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Haga Y, Suzuki M, Matsumura C, Okuno T, Tsurukawa M, Fujimori K, Kannan N, Weber R, Nakano T. Monitoring OH-PCBs in PCB transport worker's urine as a non-invasive exposure assessment tool. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:16446-16454. [PMID: 29656357 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in urine of both PCB transport workers and PCB researchers. A method to monitor OH-PCB in urine was developed. Urine was solid-phase extracted with 0.1% ammonia/ methanol (v/v) and glucuronic acid/sulfate conjugates and then decomposed using β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase. After alkaline digestion/derivatization, the concentration of OH-PCBs was determined by HRGC/HRMS-SIM. In the first sampling campaign, the worker's OH-PCB levels increased several fold after the PCB waste transportation work, indicating exposure to PCBs. The concentration of OH-PCBs in PCB transport workers' urine (0.55~11 μg/g creatinine (Cre)) was higher than in PCB researchers' urine (< 0.20 μg/g Cre). However, also a slight increase of OH-PCBs was observed in the researchers doing the air sampling at PCB storage area. In the second sampling, after recommended PCB exposure reduction measures had been enacted, the worker's PCB levels did not increase during handling of PCB equipment. This suggests that applied safety measures improved the situation. Hydroxylated trichlorobiphenyls (OH-TrCBs) were identified as a major homolog of OH-PCBs in urine. Also, hydroxylated tetrachlorobiphenyls (OH-TeCBs) to hydroxylated hexachlorobiphenyls (OH-HxCBs) were detected. For the sum of ten selected major indicators, a strong correlation to total OH-PCBs were found and these can possibly be used as non-invasive biomarkers of PCB exposure in workers managing PCB capacitors and transformer oils. We suggest that monitoring of OH-PCBs in PCB management projects could be considered a non-invasive way to detect exposure. It could also be used as a tool to assess and improve PCB management. This is highly relevant considering the fact that in the next 10 years, approx. 14 million tons of PCB waste need to be managed. Also, the selected populations could be screened to assess whether exposure at work, school, or home has taken place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Haga
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan.
| | - Motoharu Suzuki
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Chisato Matsumura
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Okuno
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsurukawa
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Kazuo Fujimori
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
| | - Narayanan Kannan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedha, Malaysia
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, 73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Hyogo Prefectural Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0037, Japan
- Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Maritime Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-0022, Japan
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Liu S, Liu Q, Ostbye T, Story M, Deng X, Chen Y, Li W, Wang H, Qiu J, Zhang J. Levels and risk factors for urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children living in Chongqing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:553-561. [PMID: 28454027 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Since childhood exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes, the aims of this study were to1) document PAH exposure levels among children in Chongqing, China by measuring urinary concentrations of four PAH metabolites, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHNap), 2-hydroxyfluorine (2-OHFlu) and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (9-OHPhe), and 2) assess the associations of urinary concentrations of these PAH metabolites with risk factors related to sources of PAHs inhalation and ingestion exposures and with personal attributes such as sex, age, and BMI. METHODS The present study is a cross-sectional analysis using data drawn from the third follow up of a longitudinal study. Purposive sampling was used with all students in grades one to four in four schools being eligible to participate. The baseline survey included a total of 1237 students 5.8 to 12.2years of age. At the third follow up survey, 1.5years after the baseline survey, 1230 of the children had a physical exam and provided urine samples. Their parents completed a questionnaire including social-demographic information and possible sources of children's exposure to PAHs. Urine samples were measured for the four OH-PAHs using an HPLC-MS/MS technique. Concentrations were corrected by specific gravity. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate factors related to sources of PAHs exposure. RESULTS The urinary concentrations were highest for 9-OHPhe (median at the range of 3661ng/L), followed by 2-OHNap (3189ng/L), 2-OHFlu (1116ng/L), and 1-OHPyr (250ng/L). In multiple linear regressions, being female (P=0.04), school location near a thermal power plant (P=0.02) and higher maternal age at birth (P<0.01) were associated with increased concentrations of urinary 1-OHPyr; no significant associations were found for 2-OHNap; school location near a thermal power plant (P<0.01) and lower family income (P<0.01) were associated with increased concentrations of urinary 2-OHFlu; higher age (P<0.01), school location near a thermal power plant (P=0.01), frequent consumption of smoked foods (P=0.04) and lower family income (P=0.07) were all found to be associated with increased concentrations of 9-OHPhe. CONCLUSIONS Urinary concentrations of OH-PAHs, especially 9-OHPhe, were elevated in Chongqing Children compared to children in other countries. Being female, older age, school location near an industrial site, frequent consumption of smoked foods and lower family income were all associated with higher OH-PAHs concentrations. Further cohort studies are needed to confirm the associations between potential exposure sources and children's exposure to PAHs, in order to provide recommendations to reduce exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qin Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Truls Ostbye
- Department of Community and Family Medicine and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mary Story
- Department of Community and Family Medicine and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xu Deng
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jingfu Qiu
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.; Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
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Zając J, Gomółka E, Maziarz B, Szot W. Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Polish Coke Plant Workers. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2016; 60:1062-1071. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mew049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pourmoslemi S, Mirfakhraee S, Yaripour S, Mohammadi A. Development and Validation of a Stability-Indicating RP-HPLC Method for Rapid Determination of Doxycycline in Pharmaceutical Bulk and Dosage Forms. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.15171/ps.2016.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Yu Y, Wang Q, Li L, Liu Z, Sun P, Zhang Y, Lin H, Xiang M, Li H, Lin B. Particle-Associated Ambient Benzo[a]pyrene and Levels of Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene in a Non-occupationally Exposed Population of Adults and Children in Lanzhou, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 96:303-308. [PMID: 26841792 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in ambient air from different areas in Lanzhou city in northwest of China, and its metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in the urine of resident children and adults were determined by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that the atmospheric environmental concentration of B[a]P varied significantly from one part of the city to another with levels of 150 ng/m(3) in the industrial area of Xigu and 73.8 ng/m(3) in the agricultural area of Yuzhong. The geometric mean urinary 1-OHP concentration was 0.42 µmol/mol-creatinine, with a range of means between 0.067 and 2.05 for the various population sub-groups. The non-occupationally exposed populations' age, gender and area of residence were the major factors that influenced urinary 1-OHP levels. The health risks of B[a]P for adults and children in Xigu and for children in Yuzhong exceeded the acceptable level (1 × 10(-4)) of the US Environmental Protection Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiang Yu
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health and Related Product Safety, China CDC, Beijing, 100021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Zien Liu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Chanzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Haipeng Lin
- China Institute for Radiation Protection, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Hui Li
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Bigui Lin
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
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TODOROKI K, YANAGO K, YOSHIDA H, NOHTA H, YAMAGUCHI M. Selective HPLC Analysis of Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Exciplex Fluorescence Phenomenon. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2016. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.65.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keiko YANAGO
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | | | - Hitoshi NOHTA
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
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Wang L, Zhao Y, Liu X, Huang T, Wang Y, Gao H, Ma J. Cancer risk of petrochemical workers exposed to airborne PAHs in industrial Lanzhou City, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19793-19803. [PMID: 26282442 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the connections between red blood cells abnormality risk of petrochemical workers and their exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), as the biomarker of PAHs exposure, was adopted to assess the exposure risk of the petrochemical workers to PAHs in Xigu, the west suburb of Lanzhou where petrochemical industries are located. Fifty-three workers, sub-grouped to 36 petrochemical workers and 17 office workers, participated in this investigation. Logistic regression model and spearman correlation analysis were performed to estimate the associations between PAHs exposure levels and red blood cells abnormality risk of petrochemical workers. Strong associations between some red cell indices (MCH, MCHC, RDW) and 1-OHP concentration were found. Results also show that the red blood cells abnormality risk increased with increasing PAHs exposure level. Compared with office workers, risk level of red blood cells abnormality in petrochemical workers was higher by 41.7 % (OR, 1.417; 95 % CI: 0.368-5.456) than that in office workers. This result was verified by the tissue-to-human blood partition coefficient for pyrene and 1-OHP. The quantitative assessments of the potential health risk through inhalation exposure to PAHs were conducted using the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) model. It was found the ILCR from inhalation exposure to PAHs for the petrochemical workers ranged from 10(-5) to 10(-4) with 95 % probability, indicating that petrochemical plant workers were under a high potential cancer risk level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xianying Liu
- Lanzhou Petrochemical Hospital, Lanzhou, 730060, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Liu L, Luo Y, Bi J, Li H, Lin JM. Quantification of selected monohydroxy metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine. Sci China Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-015-5357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wang Y, Fan R, Dong Y, Zhang W, Sheng G, Fu J. Urinary monohydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children living in city and rural residences in Southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2014; 35:2973-2981. [PMID: 25189845 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.927532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-hydroxypyrene and 3-hydroxybenz[a]pyrene concentrations in 179 randomly selected voluntary students were determined in the Southern China, aged 14-16 and living in four areas with different levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil, water and ambient air. The excretion of 1-hydroxypyrene is significantly higher in students of the urban than in students of the rural, while there are no significant differences of urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene between urban and rural children. Mean concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene (0.54-0.80 μmol/mol creatinine) in the study are much higher than those in the children of Denmark, Germany, Spain, USA, Korea, Japan and Taiwan, and a little higher than those in the children of Ukraine and Thailand. Urinary 2-hydroxynaphthalene concentrations in the study are a little higher than those in the children of USA, and similar to that in non-occupational exposure residences in Korea. Urinary 9-hydroxyphenanthrene concentrations in China are much higher than those in the children of USA. Differences between children with smoking parents and non-smoking parents are not significant in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- a Electric Power Test Research Institute , Guangdong Power Grid Company , Guangzhou 510080 , Guangdong Province , People's Republic of China
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Wang Y, Zhang W, Fan R, Sheng G, Fu J. Biological monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subjects living in the area of recycling electronic garbage, in Southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:9161-9168. [PMID: 24798917 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The study was undertaken to evaluate the environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subjects living in the area of recycling electronic garbage in Southern China and research the influence of environment smoke tobacco (EST) to people through active and passive smoking. Urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene were determined in 141 randomly selected voluntary residents aged 13 to 81 years in two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-exposed groups, two control groups, and an EST research group. The concentrations of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene in PAH-exposed groups are significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of control groups. Mean value of 1-hydroxypyrene in the residents living in the area of recycling electronic garbage (1.1 μmol/mol creatinine) is a little higher than those of iron foundry workers, automobile repair workers, and firefighters. Mean value of 2-hydroxynaphthalene (11.3 μmol/mol creatinine) is much higher than that of shipyard and aircraft maintenance and much lower than some occupational exposure, such as coking batteries, sorting department, and distillation department in coking plant. Some metabolites of PAHs (PAHm) are significantly elevated through active and passive smoking, while the influence of EST to other PAHm is not statistically significant. 2-Hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene in the urine of smokers are, respectively, 3.9, 1.9, 1.4, and 1.9 times to those of nonsmokers. In nonsmokers, passive smokers excreted 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, and 1.5 times of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydoxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene compared to nonpassive smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Electric Power Test Research Institute, Guangdong Power Grid Company, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China,
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Li Y, Li X, Zhou Z. A novel facile method using polyetheretherketone as a solid phase extraction material for fast quantification of urinary monohydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05114a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel facile method using polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as a solid phase extraction (SPE) material to extract urinary monohydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) has been successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Safety and Pollution Control
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Safety and Pollution Control
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Li X, Zenobi R. Use of Polyetheretherketone as a Material for Solid Phase Extraction of Hydroxylated Metabolites of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Human Urine. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3526-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303402s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution
and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich,
Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich,
Switzerland
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Yosypchuk O, Barek J, Vyskočil V. Voltammetric Determination of Carcinogenic Derivatives of Pyrene Using a Boron-Doped Diamond Film Electrode. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.649455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Shin HS, Lim HH. Simultaneous determination of 2-naphthol and 1-hydroxy pyrene in urine by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:489-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Andrade-Eiroa Á, de-Armas G, Estela JM, Cerdà V. Critical approach to synchronous spectrofluorimetry. II. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Shepperd CJ, Eldridge AC, Mariner DC, McEwan M, Errington G, Dixon M. A study to estimate and correlate cigarette smoke exposure in smokers in Germany as determined by filter analysis and biomarkers of exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 55:97-109. [PMID: 19539004 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A clinical study, conducted in Germany, compared two methods of estimating exposure to cigarette smoke. Estimates of mouth level exposure (MLE) to nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), pyrene and acrolein were obtained by chemical analysis of spent cigarette filters for nicotine content. Estimates of smoke constituent uptake were achieved by analysis of corresponding urinary biomarkers: for nicotine; total nicotine equivalents (nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine plus their glucuronide conjugates), for NNK; (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) plus glucuronide, for pyrene; 1-hydroxy pyrene (1-OHP) plus glucuronide and for acrolein; 3-hydroxylpropyl-mercapturic acid (3-HPMA) plus the nicotine metabolite cotinine in plasma and saliva. Two hundred healthy volunteer subjects were recruited; 50 smokers of each of 1-2 mg, 4-6 mg and 9-10 mg ISO tar yield cigarettes and 50 non-smokers (NS). Smokers underwent two periods of home smoking, each followed by residence in a clinic. Smoking was permitted ad libitum, and spent cigarette filters, cigarette consumption data, 24h urine, as well as plasma and saliva samples were collected. Significant correlations (p<0.001) were found between MLE and the relevant biomarker for each smoke constituent. The Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were 0.83 (nicotine), 0.76 (NNK), 0.82 (acrolein) and 0.63 (pyrene). Mean MLE estimates for nicotine, NNK and pyrene showed a dose response in line with ISO tar yield smoked, with 10 mg > 4 mg >1 mg, and for acrolein 10 mg> 4 mg > *1mg (where * indicates not significant at 95% confidence level). The mean exposure estimates from biomarkers for nicotine, NNK and acrolein also showed a dose response in line with ISO tar yield with 10 mg > 4 mg > 1 mg > NS, and for pyrene 10 mg > *4 mg> 1 mg> NS. This study shows that estimates of exposure obtained by filter analysis and biomarkers of exposure correlate significantly over a wide range of smoke exposures and that filter analysis may provide a simple and effective alternative to biomarkers for estimating smokers' exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Shepperd
- British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Millbrook, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
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Yang HM, Wang YS, Li JH, Li GR, Wang Y, Tan X, Xue JH, Xiao XL, Kang RH. Synchronous fluorescence determination of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, beta-naphthol and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene based on the sensitizing effect of beta-cyclodextrin. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 636:51-7. [PMID: 19231355 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the simultaneous determination of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), beta-naphthol (beta-NAP) and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (9-OHPe) in human urine has been established by using synchronous fluorescence spectrometry. It was based on the fact that synchronous fluorescence spectrometry can resolve the broad-band overlapping of conventional fluorescence spectra, which arise from their similar molecular structures. Only one single scan is needed for quantitative determination of three compounds simultaneously when Deltalambda=15nm is chosen. The signals detected at these three wavelengths, 369.6, 330.0 and 358.0nm, vary linearly when the concentration of 1-OHP, beta-NAP and 9-OHPe is in the range of 2.16x10(-8)-1.50x10(-5)molL(-1), 1.20x10(-7)-1.10x10(-5)molL(-1) and 1.07x10(-7)-3.50x10(-5)molL(-1), respectively. The correlation coefficients for the standard calibration graphs were 0.994, 0.999 and 0.997 (n=7) for 1-OHP, beta-NAP and 9-OHPe, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) for 1-OHP, beta-NAP and 9-OHPe were 6.47x10(-9)molL(-1), 3.60x10(-8)molL(-1) and 3.02x10(-8)molL(-1)with relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) of 4.70-6.40%, 2.80-4.20%, 3.10-4.90% (n=6), respectively. The method described here had been applied to determine traces of 1-OHP, beta-NAP and 9-OHPe in human urine, and the obtained results were in good agreement with those obtained by the HPLC method. In addition, the interaction modes between beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and 1-OHP, beta-NAP or 9-OHPe, as well as the mechanism of the fluorescence enhancement were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Yang
- College of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
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18
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Zhao X, Wan J, Xu H, Yang X. An improved HPLC method with fluorescence detection for the determination of pyrene in rat plasma and its pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:1237-42. [PMID: 18930619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) for the determination of pyrene in rat plasma was developed and validated. The method used fluorene as internal standard (IS), following a single-step protein precipitation, the analyte and internal standard were separated on a C18 column with a mobile phase containing methanol-water (90:10, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The analytes were detected by using fluorescence detection at an excitation and emission wavelength of 265 and 394 nm, respectively. Two calibration curves were constructed in the range of 2-100 ng/ml and 0.1-5 microg/ml for pyrene with a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 2 ng/ml. Both intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 6% except at LLOQ, for which the precision was 10.6 and 9.8, respectively. Accuracy ranged from 98.3 to 103.6%, except at LLOQ, for which the accuracy was about 85%. The recovery ranged from 84.7 to 95.0% at the low, medium and high concentrations. The present HPLC-FLD method was rapid, sensitive, and reliable. The method described herein had been successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic studies in female Wistar rats after administration of 10mg equivalent pyrene/kg dose of solution of pyrene and 1mg equivalent pyrene/kg dose of pyrene-loaded nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhi Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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19
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Srogi K. Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2007; 5:169-195. [PMID: 29033701 PMCID: PMC5614912 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-007-0095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. They have a relatively low solubility in water, but are highly lipophilic. Most of the PAHs with low vapour pressure in the air are adsorbed on particles. When dissolved in water or adsorbed on particulate matter, PAHs can undergo photodecomposition when exposed to ultraviolet light from solar radiation. In the atmosphere, PAHs can react with pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide, yielding diones, nitro- and dinitro-PAHs, and sulfonic acids, respectively. PAHs may also be degraded by some microorganisms in the soil. PAHs are widespread environmental contaminants resulting from incomplete combustion of organic materials. The occurrence is largely a result of anthropogenic emissions such as fossil fuel-burning, motor vehicle, waste incinerator, oil refining, coke and asphalt production, and aluminum production, etc. PAHs have received increased attention in recent years in air pollution studies because some of these compounds are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. Eight PAHs (Car-PAHs) typically considered as possible carcinogens are: benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene. In particular, benzo(a)pyrene has been identified as being highly carcinogenic. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated 16 unsubstituted PAHs (EPA-PAH) as priority pollutants. Thus, exposure assessments of PAHs in the developing world are important. The scope of this review will be to give an overview of PAH concentrations in various environmental samples and to discuss the advantages and limitations of applying these parameters in the assessment of environmental risks in ecosystems and human health. As it well known, there is an increasing trend to use the behavior of pollutants (i.e. bioaccumulation) as well as pollution-induced biological and biochemical effects on human organisms to evaluate or predict the impact of chemicals on ecosystems. Emphasis in this review will, therefore, be placed on the use of bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in air, soil, water and food, as monitoring tools for the assessment of the risks and hazards of PAH concentrations for the ecosystem, as well as on its limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Srogi
- Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal, Zamkowa 1, 41-803 Zabrze, Poland
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20
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Ou-Yang YF, Wang YS, Mi XW, Xue JH, Wang Y. Resonance Light Scattering of 1-Hydroxypyrene-Ethyl Violet-Anionic Surfactant System and Its Analytical Application. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:533-7. [PMID: 17495397 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the rapid and sensitive analysis of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in human urine has been developed that uses a resonance light scattering (RLS) technique. The assay was based on the interaction of ethyl violet (EV) with 1-hydroxypyrene to form an ion-associate complex, which resulted in the enhancement of RLS intensity and the appearance of new RLS spectra. In the presence of anionic surfactant, the maximum RLS peak of the system was located at 396 nm at pH 8.0. Under the optimum conditions, it was found that the enhanced RLS intensity was directly proportional to the concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene in the range of 4.0 - 982 microg l(-1). The detection limit was 1.2 microg l(-1) and the recoveries of 1-hydroxypyrene were 92.8 - 102.3% (n = 6). The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of human urine samples. The results of 1-hydroxypyrene were in agreement with those obtained by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography.
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21
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Verschaeve L, Koppen G, Gorp UV, Schoeters G, Jacobs G, Zwijzen C. Seasonal variations in spontaneous levels of DNA damage; implication in the risk assessment of environmental chemicals. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:612-20. [PMID: 17370239 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The alkaline comet assay was used to investigate DNA damage levels in white blood cells of 45 normal healthy subjects. Therefore blood was sampled at four different periods, namely in February, June, August and November of the same year. Higher DNA damage levels were found in summertime, as well as higher levels of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine in this period. This suggests a higher exposure to polycyclic hydrocarbons in the summer compared with other periods of the year. The observed seasonal variation in DNA damage levels is in agreement with some, but in contradiction with other data. Seasonal variations in DNA damage levels can easily be explained by the existence of different confounders that may influence the results of a biomonitoring study. Besides sunlight and environmental pollution, also diet, allergy and physical exercise, for example, were already identified as important influencing factors. The investigation confirms that the blood sampling period is crucial in the planning and interpretation of biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Verschaeve
- VITO, Environmental Toxicology, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
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22
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Huang W, Caudill SP, Grainger J, Needham LL, Patterson DG. Levels of 1-hydroxypyrene and other monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children: A study based on U.S. reference range values. Toxicol Lett 2006; 163:10-9. [PMID: 16466866 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Urine samples collected in 1999 and 2000 as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed for 14 monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH, metabolites of 7 PAH compounds) and for the first time reference range values were calculated for these metabolites in the U.S. population. The purpose of this paper is to explore differences in these PAH metabolites between children (6-11 years old), adolescents, and adults. More than 99% of the urine samples contained a detectable amount of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHpyrene), a metabolite of pyrene. We found that children in the youngest age group (6-11 years) had a geometric mean level (creatinine corrected data) 30% higher than children and adults in the other age groups, but no statistical differences existed between the two genders and among different racial groups. Smokers and persons exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in 12-19-year-old group and the 20-year-and-older group had higher levels of urinary 1-OHpyrene by a factor of 2-3 than non-smokers in the corresponding age group. Measurements of 3-hydroxyphenanthrene also suggested increased levels in children and in smokers. These results may indicate that young children are at a greater risk for PAH exposure, or that they absorb, distribute, metabolize, or eliminate PAH differently than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Huang
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Mailstop F-47, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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23
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Li Y, Li AC, Shi H, Zhou S, Shou WZ, Jiang X, Naidong W, Lauterbach JH. The use of chemical derivatization to enhance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric determination of 1-hydroxypyrene, a biomarker for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:3331-8. [PMID: 16235235 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an analytical approach that used chemical derivatization to enhance mass spectrometric (MS) response in electrospray ionization (ESI) mode of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a commonly used biomarker to monitor human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The enhancement successfully enabled the desired detection of 50 pg/mL in human urine. The introduction of an MS-friendly dansyl group to 1-OHP enhanced both ionization efficiency in the ESI source and collision-activated dissociation (CAD) in the collision cell. The response increase was estimated to be at least 200-fold, and enabled the reduction of sample size to only 100 microL. The selective MS detection also facilitated a fast (run time 3 min) liquid chromatography (LC) method which successfully resolved the analyte and interferences. The sample processing procedure included enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, liquid-liquid extraction, derivatization with dansyl chloride and a final liquid-liquid extraction to generate clean extracts for LC/MS/MS analysis. This approach has been validated as sensitive, linear (50-1000 pg/mL), accurate and precise for the quantitation of 1-OHP in human urine. This is the first report of using chemical derivatization to enhance MS/MS detection with fast chromatography in the determination of 1-OHP in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghe Li
- Covance Laboratories Inc., 3301 Kinsman Boulevard, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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24
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Adsorptive stripping voltammetry of 1-hydroxypyrene at the thin-film mercury electrode—basis for quantitative determination of PAH metabolite in biological materials. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Huang W, Grainger J, Patterson DG, Turner WE, Caudill SP, Needham LL, Pirkle JL, Sampson EJ. Comparison of 1-hydroxypyrene exposure in the US population with that in occupational exposure studies. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2004; 77:491-8. [PMID: 15322857 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-004-0529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2003] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Urine samples collected in 1999 and 2000 as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed for 14 monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and, for the first time, reference range values were calculated for these metabolites in the US population. Pyrene is a major component of most PAH mixtures and often is used as a surrogate for total PAH exposure. We detected 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHpyrene), a metabolite of pyrene, in more than 99% of the samples. The overall geometric mean concentration for 1-OHpyrene in the USA was 79.8 ng/l, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 69.0-92.2 ng/l. The overall geometric mean creatinine-adjusted urinary 1-OHpyrene levels in the USA was 74.2 ng/g creatinine (0.039 micromol/mol), with a 95% CI of 64.1-85.9 ng/g creatinine (0.034-0.046 micromol/mol). There were no statistically significant differences among age, gender, or race/ethnicity groups. Adult smokers in the USA have urinary 1-OHpyrene levels three times higher than those of non-smokers. This difference was statistically significant. In this paper, we compare the reference range of urinary 1-OHpyrene levels with levels reported from various occupations by other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Huang
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE , Mailstop F-47, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Polkowska Ż, Kozłowska K, Namieśnik J, Przyjazny A. Biological Fluids as a Source of Information on the Exposure of Man to Environmental Chemical Agents. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340490475911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Chetiyanukornkul T, Toriba A, Kizu R, Makino T, Nakazawa H, Hayakaw K. Determination of 1-hydroxypyrene in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection using a deuterated internal standard. J Chromatogr A 2002; 961:107-12. [PMID: 12186380 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the quantification of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in human urine using deuterated 1-hydroxypyrene ([2H9]1-OHP) as an internal standard with fluorescence detection. [2H9]1-OHP was prepared enzymatically from deuterated pyrene ([2H10]Pyr) with cytochrome P450 1A1. It eluted immediately prior to non-deuterated 1-OHP on alkylamide-type reversed-phase columns and had nearly the same fluorescence characteristics as non-deuterated 1-OHP. The detection limit was 0.1 microg/L and the calibration range was from 1 to 100 nmol/L. Urine sample treatment involved enzymatic hydrolysis followed by solid-phase extraction using Sep-Pak C18 cartridges. The proposed method was used to determine urinary 1-OHP in smokers and non-smokers.
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28
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Hecht SS. Human urinary carcinogen metabolites: biomarkers for investigating tobacco and cancer. Carcinogenesis 2002; 23:907-22. [PMID: 12082012 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/23.6.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of human urinary carcinogen metabolites is a practical approach for obtaining important information about tobacco and cancer. This review presents currently available methods and evaluates their utility. Carcinogens and their metabolites and related compounds that have been quantified in the urine of smokers or non-smokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) include trans,trans-muconic acid (tt-MA) and S-phenylmercapturic acid (metabolites of benzene), 1- and 2-naphthol, hydroxyphenanthrenes and phenanthrene dihydrodiols, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HOP), metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene, aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines, N-nitrosoproline, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and its glucuronides (NNAL and NNAL-Gluc), 8-oxodeoxyguanosine, thioethers, mercapturic acids, and alkyladenines. Nitrosamines and their metabolites have also been quantified in the urine of smokeless tobacco users. The utility of these assays to provide information about carcinogen dose, delineation of exposed vs. non-exposed individuals, and carcinogen metabolism in humans is discussed. NNAL and NNAL-Gluc are exceptionally useful biomarkers because they are derived from a carcinogen- 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)- that is specific to tobacco products. The NNAL assay has high sensitivity and specificity, which are particularly important for studies on ETS exposure. Other useful assays that have been widely applied involve quantitation of 1-HOP and tt-MA. Urinary carcinogen metabolite biomarkers will be critical components of future studies on tobacco and human cancer, particularly with respect to new tobacco products and strategies for harm reduction, the role of metabolic polymorphisms in cancer, and further evaluation of human carcinogen exposure from ETS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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29
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Hecht SS. Tobacco smoke carcinogens and breast cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2002; 39:119-126. [PMID: 11921179 DOI: 10.1002/em.10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is an established cause of a variety of cancer types, but its role in breast cancer etiology is not clear. In this report, the potential role of cigarette smoke carcinogens as causes of human breast cancer is evaluated. Of over 60 known carcinogens in tobacco smoke, several are known to induce mammary tumors in laboratory animals: benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P), 2-toluidine, 4-aminobiphenyl, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, nitromethane, ethylene oxide, and benzene. Studies in humans demonstrate that tobacco constituents can reach breast tissue. The uptake and metabolic activation of mammary carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 4-aminobiphenyl are frequently higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. Although it is likely that specific mammary carcinogens in tobacco smoke can reach breast tissue, evidence is lacking at the present time. Some PAHs present in cigarette smoke can be metabolized to sterically hindered diol epoxides, which are potent mammary carcinogens. Thus, compounds such as benzo[c]phenanthrene (B[c]P), not classically considered to be a strong carcinogen in rodents, could nevertheless be metabolized in humans to diol epoxides carcinogenic to the breast. Collectively, the link between smoking and breast cancer is plausible but has been difficult to establish, probably because of the low carcinogen dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Hecht
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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