Parra I, Sáez M, Almodóvar A, Jiménez B. Evaluation of PCBs and DDTs in endemic Iberian barbel Barbus bocagei (Steindachner, 1864) populations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 479-480:221-226. [PMID: 24561297 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PCB and DDT levels were evaluated in populations of endemic Iberian barbel (Barbus bocagei) in the Jarama River in Spain via a pollution gradient from well-preserved areas upstream to contaminated downstream areas. Age structure, abundance, recruitment and levels of morphological abnormalities and ectoparasites were assessed. Upstream to downstream PCB concentrations ranged from 3.4 to 101.4 ng/g (ww) and from 0.9 to 19.6 ng/g ww for DDTs. The PCB pattern was dominated by the PCB 153, 138 and 180 congeners, and the less chlorinated ones had a relatively high contribution upstream. Barbels exposed to low PCB and DDT levels had a well-balanced population with a predominant cohort of young fish, indicating good recruitment. The most contaminated sites displayed a disrupted age distribution, where the proportion of young fish was clearly under-represented. Recruitment and total density of barbel populations decreased downstream where the highest PCB and DDT levels were found. In addition, a higher incidence of abnormalities and ectoparasites was observed at these sites. High concentrations of PCBs and DDTs most likely contribute to the reduction of Iberian barbel reproductive performance in the most contaminated sites, as shown by the disrupted age-distribution found in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela G Nicola
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, E-45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Irene Parra
- Department of Zoology, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Sáez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis & Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Almodóvar
- Department of Zoology, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis & Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Lodenius M, Skarén U, Hellstedt P, Tulisalo E. Mercury in various tissues of three mustelid species and other trace metals in liver of European otter from Eastern Finland. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:325-333. [PMID: 23974535 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mercury concentrations were monitored in European otter (Lutra lutra), European polecat (Mustela putorius) and European pine marten (Martes martes) collected in Eastern Finland during the period 1972-2008. Otters mainly eat fish, which is an important reason to monitor the bioaccumulation of mercury in this predator. In this species, the highest concentrations were found in fur followed by liver and kidney, and the mercury concentrations increased with increasing age and body weight. Males showed in general higher concentrations than females of otters. The food of European polecat consists of small mammals, frogs, birds and insects from both aquatic and terrestrial food chains. The mercury concentrations were lower than in otters without significant differences related to body weight or sex. In European pine martens, the concentrations were rather evenly distributed except for two specimens with high concentrations. Also, concentrations of some other metals (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were analysed from liver samples of otter. Possible adverse effects of mercury on the Finnish populations of these mustelids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lodenius
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box. 65, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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Magnusdottir R, von Schmalensee M, Stefansson RA, Macdonald DW, Hersteinsson P. A foe in woe: American mink (Neovison vison) diet changes during a population decrease. Mamm Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Zhao Z, Zhang L, Wu J, Fan C. Residual levels, tissue distribution and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in edible fishes from Taihu Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:9265-9277. [PMID: 23729160 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue distribution and bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in edible fishes collected from Taihu Lake, Cyprinus carpio (C. carpio) and Ctenopharyngodon idellus (C. idellus), were studied. OCPs were detected in all samples with hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), aldrins (including aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, and endrin ketone), heptachlors (heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) being the predominant compounds for both fish species. Gill and gonad were found to be the dominant tissues for OCP bioaccumulation followed by liver, while muscle showed the least affinity of OCPs for both fishes. Tissue distribution indicated the exchange of contaminants between water and gill, as well as the food intake from environment were the dominant pathways for OCP bioaccumulation in gill-breathing fish, and the following tissue distribution was affected by both the physiological properties of target tissues and physicochemical characteristics of pesticides. OCP residues in fish were species-specific (45.63-1575.26 ng/g dry weight (dw) for C. idellus; 8.40-60.23 ng/g dw for C. carpio) mainly due to the growth rate of individuals as well as the metabolic capacity difference among species. HCHs and DDTs observed in fishes from Taihu Lake were comparable and moderate with other reported places in China. Human exposure risk assessment performed with the estimated daily intake values demonstrated the consumption of target fish species in Taihu Lake at present was safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment Research, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Jürgens MD, Johnson AC, Jones KC, Hughes D, Lawlor AJ. The presence of EU priority substances mercury, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene and PBDEs in wild fish from four English rivers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 461-462:441-452. [PMID: 23747559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since 2007 about 200 to 300 fish per year--generally roach (Rutilus rutilus) also a few bleak (Alburnus alburnus) and eels (Anguilla anguilla)--have been collected from a number of English river sites and stored at -80°C to build up a Fish Tissue Archive as a resource for the monitoring of pollutants. Some of the fish from the Fish Tissue Archive from the years 2007-2011 were analyzed for substances in current and proposed European legislation regarding environmental quality standards (EQS) in biota. It was found that mercury exceeded the EU EQS of 20 μg/kg in 79% of samples with an average and median of 31 and 29 μg/kg. The legacy fungicide hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was below the EQS of 10 μg/kg in all fish analyzed, with a maximum of 6 μg/kg in some eels. The legacy solvent hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) was below the EQS of 55 μg/kg, being <0.2 μg/kg in all samples where it was measured. The sums of six polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were several orders of magnitude higher than the new proposed 0.0085 μg/kg biota EQS. This study showed that the regular collection and analysis of whole body homogenate samples of relatively small native pelagic fish is suitable for the monitoring of contaminants capable of bioaccumulation. With regard to current or proposed EQS for EU countries, mercury and potentially PBDE in fish are of some concern in these English rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika D Jürgens
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK.
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Noël L, Chekri R, Millour S, Merlo M, Leblanc JC, Guérin T. Distribution and relationships of As, Cd, Pb and Hg in freshwater fish from five French fishing areas. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:1900-1910. [PMID: 23177713 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, mercury and lead in 149 muscle samples of eight freshwater fish species (European eel, bream, common carp, European catfish, roach, perch, pike and pikeperch) from five different French fishing areas from contaminated and control sites were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave digestion under pressure. No significant correlation was found between the condition factor (CF), based on the length-mass relationship, and As, Cd and Pb levels in all the samples analysed, but a positive correlation was detected between CF and Hg levels (P<0.0001, R=0.49). Positive correlations with body length were only found for Hg in roach (P<0.05, R=0.32) and Pb in bream (P<0.05, R=0.48) and correlations with both body weight and length were also found for Hg in pike (P<0.05, R=0.90 and 0.86) and Cd in European eel (P<0.01, R=-0.35 and -0.37). The average content and the standard deviation in fish muscle samples was 0.007±0.012, 0.102±0.077, 0.142±0.097 and 0.035±0.053 mg kg(-1) of wet mass for Cd, As, Hg and Pb, respectively. Significant differences were established between groups of predatory fish and non-predatory fish for Hg and Pb, and between control and contaminated sites in the whole selection and also within feeding guilds, i.e. the values of Hg in the benthophagic fish were significantly different between these sites. Finally, these results were also compared for each species with previous French and European studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Noël
- Anses, Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments de Maisons-Alfort, Unité des Contaminants Inorganiques et Minéraux de l'Environnement, 23, Avenue du général de Gaulle, F-94706 Maisons-Alfort, France.
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Sakizadeh M, Esmaeili Sari A, Abdoli A, Bahramifar N, Hashemi SH. Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and total mercury in two fish species (Esox lucius and Carassius auratus) in Anzali Wetland, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:3231-3237. [PMID: 21713472 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2184-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The Anzali Wetland is one of the most important ecosystems in the north of Iran, and parts of it were registered as a Ramsar site in 1975. However, even though, due to many problems, including eutrophication produced by inflow of excess nutrients and organic materials, the wetland was also listed on the Montreux Record indicating the need to take urgent remedial action. This study was conducted to study the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and total mercury (THg) in two fish species (Esox lucius and Carassius auratus) as bio-indicators of the ecosystem condition in eastern part of Anzali Wetland. The sampling was carried out in six different periods between years 2009 and 2010. The results showed that the amounts of PCBs in the muscle of northern pike were below the detection limit of gas chromatography, whereas the average concentration in goldfish was 0.449 mg/kg wet weight. Some possible reasons for the higher levels of PCBs in goldfish in comparison with pike have been discussed. No significant (p < 0.05) correlation was observed between PCBs and biological factors (weight, length, lipid content) for both species. On the other hand, the mean concentration of THg in the muscle of pike and goldfish were 182.22 and 75.27 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Although these concentrations were below US-EPA criterion for human consumption (0.3 mg/kg), it pointed up a significant deterioration of the ecosystem condition during the past years. Finally, statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between THg with weight and an insignificant correlation with length for pike specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sakizadeh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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Moro CV, Bricheux G, Portelli C, Bohatier J. Comparative effects of the herbicides chlortoluron and mesotrione on freshwater microalgae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2012; 31:778-786. [PMID: 22278807 DOI: 10.1002/etc.1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of herbicides in agriculture is accompanied by the risk of environmental contamination of aquatic ecosystems. The present study shows the effects of the herbicides chlortoluron and mesotrione on three microalgae species: two chlorophyceae (Pediastrum tetras, Ankistrodesmus fusiformis) and one diatom (Amphora coffeaeformis). The authors calculated the IC50 for one chlorophyceae and the diatom. The order of toxicity (median inhibitory concentration [IC50]) for mesotrione was A. coffeaeformis (13.1 mg/L) > A. fusiformis (56.1 mg/L) and A. fusiformis (0.05 mg/L) > A. coffeaeformis (0.08 mg/L) for chlortoluron. The impact of herbicides applied at 0.2 mg/L was then examined in Erlenmeyer flasks by monitoring for growth, pigment content, and metabolic activity. Algal responses varied widely according to species and herbicide. For example, chlortoluron showed a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of A. coffeaeformis, whereas mesotrione induced an increase in cellular density in A. fusiformis. Other cellular parameters, such as pigment content in P. tetras, were stimulated by both herbicides. The results obtained confirmed that microalgae cultures are clearly affected by acute and chronic exposition to herbicides. Further monitoring should be carried out in the field to assess the impact of sublethal levels of toxicity and the growth-enhancing effects of mesotrione and chlortoluron on natural algae communities.
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Ferrante MC, Clausi MT, Meli R, Fusco G, Naccari C, Lucisano A. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from the Garigliano River (Campania region, Italy). CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 78:709-716. [PMID: 20022354 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Measuring organochlorine compounds in muscle tissue of European eels from the Garigliano River in Campania (Italy), overall PCBs emerged as the most abundant pollutants, followed by DDTs, Dieldrin and HCB. Target PCBs, IUPAC nos. 118, 138, 153 and 180, were the dominant congeners accounting for 64.2% of total PCBs. Among OCPs, p,p'-DDE was detected in all eels, always with higher concentration levels than other OCPs; p,p'-DDT was frequently detected, about 93.3% of the sample. The high and statistically significant correlations between concentration and length as well as weight of eels suggest that the organochlorine compounds concentrations tend to increase with the size and consequently with the age. Concentrations of DDTs and PCBs detected were similar to those reported in studies relative to France, UK and Sweden. As regards toxicological risk for human health, in general OCPs residual levels were below the limits established for fish and aquatic products. Conversely, the concentrations of PCBs exceeded the limit set by the EU for terrestrial foods. Our results imply that OCPs and PCBs are still important persistent chemical contaminants in Campania freshwaters, although their manufacture and use are banned or highly restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmela Ferrante
- University of Naples Federico II, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Animal Health, Toxicology Sector, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
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Sun Y, Luo L, Wang F, Li J, Cao Y. Ion-pairing high-performance liquid chromatography determination of amitrole in apple after solid-phase extraction and precolumn derivatization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:465-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Eira C, Torres J, Miquel J, Vaqueiro J, Soares AMVM, Vingada J. Trace element concentrations in Proteocephalus macrocephalus (Cestoda) and Anguillicola crassus (Nematoda) in comparison to their fish host, Anguilla anguilla in Ria de Aveiro, Portugal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:991-998. [PMID: 19010518 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Revised: 09/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of some fish parasites as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution has been demonstrated as particularly adequate due to their capacity of bioconcentration. This study evaluated the effect of Proteocephalus macrocephalus on the accumulation of trace elements in the edible fish, Anguilla anguilla, in a contaminated area in Portugal (Ria de Aveiro). Also, the model P. macrocephalus/A. anguilla was assessed as a bioindicator system in the presence of the highly prevalent nematode Anguillicola crassus. Samples (kidney, liver, muscle, A. crassus and P. macrocephalus) of 20 eels harbouring A. crassus and another 20 harbouring both A. crassus and P. macrocephalus were selected for element analysis by ICP-MS. The highest concentrations of Cr, Ni and Zn were detected in P. macrocephalus. However, there was a higher liver and muscle Cr concentration in eels not infected by P. macrocephalus. Also, the nematode A. crassus presented higher Cr concentrations in those eels harbouring P. macrocephalus. Results suggest that P. macrocephalus individuals accumulate Cr and Ni while levels of Cr in eel livers and Ni levels in eel kidney are reduced. The system P. macrocephalus/A. anguilla yielded bioaccumulation factors for Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn, whereas bioaccumulation of Cu, Cr and Pb in A. crassus varied according to eel co-infection with P. macrocephalus, thus emphasising the possible role of cestode infection in metal metabolization/storage processes in host tissues. Results suggest that heavy metal pollution in Ria de Aveiro has been decreasing although it is still higher than in other contaminated areas in Europe. Nevertheless, eel consumption in Ria de Aveiro represents no risk for humans although they may represent a real contamination risk for wildlife. The system P. macrocephalus/A. anguilla is proposed as another promising bioindicator system to evaluate environmental Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn exposure in estuarine areas where both species co-occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eira
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Malik A, Ojha P, Singh KP. Levels and distribution of persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in water and sediments of Gomti River (India)--a tributary of the Ganges River. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 148:421-435. [PMID: 18288582 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the concentration levels and distribution pattern of the persistent organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) residues in the water and bed-sediments of the Gomti River collected seasonally over a period of 2 years. The water and bed-sediment samples were collected from eight different sites and analyzed for aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, HCB, HCH isomers, DDT isomers/metabolites, endosulfan isomers (alpha and beta), endosulfan sulfate, heptachlor and its metabolites, alpha-chlordane, gamma-chlordane and methoxychlor. In the river water and sediments SigmaOCPs residues ranged between 2.16 and 567.49 ng l(-1) and 0.92 and 813.59 ng g(-1), respectively. The results, further, suggested that source of DDT contamination is from the aged and weathered agricultural soils with signature of recently used DDT in the river catchments. To assess any adverse effect of OCPs contamination on river's biological component, the threshold effect level (TEL) was used. The results revealed that bed-sediments of the Gomti River are contaminated with lindane, endrin, heptachlor epoxides and DDT, particularly at site-4 and may contribute to sediment toxicity in the freshwater ecosystem of the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Malik
- Environmental Chemistry Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Post Box 80, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India
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29
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Alibabić V, Vahcić N, Bajramović M. Bioaccumulation of metals in fish of Salmonidae family and the impact on fish meat quality. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2007; 131:349-64. [PMID: 17171264 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-9480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The study was aimed at determining the levels of metals in water samples and muscles of the fish caught in the Una River basin, located in the northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. For that purpose, three fish species: Brown Trout (Salmo trutta m. fario), Grayling (Thymallus thymallus) and Californian Trout (Salmo gairdneri), together with stem water samples, were analyzed for metal concentrations (Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Se, Co, Sn, Zn, Fe, Ca, P) during a 2-year period. The fish was captured using electric fishing, nets or fishing equipment. The capture was undertaken on three sites (the river source, the middle flow and the river mouth) of each of the five biggest rivers belonging to the Una River basin (Unac, Krusnica, Sana, Klokot, and Una). The concentrations of metals in each sample were determined via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In the tested waters, the presence of Mn in concentrations higher than permitted (0.07 mg/l) had been detected. In the tested meat, the following average concentrations of metals (mg/kg) had been found: Pb (0.67), Cd (0.06), Mn (0.65), Ni (0.15), Cu (0.79), Cr (1.05), Se (0.03), Zn (8.92), Fe (5.40), Ca (14.68), and P (10.85). The correlation between Mn concentrations identified in the tested waters and those identified in the meat of Brown Trout was revealed to be statistically significant, which confirms that, over time, bioaccumulation of metals took place. Even though the results were not indicative of contamination, they strongly suggest that constant monitoring of the ecosystems in reference should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vildana Alibabić
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Bihać, Kulina Bana 2, 77 000, Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Arleny I, Tabouret H, Rodriguez-Gonzalez P, Bareille G, Donard OFX, Amouroux D. Methylmercury bioconcentration in muscle tissue of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) from the Adour estuary (Bay of Biscay, France). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2007; 54:1031-6. [PMID: 17543349 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Arleny
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio-Inorganique et Environnement, IPREM CNRS UMR 5254, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Hélioparc, F-64053 Pau, France
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Ureña R, Peri S, del Ramo J, Torreblanca A. Metal and metallothionein content in tissues from wild and farmed Anguilla anguilla at commercial size. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2007; 33:532-9. [PMID: 17157913 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Metallothionein and metal content (Cd, Zn, Hg, Cu, Fe, Pb and Mn) were determined in various organs of commercially available eel (Anguilla anguilla) of similar size obtained from a local farm and from The Albufera Lake in Valencia (Spain). Farmed fish showed statistically significant higher Cd concentrations in liver and kidney whereas wild individuals had higher levels of Pb in blood and Zn in kidney. Significant positive correlations were found between metallothionein and Cd in kidney of farmed eel and between metallothionein and Cu in liver of wild ones. No statistically significant differences were found between the two populations in the concentration of any of the metals analyzed in muscle and in all instances these levels were lower than the limits established by the Spanish legislation for fish destined for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ureña
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Valencia, C/ Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
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Leong KH, Tan LLB, Mustafa AM. Contamination levels of selected organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in the Selangor River, Malaysia between 2002 and 2003. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 66:1153-9. [PMID: 17027062 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In Malaysia, rivers are the main source of public water supplies. This study was conducted from 2002 to 2003 to determine the levels of selected organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in the Selangor River in Malaysia. Surface water samples have been collected seasonally from nine sites along the river. A liquid-liquid extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique was used to determine the trace levels of these pesticide residues. The organochlorine pesticides detected were lindane, heptachlor, endosulfan, dieldrin, endosulfan sulfate, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDE whereas for organophosphate pesticides, they were chlorpyrifos and diazinon. At the river upstream where a dam is located for public water supply, incidents of pesticide levels exceeding the European Economic Community Directive of water quality standards have occurred. Furthermore, the wetland ecosystems located at the downstream of the river which houses the fireflies community is being threatened by occasional pesticide levels above EPA limits for freshwater aquatic organisms. The occurrence of these residual pesticides in the Selangor River can be attributed to the intense agriculture and urban activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Hoong Leong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Cao J, Schwichtenberg KA, Hanson NQ, Tsai MY. Incorporation and clearance of omega-3 fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes and plasma phospholipids. Clin Chem 2006; 52:2265-72. [PMID: 17053155 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.072322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sum of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 omega3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 omega3) in erythrocyte membranes, termed the omega-3 index, can indicate suboptimal intake of omega-3 fatty acids, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). To study the effects of fatty acid supplementation, we investigated the rate of incorporation and clearance of these fatty acids in erythrocyte membranes and plasma after intake of supplements. METHODS Twenty study participants received supplementation with either fish oil (1296 mg EPA + 864 mg DHA/day) or flaxseed oil (3510 mg alpha-linolenic acid + 900 mg linoleic acid/day) for 8 weeks. We obtained erythrocyte membrane and plasma samples at weeks 0, 4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 24 and extracted and analyzed fatty acids by gas chromatography. RESULTS After 8 weeks of fish oil supplementation, erythrocyte membrane EPA and DHA increased 300% (P < 0.001) and 42% (P < 0.001), respectively. The mean erythrocyte omega-3 index reached a near optimal value of 7.8%, and remained relatively high until week 12. EPA and DHA showed greater increases and more rapid washout period decreases in plasma phospholipids than in erythrocyte membranes. Flaxseed oil supplementation increased erythrocyte membrane EPA to 133% (P < 0.05) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5 omega3) to 120% (P < 0.01) of baseline, but DHA was unchanged. In plasma phospholipids, EPA, DPA, and DHA showed a slight but statistically insignificant increase. CONCLUSIONS Erythrocyte membrane EPA+DHA increases during relatively short intervals in response to supplementation at rates related to amount of supplementation. These results may be useful to establish appropriate dosage for omega-3 fatty acid supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Barlas N, Cok I, Akbulut N. The contamination levels of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment samples in Uluabat Lake, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2006; 118:383-91. [PMID: 16897552 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-1504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Uluabat Lake is a reservoir of 125 km2 surface area, in the boundaries of Bursa province, Turkey. The results showed that Uluabat Lake was still contaminated by organochlorine pesticides and their residues despite the existence of bans over a long time. Considerable amounts of organochlorine pesticides (HCB, p.p'-DDT, p.p'-DDE, alpha-, beta- and gamma-BHC, Aldrin, Heptachlor epoxide, Endrin, Endosulfan I and II) were detected in water and sediment samples during one-year study in this lake. Samples of water and sediment were collected in different regions, (6 sampling point) of the lake between February 2002 and November 2002. The mean levels of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediments were determined. According to results, it was found that various environs in Uluabat Lake were contaminated by 11 different organochlorine pesticides. Residue analyses showed that higher organochlorine pesticides and their residues were generally more accumulated in the sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurhayat Barlas
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hacettepe University, 06532, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
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Holmqvist N, Stenroth P, Berglund O, Nyström P, Olsson K, Jellyman D, McIntosh AR, Larsson P. Low levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in New Zealand eels reflect isolation from atmospheric sources. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 141:532-8. [PMID: 16457918 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organic pesticides (i.e., DDTs) were measured in long finned eels (Anguilla dieffenbachii) in 17 streams on the west coast of South Island, New Zealand. Very low levels of PCBs and low levels of ppDDE were found. The concentrations of PCBs and ppDDE were not correlated within sites indicating that different processes determined the levels of the two pollutants in New Zealand eels. The PCBs probably originate from atmospheric transport, ppDDE levels are determined by land use and are higher in agriculture areas. The low contamination level of these aquatic systems seems to be a function of a low input from both long and short-range transport as well as few local point sources. No correlation could be found between lipid content and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) concentration (as shown in previous studies) in the eels which could be explained by low and irregular intake of the pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Holmqvist
- Department of Ecology, Section of Ecotoxicology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Gebauer SK, Psota TL, Harris WS, Kris-Etherton PM. n-3 fatty acid dietary recommendations and food sources to achieve essentiality and cardiovascular benefits. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:1526S-1535S. [PMID: 16841863 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1526s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary recommendations have been made for n-3 fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to achieve nutrient adequacy and to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease. These recommendations are based on a large body of evidence from epidemiologic and controlled clinical studies. The n-3 fatty acid recommendation to achieve nutritional adequacy, defined as the amount necessary to prevent deficiency symptoms, is 0.6-1.2% of energy for ALA; up to 10% of this can be provided by EPA or DHA. To achieve recommended ALA intakes, food sources including flaxseed and flaxseed oil, walnuts and walnut oil, and canola oil are recommended. The evidence base supports a dietary recommendation of approximately 500 mg/d of EPA and DHA for cardiovascular disease risk reduction. For treatment of existing cardiovascular disease, 1 g/d is recommended. These recommendations have been embraced by many health agencies worldwide. A dietary strategy for achieving the 500-mg/d recommendation is to consume 2 fish meals per week (preferably fatty fish). Foods enriched with EPA and DHA or fish oil supplements are a suitable alternate to achieve recommended intakes and may be necessary to achieve intakes of 1 g/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Gebauer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Moon JY, Kim YB, Lee SI, Song H, Choi K, Jeong GH. Distribution characteristics of polychlorinated biphenyls in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) from major rivers in Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 62:430-9. [PMID: 15964051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 12/31/2004] [Accepted: 04/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) levels in crucian carp were determined at 20 locations along four major river systems, several small-scale rivers and a wetland in Korea. Twenty-eight congeners, ranging from tri- to hepta-CBs were detected. A gas chromatograph with a mass selective detector was used to quantify the individual PCB congeners. The objectives of this study were to investigate the levels of contamination of PCBs in freshwater fish and to observe the pattern of their distribution. The sampling locations were chosen among 31 sampling sites that are currently used as environmental residue checkpoints by the Korean Ministry of Environment. Concentrations of individual congeners ranged from not detectable (n.d.) to 0.75 ng g(-1) on a wet weight basis. The total concentrations of PCBs at each site ranged from n.d. to 5.41 ng g(-1) of wet weight. The most heavily contaminated site was the Nakdong estuary located near the Shinpyung-Janglim factory district. The PCB 153 and 138 were the principal congeners and penta- and hexa-chlorinated biphenyls comprised the main congener groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yong Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Mazet A, Keck G, Berny P. Concentrations of PCBs, organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, and copper) in fish from the Drôme river: potential effects on otters (Lutra lutra). CHEMOSPHERE 2005; 61:810-6. [PMID: 15964052 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study samples of ten species of fish were analyzed for concentrations of organochlorine pesticides, PCBs and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Cu). Fish were captured using electric fishing on ten sites along the Drôme river (Rhône-Alpes region). Quantitative determination of the organochlorine and PCBs compounds was performed by gas chromatography-electron-capture detection (GC-ECD). The concentrations of heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Samples contained detectable concentrations of lindane, PCBs, and heavy metals but at concentrations below the maximum residue limit (MRL). Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed to distinguish groups of sites with different levels of contamination. PCBs concentrations increased along the river with four groups of sites significantly different from each other. Cadmium concentrations were below the MRL. Lead contamination showed two groups significantly different and a repartition similar to PCBs. Copper contamination was correlated with the localization of vineyards. We assessed the potential effects of contamination the otter (Lutra lutra). The concentrations of all pollutants analyzed in fish sampled in this study are lower than the threshold values described in literature. The Drôme river is relatively unpolluted river, and the establishment of otter populations should not be affected by pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Mazet
- Department of Biology, Toxicology Laboratory ENVL, 1 av. Bourgelat F-69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France.
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Ribeiro CAO, Vollaire Y, Sanchez-Chardi A, Roche H. Bioaccumulation and the effects of organochlorine pesticides, PAH and heavy metals in the Eel (Anguilla anguilla) at the Camargue Nature Reserve, France. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2005; 74:53-69. [PMID: 15967515 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/24/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides (organochlorines-OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals are toxic to fish and may be taken in through gills, skin and contaminated foods. Here we measure concentrations of OC, PAH and heavy metals, and their effects in the eel Anguilla anguilla from three locations in the Camargue Reserve in southern France. The Camargue Biosphere Reserve is the largest coastal wetland in Western Europe, and A. anguilla is a common predator at the top of the food chain. Livers and spleens were analyzed for histopathological, chemical and organo-somatic (HSI and SSI) effects. Gill, liver and spleen samples were collected for histopathological studies. Livers and muscles were sampled for metabolic parameters and persistent organic pollutant analysis. Total lipids were estimated by spectrophotometry and lipid-free residues were used in protein and glycogen analysis. OC pesticides were extracted from lipids of muscles and livers, analyzed by gas chromatography, and PAH from bile were analyzed by fixed wavelength fluorescence spectrofluorimetry. Heavy metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma with optical or with mass spectrometers. High concentrations of contaminants were found in eel tissues. La Capelière had the greatest OC and PAH concentrations; unexpected lesions in gills, livers and spleens were more common at the other sites. Liver and spleen tumors and lipidosis in livers were associated with chronic, and gill lesions with acute exposure. High pesticide and PAH concentrations and lesions in eels from the Camargue reserve demonstrate the contamination of the area. A more complete study in the Camargue reserve is necessary to better understand the impact on wildlife and humans. Also, this study suggests that eel biology must be better understood before continued use of this species as a biomonitor of polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Oliveira Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Biologia Celular Cx., Postal 19031 CEP:81.531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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Melanson SF, Lewandrowski EL, Flood JG, Lewandrowski KB. Measurement of organochlorines in commercial over-the-counter fish oil preparations: implications for dietary and therapeutic recommendations for omega-3 fatty acids and a review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005; 129:74-7. [PMID: 15628911 DOI: 10.5858/2005-129-74-mooico] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The consumption of fish high in omega-3 fatty acids is advocated by the American Heart Association to decrease the risk of coronary artery disease. However, fish contain environmental toxins such as mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides, which may negate the beneficial cardiovascular effects of fish meals. Toxin levels vary depending on both the fish source and the specific toxin, and neither farm-raised nor wild fish are toxin free. Fish oil supplements also prevent the progression of coronary artery disease and reduce cardiovascular mortality. However, only sparse data exist on the level of toxins in fish oil. In a previous study we showed that the amount of mercury in 5 over-the-counter brands of fish oil was negligible. OBJECTIVE To determine the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and other organochlorines in 5 over-the-counter preparations of fish oil. DESIGN The contents of 5 commercial fish oil brands were sent for organochlorine analysis. RESULTS The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorines were all below the detectable limit. CONCLUSIONS Fish oil supplements are more healthful than the consumption of fish high in organochlorines. Fish oils provide the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids without the risk of toxicity. In addition, fish oil supplements have been helpful in a variety of diseases, including bipolar disorder and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Foran Melanson
- Clinical Laboratories Division, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Dusek L, Svobodová Z, Janousková D, Vykusová B, Jarkovský J, Smíd R, Pavlis P. Bioaccumulation of mercury in muscle tissue of fish in the Elbe River (Czech Republic): multispecies monitoring study 1991-1996. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2005; 61:256-67. [PMID: 15883097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The study monitored mercury (Hg) contamination of fish muscle tissue at 13 geographical sites that can be regarded as crucial points for an ecotoxicological assessment of the Czech Republic section of the Elbe River. The descriptive part of the study was primarily aimed at comparative evaluation of the Hg load during the period 1991-1996. The conclusions were supported by multivariate statistical analyses of the content of Hg in the muscle tissue of 1251 fish belonging to 23 species with four dominant indicator species: Perca fluviatilis (n=163), Abramis brama (n=173), Rutilus rutilus (n=148), and Leuciscus cephalus (n=166). Considering data from 3- to 5-year-old fish, significantly increased contamination was detected in typical predators compared to the other fish species in all sites (P<0.001). On the other hand, omnivorous and planctivorous species were ranked as the least sensitive for Hg pollution. Perch appeared to be the most contaminated species in the sample with muscle Hg concentration in the range of 0.840-1.398 mg Hg kg(-1). Although less contaminated than perch, muscle contamination of bream sensitively separated differently contaminated sites; the highest load ranged from 0.368 to 0.543 mg Hg kg(-1). Time-related comparison of sampling campaigns revealed no significant trend changes, in either sediment samples or fish tissue. Thus, the analyses documented an evidently rather stabilized total Hg pollution in the Elbe River environment. Multivariate multispecies analyses found the age of analyzed individuals and the feeding strategy of a given species as the most important, however mutually interactive, covariates for Hg accumulation in muscle tissue. The analyses revealed decreasing sensitivity of older predator individuals to differentiate highly and moderately contaminated sites. Benthophagous species mostly kept their discrimination capacity toward contaminated sites in all age categories, with the exception of bream that was rather linked to the pattern typical for predator species. The unclear position of omnivorous species, represented namely by roach, corresponded with their weak bioindicator power, mainly in the young age categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dusek
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 126/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Bayen S, Koroleva E, Lee HK, Obbard JP. Persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals in typical seafoods consumed in Singapore. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2005; 68:151-166. [PMID: 15762177 DOI: 10.1080/15287390590890437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the levels of several heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were measured in the edible portions of 20 different seafood types consumed in Singapore (2 < n < 12). The mean heavy metal concentrations among the seafood types ranged from below detection limits (BLD) to 14.2 microg/g wet weight (ww) for As (shark), to 0.50 microg/g ww for Cd (kunning), to 25.5 microg/g ww for Cu (gray prawn), to 0.58 microg/g ww for Hg (eel), and to 1.21 microg/g ww for Pb (salmon). Chlordane, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and p, p'-DDT [2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane] and its related metabolites (sum noted as DDTs) were the main POPs found among the seafood types, with highest concentrations in salmon fillets and green mussels. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in salmon fillets (2.75 ng/g ww) were one order of magnitude lower than the highest concentration of PCBs (28.5 ng/g ww). The mean daily intake of contaminants from seafood was calculated for the general population of Singapore. Daily intakes of heavy metals and POPs from seafood are below the oral reference dose set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), except for As, although our study did not characterize the species of As present. Daily intake of As, DDTs, heptachlor, and PCBs in seafood exceeded the conservative cancer benchmark concentrations set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), suggesting that a significant number of people are potentially at risk in Singapore over a lifetime from seafood consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Heneweer M, van den Berg M, de Geest MC, de Jong PC, Bergman A, Sanderson JT. Inhibition of aromatase activity by methyl sulfonyl PCB metabolites in primary culture of human mammary fibroblasts. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 202:50-8. [PMID: 15589976 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects on catalytic activity and mRNA levels of aromatase in primary human mammary fibroblasts were evaluated after exposure to promoter-specific modulators of aromatase expression and methyl sulfonyl polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites (MeSO(2)-PCBs). A method for fibroblast isolation from primary breast tissue was developed and optimized, and aromatase activity and promoter-specific mRNA levels were assessed in these cells after exposure to test compounds. A 24-h exposure of fibroblasts to dexamethasone (DEX) (1-100 nM) increased aromatase activity to a maximum of 313-fold. DEX also elevated promoter I.4-specific RNA levels. A 24-h exposure of fibroblasts to 3-MeSO(2)-PCB-132, 4-MeSO(2)-PCB-132, 4-MeSO(2)-PCB-91, or 4-MeSO(2)-PCB-149 (0.1-10 microM) resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease of aromatase activity. Exposure of fibroblasts to MeSO(2)-PCBs just for the limited duration (6 h) of the catalytic assay caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of aromatase enzyme activity. mRNA levels were not altered by a 24-h MeSO(2)-PCB exposure nor was cytotoxicity observed. In aromatase-expressing human adrenocortical carcinoma H295R cells, a 24-h exposure to 3-MeSO(2)-PCB-132, 4-MeSO(2)-PCB-132, 4-MeSO(2)-PCB-91, or 4-MeSO(2)-PCB-149 (0.1-10 microM) also resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease of aromatase activity. Additionally, there were no changes in aromatase mRNA levels after 24-h exposure of H295R cells to MeSO(2)-PCBs. We conclude that in primary human mammary fibroblasts as well as in H295R cells, aromatase inhibition by MeSO(2)-PCBs is likely to be due to catalytic inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjoke Heneweer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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