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Ishimota M, Kodama M, Tomiyama N, Ohyama K. Increased extinction probability and altered physiological characteristics in pirimicarb-tolerant Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:47690-47700. [PMID: 39002080 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
We evaluated the physiological characteristics of chemical-tolerant cladocerans. Over the course of 26 generations (F25), Daphnia magna was continuously exposed to pirimicarb (carbamate) solutions (0, 3.8, 7.5, and 15 µg/L) in sub-lethal or lethal levels. The 48 h EC50 values (29.2-29.9 µg/L) for 7.5 and 15 µg/L exposure groups were found to be nearly two times higher than that in the control (17.2 µg/L). Subsequently, we investigated whether the extinction probability changed when the chemical-tolerant daphnids were fed two different types of food, Chlorella vulgaris and Synechococcus leopoliensis. Furthermore, we ascertained how chemical tolerance influences respiration and depuration rates. The 48 h EC50 value was positively related to the extinction probability when the daphnids were fed S. leopoliensis. Because the measured lipid content of S. leopoliensis was three times lower than that of C. vulgaris, the tolerant daphnids struggled under nutrient-poor conditions. Respiration rates across all pirimicarb treatment groups were higher than those in the control group, suggesting that they may produce large amounts of energy through respiration to maintain the chemical tolerance. Since the pirimicarb depuration rate for 7.5 µg/L exposure groups was higher than that in the control, the altered metabolic/excretion rate may be one factor for acquiring chemical tolerance. These altered physiological characteristics are crucial parameters for evaluating the mechanisms of chemical tolerance and associated fitness costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ishimota
- Laboratory of Residue Analysis II, Chemistry Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Mebuki Kodama
- Laboratory of Residue Analysis II, Chemistry Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naruto Tomiyama
- Laboratory of Residue Analysis II, Chemistry Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Ohyama
- Laboratory of Residue Analysis II, Chemistry Division, The Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Joso-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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Consales G, Bottaro M, Mancusi C, Neri A, Sartor P, Voliani A, D'Agostino A, Marsili L. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in three bathyal chondrichthyes from the North-Western Mediterranean Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 196:115647. [PMID: 37832499 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The deep-sea can act as a sink for legacy contaminants such as organochlorines (OCs), causing damages in its inhabitants for their persistence and their prolonged effects in the organisms. HCB, DDT and its isomers, and 28 PCBs congeners were detected in muscle and embryonic tissues of three deep-sea chondrichthyes Chimaera monstrosa (n = 16), Dalatias licha (n = 12) and Etmopterus spinax (n = 51) sampled in Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean Sea). Contaminant distribution in E. spinax and C. monstrosa was PCBs > DDTs ≫ HCB while in D. licha was DDTs > PCBs ≫ HCB. Statistically significant differences were highlighted in OC levels among the species, but no such differences were found among sexes. Ratios between DDT isomers highlighted an historical input of the pesticide in the environment. For the first time was also demonstrated maternal transfer in deep water chondrichthyes, specifically in E. spinax where was highlighted that transfer of contaminants increases with increasing compound's Log Kow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guia Consales
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, Siena 53100, Italy; Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Genoa Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Italian National Institute for Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Villa del Principe, Piazza del Principe 4, 16126 Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Bottaro
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Genoa Marine Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Italian National Institute for Marine Biology, Ecology and Biotechnology, Villa del Principe, Piazza del Principe 4, 16126 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Mancusi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, Siena 53100, Italy; ARPAT Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Tuscany, Via Marradi 114, 57126 Livorno, Italy
| | - Alessandra Neri
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, Siena 53100, Italy; Consortium for the Inter-University Center of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G.Bacci", Viale Nazario Sauro 4, 57128, Livorno, Italy
| | - Paolo Sartor
- Consortium for the Inter-University Center of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G.Bacci", Viale Nazario Sauro 4, 57128, Livorno, Italy
| | - Alessandro Voliani
- ARPAT Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Tuscany, Via Marradi 114, 57126 Livorno, Italy
| | | | - Letizia Marsili
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, Siena 53100, Italy; Inter-University Center of Cetacean Research (CIRCE), Via Mattioli 4, Siena 53100, Italy
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Rodrigues S, Silva AM, Antunes SC. Assessment of 17α-ethinylestradiol effects in Daphnia magna: life-history traits, biochemical and genotoxic parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:23160-23173. [PMID: 33442804 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic ecosystems and the need to study them have increased over the years since they enter continuously the environment. Besides, these compounds are not intended for applications with environmental purposes, and therefore, little is known about their ecological effects, particularly in non-target organisms, as invertebrate species. Inside these substances, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) have recently come into the limelight, due to environmental concentrations and consequently their detrimental effects on different organisms. 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) has been detected in the aquatic environment in various locations around the globe since it is the main synthetic hormone used as a female oral contraceptive and is also applied in veterinary medicine and animal production. The present study was intended to assess the chronic effects of EE2, in the non-target organism as Daphnia magna. Thus, to analyze the individual and subindividual impact, this aquatic organism was chronically exposed (21 days) to 0.00 (control group), 0.10, 1.00, 10.0, and 100 μg/L of EE2. Results here obtained demonstrated that D. magna exposed to the EE2 concentrations had significant effects in individual (life-history) and sub-individual (biochemical levels) parameters. Alterations as anticipation in the age at first reproduction, a decrease of the growth rate, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation were detected, as well as genotoxic damage. Therefore, it was possible to infer that EE2 can disrupt several metabolic pathways and physiological functions of D. magna, since EE2 demonstrated ecotoxicity, at environmentally relevant concentrations. This work reinforces the importance of examining the effects of more relevant exposures (more prolonged and with ecologically pertinent concentrations) of potential endocrine disruptors like EE2, to the freshwater organisms and ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Ana Marta Silva
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Cristina Antunes
- Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
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Tanaka Y, Nakamura K, Oda S, Watanabe H, Tatarazako N. Estimation of population-level effect of the endocrine disruptor pyriproxyfen in Daphnia magna by using changes in sex ratio and reproductive output. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 156:463-475. [PMID: 29605666 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we developed an analytical means of estimating population-level effects of endocrine disruptors on Daphnia magna. Our approach was based on the fact that the endocrine-disrupting juvenile hormone analogs induce the production of male neonates if they are exposed to the analogs during a particular period in their prenatal development; the method also assumed that the abnormal production of male neonates in the sake of production of female neonates reduces population growth. We constructed a linear toxicodynamics model to elucidate the period in which D. magna neonates are sensitive to exposure to the analog and also the probability of an individual neonate changing sex under specific exposure concentrations. The proposed model was applied to D. magna reproduction test data obtained under time-varying exposure to pyriproxyfen to derive the maximum-likelihood estimates and the posterior distributions of the model parameters. To quantitatively assess the ecological risk at the population level, we conducted a population dynamics simulation under two time-varying exposure scenarios (i.e., constant or pulsed exposure) by using an age-structured population model. When the change in sex ratio was based on the time-weighted average concentration during the period of sensitivity, change in sex ratio caused approximately equivalent population-level effects as did reproductive inhibition (i.e., reduction in the total number of neonates per female parent) regardless of the exposure scenario. In contrast, when change in sex ratio was based on maximum concentration during the sensitive period, change in sex ratio caused only half the population-level effects as did reproductive inhibition under constant exposure, whereas it caused a much larger population-level effect than did reproductive inhibition under pulsed exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Tanaka
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Sophia University, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, 7-1 Kioicho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kensei Nakamura
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeto Oda
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Haruna Watanabe
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tatarazako
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan; Ehime University, Graduate School of Agriculture, 10-13 Dogo-Himata, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
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Hilbers JP, Hoondert RPJ, Schipper AM, Huijbregts MAJ. Using field data to quantify chemical impacts on wildlife population viability. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 28:771-785. [PMID: 29336512 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is an important driver of biodiversity loss. Yet, to date, the effects of chemical exposure on wildlife populations have been quantified for only a few species, mainly due to a lack of appropriate laboratory data to quantify chemical impacts on vital rates. In this study, we developed a method to quantify the effects of toxicant exposure on wildlife population persistence based on field monitoring data. We established field-based vital-rate-response functions for toxicants, using quantile regression to correct for the influences of confounding factors on the vital rates observed, and combined the response curves with population viability modelling. We then applied the method to quantify the impact of DDE on three bird species: the White-tailed Eagle, Bald Eagle, and Osprey. Population viability was expressed via five population extinction vulnerability metrics: population growth rate (r1 ), critical patch size (CPS), minimum viable population size (MVP), probability of population extirpation (PE), and median time to population extirpation (MTE). We found that past DDE exposure concentrations increased population extirpation vulnerabilities of all three bird species. For example, at DDE concentrations of 25 mg/kg wet mass of egg (the maximum historic exposure concentration reported in literature for the Osprey), r1 became small (White-tailed Eagle and Osprey) or close to zero (Bald Eagle), the CPS increased up to almost the size of Connecticut (White-tailed Eagle and Osprey) or West Virginia (Bald Eagle), the MVP increased up to approximately 90 (White-tailed Eagle and Osprey) or 180 breeding pairs (Bald Eagle), the PE increased up to almost certain extirpation (Bald Eagle) or only slightly elevated levels (White-tailed Eagle and Osprey) and the MTE became within decades (Bald Eagle) or remained longer than a millennium (White-tailed Eagle and Osprey). Our study provides a method to derive species-specific field-based response curves of toxicant exposure, which can be used to assess population extinction vulnerabilities and obtain critical levels of toxicant exposure based on maximum permissible effect levels. This may help conservation managers to better design appropriate habitat restoration and population recovery measures, such as reducing toxicant levels, increasing the area of suitable habitat or reintroducing individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle P Hilbers
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Renske P J Hoondert
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aafke M Schipper
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Wetland and Water Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, NL-6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Burgess EPJ, Barraclough EI, Kean AM, Markwick NP, Malone LA. Responses of 9 lepidopteran species to Bacillus thuringiensis: How useful is phylogenetic relatedness for selecting surrogate species for nontarget arthropod risk assessment? INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 22:803-812. [PMID: 25111652 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate phylogenetic relatedness as a proxy for susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) when selecting species to act as surrogates for others in prerelease testing, we examined the responses of 11 laboratory-reared lepidopteran colonies, comprising members of 2 families, 5 genera, and 9 species, to a commercial Bt preparation. Survival, pupal mass, and timing of pupation and adult emergence of 2 noctuids (Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera) and 7 tortricids (Cnephasia jactatana, Ctenopseustis obliquana, Ctenopseustis herana,Planotortrix octo, Planotortrix notophaea,Planotortrix excessana [2 different laboratory colonies], and Epiphyas postvittana [2 colonies]) were examined after feeding first instar larvae with artificial diet containing 5 μL/100 mL Dipel ES (Bt subsp. kurstaki). Bt caused significant larval mortality in all species except S. litura, in which only pupation was delayed compared with untreated controls. Neither of the noctuid species tested would act as a suitable surrogate for the other in tests of Bt impacts on survival. With the exception of the 2 colonies of E. postvittana, which differed from each other not only in their responses to Bt but also in their development times when not treated with Bt, species within each tortricid genus had similar responses to Bt and thus could act as surrogates for each other. Members of different genera within this family could represent each other only if relatively coarse measurement endpoints (e.g., toxic or not) were considered adequate for assessing risks to nontarget species in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth P J Burgess
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Emma I Barraclough
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Aliesha M Kean
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ngaire P Markwick
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Louise A Malone
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92 169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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Borgatta M, Decosterd LA, Waridel P, Buclin T, Chèvre N. The anticancer drug metabolites endoxifen and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen induce toxic effects on Daphnia pulex in a two-generation study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 520:232-40. [PMID: 25817760 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Although pharmaceutical metabolites are found in the aquatic environment, their toxicity on living organisms is poorly studied in general. Endoxifen and 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4OHTam) are two metabolites of the widely used anticancer drug tamoxifen for the prevention and treatment of breast cancers. Both metabolites have a high pharmacological potency in vertebrates, attributing prodrug characteristics to tamoxifen. Tamoxifen and its metabolites are body-excreted by patients, and the parent compound is found in sewage treatment plan effluents and natural waters. The toxicity of these potent metabolites on non-target aquatic species is unknown, which forces environmental risk assessors to predict their toxicity on aquatic species using knowledge on the parent compounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of two generations of the freshwater microcrustacean Daphnia pulex towards 4OHTam and endoxifen. Two chronic tests of 4OHTam and endoxifen were run in parallel and several endpoints were assessed. The results show that the metabolites 4OHTam and endoxifen induced reproductive and survival effects. For both metabolites, the sensitivity of D. pulex increased in the second generation. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) decreased with increasing 4OHTam and endoxifen concentrations. The No-Observed Effect Concentrations (NOECs) calculated for the reproduction of the second generation exposed to 4OHTam and endoxifen were <1.8 and 4.3 μg/L, respectively, whereas the NOECs that were calculated for the intrinsic rate of natural increase were <1.8 and 0.4 μg/L, respectively. Our study raises questions about prodrug and active metabolites in environmental toxicology assessments of pharmaceuticals. Our findings also emphasize the importance of performing long-term experiments and considering multi-endpoints instead of the standard reproduction outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Borgatta
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Laurent-Arthur Decosterd
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Centre of the Canton of Vaud (CHUV), Switzerland
| | - Patrice Waridel
- Protein Analysis Facility, Centre for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Centre of the Canton of Vaud (CHUV), Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Chèvre
- Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Huang SL, Chang WL, Karczmarski L. Population trends and vulnerability of humpback dolphins Sousa chinensis off the west coast of Taiwan. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2014. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Goutte A, Bustamante P, Barbraud C, Delord K, Weimerskirch H, Chastel O. Demographic responses to mercury exposure in two closely related Antarctic top predators. Ecology 2014; 95:1075-86. [PMID: 24933825 DOI: 10.1890/13-1229.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although toxic chemicals constitute a major threat for wildlife, their effects have been mainly assessed at the individual level and under laboratory conditions. Predicting population-level responses to pollutants in natural conditions is a major and ultimate task in ecological and ecotoxicological research. The present study aims to estimate the effect of mercury (Hg) levels on future apparent survival rates and breeding performances. We used a long-term data set (-10 years) and recently developed methodological tools on two closely related Antarctic top predators, the South Polar Skua Catharacta maccormicki from Adélie Land and the Brown Skua C. lonnbergi from the Kerguelen Archipelago. Adult survival rates and breeding probabilities were not affected by Hg levels, but breeding success in the following year decreased with increasing Hg levels. Although South Polar Skuas exhibited much lower Hg levels than Brown Skuas, they suffered from higher Hg-induced breeding failure. This species difference could be attributed to an interaction between Hg and other environmental perturbations, including climate change and a complex cocktail of pollutants. By including Hg-dependent demographic parameters in population models, we showed a weak population decline in response to increasing Hg levels. This demographic decline was more pronounced in South Polar Skuas than in Brown Skuas. Hence, Hg exposure differently affects closely related species. The wide range of environmental perturbations in Antarctic regions could exacerbate the demographic responses to Hg levels. In that respect, we urge future population modeling to take into account the coupled effects of climate change and anthropogenic pollution to estimate population projections.
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Tanaka Y, Tatsuta H. Retrospective estimation of population-level effect of pollutants based on local adaptation and fitness cost of tolerance. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:795-802. [PMID: 23670267 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel framework for estimating site-specific effects of pollutants on natural populations. Our method is based on fitness optimization and uses observed differences in tolerance (sensitivity) to a particular pollutant between populations at contaminated and uncontaminated sites (i.e., target and reference populations). In addition, the method uses laboratory estimates of the fitness cost of tolerance, that is, the reduction of population growth rate (fitness) of a target population compared to that of a reference population when both are maintained in uncontaminated conditions. As a case study, we applied this framework to analyze observed genetic differentiation in tolerance to the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate between Daphnia galeata populations in Lake Kasumigaura and an adjacent agricultural pond. The estimated exposure level at the contaminated site was about 0.015 μg/L, and the population-level risk corresponded to about a 24 % reduction of the intrinsic rate of natural increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinari Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Risk, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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11
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Willson JD, Hopkins WA, Bergeron CM, Todd BD. Making leaps in amphibian ecotoxicology: translating individual-level effects of contaminants to population viability. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2012; 22:1791-1802. [PMID: 23092016 DOI: 10.1890/11-0915.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Concern that environmental contaminants contribute to global amphibian population declines has prompted extensive experimental investigation, but individual-level experimental results have seldom been translated to population-level processes. We used our research on the effects of mercury (Hg) on American toads (Bufo americanus) as a model for bridging the gap between individual-level contaminant effects and amphibian population viability. We synthesized the results of previous field and laboratory studies examining effects of Hg throughout the life cycle of B. americanus and constructed a comprehensive demographic population model to evaluate the consequences of Hg exposure on population dynamics. Our model explicitly considered density-dependent larval survival, which is known to be an important driver of amphibian population dynamics, and incorporated two important factors that have seldom been considered in previous amphibian modeling studies: environmental stochasticity and sublethal effects. We demonstrated that decreases in embryonic survival and sublethal effects (e.g., reduced body size) that delay maturation have minor effects on population dynamics, whereas contaminant effects that reduce late-larval or post-metamorphic survival have important population-level consequences. We found that excessive Hg exposure through maternal transfer or larval diet, alone, had minor effects on B. americanus populations. Simultaneous maternal and dietary exposure resulted in reduced population size and a dramatic increase in extinction probability, but explicit prediction of population-level effects was dependent on the strength of larval density dependence. Our results suggest that environmental contaminants can influence amphibian population viability, but that highly integrative approaches are needed to translate individual-level effects to populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Willson
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, 100 Cheatham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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Salice CJ, Rowe CL, Pechmann JHK, Hopkins WA. Multiple stressors and complex life cycles: insights from a population-level assessment of breeding site contamination and terrestrial habitat loss in an amphibian. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:2874-2882. [PMID: 21922532 DOI: 10.1002/etc.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of chemical contaminants on natural populations is challenging, as multiple anthropogenic and natural stressors may individually and interactively influence responses. Population models can be used to evaluate the impacts of multiple stressors and to provide insight into population-level effects and/or data gaps. For amphibians with complex life cycles, population models may be useful in understanding impacts of stressors that are unique to the habitat type (aquatic, terrestrial) and that operate at different times in the life cycle. We investigated the population-level effects of aquatic contaminants (coal combustion residues, CCR) and terrestrial habitat loss on the eastern narrowmouth toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis, using existing empirical data that demonstrated negative reproductive and developmental effects of CCR and a series of population models that incorporated density dependence and environmental stochasticity. Results of deterministic models indicated that when terrestrial habitat was abundant, CCR-exposed toads had a larger population size compared to the reference population as a result of reduced density-dependent effects on larval survival. However, when stochasticity in the form of catastrophic reproductive failure was included, CCR-exposed toads were more susceptible to decline and extinction compared to toads from the reference populations. The results highlight the complexities involved in assessing the effects of anthropogenic factors on natural populations, especially for species that are exposed to multiple biotic and abiotic stressors during different periods in the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Salice
- Texas Tech University, Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
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Tsushima K, Naito W, Kamo M. Assessing ecological risk of zinc in Japan using organism- and population-level species sensitivity distributions. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:563-569. [PMID: 20447674 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In Japan, the Environmental Quality Standard for zinc, established in 2003, was the first standard for the protection of aquatic species. To achieve this environmental criterion, the National Effluent Standard was lowered from 5 mgL(-1) to 2 mgL(-1) in 2006. However, some industries were permitted to apply a provisional effluent standard until 2011, when the provisional standard will revert to the national standard. Therefore, discussion about the environmental management of and countermeasures for the risk of zinc continues in Japan. The aim of this paper is to present the current status of the risk of zinc. Using long-term monitoring data for zinc from more than 3000 monitoring sites in Japan, both freshwater and marine, we found that the geometric mean concentration of zinc at freshwater sites was about 10.8 microgL(-1) and that the annual mean concentrations have been generally decreasing. We identified sites where zinc concentrations were high, and we also identified the most likely sources of zinc responsible for the high concentrations. The ecological risk of zinc was estimated at the conventional individual level and at the population level. Individual-level risk was detected at about 20% of freshwater sites, and population-level risk at about 2%. The risks were lower in more recent years; however, they remain at unacceptable levels. Our results show the necessity of risk reduction strategies. We propose a new approach for risk management and countermeasures that consider both individual- and population-level risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Tsushima
- Nihon University College of Bioresource Sciences, Department of Bioenvironmental and Agricultural Engineering, Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Iwasaki Y, Hayashi TI, Kamo M. Comparison of population-level effects of heavy metals on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:465-471. [PMID: 20153056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the population-level effects of heavy metals (copper, zinc, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, nickel) on fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, we first estimated the concentration-effect relationships between the metal concentrations and individual traits (juvenile survivability, hatchability, fertility) by using toxicity data collected from the literature. A Leslie matrix model of fathead minnow was used to calculate population growth rates from these relationships. The population threshold concentrations (PTCs) leading to zero net growth of the fish population were as follows: Cu, 27.4; Cd, 33.2; Zn (soft water), 81.5; Zn (hard water), 85.8; Ni, 504.8; Cr, 3251.6 (microg L(-1)). By comparing the PTCs with no observed effect concentrations (NOECs), we found that some PTCs were equivalent to or even lower than the corresponding NOECs. This result suggests that current ecological risk assessments based on the NOECs can be inadequate for protecting aquatic populations and more efforts on the population-level studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Iwasaki
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan.
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Hayashi TI, Kamo M, Tanaka Y. Population-level ecological effect assessment: estimating the effect of toxic chemicals on density-dependent populations. Ecol Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-008-0561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Clubbs RL, Brooks BW. Daphnia magna responses to a vertebrate estrogen receptor agonist and an antagonist: a multigenerational study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2007; 67:385-98. [PMID: 17368538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 01/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Whereas ecological risk assessments rely on standardized aquatic toxicity tests to assess ecological hazards, these techniques have limited utility for endocrine-active compounds, including select pharmaceuticals. Due to structural similarity between of vertebrate estrogens and ecdysone, previous studies suggest that endocrine-active pharmaceuticals may interfere with invertebrate endocrine systems, while other investigations do not support these suggestions. We assessed effects of the pharmaceuticals 17alpha-ethinylestradiol and faslodex, model therapeutics designed to interact with vertebrate estrogen receptors, on endocrine biomarkers and transgenerational life-history parameters of a model invertebrate, Daphnia magna. Identical studies were performed with 20-hydroxyecdysone and testosterone, which served as positive controls for ecdysteroid receptor agonism and antagonism, respectively. Results from this study at biochemical, individual and population levels suggest that a mammalian estrogen receptor agonist and antagonist did not act through the ecdysone receptor in D. magna. Acute-to-chronic ratios based on various chronic responses ranged from 2.59 to 5.18 for 17alpha-ethinylestradiol and 1.29-12.9 for faslodex. Toxicity exerted by these therapeutics on D. magna likely resulted from non-endocrine-mediated responses. Mechanism-specific biomarkers, multigenerational designs and population growth models may be useful to assess organismal and population level responses to low-level exposures, which may serve to reduce uncertainty in future hazard assessments of invertebrate responses to endocrine-active pharmaceuticals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L Clubbs
- Department of Environmental Studies, One Bear Place #97266, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
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Denslow ND, Garcia-Reyero N, Barber DS. Fish 'n' chips: the use of microarrays for aquatic toxicology. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2007; 3:172-7. [PMID: 17308663 PMCID: PMC2259425 DOI: 10.1039/b612802p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression analysis is changing the way that we look at toxicity, allowing toxicologists to perform parallel analyses of entire transcriptomes. While this technology is not as advanced in aquatic toxicology as it is for mammalian models, it has shown promise for determining modes of action, identifying biomarkers and developing "signatures" of chemicals that can be used for field and mixture studies. A major hurdle for the use of microarrays in aquatic toxicology is the lack of sequence information for non-model species. Custom arrays based on gene libraries enriched for genes that are expressed in response to specific contaminants have been used with excellent success for some non-model species, suggesting that this approach will work well for ecotoxicology and spurring on the sequencing of cDNA libraries for species of interest. New sequencing technology and development of repositories for gene expression data will accelerate the use of microarrays in aquatic toxicology. Notwithstanding the preliminary successes that have been achieved even with partial cDNA libraries printed on arrays, ecological samples present elevated challenges for this technology due to the high degree of variation of the samples. Furthermore, recent studies that show nonlinear toxic responses for ecological species underscore the necessity of establishing time and dose dependence of effects on gene expression and comparing these results with traditional markers of toxicity. To realize the full potential of microarrays, researchers must do the experiments required to bridge the gap between the 'omics' technologies and traditional toxicology to demonstrate that microarrays have predictive value in ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy D. Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL E-mail: ; Fax: +1 (1)352 392 4707; Tel: +1 (1)352 392 4700 Ext. 5563
| | - Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL E-mail: ; Tel: +1 (1)352 392 4700 Ext. 5583
| | - David S. Barber
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL E-mail: ; Tel: +1 (1)352 392 4700 Ext. 5540
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Nakanishi J, Gamo M, Iwasa Y, Tanaka Y. Environmental risk evaluation of chemicals: achievements of the project and seeds for future--development of metrics for evaluating risks. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 53:389-398. [PMID: 12946396 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Achievements of the research project entitled "Establishment of a scientific framework for the management of toxicity of chemicals based on environmental risk-benefit analysis" supported by the JST were introduced and reviewed, focusing on the development of the methodology for estimating risks; human health risks and ecological risks. The usefulness of loss of life expectancy as a metric for evaluating cancer and noncancer risks was demonstrated. To evaluate ecological risks, three metrics, 1/T, logT and T, developed based on the mean extinction time (T) of species were proposed. Then, their implication and feasibility were examined in terms of what ecological system should be conserved and how easily people can understand the implications of metrics. Protocols for estimating human health risks and ecological risks are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Nakanishi
- Research Center for Chemical Risk Management, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Onogawa 16-1, AIST West, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
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