1
|
Mir IH, Guha S, Behera J, Thirunavukkarasu C. Targeting molecular signal transduction pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma and its implications for cancer therapy. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:2161-2177. [PMID: 34270844 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is a substantial health concern. It is currently the third dominating cause of mortality associated with cancer worldwide. The development of hepatocellular carcinoma is an intricate process that encompasses the impairment of genetic, epigenetic, and signal transduction mechanisms contributing to an aberrant metabolic system, enabling tumorigenesis. Throughout the past decade, research has led to the revelation of molecular pathways implicated in the progression of this notorious disorder. The altered signal transduction pathways, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, phosphoinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, WNT/β-catenin pathway, hepatocyte growth factor/c-MET pathway, and just another kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathway is of much therapeutic significance, as targeting them may avail to revert, retard or avert hepatocarcinogenesis. The present review article sums up the contemporary knowledge of such signaling mechanisms, including their therapeutic targets and betokens that novel and efficacious therapies can be developed only by the keen understanding of their character in hepatocarcinogenesis. In additament, we address the role of consequential therapeutic agents and preclinical nondrug therapies known for combating hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Hassan Mir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Shreyoshi Guha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Jajnasenee Behera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Enhanced DNA-repair capacity and resistance to chemically induced carcinogenesis upon deletion of the phosphatase regulator NIPP1. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:30. [PMID: 32123159 PMCID: PMC7051951 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-0214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Inhibitor of PP1 (NIPP1) is a conserved regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase PP1. The selective deletion of NIPP1 in mouse liver parenchymal cells or skin epidermal cells culminates in a late-onset hyperproliferation of a subset of resident progenitor cells. Although a hyperplastic phenotype is usually tumor promoting, we show here that the absence of NIPP1 conferred a strong resistance to chemically induced hepatocellular or skin carcinoma. The ablation of NIPP1 did not affect the metabolism of the administered mutagens (diethylnitrosamine or 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene), but reduced the conversion of mutagen-induced covalent DNA modifications into cancer-initiating mutations. This reduced sensitivity to mutagens correlated with an enhanced DNA-damage response and an augmented expression of rate-limiting DNA-repair proteins (MGMT in liver, XPD and XPG in skin), hinting at an increased DNA-repair capacity. Our data identify NIPP1 as a repressor of DNA repair and as a promising target for novel cancer prevention and treatment therapies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Prevention of carcinogenesis and metastasis by Artemisinin-type drugs. Cancer Lett 2018; 429:11-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
4
|
Current therapies in alleviating liver disorders and cancers with a special focus on the potential of vitamin D. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2018; 15:13. [PMID: 29449867 PMCID: PMC5807831 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-018-0251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver dysfunction is a topic of global concern with many advancing therapies being researched. Though vitamin D takes a center place, other therapies especially nutritional are also gaining ground. Vitamin D has gone beyond its role in skeletal disorders by showcasing its associations in other metabolic dysfunctions too. Result Epidemiological evidences show a correlation between the status of vitamin D and different forms of cancer. Vitamin D receptors and alterations in gene expression appear decisive in the development of chronic liver disorders. Nutritional status therefore plays a significant role in avoiding the complications related to liver dysfunctions, making it mandatory in maintaining vitamin D sufficiency in the body. Therapies with omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, amino acids, steroids also render benefits which could be further explored. Recent research on the progression of certain forms of liver cancer using vitamin D analogs like Seocalcitol EB 1089 has shown good promise. Conclusion The anti-inflammatory and immuno- regulatory properties of vitamin D makes its analogs, suitable candidates of better choice for the prevention and treatment of liver disorders and cancer.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu J. Utilization of animal models to investigate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:42762-42776. [PMID: 27072576 PMCID: PMC5173170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a spectrum of liver disorders with fat accumulation from simple fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis/cirrhosis and NAFLD/NASH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH is a progressive form of NAFLD and requires medical attention. One of 5-10 NASH patients may progress to end-state liver disease (ESLD or cirrhosis) in 5-10 years; meanwhile, life-threatening complications of ESLD and HCC account for major mortality. An increasing burden of NAFLD in clinics, elucidation of its pathogenesis and progression, and assessment of the efficacy of potential therapeutics demand reliable animal models. Most NASH-associated HCC occurs in cirrhotic subjects; however, HCC does appear in NASH patients without cirrhosis. Lipotoxicity, oxidant stress, insulin resistance, endoplasmic reticulum stress, altered adipokine and lymphokine profiles and gut microbiome changes affect NAFLD progression and constitute key pathobiologic interplays. How these factors promote malignant transformation in a microenvironment of steatotic inflammation and fibrosis/cirrhosis, and lead to development of neoplasms is one of critical questions faced in the hepatology field. The present review summarizes the characteristics of emerging rodent NASH-HCC models, and discusses the challenges in utilizing these models to unveil the mysteries of NASH-associated HCC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
RNA Binding Protein CUGBP1 Inhibits Liver Cancer in a Phosphorylation-Dependent Manner. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00128-17. [PMID: 28559429 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00128-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive investigations, mechanisms of liver cancer are not known. Here, we identified an important step of liver cancer, which is the neutralization of tumor suppressor activities of an RNA binding protein, CUGBP1. The translational activity of CUGBP1 is activated by dephosphorylation at Ser302. We generated CUGBP1-S302A knock-in mice and found that the reduction of translational activity of CUGBP1 causes development of a fatty liver phenotype in young S302A mice. Examination of liver cancer in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-treated CUGBP1-S302A mice showed these mice develop much more severe liver cancer that is associated with elimination of the mutant CUGBP1. Searching for mechanisms of this elimination, we found that the oncoprotein gankyrin (Gank) preferentially binds to and triggers degradation of dephosphorylated CUGBP1 (de-ph-S302-CUGBP1) or S302A mutant CUGBP1. To test the role of Gank in degradation of CUGBP1, we generated mice with liver-specific deletion of Gank. In these mice, the tumor suppressor isoform of CUGBP1 is protected from Gank-mediated degradation. Consistent with reduction of CUGBP1 in animal models, CUGBP1 is reduced in patients with pediatric liver cancer. Thus, this work presents evidence that de-ph-S302-CUGBP1 is a tumor suppressor protein and that the Gank-UPS-mediated reduction of CUGBP1 is a key event in the development of liver cancer.
Collapse
|
7
|
Akiel M, Guo C, Li X, Rajasekaran D, Mendoza RG, Robertson CL, Jariwala N, Yuan F, Subler MA, Windle J, Garcia DK, Lai Z, Chen HIH, Chen Y, Giashuddin S, Fisher PB, Wang XY, Sarkar D. IGFBP7 Deletion Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4014-4025. [PMID: 28619711 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of IGF signaling is a major oncogenic event in diverse cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this setting, the insulin-like growth factor binding protein IGFBP7 inhibits IGF signaling by binding the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), functioning as a candidate tumor suppressor. IGFBP7 abrogates tumors by inhibiting angiogenesis and inducing cancer-specific senescence and apoptosis. Here, we report that Igfbp7-deficient mice exhibit constitutively active IGF signaling, presenting with proinflammatory and immunosuppressive microenvironments and spontaneous liver and lung tumors occurring with increased incidence in carcinogen-treated subjects. Igfbp7 deletion increased proliferation and decreased senescence of hepatocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts, effects that were blocked by treatment with IGF1 receptor inhibitor. Significant inhibition of genes regulating immune surveillance was observed in Igfbp7-/- murine livers, which was associated with a marked inhibition in antigen cross-presentation by Igfbp7-/- dendritic cells. Conversely, IGFBP7 overexpression inhibited growth of HCC cells in syngeneic immunocompetent mice. Depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes abolished this growth inhibition, identifying it as an immune-mediated response. Our findings define an immune component of the pleiotropic mechanisms through which IGFBP7 suppresses HCC. Furthermore, they offer a genetically based preclinical proof of concept for IGFBP7 as a therapeutic target for immune management of HCC. Cancer Res; 77(15); 4014-25. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maaged Akiel
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Chunqing Guo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Devaraja Rajasekaran
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rachel G Mendoza
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Chadia L Robertson
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Nidhi Jariwala
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Fang Yuan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mark A Subler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jolene Windle
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Dawn K Garcia
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zhao Lai
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hung-I Harry Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shah Giashuddin
- Department of Pathology, New York Presbyterian Health System at Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCUMassey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCUMassey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. .,VCUMassey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martín-Burriel I, Roome NO, Dorchies O, Prenez A. Histopathological and Molecular Changes During Apoptosis Produced by 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]-Carbazole in Mouse Liver. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 32:202-11. [PMID: 15200158 DOI: 10.1080/01926230490274353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The topical administration of 7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (7H-DBC) at very low but repeated doses causes genotoxic effects such as DNA adduct formation and produces hepatocellular apoptosis in mouse liver. The purpose of this work was to investigate the alterations in gene expression and protein levels of biomarkers associated with the p53 pathway in mouse liver after exposure to cumulative low doses of 7H-DBC by skin paint applications. The compound was administered topically at the dose of 13.35 μg per animal every 2 days to give either 6, 8, 10, or 12 applications. Animals were sacrificed 48 hours after the different treatments. The apoptotic index increased with the number of applications, with a major proportion of apoptotic cells in the periportal areas. A significant increase of Bax mRNA and protein expression was observed after the 8th application whereas the expression of mRNA levels of Fas and p53 did not show significant differences between treated and control animals. Nuclear staining of p53 was detected in hepatocyte nuclei showing the activation of this protein. Later in the apoptosis process we observed the up-regulation of TGF- β1 in parenchymal cells. In addition to the induction of the p53 apoptosis pathway in vivo by 7H-DBC, we have observed molecular changes related to cell proliferation such as the overexpression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hadem KLH, Sharan RN, Kma L. Phytochemicals of Aristolochia tagala and Curcuma caesia exert anticancer effect by tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated decrease in nuclear factor kappaB binding activity. J Basic Clin Pharm 2016; 7:1-11. [PMID: 26792956 PMCID: PMC4702274 DOI: 10.4103/0976-0105.170585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The active compounds or metabolites of herbal plants exert a definite physiological action on the human body and thus are widely used in human therapy for various diseases including cancer. Previous studies by our group have reported the anticarcinogenic properties of the two herbal plants extracts (HPE) of Aristolochia tagala (AT) Cham. and Curcuma caesia (CC) Roxb. in diethylnitrosamine-induced mouse liver cancer in vivo. The anticarcinogenic properties of these extracts may be due to the active compounds present in them. Objectives: Our objective was to analyze the phytochemical constituents present in AT and CC, to assay their antioxidant properties and to determine their role in a possible intervention on tumor progression. Materials and Methods: Qualitative and quantitative analysis of constituent with anticancer properties present in the crude methanol extract of the two plants CC and AT was carried out following standard methods. Separation of the phytochemical compounds was done by open column chromatography. The extracts were eluted out with gradients of chloroform-methanol solvents. Ultraviolet-visible spectra of individual fractions were recorded, and the fractions were combined based on their λmax. The free radical scavenging activity of crude extracts and fractions obtained was also determined; the radical scavenging activity was expressed as IC50. High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of fractionated compounds was carried out to identify partially the phytochemical compounds. The anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity of AT and CC extracts was studied in DEN induced BALB/c mice by analyzing the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in serum and the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) binding activity in nuclear extracts of the liver. Results: It was observed that both AT and CC contained compounds such as phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc., and both extracts exhibited antioxidant capacity. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds in CC and indicated the presence of anthocynidin 3-glycosides, 6-hydroxylated flavonols, some flavones and chalcone glycosides in AT and also confirmed the presence of compounds such as terpenes, phenols, steroids, and other organic compounds in CC and presence of flavonoids in AT. In vivo studies carried out in BALB/c mice showed that exposure to DEN caused an increase in TNF-α and NF-κB binding activity. The HPE (CC or AT) was seen to revert this effect. Conclusions: The current paper documents the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activity of the two extracts probably through TNF-α-mediated decrease in NF-κB binding activity. The active components of AT and CC may act as the potential anticancer agents in hepatocellular carcinoma and warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khetbadei Lysinia Hynniewta Hadem
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer and Radiation Countermeasures Unit, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India; Department of Biochemistry, Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Rajeshwar Nath Sharan
- Department of Biochemistry, Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Lakhan Kma
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer and Radiation Countermeasures Unit, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ufelmann H, Schrenk D. Nodularin-triggered apoptosis and hyperphosphorylation of signaling proteins in cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:16-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
11
|
Jing H, Zhang G, Meng L, Meng Q, Mo H, Tai Y. Gradually elevated expression of Gankyrin during human hepatocarcinogenesis and its clinicopathological significance. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5503. [PMID: 24999092 PMCID: PMC4083285 DOI: 10.1038/srep05503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gankyrin is an important oncoprotein that is overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the gradual alteration of Gankyrin in successive stages during human HCC development and the mechanism of Gankyrin-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis remain largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated the pattern and level of Gankyrin protein expression using immunohistochemistry in various liver tissues, including normal liver, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, adenomatous hyperplasia (AH), and HCC tissues, to analyze its clinicopathological significance. Furthermore, we stably transfected the shRNA-Gan vector, which targets human Gankyrin, into HepG2 cells to assess the role of Gankyrin in cell proliferation and tumorigenicity. The expression level of Gankyrin in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and whole cell was gradually elevated during consecutive stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. The nuclear Gankyrin level in AH was significantly higher than that in normal liver, chronic hepatitis, and cirrhotic tissues. The cytoplasmic, nuclear, and total cellular Gankyrin expression levels in HCC were significantly correlated with capsular invasion and intrahepatic metastasis. Silencing Gankyrin expression using shRNA-Gan repressed tumor cell proliferation, tumorigenicity, migration, and invasion in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that Gankyrin is aberrantly expressed beginning at the initiation stage and plays an important role in the initiation, promotion, and progression of hepatocarcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbiao Jing
- 1] Department of Pathology, the General Hospital, Jinan Military Command, Jinan, China [2]
| | - Guoming Zhang
- 1] Department of Cardiology, the General Hospital, Jinan Military Command, Jinan, China [2]
| | - Lingsheng Meng
- Laboratory Department, the Sixth Hospital of Jinan, Zhangqiu, China
| | - Qingda Meng
- Laboratory Department, the Sixth Hospital of Jinan, Zhangqiu, China
| | - Haiying Mo
- Department of Pathology, Zaozhuang Hospital, Zaozhuang Mining Group, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Yanhong Tai
- Department of Pathology, the General Hospital, Jinan Military Command, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vucur M, Roderburg C, Bettermann K, Tacke F, Heikenwalder M, Trautwein C, Luedde T. Mouse models of hepatocarcinogenesis: what can we learn for the prevention of human hepatocellular carcinoma? Oncotarget 2011; 1:373-8. [PMID: 21307402 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.100906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that chronic inflammatory processes are involved in triggering the sequence from chronic liver injury to liver fibrosis, ultimately leading to liver cancer. In the last years this process has been recapitulated in a growing number of different mouse models. However, it has remained unclear whether and how these mouse models reflect the clinical reality of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Research with animal models but also human liver specimens has indicated that the NF-κB signaling pathway might withhold a crucial function in the mediation of chronic hepatic inflammation and the transition to HCC in humans. However, previous studies led to divergent and partly conflicting results with regards to the functional role of NF-κB in hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we discuss a new genetic mouse model for HCC, the liver-specific TAK1 knockout mouse, which lacks the NF-κB activating kinase TAK1 specifically in parenchymal liver cells. Molecular findings in this mouse model and their possible significance for chemopreventive strategies against HCC are compared to other murine HCC models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Vucur
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, D- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vucur M, Roderburg C, Bettermann K, Tacke F, Heikenwalder M, Trautwein C, Luedde T. Mouse models of hepatocarcinogenesis: what can we learn for the prevention of human hepatocellular carcinoma? Oncotarget 2010; 1:373-378. [PMID: 21307402 PMCID: PMC3157729 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that chronic inflammatory processes are involved in triggering the sequence from chronic liver injury to liver fibrosis, ultimately leading to liver cancer. In the last years this process has been recapitulated in a growing number of different mouse models. However, it has remained unclear whether and how these mouse models reflect the clinical reality of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Research with animal models but also human liver specimens has indicated that the NF-κB signaling pathway might withhold a crucial function in the mediation of chronic hepatic inflammation and the transition to HCC in humans. However, previous studies led to divergent and partly conflicting results with regards to the functional role of NF-κB in hepatocarcinogenesis. Here, we discuss a new genetic mouse model for HCC, the liver-specific TAK1 knockout mouse, which lacks the NF-κB activating kinase TAK1 specifically in parenchymal liver cells. Molecular findings in this mouse model and their possible significance for chemopreventive strategies against HCC are compared to other murine HCC models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihael Vucur
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, D- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, D- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kira Bettermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, D- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, D- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Virology, Technical University München, Helmholtz Center München, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, D- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of RWTH Aachen, D- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stem cell origins and animal models of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:1241-50. [PMID: 19513833 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0861-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor that almost always occurs within a preexisting background of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Currently, medical therapy is not effective in treating most HCC, and the only hope of cure is either resection or liver transplantation. A small minority of patients is eligible for these therapies, which entail major morbidity at the very least. In spite of immense scientific advances during the past 3 decades, patient survival has improved very little. In order to reduce morbidity and mortality from HCC, improvements in early diagnosis and development of novel local and systemic therapies for advanced disease are essential, in addition to efforts geared towards primary prevention. Studies with experimental animal models that closely mimic human disease are very valuable in understanding physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. Furthermore, appropriate animal models have the potential to increase our understanding of the effects of image-guided minimally invasive therapies and thereby help to improve such therapies. In this review, we examine the evidence for stem cell origins of such tumors, critically evaluate existing models and reflect on how to develop new models for minimally invasive, image-guided treatment of HCC.
Collapse
|
15
|
Papa S, Bubici C, Zazzeroni F, Franzoso G. Mechanisms of liver disease: cross-talk between the NF-kappaB and JNK pathways. Biol Chem 2010; 390:965-76. [PMID: 19642868 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2009.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in the transformation and degradation of endogenous and exogenous chemicals, and in the removal of unwanted cells such as damaged, genetically mutated and virus-infected cells. Because of this function, the liver is susceptible to toxicity caused by the products generated during these natural occurrences. Hepatocyte death is the major feature of liver injury. In response to liver injury, specific intracellular processes are initiated to maintain liver integrity. Inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are key mediators of these processes and activate different cellular response such as proliferation, survival and death. TNFalpha induces specific signaling pathways in hepatocytes that lead to activation of either pro-survival mediators or effectors of cell death. Whereas activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB promotes survival, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and caspases are strategic effectors of cell death in the TNFalpha-mediated signaling pathway. This review summarizes recent advances in the mechanisms of TNFalpha-induced hepatotoxicity and suggests that NF-kappaB plays a protective role against JNK-induced hepatocyte death. Identification of the mechanisms regulating interplay between the NF-kappaB and JNK pathways is required in the search for novel targets for the treatment of liver disease, including hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Papa
- Department of Immunology, Investigative Science, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Gankyrin, a newly defined oncoprotein also known as PSMD10 and P28, functions as a dual-negative regulator of the two most prominent tumor suppressor pathways, the CDK/pRb and HDM2/P53 pathways. Its aberrant expression has been prevalently found in human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and esophagus squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC), indicative of the potential of gankyrin as a rational diagnostic and therapeutic target in cancers. Here, we review the unique structural features and functional diversity of gankyrin, and discuss its implication in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics from the perspective of chemical biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junan Li
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yi Guo
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hoenerhoff MJ, Hong HH, Ton TV, Lahousse SA, Sills RC. A review of the molecular mechanisms of chemically induced neoplasia in rat and mouse models in National Toxicology Program bioassays and their relevance to human cancer. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:835-48. [PMID: 19846892 PMCID: PMC3524969 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309351726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor response in the B6C3F1 mouse, F344 rat, and other animal models following exposure to various compounds provides evidence that people exposed to these or similar compounds may be at risk for developing cancer. Although tumors in rodents and humans are often morphologically similar, underlying mechanisms of tumorigenesis are often unknown and may be different between the species. Therefore, the relevance of an animal tumor response to human health would be better determined if the molecular pathogenesis were understood. The underlying molecular mechanisms leading to carcinogenesis are complex and involve multiple genetic and epigenetic events and other factors. To address the molecular pathogenesis of environmental carcinogens, the authors examine rodent tumors (e.g., lung, colon, mammary gland, skin, brain, mesothelioma) for alterations in cancer genes and epigenetic events that are associated with human cancer. National Toxicology Program (NTP) studies have identified several genetic alterations in chemically induced rodent neoplasms that are important in human cancer. Identification of such alterations in rodent models of chemical carcinogenesis caused by exposure to environmental contaminants, occupational chemicals, and other compounds lends further support that they are of potential human health risk. These studies also emphasize the importance of molecular evaluation of chemically induced rodent tumors for providing greater public health significance for NTP evaluated compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Hoenerhoff
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27519, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Qi Y, Chen X, Chan CY, Li D, Yuan C, Yu F, Lin MC, Yew DT, Kung HF, Lai L. Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis/analysis of diethylnitrosamine induced rat hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:2682-8. [PMID: 18351647 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) is a known carcinogen that can alkylate DNA molecules. In rats, DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model is well established. In this study, we used a two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) system and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry to identify the differential expression protein profiles between the DEN-induced HCC and healthy liver cells. Western blotting and semiquantitative RT-PCR were used to further confirm the results. Seventeen differentially expressed spots were identified in DEN-induced HCC cells. Among all, the most prominent upregulated proteins include the members of the glutathione S-transferase super family, aldo-keto reductase superfamily and proteins involved in the response to oxidative stress. Downregulation was observed in 2 proteins that were known to contribute to hepatic dysfunction. This study provides the first comprehensive protein profiling of the DEN-induced HCC in rats. This model simulates the differential protein expression of human HCC and may be useful for further understanding the mechanism of HCC tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Qi
- Institute of Molecular and Chemical Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
McKillop IH, Moran DM, Jin X, Koniaris LG. Molecular pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Surg Res 2006; 136:125-35. [PMID: 17023002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common life-threatening malignancies in the world. This cancer generally arises within the boundaries of well-defined causal factors, of which viral hepatitis infection, aflatoxin exposure, chronic alcohol abuse, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are the major risk factors. Despite the identification of these etiological agents, hepatocarcinogenesis remains poorly understood. The molecular mechanisms leading to the development of HCC appear extremely complex and only recently have begun to be elucidated. Currently, surgical resection or liver transplantation offer the best chance of cure for the patient with HCC; however, these therapies are hindered by inability of many of these patients to undergo liver resection, by tumor recurrence and by donor shortages. A lack of suitable therapeutic strategies has led to a greater focus on prevention of HCC using antiviral agents and vaccination. Overall, the current outlook for patients with HCC is bleak; however, a better understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of this cancer should lead to the development of more efficacious therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain H McKillop
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tessitore L, Bollito E. Early induction of TGF-beta1 through a fasting-re-feeding regimen promotes liver carcinogenesis by a sub-initiating dose of diethylnitrosamine. Cell Prolif 2006; 39:105-16. [PMID: 16542346 PMCID: PMC6496430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2006.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that a sub-necrogenic dose (20 mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) can induce the development of liver cancer when rats undergo a fasting-re-feeding regimen. The present study was undertaken to establish whether fasting followed by re-feeding builds up mechanisms able to trigger liver fibrosis, eventually leading to cirrhosis and cancer. Adult male rats, for fasted 4 days, were given 20 mg/kg of DENA after 1 day of re-feeding; in parallel, consistently fed animals receiving 20 mg/kg (sub-necrogenic) or 200 mg/kg (necrogenic dose) of DENA were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. All three groups were then subjected to the 2-acetylaminofluorene/carbon tetrachloride promoting regimen. Fasting induced moderate apoptosis in liver tissue, as evidenced by increased levels of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and Bax proteins and by a dramatic drop in the level of Bcl-2. Subsequent re-feeding caused all changes to revert except TGF-beta1 up-regulation. Histological findings of inflammation and fibrosis were consistently associated with increased production of TGF-beta1, the inflammatory cytokine with the most pronounced profibrogenic action. Thus, up-regulation of TGF-beta1 expression appears as a major mechanism by which the fasting-re-feeding regimen predisposes to initiation and promotion of liver carcinogenesis in rats. Avoiding fasting-re-feeding could be considered in the nutritional status of patients with liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Tessitore
- Department of Chemical, Nutritional, Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University 'A. Avogadro', East Piedmont, Novara, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Feo F, De Miglio MR, Simile MM, Muroni MR, Calvisi DF, Frau M, Pascale RM. Hepatocellular carcinoma as a complex polygenic disease. Interpretive analysis of recent developments on genetic predisposition. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2005; 1765:126-47. [PMID: 16216419 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The different frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans at risk suggests a polygenic predisposition. However, detection of genetic variants is difficult in genetically heterogeneous human population. Studies on mouse and rat models identified 7 hepatocarcinogenesis susceptibility (Hcs) and 2 resistance (Hcr) loci in mice, and 7 Hcs and 9 Hcr loci in rats, controlling multiplicity and size of neoplastic liver lesions. Six liver neoplastic nodule remodeling (Lnnr) loci control number and volume of re-differentiating lesions in rat. A Hcs locus, with high phenotypic effects, and various epistatic gene-gene interactions were identified in rats, suggesting a genetic model of predisposition to hepatocarcinogenesis with different subset of low-penetrance genes, at play in different subsets of population, and a major locus. This model is in keeping with human HCC epidemiology. Several putative modifier genes in rodents, deregulated in HCC, are located in chromosomal segments syntenic to sites of chromosomal aberrations in humans, suggesting possible location of predisposing loci. Resistance to HCC is associated with lower genomic instability and downregulation of cell cycle key genes in preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. p16(INK4A) upregulation occurs in susceptible and resistant rat lesions. p16(INK4A)-induced growth restraint was circumvented by Hsp90/Cdc37 chaperons and E2f4 nuclear export by Crm1 in susceptible, but not in resistant rats and human HCCs with better prognosis. Thus, protective mechanisms seem to be modulated by HCC modifiers, and differences in their efficiency influence the susceptibility to hepatocarcinogenesis and probably the prognosis of human HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Feo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Via P. Manzella 4, 07100 Sasssari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kim Y, Sills RC, Houle CD. Overview of the molecular biology of hepatocellular neoplasms and hepatoblastomas of the mouse liver. Toxicol Pathol 2005; 33:175-80. [PMID: 15805069 DOI: 10.1080/01926230590522130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The molecular pathogenesis of chemically induced hepatocellular neoplasms and hepatoblastomas in the B6C3FI mouse is unclear but may involve alterations in the fi-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway as was recently described for human liver neoplasms. The objectives of this research were to characterize the mutation frequency and spectrum of P-catenin mutations and the intracellular localization of I-catenin protein accumulation in chemically induced hepatoblastomas and hepatocellular neoplasms. In the majority of the hepatoblastomas examined by immunohistochemical methods, both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of P-catenin protein were detected, whereas in hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas and normal liver only membrane staining was observed. Genomic DNA was isolated from paraffin sections of each liver tumor. P-catenin exon 2 (corresponds to exon 3 in humans) genetic alterations were identified in the majority of hepatoblastomas from exposed mice. Deletion mutations were identified more frequently than point mutations in hepatoblastomas. Hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas from treated mice had mutations in exon 2 of the B-catenin gene which ranged from 32-43%, while 10% P-catenin mutations were detected in spontaneous neoplasms. By immunohistochemical methods cyclin Dl was observed in most nuclei of hepatoblastomas and strong expression of cyclin Dl was confirmed by Western analysis regardless of treatment. The cumulative data suggests that P-catenin mutations with upregulation of the B-catenin protein and Wnt signaling most likely increased cyclin Dl expression. Cyclin D1 may provide an advantage during tumor progression of hepatocellular neoplasms and hepatoblastomas. The review will also focus on other genes which are important in mouse and human liver tumors.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenoma, Liver Cell/chemically induced
- Adenoma, Liver Cell/genetics
- Adenoma, Liver Cell/metabolism
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Molecular Biology
- Mutation
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Wnt Proteins
- beta Catenin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongbaek Kim
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|