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Van Stempvoort DR, Brown SJ, Smyth SA. Detections of alkyl-phenoxy-benzenesulfonates in municipal wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126386. [PMID: 32155495 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the first reported detections and concentrations of alkyl phenoxy-benzenesulfonate surfactants (APBS) in municipal wastewater. A semi quantitative direct injection LC/MS/MS method was developed. Samples of raw influent and final effluent were obtained from fourteen municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) at various locations in Canada and were analyzed for APBS, including five homologues of monoalkyldiphenylether disulfonates (MADS) and one monoalkyldiphenylether sulfonate (MAMS) homologue. APBS were detected in all 42 of the wastewater raw influent samples and in 37 of the 42 wastewater final effluent samples; the other 5 final effluent samples had trace levels below the minimum detection limit. In the samples of raw influent from the fourteen municipal treatment plants, the dissolved concentrations of APBS (total) ranged from 0.9 to 13.6 μg/L. In samples of final effluent from the same plants the total APBS ranged from below detection to 4 μg/L. The APBS were more resistant to loss during wastewater treatment compared to previous studies of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in wastewaters. The most effective wastewater treatments for removal of APBS were those that involved either secondary treatment with aeration or advanced treatment including biological nutrient removal. Available information on ecotoxicity is lacking for evaluating the impacts of APBS surfactants when released to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale R Van Stempvoort
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Susan J Brown
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Shirley Anne Smyth
- Science and Risk Assessment Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada
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2
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Dimzon IKD, Morata AS, Müller J, Yanela RK, Lebertz S, Weil H, Perez TR, Müller J, Dayrit FM, Knepper TP. Trace organic chemical pollutants from the lake waters of San Pablo City, Philippines by targeted and non-targeted analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:588-595. [PMID: 29800852 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
More than half of the freshwater lakes in the Philippines are small with surface areas of <2 km2. The dynamics in these lakes are different from those in the bigger lakes. This study was conducted to determine the organic pollutants and their sources in three of the seven lakes of San Pablo City in Laguna, Philippines: lakes Palakpakin, Sampaloc, and Pandin. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography - Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used in the targeted and non-targeted analysis of the lake water samples. The three lakes are all volcanic crater lakes but are exposed to different anthropogenic activities, which includes domestic activities, livelihood (farming and aquaculture) and eco-tourism. Due to the presence of rice fields and fruit plantations, chlorpyrifos was detected in the three lakes while other pesticides like cypermethrin, picolinafen and quinoxyfen were additionally found in Lake Sampaloc, which is the biggest of the three lakes and located within the urbanized section of the city. Traces of different surfactants (linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, secondary alkyl sulfonates, alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates), biocide benzalkonium chloride, insect repellent diethyltoluamide, antibiotics (sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole), hypertension drug telmisartan, phosphate-based fire retardants, and artificial sweeteners (acesulfame, cyclamate, saccharin and sucralose) were detected in lakes Sampaloc and Palakpakin. The same surfactants, artificial sweeteners, insect repellant and phosphate-based fire retardants were also found in Lake Pandin, which is mainly used for eco-tourism activities like swimming and boating. The results of this study suggest that the organic pollutants present in the small lakes can be linked to the various human activities in the immediate lake environment. Because small lakes are more prone to environmental stresses, human activities in the said lakes must be regulated to ensure sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ken D Dimzon
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger St. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Ann Selma Morata
- Ateneo de Manila University, Ateneo Innovation Center and Department of Chemistry, Katipunan Ave., Loyola Heights, 1108 Quezon City, Philippines; University of the Philippines-Visayas, Department of Chemistry, Miagao, Iloilo 5023, Philippines
| | - Janine Müller
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger St. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Roy Kristian Yanela
- Ateneo de Manila University, Ateneo Innovation Center and Department of Chemistry, Katipunan Ave., Loyola Heights, 1108 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Stephan Lebertz
- SGS Institut Fresenius, Im Maisel 14, 65232 Taunustein, Germany
| | - Heike Weil
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger St. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Teresita R Perez
- Ateneo de Manila University, Ateneo Innovation Center and Department of Chemistry, Katipunan Ave., Loyola Heights, 1108 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jutta Müller
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger St. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany
| | - Fabian M Dayrit
- Ateneo de Manila University, Ateneo Innovation Center and Department of Chemistry, Katipunan Ave., Loyola Heights, 1108 Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius, University of Applied Sciences, Limburger St. 2, 65510 Idstein, Germany.
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3
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Wannaz C, Franco A, Kilgallon J, Hodges J, Jolliet O. A global framework to model spatial ecosystems exposure to home and personal care chemicals in Asia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:410-420. [PMID: 29220766 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyzes spatially ecosystem exposure to home and personal care (HPC) chemicals, accounting for market data and environmental processes in hydrological water networks, including multi-media fate and transport. We present a global modeling framework built on ScenAT (spatial scenarios of emission), SimpleTreat (sludge treatment plants), and Pangea (spatial multi-scale multimedia fate and transport of chemicals), that we apply across Asia to four chemicals selected to cover a variety of applications, volumes of production and emission, and physico-chemical and environmental fate properties: the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), the antimicrobial triclosan (TCS), the personal care preservative methyl paraben (MeP), and the emollient decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). We present maps of predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) and compare them with monitored values. LAS emission levels and PECs are two to three orders of magnitude greater than for other substances, yet the literature about monitored levels of LAS in Asia is very limited. We observe a good agreement for TCS in freshwater (Pearson r=0.82, for 253 monitored values covering 12 streams), a moderate agreement in general, and a significant model underestimation for MeP in sediments. While most differences could be explained by uncertainty in both chemical/hydrological parameters (DT50water, DT50sediments, Koc, foc, TSS) and monitoring sites (e.g. spatial/temporal design), the underestimation of MeP concentrations in sediments may involve potential natural sources. We illustrate the relevance of local evaluations for short-lived substances in fresh water (LAS, MeP), and their inadequacy for substances with longer half-lives (TCS, D5). This framework constitutes a milestone towards higher tier exposure modeling approaches for identifying areas of higher chemical concentration, and linking large-scale fate modeling with (sub) catchment-scale ecological scenarios; a major limitation in model accuracy comes from the discrepancy between streams routed on a gridded, 0.5°×0.5° global hydrological network and actual locations of streams and monitoring sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Wannaz
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Antonio Franco
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, United Kingdom
| | - John Kilgallon
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet Hodges
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Jolliet
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
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4
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Whelan MJ, Hodges JEN, Williams RJ, Keller VDJ, Price OR, Li M. Estimating surface water concentrations of "down-the-drain" chemicals in China using a global model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 165:233-240. [PMID: 22153294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Predictions of surface water exposure to "down-the-drain" chemicals are presented which employ grid-based spatially-referenced data on average monthly runoff, population density, country-specific per capita domestic water and substance use rates and sewage treatment provision. Water and chemical load are routed through the landscape using flow directions derived from digital elevation data, accounting for in-stream chemical losses using simple first order kinetics. Although the spatial and temporal resolution of the model are relatively coarse, the model still has advantages over spatially inexplicit "unit-world" approaches, which apply arbitrary dilution factors, in terms of predicting the location of exposure hotspots and the statistical distribution of concentrations. The latter can be employed in probabilistic risk assessments. Here the model was applied to predict surface water exposure to "down-the-drain" chemicals in China for different levels of sewage treatment provision. Predicted spatial patterns of concentration were consistent with observed water quality classes for China.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Whelan
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK.
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5
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Determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates by ion-pair solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 2011; 84:587-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Wang W, Chen B, Huang Y, Cao J. Evaluation of eggshell membrane-based bio-adsorbent for solid-phase extraction of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5659-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Yan S, Subramanian SB, Tyagi RD, Surampalli RY, Zhang TC. Emerging Contaminants of Environmental Concern: Source, Transport, Fate, and Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1061/(asce)hz.1944-8376.0000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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8
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Capar G, Aygun SS, Gecit MR. Separation of sericin from fatty acids towards its recovery from silk degumming wastewaters. J Memb Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Estévez MC, Galve R, Sánchez-Baeza F, Marco MP. Disulfide Symmetric Dimers as Stable Pre-Hapten Forms for Bioconjugation: A Strategy to Prepare Immunoreagents for the Detection of Sulfophenyl Carboxylate Residues in Environmental Samples. Chemistry 2008; 14:1906-17. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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DNA damage induced by genotoxicants in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos after contact exposure to freeze-dried sediment and sediment extracts from Laguna Lake (The Philippines) as measured by the comet assay. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2008; 650:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Whelan MJ, Van Egmond R, Guymer I, Lacoursière JO, Vought LMB, Finnegan C, Fox KK, Sparham C, O'Connor S, Vaughan M, Pearson JM. The behaviour of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate under direct discharge conditions in Vientiane, Lao PDR. WATER RESEARCH 2007; 41:4730-40. [PMID: 17658579 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2007.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Direct discharge of untreated sewage to surface waters is a common practice in many parts of the world. However, relatively little is known about the behaviour of synthetic organic pollutants under these conditions. This paper describes a sampling campaign designed to track changes in water quality in a surface water system in Vientiane (Lao PDR) receiving significant quantities of untreated waste water. The study was based on following in-channel transport using a fluorescent tracer injected as a pulse, with a focus on the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) and ammonia. Water samples were collected at a number of stations with sampling times estimated to coincide with solute time-of-travel. The reduction in LAS concentration with flow-time could be approximated by first-order kinetics with a half life of about 7 h. Free ammonia concentrations decreased more slowly than LAS and remained above the level believed to be toxic for sensitive aquatic species along the entire channel. Changes in the ratios of LAS alkyl chain homologues to total LAS concentrations suggest a preferential removal of longer chain lengths. The role of biodegradation in the removal of LAS was confirmed by the presence of LAS metabolites (sulphophenylcarboxylates, SPCs) which increased systematically (as a fraction of LAS remaining) with flow-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Whelan
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever Colworth Laboratory, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK.
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12
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Jandera P. Selection of Separation Conditions for HPLC and HPLC/MS of Aromatic Sulphonic Acids and Acid Azo Dyes. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701465456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Jandera
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , University of Pardubice , Czech Republic
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13
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Advanced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods applied to wastewater removal and the fate of surfactants in the environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Lara-Martín PA, Petrovic M, Gómez-Parra A, Barceló D, González-Mazo E. Presence of surfactants and their degradation intermediates in sediment cores and grabs from the Cadiz Bay area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2006; 144:483-91. [PMID: 16551487 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of the major surfactants--LAS, AES, APEOs and AEOs--and their degradation intermediates--SPCs, AP and APECs--in a marine-estuarine environment at Spain are presented. Results show that their concentration in surface sediments is clearly correlated with their usage and the existence of wastewater discharges. The degradation processes appear to lead to the formation of SPCs in the case of LAS, and to the shortening of the average ethoxylated chain length in the case of NPEOs, AEOs and AES. Vertical profiles for AEOs and AES are reported for the first time and present the highest values nearest the surface, followed by a sharp decrease with depth for all surfactants, as well as the appearance of degradation intermediates in deeper sedimentary layers. Shorter LAS homologues and SPCs tend to be present in pore water while strongly non-polar intermediates like NP are firmly attached to the sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Lara-Martín
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, s/n 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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15
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Farré M, Ramón J, Galve R, Marco MP, Barceló D. Evaluation of a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of linear alkyl benzenesulfonates in wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2006; 40:5064-70. [PMID: 16955908 DOI: 10.1021/es060662+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A recently developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of linear alkyl benzenesulfonates (LAS) and long chain sulfophenyl carboxylates (SPCs) has been evaluated for its application in wastewater control analysis. This ELISA based on the use of polyclonal antibodies in an indirect format shows an IC50 of 28.1 +/- 3.2 microg L(-1) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.8 +/- 0.6 microg L(-1) in buffer. The assay uses antibodies raised through a pseudoheterologous immunization strategy using an equimolar mixture of two immunogens, N-(4-alkylphenyl)sulfonyl-3-aminopropanoic acid covalently coupled to keyhole limped hemocyanin (SFA-KLH) and sulfophenyl carboxylate 13C13 coupled to KLH (13C13-SPC-KLH). The immunizing haptens have been designed to address recognition versus two different epitopes of the LAS molecule. To assess the performance of this immunoassay in complex real samples, a cross reactivity study was carried out, and the possible interference of other surfactants commonly detected in wastewater, including nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs), nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), and coconut fatty acid diethanol amides (CDEA), have been evaluated. Additionally, a study of the matrix effects of different types of wastewater was achieved. This ELISA has been evaluated and validated by measuring the LAS content of 22 samples collected from the influents and the effluents of six wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) located in Catalonia, Spain. A solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection (SPE-LC-MS) has been used as a validation method of the new ELISA test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Farré
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, CSIC-IIQABC/Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Estévez MC, Galve R, Sánchez-Baeza F, Marco MP. Direct Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of the Highly Polar Short-Chain Sulfophenyl Carboxylates. Anal Chem 2005; 77:5283-93. [PMID: 16097770 DOI: 10.1021/ac0502910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of the short-chain sulfophenylcarboxylic acids (SPCs), the main metabolites of the linear alkylbenzenesulfonates, is reported. Six SPCs (2C3, 2C4, 3C4, 2C5, 3C5, 3C6), differing in the length of the alkyl chain (between C3 and C6) and in the position of the phenylsulfonic group versus the carboxylic group, have been synthesized. Antibodies have been raised against a mixture of the corresponding horseshoe crab hemocyanin conjugates prepared by coupling the carboxylic acid to the lysine amino acid residues. The immunoassay As115/3C4-HRP achieves an IC50 value of 23 nM (6.67 microg L(-1)) and a detection limit of 0.85 nM (0.24 microg L(-1)), using as standard analyte an equimolar mixture of the six SPCs. The immunoassay has found to work better in media with low or moderate ionic strength (4-30 mS cm(-1)). The decrease in the detectability produced by the potential formation of SPC salts with divalent cations such as Ca2+ can be prevented by lowering the pH of the assay medium below the pKa value of the SPC carboxylic group and using a buffer chelating with properties such as citrate buffer. The assay can be considered specific for short-chain SPCs since congeners with longer alkyl chains and other pollutants containing sulfonic groups in their structure do not interfere significantly in the assay. Preliminary experiments addressed to evaluate the potential application of this assay to environmental water samples demonstrate the usefulness of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-Carmen Estévez
- Applied Molecular Receptors Group (AMRg), Department of Biological Organic Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Jorge Girona 18-26, 08034-Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Eichhorn P, López O, Barceló D. Application of liquid chromatography–electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry for the identification and characterisation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and sulfophenyl carboxylates in sludge-amended soils. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1067:171-9. [PMID: 15844522 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and their major metabolites, sulfophenyl carboxylates (SPC), in sludge-amended soil. After pressurised liquid extraction with methanol/water (90:10) and a clean-up on C18 solid-phase extraction cartridges, final analysis was done by ion-pair liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). With this method, SPC with 5-13 carbon atoms in the aliphatic side chain were identified for the first time in agricultural soils treated with sewage sludge. Quantification of LAS and SPC in soil from 10 field sites, which differed in the history of sludge application, gave total concentrations of 120-2840 microg kg(-1) for LAS and of 4-220 microg kg(-1) for SPC. The data provided evidence for rapid biodegradation of LAS in the initial phase after sludge amendment with a transitory build-up of high concentrations of, mainly, short-chain SPC. Trace amounts of residual LAS and SPC were detected in soils having received the last sludge treatment 10 days to 4 years prior to sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Eichhorn
- IIQAB-CSIC, Department of Environmental Chemistry, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Lunar L, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Differentiation and quantification of linear alkyl benzenesulfonate isomers by liquid chromatography-ion-trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1031:17-25. [PMID: 15058564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Discrimination and quantitation of the 20 positional isomers of C10-C13 linear alkyl benzenesulfonates (LASs), based on the use of reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation in negative ion mode ion-trap mass spectrometry, was undertaken. Discrimination was achieved by LAS MS-MS analysis into the ion trap, by monitoring specific fragment ions resulting from the benzylic cleavage of the carbon alkyl chain on both side of the LAS phenyl group. Parameters affecting the electrospray ionisation source and the ion-trap operation were optimised. Calibration curves for the different isomers were established and this permitted their quantitation by mass spectrometry for the first time. MS-MS responses were dependent on both the position of the phenyl group on the alkyl chain and the length of this alkyl chain, these responses being higher for the external isomers and the longer alkyl chain homologues. The precision, expressed as relative standard deviation ranged between 9 and 13%. Detection limits for LAS isomers were between 0.03 and 0.07 mg/l and therefore the method is sensitive enough to be applied to environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreto Lunar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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19
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Ruiz FJ, Rubio S, Pérez-Bendito D. Potential of coacervation processes for the extraction of amphiphiles (linear alkyl benzenesulphonates) from sewage sludge samples prior to liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1030:109-15. [PMID: 15043260 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new approach was developed for the monitoring of linear alkyl (C10-C13) benzenesulphonates (LASs) in sewage sludge. It was based on their extraction with the anionic surfactant sodium dodecanesulphonate (SDoS) that undergoes coacervation under acid conditions. The target compounds formed mixed aggregates with SDoS by ideal hydrophobic interactions which made possible the breakdown of LAS-sludge interactions and provided high extraction yields. Variables affecting extraction were optimised using a fortified dehydrated sludge. Recoveries for LASs were found independent on the length of alkyl chain. Liquid chromatography-fluorimetry was used for separation and detection of LAS homologues. Detection limit for LAS in the sludge was 5 mg/kg. Concentration levels of total LASs in activated and dehydrated sludge collected from two different sewage treatment plants were in the range 0.26-0.56 g/kg with LAS homologues ranging from 29 to 223 mg/kg. The method did not require clean-up or preconcentration steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Edificio Anexo Marie Curie, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
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Nishigaki A, Kuroiwa C, Shibukawa M. Characterization and Determination of Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonates in Environmental Water Samples by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with a Hydrophilic Polymer Column and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometric Detection. ANAL SCI 2004; 20:143-7. [PMID: 14753273 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method was developed for the separation and determination of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (C10-C14 LAS) in environmental water samples using a hydrophilic polymer column (Shodex Mspak GF-310 4D). This method involves a solid-phase extraction of the LAS samples with a Sep-Pak PS-2 cartridge. The LAS components were separated on the column with a mobile phase of 29% (w/v) acetonitrile-water containing 0.8 mM di-n-butylammonium acetate and 0.2 M acetic acid, and were detected by mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Detection limits of the developed method based on selected ion monitoring (SIM) technique for the C10-C14 LAS standards were 13-47 ng L(-1). The concentrations of the C10-C14 LAS in the environmental water samples ranged between 5-317 microg L(-1) for a river water sample and 0.4-6.4 microg L(-1) for a seawater sample. Linear relationships between the logarithms of retention factors and the alkyl chain lengths for each phenyl positional isomer of LAS could successfully be used for the identification of the isomer peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Nishigaki
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi-cho, Narashino 275-8575, Japan
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Reemtsma T. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and strategies for trace-level analysis of polar organic pollutants. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1000:477-501. [PMID: 12877185 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure ionization (LC-API-MS) has drastically changed the analytical methods used to detect polar pollutants in water. The present status of application of this technique to organic water constituents is reviewed. The selection of the appropriate LC conditions, whether reversed-phase liquid chromatography, ion-pair chromatography, capillary electrophoresis or ion chromatography, and of the most sensitive ionization mode, electrospray ionization (ESI) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), depends upon the polarity and acidity of the analytes. Strongly acidic compounds such as aromatic sulfonates, sulfonated dyes, haloacetic acids, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, aliphatic sulfonates and sulfates and complexing agents, weakly acidic compounds such as carboxylates and phenols, neutral compound classes, namely alkylphenol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the basic toxins, quaternary ammonium compounds and organometallic compounds are considered. The selection of the mass spectrometer depends upon the analytical task: triple-quadrupole mass spectrometers are highly suited for sensitive quantitation and for qualitative analyses, ion traps are especially suited for structure elucidation, whereas time-of-flight mass spectrometers and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometers with their higher mass resolution are ideal for the determination of molecular formulas of unknown compounds and for screening purposes. While large steps have already been made, future efforts with respect to water analysis may be directed at fine-tuning the methodical arsenal for increased sensitivity and selectivity and to extend LC-MS application to transformation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Water Quality Control, Technical University of Berlin, Sekr KF 4, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Eichhorn P, Knepper TP, Ventura F, Diaz A. The behavior of polar aromatic sulfonates during drinking water production: a case study on sulfophenyl carboxylates in two European waterworks. WATER RESEARCH 2002; 36:2179-2186. [PMID: 12108710 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
First investigations are reported on the efficiency of individual purification steps at two waterworks to eliminate sulfophenyl carboxylates (SPC) originating from biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactant. The average SPC concentrations in the waters taken from the Llobregat river, Spain and the Rhine river, Germany amounted to 5.0 and 1.8 microg L(-1), respectively. In the Spanish waterworks, neither prechlorination nor flocculation followed by rapid sand filtration had an impact. After ozonation, granular activated carbon filtration, and final chlorination the SPC level was about 2 microg L(-1) in such processed drinking water. In the German waterworks already the rapid sand filtration diminished the SPC concentration by >85%. Subsequent subsoil passage resulted only in a slight elimination, but once again a slow sand filtration prior to the closing chlorination substantially removed the polar micro-pollutants down to a level of <0.05 microg L(-1) SPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Eichhorn
- ESWE Institute for Water Research and Technology, Wiesbaden, Germany
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Eichhorn P, Rodrigues SV, Baumann W, Knepper TP. Incomplete degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate surfactants in Brazilian surface waters and pursuit of their polar metabolites in drinking waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2002; 284:123-134. [PMID: 11846157 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00873-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil more than 90% of the population are not connected to municipal wastewater treatment plants. As a consequence, surface waters receive continuously considerable amounts of untreated domestic sewage containing surfactants as a major constituent. Such polluted waters gave rise to special interest if they are used as a source for the production of drinking water. In this work, the river Rio Macacu (State Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) was monitored for the occurrence of the most widely used anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) together with its main degradative product, sulfophenyl carboxylates (SPC). In order to pursue the fate of both compounds after emission into the river, samples were collected at several locations along the river bank, and analyzed applying liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry after enrichment by solid-phase extraction. The LAS concentrations ranged between 14 and 155 microg l(-1) and the levels of their metabolic intermediates were found from 1.2 to 14 microg l(-1). The self-purification capacity of the water was impressively demonstrated in the upper course of the river downstream of a town considered as one major discharge point, whereas in the lower course the relative constant concentrations of both analytes were detected which was explained with an overall increasing level of pollution. Furthermore, a series of drinking water samples from Niterói and São Gonçalo, supplied by the same waterworks treating surface waters from the Rio Macacu, were taken during two sampling periods and examined for the presence of the strongly polar SPC which is suspected of by-passing the purification processes. The levels detected in the drinking water ranged between 1.6 and 3.3 microg l(-1). For the analyses of drinking and surface waters the peak pattern of a selected SPC homologue composed by several positional isomers served as an indicator to describe the progression of SPC degradation occurred in the river and could be used to distinguish drinking waters of different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Eichhorn
- ESWE-Institute for Water Research and Water Technology, Wiesbaden, Germany
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