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Xu M, Wang W, Cheng J, Qu H, Xu M, Wang L. Effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on cellular function: Role in atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116587. [PMID: 38636397 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, an immunoinflammatory disease of medium and large arteries, is associated with life-threatening clinical events, such as acute coronary syndromes and stroke. Chronic inflammation and impaired lipoprotein metabolism are considered to be among the leading causes of atherosclerosis, while numerous risk factors, including arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and aging, can contribute to the development of the disease. In recent years, emerging evidence has underlined the key role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is believed to result in an increase in reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and intracellular lipid deposition, all of which can contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Critical cells, including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages, play an important role in atherosclerosis. Mitochondrial function is also involved in maintaining the normal function of these cells. To better understand the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, this review summarizes the findings of recent studies and discusses the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the risk factors and critical cells of atherosclerosis. FACTS: OPEN QUESTIONS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwen Xu
- Clinical Skills Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingpei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; Basic Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hongen Qu
- Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Minjuan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Liefeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; Basic Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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Bernardi P, Gerle C, Halestrap AP, Jonas EA, Karch J, Mnatsakanyan N, Pavlov E, Sheu SS, Soukas AA. Identity, structure, and function of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore: controversies, consensus, recent advances, and future directions. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1869-1885. [PMID: 37460667 PMCID: PMC10406888 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) describes a Ca2+-dependent and cyclophilin D (CypD)-facilitated increase of inner mitochondrial membrane permeability that allows diffusion of molecules up to 1.5 kDa in size. It is mediated by a non-selective channel, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Sustained mPTP opening causes mitochondrial swelling, which ruptures the outer mitochondrial membrane leading to subsequent apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and is implicated in a range of pathologies. However, transient mPTP opening at various sub-conductance states may contribute several physiological roles such as alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics and rapid Ca2+ efflux. Since its discovery decades ago, intensive efforts have been made to identify the exact pore-forming structure of the mPT. Both the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) and, more recently, the mitochondrial F1FO (F)-ATP synthase dimers, monomers or c-subunit ring alone have been implicated. Here we share the insights of several key investigators with different perspectives who have pioneered mPT research. We critically assess proposed models for the molecular identity of the mPTP and the mechanisms underlying its opposing roles in the life and death of cells. We provide in-depth insights into current controversies, seeking to achieve a degree of consensus that will stimulate future innovative research into the nature and role of the mPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Christoph Gerle
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Andrew P Halestrap
- School of Biochemistry and Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nelli Mnatsakanyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Evgeny Pavlov
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shey-Shing Sheu
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Alexander A Soukas
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Lee YH, Kuk MU, So MK, Song ES, Lee H, Ahn SK, Kwon HW, Park JT, Park SC. Targeting Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress as a Strategy to Treat Aging and Age-Related Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040934. [PMID: 37107309 PMCID: PMC10136354 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are one of the organelles undergoing rapid alteration during the senescence process. Senescent cells show an increase in mitochondrial size, which is attributed to the accumulation of defective mitochondria, which causes mitochondrial oxidative stress. Defective mitochondria are also targets of mitochondrial oxidative stress, and the vicious cycle between defective mitochondria and mitochondrial oxidative stress contributes to the onset and development of aging and age-related diseases. Based on the findings, strategies to reduce mitochondrial oxidative stress have been suggested for the effective treatment of aging and age-related diseases. In this article, we discuss mitochondrial alterations and the consequent increase in mitochondrial oxidative stress. Then, the causal role of mitochondrial oxidative stress on aging is investigated by examining how aging and age-related diseases are exacerbated by induced stress. Furthermore, we assess the importance of targeting mitochondrial oxidative stress for the regulation of aging and suggest different therapeutic strategies to reduce mitochondrial oxidative stress. Therefore, this review will not only shed light on a new perspective on the role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in aging but also provide effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of aging and age-related diseases through the regulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Haeng Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Uk Kuk
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kyoung So
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seon Song
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Haneur Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Kil Ahn
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Wook Kwon
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Tae Park
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- The Future Life & Society Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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4
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Protasoni M, Serrano M. Targeting Mitochondria to Control Ageing and Senescence. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:352. [PMID: 36839673 PMCID: PMC9960816 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is accompanied by a progressive impairment of cellular function and a systemic deterioration of tissues and organs, resulting in increased vulnerability to multiple diseases. Here, we review the interplay between two hallmarks of ageing, namely, mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular senescence. The targeting of specific mitochondrial features in senescent cells has the potential of delaying or even reverting the ageing process. A deeper and more comprehensive understanding of mitochondrial biology in senescent cells is necessary to effectively face this challenge. Here, we discuss the main alterations in mitochondrial functions and structure in both ageing and cellular senescence, highlighting the differences and similarities between the two processes. Moreover, we describe the treatments available to target these pathways and speculate on possible future directions of anti-ageing and anti-senescence therapies targeting mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Protasoni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Cambridge Institute of Science, Altos Labs, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK
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5
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Molecular mechanisms and consequences of mitochondrial permeability transition. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:266-285. [PMID: 34880425 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00433-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) is a phenomenon that abruptly causes the flux of low molecular weight solutes (molecular weight up to 1,500) across the generally impermeable inner mitochondrial membrane. The mPT is mediated by the so-called mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), a supramolecular entity assembled at the interface of the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. In contrast to mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, which mostly activates apoptosis, mPT can trigger different cellular responses, from the physiological regulation of mitophagy to the activation of apoptosis or necrosis. Although there are several molecular candidates for the mPTP, its molecular nature remains contentious. This lack of molecular data was a significant setback that prevented mechanistic insight into the mPTP, pharmacological targeting and the generation of informative animal models. In recent years, experimental evidence has highlighted mitochondrial F1Fo ATP synthase as a participant in mPTP formation, although a molecular model for its transition to the mPTP is still lacking. Recently, the resolution of the F1Fo ATP synthase structure by cryogenic electron microscopy led to a model for mPTP gating. The elusive molecular nature of the mPTP is now being clarified, marking a turning point for understanding mitochondrial biology and its pathophysiological ramifications. This Review provides an up-to-date reference for the understanding of the mammalian mPTP and its cellular functions. We review current insights into the molecular mechanisms of mPT and validated observations - from studies in vivo or in artificial membranes - on mPTP activity and functions. We end with a discussion of the contribution of the mPTP to human disease. Throughout the Review, we highlight the multiple unanswered questions and, when applicable, we also provide alternative interpretations of the recent discoveries.
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Sartori MR, Navarro CDC, Castilho RF, Vercesi AE. Enhanced resistance to Ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeability transition in the long-lived red-footed tortoise Chelonoidis carbonaria. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:jeb243532. [PMID: 34904632 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between supraphysiological cytosolic Ca2+ levels and mitochondrial redox imbalance mediates the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). The MPT is involved in cell death, diseases and aging. This study compared the liver mitochondrial Ca2+ retention capacity and oxygen consumption in the long-lived red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) with those in the rat as a reference standard. Mitochondrial Ca2+ retention capacity, a quantitative measure of MPT sensitivity, was remarkably higher in tortoises than in rats. This difference was minimized in the presence of the MPT inhibitors ADP and cyclosporine A. However, the Ca2+ retention capacities of tortoise and rat liver mitochondria were similar when both MPT inhibitors were present simultaneously. NADH-linked phosphorylating respiration rates of tortoise liver mitochondria represented only 30% of the maximal electron transport system capacity, indicating a limitation imposed by the phosphorylation system. These results suggested underlying differences in putative MPT structural components [e.g. ATP synthase, adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) and cyclophilin D] between tortoises and rats. Indeed, in tortoise mitochondria, titrations of inhibitors of the oxidative phosphorylation components revealed a higher limitation of ANT. Furthermore, cyclophilin D activity was approximately 70% lower in tortoises than in rats. Investigation of critical properties of mitochondrial redox control that affect MPT demonstrated that tortoise and rat liver mitochondria exhibited similar rates of H2O2 release and glutathione redox status. Overall, our findings suggest that constraints imposed by ANT and cyclophilin D, putative components or regulators of the MPT pore, are associated with the enhanced resistance to Ca2+-induced MPT in tortoises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina R Sartori
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Claudia D C Navarro
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Roger F Castilho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Anibal E Vercesi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-887, Brazil
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Lee YH, Park JY, Lee H, Song ES, Kuk MU, Joo J, Oh S, Kwon HW, Park JT, Park SC. Targeting Mitochondrial Metabolism as a Strategy to Treat Senescence. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113003. [PMID: 34831224 PMCID: PMC8616445 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are one of organelles that undergo significant changes associated with senescence. An increase in mitochondrial size is observed in senescent cells, and this increase is ascribed to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria that generate excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such dysfunctional mitochondria are prime targets for ROS-induced damage, which leads to the deterioration of oxidative phosphorylation and increased dependence on glycolysis as an energy source. Based on findings indicating that senescent cells exhibit mitochondrial metabolic alterations, a strategy to induce mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming has been proposed to treat aging and age-related diseases. In this review, we discuss senescence-related mitochondrial changes and consequent mitochondrial metabolic alterations. We assess the significance of mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming for senescence regulation and propose the appropriate control of mitochondrial metabolism to ameliorate senescence. Learning how to regulate mitochondrial metabolism will provide knowledge for the control of aging and age-related pathologies. Further research focusing on mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming will be an important guide for the development of anti-aging therapies, and will provide novel strategies for anti-aging interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Haeng Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (J.Y.P.); (H.L.); (E.S.S.); (M.U.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Ji Yun Park
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (J.Y.P.); (H.L.); (E.S.S.); (M.U.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Haneur Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (J.Y.P.); (H.L.); (E.S.S.); (M.U.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Eun Seon Song
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (J.Y.P.); (H.L.); (E.S.S.); (M.U.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Myeong Uk Kuk
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (J.Y.P.); (H.L.); (E.S.S.); (M.U.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Junghyun Joo
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (J.Y.P.); (H.L.); (E.S.S.); (M.U.K.); (J.J.)
| | - Sekyung Oh
- Department of Medical Sciences, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon 22711, Korea;
| | - Hyung Wook Kwon
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (J.Y.P.); (H.L.); (E.S.S.); (M.U.K.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.K.); (J.T.P.); ; (S.C.P.); Tel.: +82-32-835-8090 (H.W.K.); +82-32-835-8841 (J.T.P.); +82-10-5495-9200 (S.C.P.)
| | - Joon Tae Park
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea; (Y.H.L.); (J.Y.P.); (H.L.); (E.S.S.); (M.U.K.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (H.W.K.); (J.T.P.); ; (S.C.P.); Tel.: +82-32-835-8090 (H.W.K.); +82-32-835-8841 (J.T.P.); +82-10-5495-9200 (S.C.P.)
| | - Sang Chul Park
- The Future Life & Society Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.W.K.); (J.T.P.); ; (S.C.P.); Tel.: +82-32-835-8090 (H.W.K.); +82-32-835-8841 (J.T.P.); +82-10-5495-9200 (S.C.P.)
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Morciano G, Naumova N, Koprowski P, Valente S, Sardão VA, Potes Y, Rimessi A, Wieckowski MR, Oliveira PJ. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore: an evolving concept critical for cell life and death. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2489-2521. [PMID: 34155777 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize current knowledge of perhaps one of the most intriguing phenomena in cell biology: the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). This phenomenon, which was initially observed as a sudden loss of inner mitochondrial membrane impermeability caused by excessive calcium, has been studied for almost 50 years, and still no definitive answer has been provided regarding its mechanisms. From its initial consideration as an in vitro artifact to the current notion that the mPTP is a phenomenon with physiological and pathological implications, a long road has been travelled. We here summarize the role of mitochondria in cytosolic calcium control and the evolving concepts regarding the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) and the mPTP. We show how the evolving mPTP models and mechanisms, which involve many proposed mitochondrial protein components, have arisen from methodological advances and more complex biological models. We describe how scientific progress and methodological advances have allowed milestone discoveries on mPTP regulation and composition and its recognition as a valid target for drug development and a critical component of mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Morciano
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, Via Corriera 1, Cotignola, Ravenna, 48033, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Natalia Naumova
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua Medical School, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova, 35128, Italy
| | - Piotr Koprowski
- Laboratory of Intracellular Ion Channels, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Sara Valente
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Vilma A Sardão
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
| | - Yaiza Potes
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, UC Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, 3060-197, Portugal
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Jia K, Du H. Mitochondrial Permeability Transition: A Pore Intertwines Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:649. [PMID: 33804048 PMCID: PMC8001058 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is the greatest risk factor for aging-related brain disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the detailed mechanisms that mechanistically link aging and AD remain elusive. In recent years, a mitochondrial hypothesis of brain aging and AD has been accentuated. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is a mitochondrial response to intramitochondrial and intracellular stresses. mPTP overactivation has been implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and AD brains. This review summarizes the up-to-date progress in the study of mPTP in aging and AD and attempts to establish a link between brain aging and AD from a perspective of mPTP-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Jia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA;
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Scialo F, Sanz A. Coenzyme Q redox signalling and longevity. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:187-205. [PMID: 33450379 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell. They produce a significant amount of the energy we need to grow, survive and reproduce. The same system that generates energy in the form of ATP also produces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species (mtROS) were considered for many years toxic by-products of metabolism, responsible for ageing and many degenerative diseases. Today, we know that mtROS are essential redox messengers required to determine cell fate and maintain cellular homeostasis. Most mtROS are produced by respiratory complex I (CI) and complex III (CIII). How and when CI and CIII produce ROS is determined by the redox state of the Coenzyme Q (CoQ) pool and the proton motive force (pmf) generated during respiration. During ageing, there is an accumulation of defective mitochondria that generate high levels of mtROS. This causes oxidative stress and disrupts redox signalling. Here, we review how mtROS are generated in young and old mitochondria and how CI and CIII derived ROS control physiological and pathological processes. Finally, we discuss why damaged mitochondria amass during ageing as well as methods to preserve mitochondrial redox signalling with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Scialo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Traslazionali, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alberto Sanz
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Panel M, Ghaleh B, Morin D. Mitochondria and aging: A role for the mitochondrial transition pore? Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12793. [PMID: 29888494 PMCID: PMC6052406 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular mechanisms responsible for aging are poorly understood. Aging is considered as a degenerative process induced by the accumulation of cellular lesions leading progressively to organ dysfunction and death. The free radical theory of aging has long been considered the most relevant to explain the mechanisms of aging. As the mitochondrion is an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), this organelle is regarded as a key intracellular player in this process and a large amount of data supports the role of mitochondrial ROS production during aging. Thus, mitochondrial ROS, oxidative damage, aging, and aging-dependent diseases are strongly connected. However, other features of mitochondrial physiology and dysfunction have been recently implicated in the development of the aging process. Here, we examine the potential role of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in normal aging and in aging-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Panel
- INSERM U955, équipe 3; Créteil France
- Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC; Créteil France
| | - Bijan Ghaleh
- INSERM U955, équipe 3; Créteil France
- Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC; Créteil France
| | - Didier Morin
- INSERM U955, équipe 3; Créteil France
- Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, DHU A-TVB, UPEC; Créteil France
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12
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Müller M, Ahumada-Castro U, Sanhueza M, Gonzalez-Billault C, Court FA, Cárdenas C. Mitochondria and Calcium Regulation as Basis of Neurodegeneration Associated With Aging. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:470. [PMID: 30057523 PMCID: PMC6053519 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Age is the main risk factor for the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. A decline of mitochondrial function has been observed in several age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases and may be a major contributing factor in their progression. Recent findings have shown that mitochondrial fitness is tightly regulated by Ca2+ signals, which are altered long before the onset of measurable histopathology hallmarks or cognitive deficits in several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most frequent cause of dementia. The transfer of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the mitochondria, facilitated by the presence of mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), is essential for several physiological mitochondrial functions such as respiration. Ca2+ transfer to mitochondria must be finely regulated because excess Ca2+ will disturb oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), thereby increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to cellular damage observed in both aging and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, excess Ca2+ and ROS trigger the opening of the mitochondrial transition pore mPTP, leading to loss of mitochondrial function and cell death. mPTP opening probably increases with age and its activity has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. As Ca2+ seems to be the initiator of the mitochondrial failure that contributes to the synaptic deficit observed during aging and neurodegeneration, in this review, we aim to look at current evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction caused by Ca2+ miscommunication in neuronal models of neurodegenerative disorders related to aging, with special emphasis on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marioly Müller
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Mario Sanhueza
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Felipe A Court
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - César Cárdenas
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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Rottenberg H, Hoek JB. The path from mitochondrial ROS to aging runs through the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Aging Cell 2017; 16:943-955. [PMID: 28758328 PMCID: PMC5595682 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) is strongly associated with mitochondrial and cellular oxidative damage, aging, and degenerative diseases. However, mROS also induces pathways of protection of mitochondria that slow aging, inhibit cell death, and increase lifespan. Recent studies show that the activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), which is triggered by mROS and mitochondrial calcium overloading, is enhanced in aged animals and humans and in aging-related degenerative diseases. mPTP opening initiates further production and release of mROS that damage both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, proteins, and phospholipids, and also releases matrix NAD that is hydrolyzed in the intermembrane space, thus contributing to the depletion of cellular NAD that accelerates aging. Oxidative damage to calcium transporters leads to calcium overload and more frequent opening of mPTP. Because aging enhances the opening of the mPTP and mPTP opening accelerates aging, we suggest that mPTP opening drives the progression of aging. Activation of the mPTP is regulated, directly and indirectly, not only by the mitochondrial protection pathways that are induced by mROS, but also by pro-apoptotic signals that are induced by DNA damage. We suggest that the integration of these contrasting signals by the mPTP largely determines the rate of cell aging and the initiation of cell death, and thus animal lifespan. The suggestion that the control of mPTP activation is critical for the progression of aging can explain the conflicting and confusing evidence regarding the beneficial and deleterious effects of mROS on health and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagai Rottenberg
- New Hope Biomedical R&D; 23 W. Bridge Street New Hope PA 18038 USA
| | - Jan B. Hoek
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Cell Biology; MitoCare Center; Thomas Jefferson University; Philadelphia PA 19107 USA
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14
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2',3'-Cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase as a messenger of protection of the mitochondrial function during melatonin treatment in aging. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1859:94-103. [PMID: 27836641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The process of aging is considered to be tightly related to mitochondrial dysfunction. One of the causes of aging is an increased sensitivity to the induction of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening in the inner membrane of mitochondria. Melatonin, a natural antioxidant, is a hormone produced by the pineal gland. The role of melatonin whose level decreases with aging is well understood. In the present study, we demonstrated that long-term treatment of aged rats with melatonin improved the functional state of mitochondria; thus, the Ca2+ capacity was enhanced and mitochondrial swelling was deaccelerated in mitochondria. Melatonin prevented mPTP and impaired the release of cytochrome c and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) from mitochondria of both young and aged rats. Our data suggest that melatonin retains СNPase inside mitochondria, thereby providing the protection of the protein against deleterious effects of 2',3'-cAMP in aging.
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15
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Faulk C, Barks A, Sánchez BN, Zhang Z, Anderson OS, Peterson KE, Dolinoy DC. Perinatal lead (Pb) exposure results in sex-specific effects on food intake, fat, weight, and insulin response across the murine life-course. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104273. [PMID: 25105421 PMCID: PMC4126699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental lead (Pb) exposure has been associated with lower body weight in human infants and late onset obesity in mice. We determined the association of perinatal Pb exposure in mice with changes in obesity-related phenotypes into adulthood. Mice underwent exposure via maternal drinking water supplemented with 0 (control), 2.1 (low), 16 (medium), or 32 (high) ppm Pb-acetate two weeks prior to mating through lactation. Offspring were phenotyped at ages 3, 6, and 9 months for energy expenditure, spontaneous activity, food intake, body weight, body composition, and at age 10 months for glucose tolerance. Data analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for litter effects. Exposed females and males exhibited increased energy expenditure as compared to controls (p<0.0001 for both). In females, horizontal activity differed significantly from controls (p = 0.02) over the life-course. Overall, food intake increased in exposed females and males (p<0.0008 and p<0.0001, respectively) with significant linear trends at 9 months in females (p = 0.01) and 6 months in males (p<0.01). Body weight was significantly increased in males at the medium and high exposures (p = 0.001 and p = 0.006). Total body fat differed among exposed females and males (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively). Insulin response was significantly increased in medium exposure males (p<0.05). Perinatal Pb exposure at blood lead levels between 4.1 µg/dL and 32 µg/dL is associated with increased food intake, body weight, total body fat, energy expenditure, activity, and insulin response in mice. Physiological effects of developmental Pb exposure persist and vary according to sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Faulk
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Amanda Barks
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brisa N. Sánchez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Olivia S. Anderson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Peterson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dana C. Dolinoy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Krestinina OV, Odinokova IV, Baburina YL, Azarashvili TS. Age-related effect of melatonin on permeability transition pore opening in rat brain mitochondria. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747813040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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17
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Combined effects of aging and in vitro non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs on kidney and liver mitochondrial physiology. Life Sci 2013; 93:329-37. [PMID: 23872100 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Aging and drug-induced side effects may contribute to deteriorate mitochondrial bioenergetics in many tissues, including kidney and liver. One possibility is that the combination of both aging and drug toxicity accelerates the process of mitochondrial degradation, leading to progressive bioenergetic disruption. We therefore analyzed in vitro kidney (KM) and liver (LM) mitochondrial response to salicylate and diclofenac in old and adult animals. MAIN METHODS Male-Wistar adult (19-wks) and aged (106-wks) rats were used. In vitro endpoints of oxygen consumption and membrane potential were evaluated in non-treated conditions (vehicle) and in the presence of salicylate (0.5mM) and diclofenac (50μM). The susceptibility to calcium-induced permeability transition pore (MPTP) was assessed. Aconitase and C, -SH and MDA contents were measured. Apoptotic signaling was followed by measuring caspase 3, 8 and 9 activities, Bax, Bcl2 and CypD expression. ANT content was semi-quantified. KEY FINDINGS In general, animal age alone compromised KM state 3 and LM ADP lag phase while resulting in decreased resistance to the MPTP. Aging decreased LM CypD and increased Mn-SOD. Kidney caspase 9-like activity was lower in aged group. Salicylate and diclofenac induced KM and LM dysfunction. ADP lag phase in KM was further increased in the aged group in the presence of diclofenac. No further impairments were observed regarding drug toxicity adding to the aging process. SIGNIFICANCE Aging impaired KM and LM function despite no detected alterations on oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, aging did not further exacerbate KM and LM frailty induced by salicylate and diclofenac.
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18
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Zhang SB, Maguire D, Zhang M, Zhang A, Zhang L, Swarts S, Okunieff P. Maternal Bias in Mouse Radiosensitivity: The Role of the Mitochondrial PTP. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 789:251-256. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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19
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Anderson OS, Peterson KE, Sanchez BN, Zhang Z, Mancuso P, Dolinoy DC. Perinatal bisphenol A exposure promotes hyperactivity, lean body composition, and hormonal responses across the murine life course. FASEB J 2013; 27:1784-92. [PMID: 23345456 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-223545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of adult-onset diseases is influenced by perinatal exposure to altered environmental conditions. One such exposure, bisphenol A (BPA), has been associated with obesity and diabetes, and consequently labeled an obesogen. Using an isogenic murine model, we examined the effects of perinatal exposure through maternal diet to 50 ng (n=20), 50 μg (n=21), or 50 mg (n=18) BPA/kg diet, as well as controls (n=20) on offspring energy expenditure, spontaneous activity, and body composition at 3, 6, and 9 mo of age, and hormone levels at 9 and 10 mo of age. Overall, exposed females and males exhibited increased energy expenditure (P<0.001 and 0.001, respectively) throughout the life course. In females, horizontal and vertical activity increased (P=0.07 and 0.06, respectively) throughout the life course. Generally, body composition measures were not different throughout the life course in exposed females or males (all P>0.44), although body fat and weight decreased in exposed females at particular ages (all P<0.08). Milligram-exposed females had improved glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and leptin profiles (all P<0.10). Thus, life-course analysis illustrates that BPA is associated with hyperactive and lean phenotypes. Variability across studies may be attributable to differential exposure duration and timing, dietary fat and phytoestrogen content, or lack of sophisticated phenotyping across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S Anderson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2029, USA
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20
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Changes in the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in aging and age-associated diseases. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 134:1-9. [PMID: 23287740 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process associated with impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetic function, increased oxidative stress, attenuated ability to respond to stresses and increased risk in contracting age-associated diseases. When mitochondria are subjected to oxidative stress, accompanied by calcium overload and ATP depletion, they undergo "a permeability transition", characterized by sudden induced change of the inner mitochondrial membrane permeability for water as well as for low-molecular weight solutes (≤1.5kDa), resulting in membrane depolarization and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Research interest in the entity responsible for this phenomenon, the "mitochondrial permeability transition pore" (MPTP) has dramatically increased after demonstration that it plays a key role in the life and death decision in cells. The molecular structure and identity of MPTP is not yet known, although the pore is thought to exist as multiprotein complex. Some evidence indicate that the sensitivity of mitochondria to Ca(2+)-induced MPTP opening increases with aging; however the basis of this difference is unknown. Changes in MPTP structure and/or function may have important implications in the aging process and aged-associated diseases. This article examines data relevant to this issue. The important role of a principal lipidic counter-partner of the MPTP, cardiolipin, will also be discussed.
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21
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Inoue N, Kinugawa S, Suga T, Yokota T, Hirabayashi K, Kuroda S, Okita K, Tsutsui H. Angiotensin II-induced reduction in exercise capacity is associated with increased oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H1202-10. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00534.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced oxidative stress has been known to be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. We have reported that the oxidative stress in skeletal muscle can limit exercise capacity in mice ( 16 ). We thus hypothesized that ANG II could impair the skeletal muscle energy metabolism and limit exercise capacity via enhancing oxidative stress. ANG II (50 ng·kg−1·min−1) or vehicle was infused into male C57BL/6J mice for 7 days via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps. ANG II did not alter body weight, skeletal muscle weight, blood pressure, cardiac structure, or function. Mice were treadmill tested, and expired gases were analyzed. The work to exhaustion (vertical distance × body weight) and peak oxygen uptake were significantly decreased in ANG II compared with vehicle. In mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscle, ADP-dependent respiration was comparable between ANG II and vehicle, but ADP-independent respiration was significantly increased in ANG II. Furthermore, complex I and III activities were decreased in ANG II. NAD(P)H oxidase activity and superoxide production by lucigenin chemiluminescence were significantly increased in skeletal muscle from ANG II mice. Treatment of ANG II mice with apocynin (10 mmol/l in drinking water), an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase activation, completely inhibited NAD(P)H oxidase activity and improved exercise capacity, mitochondrial respiration, and complex activities in skeletal muscle. ANG II-induced oxidative stress can impair mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle and limit exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Satoshi Kuroda
- Neurosurgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo; and
| | - Koichi Okita
- Graduate School of Program in Lifelong Learning Studies, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Japan
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22
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Abstract
Melatonin is a natural occurring compound with well-known antioxidant properties. Melatonin is ubiquitously distributed and because of its small size and amphiphilic nature, it is able to reach easily all cellular and subcellular compartments. The highest intracellular melatonin concentrations are found in mitochondria, raising the possibility of functional significance for this targeting with involvement in situ in mitochondrial activities. Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell, are considered to be the most important cellular organelles to contribute to degenerative processes mainly through respiratory chain dysfunction and formation of reactive oxygen species, leading to damage to mitochondrial proteins, lipids and DNA. Therefore, protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage could be an effective therapeutic strategy against cellular degenerative processes. Many of the beneficial effects of melatonin administration may depend on its effect on mitochondrial physiology. Cardiolipin, a phospholipid located at the level of inner mitochondrial membrane is known to be intimately involved in several mitochondrial bioenergetic processes as well as in mitochondrial-dependent steps of apoptosis. Alterations to cardiolipin structure, content and acyl chain composition have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple tissues in several physiopathological situations and aging. Recently, melatonin was reported to protect the mitochondria from oxidative damage by preventing cardiolipin oxidation and this may explain, at least in part, the beneficial effect of this molecule in mitochondrial physiopathology. In this review, we discuss the role of melatonin in preventing mitochondrial dysfunction and disease.
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Increased susceptibility to Ca(2+)-induced permeability transition and to cytochrome c release in rat heart mitochondria with aging: effect of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2010; 48:340-6. [PMID: 20345745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a decline of cardiac function. The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) may be a factor in cardiac dysfunction associated with aging. We investigated the effect of aging and long-term treatment with melatonin (approximately 10 mg/kg b.w./day for 2 months), a known natural antioxidant, on the susceptibility to Ca(2+)-induced MPT opening and cytochrome c release in rat heart mitochondria. The mitochondrial content of normal and oxidized cardiolipin as a function of aging and melatonin treatment was also analyzed. Mitochondria from aged rats (24 month old) displayed an increased susceptibility to Ca(2+)-induced MPT opening, associated with an elevated release of cytochrome c, when compared with young control animals (5 month old). Melatonin treatment counteracted both these processes. Aging was also associated with an oxidation/depletion of cardiolipin which could be counteracted as well by melatonin. It is proposed that the increased level of oxidized cardiolipin could be responsible, at least in part, for the increased susceptibility to Ca(2+)-induced MPT opening and cytochrome c release in rat heart mitochondria with aging. Melatonin treatment counteracts both these processes, most likely, by preventing the oxidation/depletion of cardiolipin. Our results might have implications in the necrotic and apoptotic myocytes cell death in aged myocardium, particularly in ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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24
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Zitova A, O'Mahony FC, Cross M, Davenport J, Papkovsky DB. Toxicological profiling of chemical and environmental samples using panels of test organisms and optical oxygen respirometry. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2009; 24:116-127. [PMID: 18442072 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A simple and versatile methodology for high throughput toxicological assessment of chemical and environmental samples is presented. It uses panels of test organisms ranging from prokaryotic (E. coli, V. fischeri) and eukaryotic (Jurkat) cells to invertebrate (Artemia salina) and vertebrate (Danio rerio) organisms, to analyze alterations in their oxygen consumption by optical oxygen respirometry. All the assays are carried out in a convenient microtiter plate format using commercial reagents (phosphorescent oxygen probe, microplates) and detection on a standard fluorescent plate reader. Simple experimental set-up and mix-and-measure procedure allow parallel assessment of up to 96 samples (or assay points) in 2 h, easy generation of dose- and time-dependent responses, and EC(50) values. The methodology was demonstrated with several different classes of chemicals including heavy metal ions, PAHs, pesticides, their mixtures, and also validated with complex environmental samples such as wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant. It has been shown to provide high sensitivity, sample throughput and information content, flexibility and general robustness. It allows ranking and profiling of samples, compares favorably with alternative methods such as MicroTox and mortality tests with animal models, and is well suited for large-scale monitoring programs such as CWA and WFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Zitova
- Biochemistry Department and ABCRF, University College Cork, Cavanagh Pharmacy Building, Cork, Ireland
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25
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Abstract
Advanced age is a strong independent predictor for death, disability, and morbidity in patients with structural heart disease. With the projected increase in the elderly population and the prevalence of age-related cardiovascular disabilities worldwide, the need to understand the biology of the aging heart, the mechanisms for age-mediated cardiac vulnerability, and the development of strategies to limit myocardial dysfunction in the elderly have never been more urgent. Experimental evidence in animal models indicate attenuation in cardioprotective pathways with aging, yet limited information is available regarding age-related changes in the human heart. Human cardiac aging generates a complex phenotype, only partially replicated in animal models. Here, we summarize current understanding of the aging heart stemming from clinical and experimental studies, and we highlight targets for protection of the vulnerable senescent myocardium. Further progress mandates assessment of human tissue to dissect specific aging-associated genomic and proteomic dynamics, and their functional consequences leading to increased susceptibility of the heart to injury, a critical step toward designing novel therapeutic interventions to limit age-related myocardial dysfunction and promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Jahangir
- Marriott Heart Disease Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Chang J, Cornell JE, Van Remmen H, Hakala K, Ward WF, Richardson A. Effect of aging and caloric restriction on the mitochondrial proteome. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2007; 62:223-34. [PMID: 17389719 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/62.3.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat mitochondrial proteome was analyzed using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE), and proteins altered by age or caloric restriction (CR) were identified using mass spectrometry. Of 2061 mitochondrial proteins analyzed in the three tissues, a significant change with age occurred in 25 liver proteins (19 increased, 6 decreased), 3 heart proteins (1 increased, 2 decreased), and 5 skeletal muscle proteins (all increased). CR prevented the age-related change in the level of one liver mitochondrial protein, altered the levels of four proteins (one increased, three decreased) from heart, and one protein (decreased) from skeletal muscle. Identification of the proteins that changed with age or CR revealed that they were varied among the three tissues, that is, not one mitochondrial protein was changed, in common, by age or CR in any tissue studied. Thus, the effect of age on the mitochondrial proteome appears to be tissue-specific, and CR has a minor effect on age-related protein changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsook Chang
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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27
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Pi Y, Goldenthal MJ, Marín-García J. Mitochondrial channelopathies in aging. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:937-51. [PMID: 17426949 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0190-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Revised: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Defects in ion channels (channelopathies) are increasingly found in a large spectrum of human pathologies including aging. Mutations in genes encoding ion channel proteins, which disrupt channel function, are the most commonly identified cause of channelopathies. Mutations in associated proteins, alterations in the expression of ion channels, or changes in the activity of non-mutated channel genes or associated proteins can also produce acquired channelopathies. Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cells, are considered to be the most important cellular organelles to contribute to aging mainly because of their role in the production of reactive oxygen species in the initiation of apoptotic cell remodeling and in efficient ATP synthesis. During the past 50 years, multiple ion channels or transporters have been found in mitochondria, and the relationship between the activity of these channels and cellular aging, as well as the overall cellular biological function, has been intensively studied in a number of cell types and animal models. In this review, we discuss the better characterized mitochondrial ion channels whose dysfunction (mitochondrial channelopathies) may affect or accelerate the aging processes. These channels include the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoK(ATP)), Ca(2+) transporters, voltage-dependent anion channel, and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mitoPTP).
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Affiliation(s)
- YeQing Pi
- The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, 75 Raritan Avenue, Highland Park, NJ 08904, USA
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28
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Abstract
Increased production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria, accumulation of mitochondrial DNA damage, and progressive respiratory chain dysfunction are associated with atherosclerosis or cardiomyopathy in human investigations and animal models of oxidative stress. Moreover, major precursors of atherosclerosis-hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and even the process of aging-all induce mitochondrial dysfunction. Chronic overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species leads to destruction of pancreatic beta-cells, increased oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and dysfunction of endothelial cells-factors that promote atherosclerosis. An additional mechanism by which impaired mitochondrial integrity predisposes to clinical manifestations of vascular diseases relates to vascular cell growth. Mitochondrial function is required for normal vascular cell growth and function. Mitochondrial dysfunction can result in apoptosis, favoring plaque rupture. Subclinical episodes of plaque rupture accelerate the progression of hemodynamically significant atherosclerotic lesions. Flow-limiting plaque rupture can result in myocardial infarction, stroke, and ischemic/reperfusion damage. Much of what is known on reactive oxygen species generation and modulation comes from studies in cultured cells and animal models. In this review, we have focused on linking this large body of literature to the clinical syndromes that predispose humans to atherosclerosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara R Madamanchi
- Carolina Cardiovascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7005, USA
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Sharov VG, Todor A, Khanal S, Imai M, Sabbah HN. Cyclosporine A attenuates mitochondrial permeability transition and improves mitochondrial respiratory function in cardiomyocytes isolated from dogs with heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 42:150-8. [PMID: 17070837 PMCID: PMC2700715 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We used isolated cardiomyocytes to investigate a possible role of mitochondrial permeability transition pore in mitochondrial abnormalities associated with heart failure. Cardiomyocytes were isolated from LV myocardium of normal control dogs and dogs with heart failure produced by intracoronary microembolizations. Mitochondrial permeability transition was measured in isolated cardiomyocytes with intact sarcolemma with and without 0.2 microM cyclosporin A using calcein AM and the fluorometer. State-3 mitochondrial respiration was also measured with the Clark electrode. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured with JC-1 probe using the fluorometer. Propidium iodide was used to ensure sarcolemma integrity. 200 min after loading with calcein AM, mitochondria of failing cardiomyocytes showed only 50% of maximal level of calcein fluorescence while it remained unchanged in normal cells. The mitochondrial membrane potential in failing cardiomyocytes was significantly decreased by 38% compared to normal cardiomyocytes. Cyclosporine A significantly slowed the exit of calcein from mitochondria of failing cardiomyocytes and increased mitochondrial membrane potential by 29%. State-3 respiration was not affected with cyclosporine A in normal cardiomyocytes while it was significantly increased in failing cardiomyocytes by 20%. Exit of calcein (m.w. 1.0 kDa) from mitochondria of viable failing cardiomyocytes with intact sarcolemma suggests an existence of a reversible transitory permeability transition opening in high conductance mode. Attenuation of calcein exit, DeltaPsi(m) and improvement of state-3 respiration achieved with CsA (0.2 microM) show that permeability transition opening could be a cause of mitochondrial dysfunction described in the failing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Sharov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Henry Ford Heart and Vascular Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Cahill A, Hershman S, Davies A, Sykora P. Ethanol feeding enhances age-related deterioration of the rat hepatic mitochondrion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 289:G1115-23. [PMID: 16020655 PMCID: PMC1634830 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00193.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic ethanol feeding damages the hepatic mitochondrion by increasing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) oxidation, lowering mtDNA yields and impairing mitochondrial respiration. These effects are also seen during aging. By employing a 21-day chronic feeding regimen, we investigated the effects of ethanol consumption on mtDNA content and mitochondrial respiration in 2-, 12-, and 24-mo-old male rats. Aging resulted in decreased mtDNA content, increased mtDNA damage (as indicated by inhibition of Taq polymerase progression), and a decline in state 3 respiration; effects that were further exacerbated by ethanol feeding. Additionally, ethanol consumption caused an increase in the levels of citrate synthase while not impacting mitochondrial protein content. In conclusion, ethanol and aging combine to cause deterioration in the structural and functional integrity of the hepatic mitochondrion. The additive effects of aging and ethanol feeding may have serious consequences for hepatic energy metabolism in aged animals, and their detrimental combination may serve as one of the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Cahill
- Dept. of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Stuart JA, Bourque BM, de Souza-Pinto NC, Bohr VA. No evidence of mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction in OGG1-null mice deficient in removal of 8-oxodeoxyguanine from mitochondrial DNA. Free Radic Biol Med 2005; 38:737-45. [PMID: 15721984 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Revised: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 12/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of high levels of mutagenic oxidative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lesions like 8-oxodeoxyguanine (8-oxodG) is thought to be involved in the development of mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and in disorders associated with aging. Mice null for oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) are deficient in 8-oxodG removal and accumulate 8-oxodG in mtDNA to levels 20-fold higher than in wild-type mice (N.C. Souza-Pinto et al., 2001, Cancer Res. 61, 5378-5381). We have used these animals to investigate the effects on mitochondrial function of accumulating this particular oxidative base modification. Despite the presence of high levels of 8-oxodG, mitochondria isolated from livers and hearts of Ogg1-/- mice were functionally normal. No differences were detected in maximal (chemically uncoupled) respiration rates, ADP phosphorylating respiration rates, or nonphosphorylating rates with glutamate/malate or with succinate/rotenone. Similarly, maximal activities of respiratory complexes I and IV from liver and heart were not different between wild-type and Ogg1-/- mice. In addition, there was no indication of increased oxidative stress in mitochondria from Ogg1-/- mice, as measured by mitochondrial protein carbonyl content. We conclude, therefore, that highly elevated levels of 8-oxodG in mtDNA do not cause mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Stuart
- Department of Biology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada L2S 3A1
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Abstract
AIMS Mitochondria are responsible for meeting the majority of the energetic demand of most tissues. They also play a major role in regulating cell survival. These dual roles of mitochondria place them at the centre of many pathologies leading to tissue degeneration and disruption of energy balance. The prominent role of mitochondria in ageing and disease has led to a tremendous growth in mitochondrial research at the cellular and molecular level. We describe below a new non-invasive approach to measure mitochondrial function that will bridge the gap between our understanding of mitochondrial function in vitro and that in the intact organism. METHODS AND RESULTS This approach uses optical and magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure in vivo O2 consumption and ATP synthesis rates, respectively, from skeletal muscle. These values lead to a quantitative assessment of the mitochondrial ATP/O2 or P/O. The P/O represents the efficiency of coupling between phosphorylation and oxygen consumption in the mitochondria, which is a measure of mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS This work represents a significant advance in research on the role of mitochondria in degenerative disease and ageing because it allows a quantitative measure of mitochondrial pathology in vivo. The non-invasive nature of this approach also enables repeated measures of mitochondrial function on the same individual, thereby making this a potentially useful diagnostic technique. The results from this work have led to insights into the coupling of ATP synthesis to oxidation and the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation by intracellular PO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Grattagliano I, Portincasa P, Cocco T, Moschetta A, Di Paola M, Palmieri VO, Palasciano G. Effect of dietary restriction and N-acetylcysteine supplementation on intestinal mucosa and liver mitochondrial redox status and function in aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2005; 39:1323-32. [PMID: 15489055 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Revised: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The age-related changes of glutathione (GSH) levels and the effect of hypocaloric regimen and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation were investigated in intestinal mucosa and liver mitochondria of 28 months rats. Old rats exhibited lower proteins, GSH and protein sulphydrils (PSH) concentrations, higher GSH-peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and protein carbonyl deposit, partial inhibition of succinate stimulated mitochondrial state III respiration and decreased mitochondrial nitrosothiols (RSNO) concentration. Lower electric potential and current intensity were found in the colonic mucosa. Old rats undergone hypocaloric regimen showed higher intestinal concentrations of GSH, lower oxidized protein accumulation and GSH-Px activity and higher mitochondrial RSNO levels. Mitochondrial state III respiration and intestinal transport were improved. NAC supplementation enhanced GSH and PSH levels in the ileal but not in the colonic mucosa, GSH and RSNO in liver mitochondria, while GSH-Px and protein carbonyls were decreased everywhere. Mitochondrial respiration ameliorated. In conclusion, ageing is characterized by a spread decrease of GSH concentrations, increased protein oxidation and decreased mitochondrial NO content. Hypocaloric diet ameliorated intestinal transport and, as well as NAC, was effective in enhancing GSH levels but at different extent according to the investigated districts. Both interventions reduced the age-associated increase of GSH-Px and protein carbonyls and improved mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignazio Grattagliano
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Public Medicine (DIMIMP), University of Bari, P.zza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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Dufour E, Larsson NG. Understanding aging: revealing order out of chaos. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2004; 1658:122-32. [PMID: 15282183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Revised: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aging is often described as an extremely complex process affecting all of the vital parameters of an individual. In this article, we review how understanding of aging evolved from the first analyses of population survival to the identification of the molecular mechanisms regulating life span. Abundant evidence implicates mitochondria in aging and we focus on the three main components of the mitochondrial theory of aging: (1) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, (2) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage accumulation, and (3) progressive respiratory chain dysfunction. Experimental evidence shows a relationship between respiratory chain dysfunction, ROS damage, and aging in most of the model organisms. However, involvement of the mtDNA mutations in the aging process is still debated. We recently created a mutant mouse strain with increased levels of somatic mtDNA mutations causing a progressive respiratory chain deficiency and premature aging. These mice demonstrate the fundamental importance of the accumulation of mtDNA alterations in aging. We present here an integrative model where aging is provoked by a single primary event leading to a variety of effects and secondary causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dufour
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, Karolinska University Hospital, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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Marcinek DJ, Schenkman KA, Ciesielski WA, Conley KE. Mitochondrial coupling in vivo in mouse skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 286:C457-63. [PMID: 14522819 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00237.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of mitochondrial ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption (ratio of ATP and oxygen fluxes, P/O) plays a central role in cellular bioenergetics. Reduced P/O values are associated with mitochondrial pathologies that can lead to reduced capacity for ATP synthesis and tissue degeneration. Previous work found a wide range of values for P/O in normal mitochondria. To measure mitochondrial coupling under physiological conditions, we have developed a procedure for determining the P/O of skeletal muscle in vivo. This technique measures ATPase and oxygen consumption rates during ischemia with31P magnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy, respectively. This novel approach allows the independent quantitative measurement of ATPase and oxygen flux rates in intact tissue. The quantitative measurement of oxygen consumption is made possible by our ability to independently measure the saturations of hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) from optical spectra. Our results indicate that the P/O in skeletal muscle of the mouse hindlimb measured in vivo is 2.16 ± 0.24. The theoretical P/O for resting muscle is 2.33. Systemic treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenol to partially uncouple mitochondria does not affect the ATPase rate in the mouse hindlimb but nearly doubles the rate of oxygen consumption, reducing in vivo P/O to 1.37 ± 0.22. These results indicate that only a small fraction of the oxygen consumption in resting mouse skeletal muscle is nonphosphorylating under physiological conditions, suggesting that mitochondria are more tightly coupled than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Abstract
Oxidative damage has been implicated to be a major factor in the decline in physiologic function that occurs during the aging process. Because mitochondria are a primary site of generation of reactive oxygen species, they have become a major focus of research in this area. Increased oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins, lipid and DNA has been reported to occur with age in several tissues in a variety of organisms. Decreased activity of electron transport chain complexes and increased release of reactive oxygen species from the mitochondria with age suggest that alterations in mitochondrial function occur with age as a consequence of increased oxidative damage. In addition, age-related alterations in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, which could have profound affects on the physiological function of a tissue, could arise from oxidative damage to mitochondria. Alterations in mitochondrial turnover with age could also contribute to an increase in the number of dysfunctional mitochondria with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Van Remmen
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, and GRECC, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78284-7756, USA.
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Abstract
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment leads to marked depletion of dopamine (DA) levels in the nigrostriatal pathway and dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in caudate-putamen and substantia nigra. MPTP is believed to inhibit complex I of the electron transport system leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species. We sought to test the hypotheses that MPTP treatment: (1) leads to dopamine depletion; (2) causes extensive mitochondrial DNA damage, and (3) that these effects would be age dependent. The levels of dopamine and its metabolites, DOPAC and HVA were analyzed by HPLC equipped with electrochemical detection. DNA damage was measured by quantitative PCR in both mitochondrial and nuclear (beta-polymerase) targets from the caudate-putamen, substantia nigra and cerebellum regions of control and MPTP-treated mice. The age groups studied were 22 days and 12 months. MPTP produced no significant effect on the levels of dopamine and its metabolites in young mice whereas in old, there was a significant decrease in this neurotransmitter system after MPTP administration. These 12-month-old mice, when compared to the young mice, showed a significant increase in mitochondrial DNA damage in the caudate-putamen and cerebellum. The latter region also displayed a significant increase in DNA damage in a nuclear gene. After treatment with MPTP, there was an age-dependent increase in DNA damage in mitochondria of the caudate-putamen while there was no significant DNA damage in the nuclear target. MPTP treatment led to damage in both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA of the substantia nigra, while there was no damage in either mitochondria or nucleus in cerebellum which was used as a negative control.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Mandavilli
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences, 111 Alexander Drive, Box 12233, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Toescu EC, Myronova N, Verkhratsky A. Age-related structural and functional changes of brain mitochondria. Cell Calcium 2000; 28:329-38. [PMID: 11115372 DOI: 10.1054/ceca.2000.0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Normal ageing is associated with a gradual decline in the capacity of various cell types, including neurones, to respond to metabolic stress and return to the resting state. An important factor in the decrease of this 'homeostatic reserve' is the gradual, age-dependent impairment of mitochondrial function. In this article we review some of the major structural and functional changes in mitochondria associated with ageing. Apart from the increased mutations in mitochondrial DNA and the evidence for increased oxidative stress with ageing, we also discuss, in some detail, the importance of the mitochondrial membrane structure and composition (in particular lipid composition) for mitochondrial function in general and during ageing. Although some of the neurodegenerative diseases are also associated with some degree of mitochondrial dysfunction, it is not yet clear if these changes are due to the underlining process of normal, physiological ageing or due to the specific pathophysiologic agents responsible for the neurodegenerative processes. Furthermore, we are proposing that there are important differences between normal ageing and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Toescu
- Department of Physiology, Division Medical Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
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Cortopassi GA, Wong A. Mitochondria in organismal aging and degeneration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1410:183-93. [PMID: 10076026 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(98)00166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of experimentation support the view that the genetic, biochemical and bioenergetic functions of somatic mitochondria deteriorate during normal aging. Deletion mutations of the mitochondrial genome accumulate exponentially with age in nerve and muscle tissue of humans and multiple other species. In muscle, a tissue that undergoes age-related fiber loss and atrophy in humans, there is an exponential rise in the number of cytochrome-oxidase-deficient fibers, which is first detectable in the fourth decile of age. Most biochemical studies of animal mitochondrial activity indicate a decline in electron transport activity with age, as well as decreased bioenergetic capacity with age, as measured by mitochondrial membrane potential. Mitochondrial mutations may be both the result of mitochondrial oxidative stress, and cells bearing pure populations of pathogenic mitochondrial mutations are sensitized to oxidant stress. Oxidant stress to mitochondria is known to induce the mitochondrial permeability transition, which has recently been implicated in the release of cytochrome c and the initiation of apoptosis. Thus several lines of evidence support a contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to the phenotypic changes associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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