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Castro-Villegas F, Canaval-Erazo GA, Rico-Juri JM, Gutiérrez-Montes JÓ, Vanin-Aguas A, Canaval-Erazo HO. [Orthotopic uterus transplantation. Sheep model experiment, Cali (Colombia)]. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE OBSTETRICIA Y GINECOLOGÍA 2020; 71:265-274. [PMID: 33247890 DOI: 10.18597/rcog.3504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been recommended that professionals who are planning to perform uterine transplantation should first carry out animal experiments. This paper describes the procedure for uterine transplant in sheep, as well as short and medium-term results. METHODS Experimental surgery study in sheep subjected to uterine explantation and transplant. Four 40-50 kg sheep received uteri transplantation (orthotopic) from four live donors. End-to-side vascular anastomosis was used, the vagina was sutured on one plane and the uterus was fixed to the pelvic wall. Complications and 180-day evolution are described. RESULTS Transplant surgery was accomplished in the 4 sheep. Surgical time in the first procedure was 240 minutes, while the last procedure lasted 185 minutes. Warm ischemia time was reduced from 42 to 22 minutes. One sheep died on the seventh postoperative day due to an intraoperative complication unrelated to the vascular anastomosis. A second sheep developed local vaginal infection treated with metronidazole and evolved satisfactorily. No transplant rejection had occurred in the remaining 3 sheep after 6 months. CONCLUSIONS The ovine model allowed surgical training in experimental uterine transplant surgery. For the authors, it offered an opportunity to gain knowledge and make progress towards future uterus transplantation in women with uterine factor infertility in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Castro-Villegas
- Médico cirujano, especialista en trasplante hepático, Centro Médico Imbanaco, Cali (Colombia)
| | | | - Juan Manuel Rico-Juri
- Médico cirujano, especialista en trasplante hepático, Centro Médico Imbanaco, Cali (Colombia)
| | - José Óscar Gutiérrez-Montes
- Profesor de Farmacología y Medicina Regenerativa, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Salud, Universidad del Valle, Cali (Colombia)
| | - Anabel Vanin-Aguas
- Médico cirujano, especialista en trasplante hepático, Centro Médico Imbanaco, Cali (Colombia)
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2
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Huber HF, Considine MM, Jenkins S, Li C, Nathanielsz PW. Reproductive cycling in adult baboons (Papio species) that were intrauterine growth restricted at birth implies normal fertility but increased psychosocial stress. J Med Primatol 2018; 47:427-429. [PMID: 29956833 PMCID: PMC6342511 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated menstrual cycles in intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR, 7-10 years, n = 8) and age-matched control (n = 10) baboons. Cycle duration and plasma anti-Mullerian hormone were similar. IUGR spent more days per cycle swollen and had elevated early morning fasted serum cortisol, suggesting normal fertility in the presence of increased psychosocial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan Jenkins
- Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Cun Li
- Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter W Nathanielsz
- Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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3
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Mangosing S, Perminov E, Gonzalez O, Barkei EK, Corbin EM, Kumar S, Dick EJ. Uterine Tumors Resembling Ovarian Sex Cord Tumors in Four Baboons ( Papio spp.). Vet Pathol 2018; 55:753-758. [PMID: 29661120 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818766208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex cord tumors (UTROSCTs) are rare uterine neoplasms that exhibit prominent sex cord-like differentiation. The authors describe 4 cases of UTROSCTs that were identified as incidental lesions in female baboons. All baboons were in good body condition. One animal had a 2-mm-diameter yellow-tan mass in the uterine body along the attachment of the left broad ligament; the other 3 did not have any gross lesions in the uterus. Histologically, the myometrium contained multifocal well-demarcated neoplasms composed of cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in variable arrangements of sheets, nests, cords, trabecular, and retiform patterns that occasionally formed Call-Exner-like bodies. In all cases, the neoplastic cells were diffusely positive for WT-1 and negative for calretinin, CD99, and desmin. One case was positive for inhibin and CD10. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of UTROSCTs in nonhuman primates and in the veterinary literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mangosing
- 1 Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.,2 College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Ekaterina Perminov
- 1 Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.,2 College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Olga Gonzalez
- 1 Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Shyamesh Kumar
- 1 Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Edward J Dick
- 1 Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
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4
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Raño M, Valeggia CR, Kowalewski MM. Aged Black-and-Gold Howler Monkey Female (Alouatta caraya): A Sign of Reproductive Senescence? Folia Primatol (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 29514149 DOI: 10.1159/000485975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive senescence patterns have been scarcely studied in Neotropical primates. The few studies available on the hormonal profiles of aging female monkeys indicate that the decline of ovarian function in nonhuman primates may resemble the hormonal events associated with the perimenopause in women. In this study, we explore a reproductive hormone profile of an aged black-and-gold howler monkey female (Alouatta caraya) from a wild population in northeastern Argentina and compare this profile with that of a cycling female in the same population. As part of a larger study, we recorded sociosexual behaviors in adult and subadult females belonging to two groups, and we collected urine (n = 877) to determine the sex hormone profile of each female. These samples were analyzed using enzyme immunoassays for estrone conjugates and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide (PdG). We found differences in mean values of PdG between the younger (cycling) and the older female. These hormone values were lower in the older female, and she did not show any signs of cyclicity for either reproductive hormone. Our results show that the aging female in this wild population shows signs of ovarian senescence, indicated by low, acyclic levels of progesterone metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Raño
- Estación Biológica de Usos Multiples de Corrientes (EBCo), Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales-CONICET, Corrientes, Argentina
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5
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Sex differences in inhibitory control in socially-housed baboons (Papio papio). Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:231-7. [PMID: 27321783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory control is an important component of executive function. An emerging literature in humans suggests that inhibitory control is sexually dimorphic and modulated by sex steroids, but evidence for such a link in nonhuman animals is scarce. In this study, we examined the effects of menstrual cycle and biological sex on response inhibition, as measured by a Stop-Signal task, in the baboon (Papio papio). The monkeys (n=13) were socially-housed, with voluntary access to multiple touchscreen computerized stations. The task required monkeys to inhibit prepotent responses (touching a target, "Go" trials) following the appearance of a visual stop signal on 25% of the trials ("Stop" trials). The cognitive data, consisting of computerized records of the monkeys' performance on the Stop-Signal task over a year of testing, were matched to records of female sexual swellings. Same-day menstrual and cognitive data were available for 5 females, aged 5-18 years. These data were compared to those of 8 males (5-14 years old) performing the Stop-Signal task over the same time period. Contrary to our hypothesis, performance on the task was not significantly affected by the phase (ovulatory vs. luteal) of the cycle in females. However, males were slower than females on Go trials and were less efficient in inhibiting responses on Stop trials. Slower responses in males were indicative of a speed-accuracy trade-off, as overall accuracy was also better in males than in females. Analyses of trial history indicated that males did not speed as much as females following a successful Go trial, but did not differ from females in post-error slowing or post-inhibiting responses. Overall, the data show that biological sex modulates Stop-Signal performance in the baboon, with males exhibiting slower response execution overall, less efficient inhibition, but greater accuracy than females. This pattern of sex differences may reflect motivational sex differences in which males emphasize accuracy rather than speed. Interestingly, these sex differences do not seem to vary as a function of ovarian hormones in females. Males' greater focus on accuracy is possibly due to enhanced sensitivity to reward mediated by testosterone levels.
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Schlabritz-Loutsevitch N, Gygax SE, Dick E, Smith WL, Snider C, Hubbard G, Ventolini G. Vaginal Dysbiosis from an Evolutionary Perspective. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26817. [PMID: 27226349 PMCID: PMC4880931 DOI: 10.1038/srep26817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary approaches are powerful tools for understanding human disorders. The composition of vaginal microbiome is important for reproductive success and has not yet been characterized in the contexts of social structure and vaginal pathology in non-human primates (NHPs). We investigated vaginal size, vulvovaginal pathology and the presence of the main human subtypes of Lactobacillus spp./ BV-related species in the vaginal microflora of baboons (Papio spp.). We performed morphometric measurements of external and internal genitalia (group I, n = 47), analyzed pathology records of animals from 1999–2015 (group II, n = 64 from a total of 12,776), and evaluated vaginal swabs using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (group III, n = 14). A total of 68 lesions were identified in 64 baboons. Lactobacillus iners, Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae, Megasphaera I, and Megasphaera II were not detected. L. jensenii, L. crispatus, and L. gasseri were detected in 2/14 (14.2%), 1/14 (7.1%), and 1/14 (7.1%) samples, respectively. BVAB2 was detected in 5/14 (35.7%) samples. The differences in the vaginal milieu between NHP and humans might be the factor associated with human-specific pattern of placental development and should be taken in consideration in NHP models of human pharmacology and microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott E Gygax
- Femeris Women's Health Research Center, Genesis Biotechnology Group - Hamilton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Edward Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - William L Smith
- Femeris Women's Health Research Center, Genesis Biotechnology Group - Hamilton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cathy Snider
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Gene Hubbard
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Gary Ventolini
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas, USA
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7
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Lacreuse A, Mong JA, Hara Y. Neurocognitive effects of estrogens across the adult lifespan in nonhuman primates: State of knowledge and new perspectives. Horm Behav 2015; 74:157-66. [PMID: 25762288 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Estradiol and cognition". This review discusses the unique contribution of nonhuman primate research to our understanding of the neurocognitive effects of estrogens throughout the adult lifespan in females. Mounting evidence indicates that estrogens affect many aspects of hippocampal, prefrontal and cholinergic function in the primate brain and the underlying mechanisms are beginning to be elucidated. In addition, estrogens may also influence cognitive function indirectly, via the modulation of other systems that impact cognition. We will focus on the effects of estrogens on sleep and emphasize the need for primate models to better understand these complex interactions. Continued research with nonhuman primates is essential for the development of therapies that are optimal for the maintenance of women's cognitive health throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Lacreuse
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Jessica A Mong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuko Hara
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Johannesson L, Dahm-Kähler P, Eklind S, Brännström M. The future of human uterus transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:455-67. [PMID: 25259905 DOI: 10.2217/whe.14.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The only untreatable subgroup of female infertility is absolute uterine factor infertility (AUFI), which is due to congenital or surgical absence of a uterus or presence of a nonfunctional uterus. The solitary option for a woman with AUFI to become a biological mother today is through a gestational surrogate mother, a procedure that is prohibited in Sweden and large parts of the world. Uterus transplantation (UTx) is a potential future treatment of AUFI. After extensive animal research, also involving non-human primates, a small number of human UTx cases have recently been performed. Here, we summarize the primate UTx experiments that have paved the way for the human UTx cases, which are described and analyzed in more detail. We also estimate how many women of fertile age are affected by AUFI and describe the causes. The ethics around UTx is complex and is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Johannesson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Women's Clinic, Carlanderska Hospital, Gothenburg
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9
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Bauer C. The baboon (Papio sp.) as a model for female reproduction studies. Contraception 2015; 92:120-3. [PMID: 26072741 DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BIOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION Due to their size and anatomical similarity to humans, baboons make an excellent model for reproductive studies. Baboons have a simple short cervix, muscular uterus, ovaries just lateral to the uterus and similar vasculature to that of humans. Because of the size of the animals, instruments designed for use in women can be readily used on baboons. Noninvasive determination of phase of estrous cycle is readily made by observation of changes in perineal sexual skin turgor and color. ADVANTAGES Some advantages of use of baboons compared to other nonhuman primates is that they are nonseasonal breeders allowing for studies to be conducted year round, have minimal infectious disease risks to humans as they do not carry Herpes B and have a social structure allowing for easy group formation. Baboons serve as good models for many conditions in humans and should be considered for studies investigating reproductive issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassondra Bauer
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA.
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10
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Reproductive status and sex show strong effects on knee OA in a baboon model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2013; 21:839-48. [PMID: 23499674 PMCID: PMC3648634 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to characterize severity and occurrence of knee osteoarthritis (OA), and effects of age, sex, body mass, and reproductive status on population-level normal variation in this condition in the baboon, a natural model of human knee OA. METHODS We visually inspected articular cartilage of distal right femora of 464 baboons (309 females, 155 males) and assigned an OA severity score (comparable to a modified Outerbridge score) from 1 = unaffected to 4 = advanced OA (eburnation). Presence/absence of osteophytes was recorded. We tested for significant effects of age, sex, body mass, and, in females, reproductive status (pre-, peri-, or post-menopausal) on OA. When appropriate, analyses were repeated on an age-matched subset (153 of each sex). RESULTS Knee OA was more frequent and severe in older animals (P < 0.0001), but significant age variation was apparent in each severity grade. Sex differences within the younger and older age groups suggest that males develop knee OA earlier, but females progress more quickly to advanced disease. There is a strong relationship between reproductive status and OA severity grade in females (P = 0.0005) with more severe OA in peri- and post-menopausal female baboons, as in humans. CONCLUSIONS Idiopathic knee OA is common in adult baboons. Occurrence and severity are influenced strongly by reproductive status in females, and by sex with regard to patterns of disease progression - providing an animal model to investigate sex-specific variation in OA susceptibility in which the environmental heterogeneity inherent in human populations is vastly reduced.
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Leitman DC, Christians U. MF101: a multi-component botanical selective estrogen receptor beta modulator for the treatment of menopausal vasomotor symptoms. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 21:1031-42. [PMID: 22616988 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2012.685652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Women's Health Initiative Estrogen Plus Progestin clinical trial demonstrated the risks exceeded the benefits which have led to a decline in menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) by greater than 50%. MHT use was initiated long before there was a significant understanding of the molecular mechanisms of estrogens. It has become clear that the problem with the current estrogens in MHT is they act non-selectively as an agonist in all tissues that contain estrogen receptors. MF101 is an oral, botanically derived extract that was designed to selectively regulate estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) because the increased risk of breast and endometrial cancer is due to the activation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) by estrogens. Preclinical and clinical data support a role for selective ERβ agonists, such as MF101, for vasomotor symptoms without increasing cancer risks. AREAS COVERED The review covers the biological, pharmacological and clinical advantages of MF101, and the unique ability of MF101 to selectively target the ERβ pathway for the treatment of hot flashes (HF). EXPERT OPINION Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that MF101, a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist, represents a new class of drugs that is safe and effective for treating HF and nighttime awakenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale C Leitman
- University of California, Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, 44 Morgan Hall Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Nonhuman primate (NHP) aging research has traditionally relied mainly on the rhesus macaque. But the long lifespan, low reproductive rate, and relatively large body size of macaques and related Old World monkeys make them less than ideal models for aging research. Manifold advantages would attend the use of smaller, more rapidly developing, shorter-lived NHP species in aging studies, not the least of which are lower cost and the ability to do shorter research projects. Arbitrarily defining "small" primates as those weighing less than 500 g, we assess small, relatively short-lived species among the prosimians and callitrichids for suitability as models for human aging research. Using the criteria of availability, knowledge about (and ease of) maintenance, the possibility of genetic manipulation (a hallmark of 21st century biology), and similarities to humans in the physiology of age-related changes, we suggest three species--two prosimians (Microcebus murinus and Galago senegalensis) and one New World monkey (Callithrix jacchus)--that deserve scrutiny for development as major NHP models for aging studies. We discuss one other New World monkey group, Cebus spp., that might also be an effective NHP model of aging as these species are longer-lived for their body size than any primate except humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven N Austad
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio, USA
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Burket J, Gourion-Arsiquaud S, Havill LM, Baker SP, Boskey AL, van der Meulen MCH. Microstructure and nanomechanical properties in osteons relate to tissue and animal age. J Biomech 2010; 44:277-84. [PMID: 21074774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Material property changes in bone tissue with ageing are a crucial missing component in our ability to understand and predict age-related fracture. Cortical bone osteons contain a natural gradient in tissue age, providing an ideal location to examine these effects. This study utilized osteons from baboons aged 0-32 years (n=12 females), representing the baboon lifespan, to examine effects of tissue and animal age on mechanical properties and composition of the material. Tissue mechanical properties (indentation modulus and hardness), composition (mineral-to-matrix ratio, carbonate substitution, and crystallinity), and aligned collagen content (aligned collagen peak height ratio) were sampled along three radial lines in three osteons per sample by nanoindentation, Raman spectroscopy, and second harmonic generation microscopy, respectively. Indentation modulus, hardness, mineral-to-matrix ratio, carbonate substitution, and aligned collagen peak height ratio followed biphasic relationships with animal age, increasing sharply during rapid growth before leveling off at sexual maturity. Mineral-to-matrix ratio and carbonate substitution increased 12% and 6.7%, respectively, per year across young animals during growth, corresponding with a nearly 7% increase in stiffness and hardness. Carbonate substitution and aligned collagen peak height ratio both increased with tissue age, increasing 6-12% across the osteon radii. Indentation modulus most strongly correlated with mineral-to-matrix ratio, which explained 78% of the variation in indentation modulus. Overall, the measured compositional and mechanical parameters were the lowest in tissue of the youngest animals. These results demonstrate that composition and mechanical function are closely related and influenced by tissue and animal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme Burket
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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14
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Appt SE, Ethun KF. Reproductive aging and risk for chronic disease: Insights from studies of nonhuman primates. Maturitas 2010; 67:7-14. [PMID: 20430541 PMCID: PMC2941880 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive aging and ovarian senescence have considerable public health relevance because they are associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD), osteoporosis and other degenerative conditions including cognitive decline and potentially the metabolic syndrome. It has been suggested that the hormonal dysregulation that occurs during the perimenopausal transition may play a role in the initiation of pathobiological changes (e.g., adverse lipid profiles, atherosclerotic plaques) that will increase risk for chronic disease (e.g., CHD) during the postmenopausal years. Moreover, these early changes are suspected to establish a trajectory of disease progression that may be difficult to alter if interventions are not begun until after menopause. Even a slight increase in the rate of disease progression during the pre- or perimenopausal years could have substantial consequences for health and quality of life over the postmenopausal lifespan. Thus, the years leading up to menopause may offer a "critical window" for interventions aimed at reducing the postmenopausal disease burden. The relationship between perimenopausal hormonal dysregulation and the risk for chronic disease is poorly understood due, in large part, to the lack of appropriate animal models of the perimenopausal transition and natural menopause. In this review we assesses studies of nonhuman primates (NHPs) evaluated in various reproductive stages (naturally pre-, peri- and postmenopausal, surgically menopausal) and their contribution to our understanding about risk factors for chronic disease. Finally, because large numbers of naturally perimenopausal and menopausal NHPs are not available for research at present, experimental approaches that have the potential to hasten the onset of the perimenopausal transition will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Appt
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology (Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest University Primate Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA.
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15
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Hansen HL, Bredbenner TL, Nicolella DP, Mahaney MC, Havill LM. Cross-sectional geometry of the femoral midshaft in baboons is heritable. Bone 2009; 45:892-7. [PMID: 19523547 PMCID: PMC3014089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A great deal of research into the determinants of bone strength has unequivocally demonstrated that variation in bone strength is highly subject to genetic factors. Increasing attention in skeletal genetic studies is being paid to indicators of bone quality that complement studies of BMD, including studies of the genetic control of bone geometry. The aim of this study is to investigate the degree to which normal population-level variation in femoral midshaft geometry in a population of pedigreed baboons (Papio hamadryas spp.) can be attributed to the additive effect of genes. Using 110 baboons (80 females, 30 males), we 1) characterize normal variation in midshaft geometry of the femur with regard to age and sex, and 2) determine the degree to which the residual variation is attributable to additive genetic effects. Cross-sectional area (CSA), minimum (I(MIN)) and maximum (I(MAX)) principal moments of inertia, and polar moment of inertia (J) were calculated from digitized images of transverse midshaft sections. Maximum likelihood-based variance decomposition methods were used to estimate the mean effects of age, sex, and genes. Together age and sex effects account for approximately 56% of the variance in each property. In each case the effect of female sex is negative and that of age is positive, although of a lower magnitude than the effect of female sex. Increased age is associated with decreased mean cross-sectional geometry measures in the oldest females. Residual h(2) values range from 0.36 to 0.50, reflecting genetic effects accounting for 15% to 23% of the total phenotypic variance in individual properties. This study establishes the potential of the baboon model for the identification of genes that regulate bone geometric properties in primates. This model is particularly valuable because it allows for experimental designs, environmental consistency, availability of tissues, and comprehensive assessments of multiple integrated bone phenotypes that are not possible in human populations. The baboon is of particular importance in genetic studies, because it provides results that are likely highly relevant to the human condition due to the phylogenetic proximity of baboons to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Hansen
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47408
| | - Todd L. Bredbenner
- Department of Materials Engineering, Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, TX 78238
| | - Daniel P. Nicolella
- Department of Materials Engineering, Southwest Research Institute San Antonio, TX 78238
| | - Michael C. Mahaney
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78227
| | - Lorena M. Havill
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549
- Corresponding Author: Dr. Lorena M. Havill, Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, Texas 78245-0549, Telephone: 210-258-9875, Fax: 210-670-3344,
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Gourion-Arsiquaud S, Burket JC, Havill LM, DiCarlo E, Doty SB, Mendelsohn R, van der Meulen MCH, Boskey AL. Spatial variation in osteonal bone properties relative to tissue and animal age. J Bone Miner Res 2009; 24:1271-81. [PMID: 19210217 PMCID: PMC2697626 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.090201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about osteonal bone mineral and matrix properties, although these properties are of major importance for the understanding of bone alterations related to age and bone diseases such as osteoporosis. During aging, bone undergoes modifications that compromise their structural integrity as shown clinically by the increase of fracture incidence with age. Based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis from baboons between 0 and 32 yr of age, consistent systematic variations in bone properties as a function of tissue age are reported within osteons. The patterns observed were independent of animal age and positively correlated with bone tissue elastic behavior measured by nano-indentation. As long as tissue age is expressed as a percentage of the entire osteon radius, osteonal analyses can be used to characterize disease changes independent of the size of the osteon. These mineral and matrix analyses can be used to explain bone fragility. The mineral content (mineral-to-matrix ratio) was correlated with the animal age in both old (interstitial) and newly formed bone tissue, showing for the first time that age-related changes in BMC can be explain by an alteration in the mineralization process itself and not only by an imbalance in the remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Gourion-Arsiquaud
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Mineralized Tissue Laboratory, Research Division, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jayme C. Burket
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lorena M. Havill
- Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Edward DiCarlo
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Mineralized Tissue Laboratory, Research Division, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen B. Doty
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Mineralized Tissue Laboratory, Research Division, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Marjolein C. H. van der Meulen
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adele L. Boskey
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Mineralized Tissue Laboratory, Research Division, New York, New York, USA
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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17
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Atsalis S, Videan E. Reproductive aging in captive and wild common chimpanzees: factors influencing the rate of follicular depletion. Am J Primatol 2009; 71:271-82. [PMID: 19067363 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We examine and discuss evidence of contrasting differences in fertility patterns between captive and wild female chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, as they age; in the wild females reproduce in their 40s, but captive studies suggest that menopause occurs around that time. Thus, despite the increased longevity generally observed in captive populations reproductive life span is shortened. We outline a hypothesis to explain the apparent differential pace of reproductive decline observed between wild and captive populations. The breeding schedules of captive primates may contribute to accelerated reproductive senescence because continuous cycling in captive animals results in early depletion of the ovarian stock and premature senescence. Available evidence supports the hypothesis that women with patterns of high oocyte loss experience earlier menopause. Chimpanzees in captivity live longer, and thus, similar to humans, they may experience follicular depletion that precedes death by many years. In captivity, chimpanzees typically have an early age at menarche and first birth, shorter interbirth intervals associated with short lactational periods as young mature faster, and nursery rearing, which allows mothers to begin cycling earlier. Variables typical of wild chimpanzee populations, including late age at menarche and first birth, long interbirth intervals associated with prolonged lactational periods, and a long period of female infertility after immigration, spare ovulations and may be responsible for the later age at reproductive termination. Finally, we describe and discuss the timing of specific reproductive landmarks that occur as female chimpanzees age, distinguishing between functional menopause (age at last birth) and operational menopause (end of cycling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Atsalis
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
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18
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Schlabritz-Loutsevitch NE, Moore CM, Lopez-Alvarenga JC, Dunn BG, Dudley D, Hubbard GB. The baboon model (Papio hamadryas) of fetal loss: maternal weight, age, reproductive history and pregnancy outcome. J Med Primatol 2009; 37:337-45. [PMID: 19017195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several risk factors are associated with the incidence of human stillbirths. The prevention of stillbirths in women is a pressing clinical problem. METHODS We reviewed 402 pathology records of fetal loss occurring in a large baboon (Papio spp.) colony during a 15-year period. Clinical histories of 565 female baboons with one or more fetal losses during a 20-year period were analyzed for weight, age, and reproductive history. RESULTS Fetal loss was most common at term (35.57%) and preterm (28.61%) and less common in the first half of gestation (11.20%) and post-term (5.22%). Greater maternal weight, older age, history of stillbirth and higher parity were independent predictors for stillbirth. An exponential increase in the incidence of fetal loss was observed beginning at age 14 years in baboons. CONCLUSIONS Fetal loss and maternal risk factors associated with stillbirths in baboons were similar to those documented in women.
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19
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Havill LM, Levine SM, Newman DE, Mahaney MC. Osteopenia and osteoporosis in adult baboons (Papio hamadryas). J Med Primatol 2008; 37:146-53. [PMID: 18642436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2007.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the degree to which baboons, an important animal model in skeletal research, spontaneously experience age-related osteopenia and osteoporosis. METHODS We measured bone mineral density (BMD) in 667 baboons, assigned T-scores to older animals based on sex-specific young adult reference groups, and compared reproductive history in older females with low BMD to those with normal BMD. RESULTS Approximately 25% of older baboon females were osteopenic. No females or males were osteoporotic. Neither parity nor interbirth interval spine clearly distinguished low vs. normal BMD groups. Intersite correspondence in low BMD was highest between sites in the same region rather than sites of the same bone type. CONCLUSION As with humans, osteopenia is common among older females. The absence of osteoporotic animals may be due to colony maintenance resulting in truncation of the aged population and selection for healthier animals in the oldest ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Havill
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA.
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20
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Walker ML, Herndon JG. Menopause in nonhuman primates? Biol Reprod 2008; 79:398-406. [PMID: 18495681 PMCID: PMC2553520 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.068536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A gradual alteration in the mechanisms underlying reproduction and fertility characterizes the aging process in human females. These changes culminate in menopause, conventionally defined as a cessation of menstrual cycles that marks the end of reproductive capacity. In fact, a central and defining event in menopause is the discontinuation of ovulation, which is correlated with a number of structural and functional changes in the reproductive axis. Despite several decades of research, a degree of uncertainty remains as to whether nonhuman primates undergo menopause, and whether they are suitable models of human reproductive senescence. We review some of the controversies that have clouded our understanding of reproductive aging in nonhuman primates, including issues of definition, timing, comparability of data from wild versus captive populations, and cross-species comparisons. The existing data support the view that menopause occurs in a number of primate species and is not unique to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L. Walker
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - James G. Herndon
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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21
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Grieves JL, Hubbard GB, Williams JT, Vandeberg JL, Dick EJ, López-Alvarenga JC, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch NE. Trypanosoma cruzi in non-human primates with a history of stillbirths: a retrospective study (Papio hamadryas spp.) and case report (Macaca fascicularis). J Med Primatol 2008; 37:318-28. [PMID: 18671769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2008.00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi has been described in humans and experimental work has been conducted with mice, but not with non-human primates (NHPs). METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of female baboons (Papio hamadryas spp.) naturally seropositive or seronegative for T. cruzi with history of fetal loss, and we report a stillbirth in a cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) with placental T. cruzi amastigotes. RESULTS There were no differences in menstrual cycle parameters and the number of fetal losses between seropositive and seronegative baboons with history of fetal loss. The amount of parasite DNA detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) in M. fascicularis placenta was within the range detected in infected baboon tissues. CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence that chronic maternal T. cruzi infection causes fetal loss in baboons. Q-PCR is a useful diagnostic tool to study archived NHP placentas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Grieves
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
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22
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Luth JA, Hubbard GB, Dick EJ, Frazier SR, Barrier BF. Characterization of spontaneous mammary gland carcinomas in female baboons. J Med Primatol 2008; 37:55-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2007.00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Garcia C, Lee PC, Rosetta L. Impact of social environment on variation in menstrual cycle length in captive female olive baboons (Papio anubis). Reproduction 2007; 135:89-97. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-06-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Moore CM, Hubbard GB, Dick E, Dunn BG, Raveendran M, Rogers J, Williams V, Gomez JJ, Butler SD, Leland MM, Schlabritz-Loutsevitch NE. Trisomy 17 in a baboon (Papio hamadryas) with polydactyly, patent foramen ovale and pyelectasis. Am J Primatol 2007; 69:1105-18. [PMID: 17330307 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Trisomy 13 in humans is the third most common autosomal abnormality at birth, after trisomy 21 and trisomy 18. It has a reported incidence of between 1:5,000 and 1:30,000 live births. It is associated with multiple abnormalities, many of which shorten lifespan. We describe here the first reported case of a baboon (Papio hamadryas) with trisomy of chromosome 17, which is homologous to human chromosome 13. The trisomic infant was born to a consanguineous pair of baboons and had morphological characteristics similar to those observed in human trisomy 13, including bilateral polydactyly in the upper limbs, a patent foramen ovale, and pyelectasis. Molecular DNA analysis using human chromosome 13 markers was consistent with the affected infant inheriting two copies of chromosome 17 derived from the same parental chromosome. This trisomy was, therefore, due to either an error in meiosis II or the result of postzygotic nondisjunction. The parental origin, however, could not be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charleen M Moore
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA.
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25
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Caperton L, Eddy C, Leland MM, Carey KD, McCarrey JR. Alteration of the menstrual cycle in baboons placed on tethering devices and moved to individual housing--a stress model for a follicular phase defect. J Med Primatol 2007; 35:341-5. [PMID: 17214661 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2006.00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During an attempt to identify endocrine characteristics in the baboon that would more precisely predict ovulatory status for assisted reproductive techniques, we observed severe alterations in the menstrual cycle length upon introducing an environmental stress. This environmental stress involved moving animals from their baseline gang cage environment to individual indoor caging and placing them on a tethering apparatus. METHODS Five adult female baboons were followed for changes in sex skin indicative of menstrual cycle timing and move from outdoor gang gages to individual indoor cages during the early follicular phase of their cycle. A tether device including a surgically implanted cannula was then installed to facilitate daily blood draws without sedation. Radioimmuonoassays were performed to monitor serum estradiol levels and lapraroscopic surveillance was used to confirm time of ovulation. RESULTS Complete data sets were collected from four of the female baboons. In each case, a prolongation of the menstrual cycle was noted either during the cycle during which the females were moved to indoor caging or during the cycle immediately following the move. This prolongation was isolated to the follicular phase of the affected cycle. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that otherwise normal handling procedures, including movement to new caging, and/or installation of a tether device, can impart a stress effect on reproductively cycling adult female baboons, such that folliculogenesis is delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Caperton
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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26
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27
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Wu JM, Zelinski MB, Ingram DK, Ottinger MA. Ovarian aging and menopause: current theories, hypotheses, and research models. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006; 230:818-28. [PMID: 16339746 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523001106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging of the reproductive system has been studied in numerous vertebrate species. Although there are wide variations in reproductive strategies and hormone cycle components, many of the fundamental changes that occur during aging are similar. Evolutionary hypotheses attempt to explain why menopause occurs, whereas cellular hypotheses attempt to explain how it occurs. It is commonly believed that a disruption in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is responsible for the onset of menopause. Data exist to demonstrate that the first signs of menopause occur at the level of the brain or the ovary. Thus, finding an appropriate and representative animal model is especially important for the advancement of menopause research. In primates, there is a gradual decline in the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis ultimately resulting in irregularities in menstrual cycles and increasingly sporadic incidence of ovulation. Rodents also exhibit a progressive deterioration in HPG axis function; however, they also experience a period of constant estrus accompanied by intermittent ovulations, reduced progesterone levels, and elevated circulating estradiol levels. It is remarkable to observe that females of other classes also demonstrate deterioration in HPG axis function and ovarian failure. Comparisons of aging in various taxa provide insight into fundamental biological mechanisms of aging that could underlie reproductive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Wu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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28
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Robbins AM, Robbins MM, Gerald-Steklis N, Steklis HD. Age-related patterns of reproductive success among female mountain gorillas. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2006; 131:511-21. [PMID: 16941601 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A key goal of life history theory is to explain the effects of age and parity on the reproductive success of iteroparous organisms. Age-related patterns may be influenced by changes in maternal experience or physical condition, and they may reflect maternal investment trade-offs between current versus future reproduction. This article examines the influences of age and parity upon the interbirth intervals (IBI), offspring survival, and birth rates of 66 female mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcano region from 1967-2004. Fertility was relatively low for females below age 12; improved as they matured; and then declined as they aged further. Primiparous mothers had 50% higher offspring mortality and 20% longer IBI than second-time mothers, though only the difference with IBI was statistically significant. The length of subsequent IBI was positively correlated with birth order but not with the mother's age. Mountain gorillas showed no evidence of an extended postreproductive lifespan. Age-related patterns seem most likely to reflect changes in the physical condition of the mother, but more detailed studies are needed to quantify those physical differences, and to obtain behavioral evidence that would provide more direct measures of maternal investment and experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Robbins
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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29
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Havill LM, Cox LA, Rogers J, Mahaney MC. Cross-species replication of a serum osteocalcin quantitative trait locus on human chromosome 16q in pedigreed baboons. Calcif Tissue Int 2005; 77:205-11. [PMID: 16193232 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-005-0056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteocalcin (OC), a serum marker of bone formation, in its intact form reflects osteoblast activity. It is of interest to clinicians and bone biologists due to easy measurability and potential utility as an identifier of those at risk for fracture and other complications associated with bone metabolism disorders. The only published linkage study in humans shows significant evidence for a quantitative trait locus (QTL) affecting OC levels on 16q. We used the baboon, a primate model for skeletal maintenance and turnover, to detect and quantify the effects of genes on serum OC levels and to localize chromosomal regions harboring the responsible loci. We assayed OC levels in 591 pedigreed animals, assessed OC heritability, and conducted a genomewide linkage scan for evidence of QTLs affecting this phenotype. Heritability in these baboons is 0.24. Suggestive linkage is evident with markers in a region homologous to human chromosome 16q. This first genomewide linkage scan in a nonhuman primate for QTLs affecting bone formation as reflected by OC levels provides cross-species replication of the QTL on chromosome 16q previously localized in humans. Given the concordance of results of the only two genome scans for this trait in two primate species, further studies of this region are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Havill
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA.
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30
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Havill LM, Mahaney MC, Rogers J. Genotype-by-sex and environment-by-sex interactions influence variation in serum levels of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase in adult baboons (Papio hamadryas). Bone 2004; 35:198-203. [PMID: 15207757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2004.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Revised: 02/03/2004] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
While more than 77% of the people in the US with osteoporosis are women, the contributions of genotype-by-sex (G x S) and environment-by-sex interactions to sex differences in osteoporosis risk factors have not been studied. To address this issue, we conducted a statistical genetic analysis of serum concentrations of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (Bone ALP), a highly specific marker of osteoblast function that is elevated in persons with conditions like osteoporosis characterized by excessive bone turnover or rapid bone loss. We assayed Bone ALP from 657 pedigreed baboons using a commercially available ELISA kit. Using a maximum likelihood variance decomposition approach, we treated sex as an environmental milieu in which genes influencing Bone ALP levels are expressed. We modeled the genetic covariance in Bone ALP between all relative pairs conditional on their sex so that the covariance is the product of the kinship, the genetic correlation between trait levels in the two sexes, and the genetic variances in the two sexes. Sex-specific maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) of residual heritability for Bone ALP were greater for females than for males (h2 = 0.44 vs. h2 = 0.26, respectively), but likelihood ratio tests revealed only a marginally significant difference in sex-specific genetic variances (P = 0.057). In contrast, the between-sex genetic correlation (rhoG = 0.43) was significantly less than 1.0 (P = 0.037), and the difference in sex-specific environmental variances was highly significant (P = 0.00006). We report the first evidence for G x S interactions influencing variation in an osteoporosis risk factor. The diminished between-sex genetic correlation implies that different genes influence Bone ALP levels in the two sexes. The significant differences between environmental variances suggest that unmeasured factors, including those from the internal, biological environments of the two sexes, account for a greater proportion of the Bone ALP variation in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Havill
- Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA.
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