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Settimo G, Avino P. State-of-art of the legislation on odour emissions with a focus on the Italian studies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123525. [PMID: 38336139 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
This review would like to point out the state-of-art of the European legislation for the odour pollution determination and management. Odour is generated by a mixture of more or less volatile and persistent compounds that surround us in daily life. European directives impose the use of corresponding technical standards for the application of the limits imposed. The different approaches (chemicals and/or olfactometries) and integrated evaluation methods for measuring and characterizing odour, even if in a very different way in the European territories, will be reviewed and commented. Specifically, the authors will describe and comment the main procedures for odour concentration determination (e.g., multigas sensors, electronic sensors for odour monitoring). It is important to note that the definition of odour does not take into account if an odour is "good" or "bad", but only if it exists. The limit value must guarantee a total equivalent level of environmental protection and does not involve a greater polluting load in the environment. Further, a deep revision of the Italian situation in terms of legislation and studies, will complete the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Settimo
- Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, IT-00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Avino
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences (DiAAA), University of Molise, Via De Sanctis 1, Campobasso, IT-86100, Italy; Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (IIA), National Research Council (CNR), Rome Research Area-Montelibretti, IT-00015, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy.
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Uranjek G, Horvat M, Milačič R, Rošer J, Kotnik J. Assessment of dimethyl sulphide odorous emissions during coal extraction process in Coal Mine Velenje. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1269. [PMID: 37792086 PMCID: PMC10550855 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Underground coal extraction at Coal Mine Velenje occasionally gives rise to odour complaints from local residents. This manuscript describes a robust quantification of odorous emissions of mine sources and a model-based analysis aimed to establish a better understanding of the sources, concentrations, dispersion, and possible control of odorous compounds during coal extraction process. Major odour sources during underground mining are released volatile sulphur compounds from coal seam that have characteristic malodours at extremely low concentrations at micrograms per cubic metre (μg/m3) levels. Analysis of 1028 gas samples taken over a 6-year period (2008-2013) reveals that dimethyl sulphide ((CH3)2S) is the major odour active compound present in the mine, being detected on 679 occasions throughout the mine, while hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were detected 5 and 26 times. Analysis of gas samples has shown that main DMS sources in the mine are coal extraction locations at longwall faces and development headings and that DMS is releasing during transport from main coal transport system. The dispersion simulations of odour sources in the mine have shown that the concentrations of DMS at median levels can represent relatively modest odour nuisance. While at peak levels, the concentration of DMS remained sufficiently high to create an odour problem both in the mine and on the surface. Overall, dispersion simulations have shown that ventilation regulation on its own is not sufficient as an odour abatement measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Uranjek
- Coal Mine Velenje, Partizanska 78, 3320, Velenje, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School Ljubljana, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milena Horvat
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School Ljubljana, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Radmila Milačič
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School Ljubljana, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Rošer
- Coal Mine Velenje, Partizanska 78, 3320, Velenje, Slovenia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Aškerčeva 12, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Kotnik
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School Ljubljana, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Dong H, Jiang L, Shen J, Zhao Z, Wang Q, Shen X. Identification and analysis of odor-active substances from PVC-overlaid MDF. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:20769-20779. [PMID: 31104236 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to identify volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and examine the characteristics of odor-active substances from polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-overlaid medium density fiberboard (MDF). A microchamber thermal extractor was used for sampling, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify VOCs, and gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry was used to analyze odor-active substances from PVC-overlaid MDF over 28 days. The results showed that 38 VOCs were identified from PVC-overlaid MDF, while only 23 odor-active substances were detected by gas chromatography-olfactometry, which indicated that some VOCs did not generate odor. The main VOCs released by PVC-overlaid MDF were aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, and esters. There was a strong correlation between concentration and odor intensity of the main VOCs. When the total amount of odor-active substances was not significantly different, the overall odor intensity was determined by the intensity of the key odorants. The greater the intensity of the key odorants, the greater the overall odor intensity. There were eight main classes of odors from PVC-overlaid MDF: aromatic, fresh scent, fruity, sour, sweet, grassy, pungent, and special scent. Among them, the main odor characteristics were aromatic, sour, and fresh scent, which were primarily generated by toluene, ethylbenzene, phenanthrene, and dibutyl phthalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Dong
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Liqun Jiang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Shen
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| | - Zheng Zhao
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Qifan Wang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiwei Shen
- Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Liu R, Wang C, Huang A, Lv B. Characterization of Odors of Wood by Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry with Removal of Extractives as Attempt to Control Indoor Air Quality. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010203. [PMID: 29346285 PMCID: PMC6017606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor air quality problems are usually revealed by occupants’ complaints. In this study, the odors of two types of hardwood species, namely, Cathy poplar (Populus cathayana Rehd.) and rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) were selected and extracted with ethanol-toluene for removal of extractives in an attempt to eliminate the odors. The odorous components of neat and extracted woods were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O). The results showed that about 33 kinds of key volatile compounds (peak area above 0.2%) were detected from the GC-MS, and about 40 kinds of odorants were identified from GC-O. The components were concentrated between 15 and 33 min in GC-O, which was different from the concentration time in GC-MS. Lots of the odors identified from GC-O were unpleasant to humans, and variously described as stinky, burnt, leather, bug, herb, etc. These odors may originate from the thermos-oxidation of wood components. After extraction, the amounts and intensities of some odorants decreased, while some remained. However, the extraction process resulted in a benzene residue and led to increased benzene odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Liu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Anmin Huang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Bin Lv
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
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Toropov AA, Toropova AP, Cappellini L, Benfenati E, Davoli E. Odor threshold prediction by means of the Monte Carlo method. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:390-394. [PMID: 27500544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A large set of organic compounds (n=906) has been used as a basis to build up a model for the odor threshold (mg/m(3)). The statistical characteristics of the best model are the following: n=523, r(2)=0.647, RMSE=1.18 (training set); n=191, r(2)=0.610, RMSE=1.03, (calibration set); and n=192, r(2)=0.686, RMSE=1.06 (validation set). A mechanistic interpretation of the model is presented as the lists of statistical promoters of the increase and decrease in the odor threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Toropov
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alla P Toropova
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Cappellini
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Davoli
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Milan, Italy
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6
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Gebicki J. Application of electrochemical sensors and sensor matrixes for measurement of odorous chemical compounds. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gebicki J, Byliński H, Namieśnik J. Measurement techniques for assessing the olfactory impact of municipal sewage treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:32. [PMID: 26670041 PMCID: PMC4679812 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-5024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The study presents information about the measurement techniques used for the assessment of air quality in terms of the olfactory intensity resulting from the operation of municipal sewage treatment plants. Advantages and disadvantages of the measurement techniques used are presented. Sources of malodourous substance emission from sewage treatment plants were described, and the malodourous substances emitted were characterised. Trends in development of analysis and monitoring of the malodourous substances in the air were also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Gebicki
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Hubert Byliński
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 Street, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
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8
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Čech P, Tesařová D. Materials Used for the Production of Upholstered Furniture Like Source of Odors in Interior. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201462010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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9
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SAKUMA K, HAYASHI S, YASAKA Y, NISHIJIMA H, FUNABASHI H, HAYASHI M, MATSUOKA H, SAITO M. Analysis of Odor Compounds in Feces of Mice that Were Exposed to Various Stresses during Breeding. Exp Anim 2013; 62:101-7. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.62.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji SAKUMA
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Oriental Giken Inc., 2-9 Kanda Nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0054, Japan
| | - Susumu HAYASHI
- Oriental Giken Inc., 2-9 Kanda Nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0054, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki YASAKA
- Oita Laboratory, Sumika Chemical Analysis Service, Ltd., 2200 Tsurusaki, Oita-shi, Oita 870-0106, Japan
| | - Hiroto NISHIJIMA
- Oita Laboratory, Sumika Chemical Analysis Service, Ltd., 2200 Tsurusaki, Oita-shi, Oita 870-0106, Japan
| | - Hisakage FUNABASHI
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
- Present address: Institute for Sustainable Science and Development, Hiroshima University, 2-313 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Masayoshi HAYASHI
- Oriental Giken Inc., 2-9 Kanda Nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0054, Japan
| | - Hideaki MATSUOKA
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Mikako SAITO
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Wolkoff P. Indoor air pollutants in office environments: assessment of comfort, health, and performance. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2012; 216:371-94. [PMID: 22954455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in office environments are generally too low to cause sensory irritation in the eyes and airways on the basis of estimated thresholds for sensory irritation. Furthermore, effects in the lungs, e.g. inflammatory effects, have not been substantiated at indoor relevant concentrations. Some VOCs, including formaldehyde, in combination may under certain environmental and occupational conditions result in reported sensory irritation. The odour thresholds of several VOCs are low enough to influence the perceived air quality that result in a number of acute effects from reported sensory irritation in eyes and airways and deterioration of performance. The odour perception (air quality) depends on a number of factors that may influence the odour impact. There is neither clear indication that office dust particles may cause sensory effects, even not particles spiked with glucans, aldehydes or phthalates, nor lung effects; some inflammatory effects may be observed among asthmatics. Ozone-initiated terpene reaction products may be of concern in ozone-enriched environments (≥0.1mg/m(3)) and elevated limonene concentrations, partly due to the production of formaldehyde. Ambient particles may cause cardio-pulmonary effects, especially in susceptible people (e.g. elderly and sick people); even, short-term effects, e.g. from traffic emission and candle smoke may possibly have modulating and delayed effects on the heart, but otherwise adverse effects in the airways and lung functions have not been observed. Secondary organic aerosols generated in indoor ozone-initiated terpene reactions appear not to cause adverse effects in the airways; rather the gaseous products are relevant. Combined exposure to particles and ozone may evoke effects in subgroups of asthmatics. Based on an analysis of thresholds for odour and sensory irritation selected compounds are recommended for measurements to assess the indoor air quality and to minimize reports of irritation symptoms, deteriorated performance, and cardiovascular and pulmonary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Wolkoff
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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11
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Wilson AD. Review of Electronic-nose Technologies and Algorithms to Detect Hazardous Chemicals in the Environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protcy.2012.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Brattoli M, de Gennaro G, de Pinto V, Loiotile AD, Lovascio S, Penza M. Odour detection methods: olfactometry and chemical sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 11:5290-322. [PMID: 22163901 PMCID: PMC3231359 DOI: 10.3390/s110505290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of the odours issue arises from the sensory nature of smell. From the evolutionary point of view olfaction is one of the oldest senses, allowing for seeking food, recognizing danger or communication: human olfaction is a protective sense as it allows the detection of potential illnesses or infections by taking into account the odour pleasantness/unpleasantness. Odours are mixtures of light and small molecules that, coming in contact with various human sensory systems, also at very low concentrations in the inhaled air, are able to stimulate an anatomical response: the experienced perception is the odour. Odour assessment is a key point in some industrial production processes (i.e., food, beverages, etc.) and it is acquiring steady importance in unusual technological fields (i.e., indoor air quality); this issue mainly concerns the environmental impact of various industrial activities (i.e., tanneries, refineries, slaughterhouses, distilleries, civil and industrial wastewater treatment plants, landfills and composting plants) as sources of olfactory nuisances, the top air pollution complaint. Although the human olfactory system is still regarded as the most important and effective "analytical instrument" for odour evaluation, the demand for more objective analytical methods, along with the discovery of materials with chemo-electronic properties, has boosted the development of sensor-based machine olfaction potentially imitating the biological system. This review examines the state of the art of both human and instrumental sensing currently used for the detection of odours. The olfactometric techniques employing a panel of trained experts are discussed and the strong and weak points of odour assessment through human detection are highlighted. The main features and the working principles of modern electronic noses (E-Noses) are then described, focusing on their better performances for environmental analysis. Odour emission monitoring carried out through both the techniques is finally reviewed in order to show the complementary responses of human and instrumental sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Brattoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via E.Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; E-Mails: (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Gianluigi de Gennaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via E.Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; E-Mails: (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Valentina de Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via E.Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; E-Mails: (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Annamaria Demarinis Loiotile
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via E.Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; E-Mails: (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Sara Lovascio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, via E.Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; E-Mails: (M.B.); (V.P.); (A.D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Michele Penza
- Brindisi Technical Unit for Technologies of Materials, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, P.O. Box 51 Br-4, I-72100 Brindisi, Italy; E-Mail:
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Wilson AD, Baietto M. Advances in electronic-nose technologies developed for biomedical applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 11:1105-76. [PMID: 22346620 PMCID: PMC3274093 DOI: 10.3390/s110101105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The research and development of new electronic-nose applications in the biomedical field has accelerated at a phenomenal rate over the past 25 years. Many innovative e-nose technologies have provided solutions and applications to a wide variety of complex biomedical and healthcare problems. The purposes of this review are to present a comprehensive analysis of past and recent biomedical research findings and developments of electronic-nose sensor technologies, and to identify current and future potential e-nose applications that will continue to advance the effectiveness and efficiency of biomedical treatments and healthcare services for many years. An abundance of electronic-nose applications has been developed for a variety of healthcare sectors including diagnostics, immunology, pathology, patient recovery, pharmacology, physical therapy, physiology, preventative medicine, remote healthcare, and wound and graft healing. Specific biomedical e-nose applications range from uses in biochemical testing, blood-compatibility evaluations, disease diagnoses, and drug delivery to monitoring of metabolic levels, organ dysfunctions, and patient conditions through telemedicine. This paper summarizes the major electronic-nose technologies developed for healthcare and biomedical applications since the late 1980s when electronic aroma detection technologies were first recognized to be potentially useful in providing effective solutions to problems in the healthcare industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphus D. Wilson
- Southern Hardwoods Laboratory, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 432 Stoneville Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
| | - Manuela Baietto
- Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; E-Mail:
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Aatamila M, Verkasalo PK, Korhonen MJ, Suominen AL, Hirvonen MR, Viluksela MK, Nevalainen A. Odour annoyance and physical symptoms among residents living near waste treatment centres. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:164-170. [PMID: 21130986 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Waste treatment processes produce odours and biological emissions to the environment, but their health effects are controversial. The aim of our study was to assess odour-associated self-reported physical symptoms among residents living near waste treatment centres. The study was conducted in the surroundings of five large-scale Finnish waste treatment centres with composting plants. In 2006, 1142 randomly selected residents living within 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 km of these centres were interviewed by telephone. A questionnaire with 102 items asked about respondent's personal characteristics, odour exposure and symptoms during the preceding 12 months. Physical symptoms were analysed by distance to the waste treatment centre and by the respondent's perception and annoyance of waste treatment odour. The residents who were classified as "annoyed of the odour" reported following physical symptoms more than the others did: unusual shortness of breath (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.2), eye irritation (1.5, 1.1-2.1), hoarseness/dry throat (1.5, 1.1-2.0), toothache (1.4, 1.0-2.1), unusual tiredness (1.5, 1.1-2.0), fever/shivering (1.7, 1.1-2.5), joint pain (1.5, 1.1-2.1) and muscular pain (1.5, 1.1-2.0). Moreover, the ORs for almost all other physical symptoms were elevated among the annoyed respondents. Reported odour annoyance near the waste treatment centres showed an association with many physical symptoms among residents living in the neighbouring areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaleena Aatamila
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701 Kuopio, Finland.
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Wolkoff P, Wilkins CK, Clausen PA, Nielsen GD. Organic compounds in office environments - sensory irritation, odor, measurements and the role of reactive chemistry. INDOOR AIR 2006; 16:7-19. [PMID: 16420493 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Sensory irritation and odor effects of organic compounds in indoor environments are reviewed. It is proposed to subdivide volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into four categories: (i) chemically non-reactive, (ii) chemically 'reactive', (iii) biologically reactive (i.e. form chemical bonds to receptor sites in mucous membranes) and (iv) toxic compounds. Chemically non-reactive VOCs are considered non-irritants at typical indoor air levels. However, compounds with low odor thresholds contribute to the overall perception of the indoor air quality. Reported sensory irritation may be the result of odor annoyance. It appears that odor thresholds for many VOCs probably are considerably lower than previously reported. This explains why many building materials persistently are perceived as odorous, although the concentrations of the detected organic compounds are close to or below their reported odor thresholds. Ozone reacts with certain alkenes to form a gas and aerosol phase of oxidation products, some of which are sensory irritants. However, all of the sensory irritating species have not yet been identified and whether the secondary aerosols (ultrafine and fine particles) contribute to sensory irritation requires investigation. Low relative humidity may exacerbate the sensory irritation impact. Practical Implications Certain odors, in addition to odor annoyance, may result in psychological effects and distraction from work. Some building materials continually cause perceivable odors, because the odor thresholds of the emitted compounds are low. Some oxidation products of alkenes (e.g. terpenes) may contribute to eye and airway symptoms under certain conditions and low relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wolkoff
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Rosenkranz HS, Cunningham AR. Lack of predictivity of the rat lethality (LD50) test for ecological and human health effects. Altern Lab Anim 2005; 33:9-19. [PMID: 15804213 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between acute toxicity in rats (LD50 values) and indicators of potential health hazards in humans was investigated, based on a chemical population-based paradigm (i.e. the "chemical diversity approach"). These structure-activity relationship-based analyses indicate that high toxicity in rats (i.e. a low LD50 value) is not a good predictor of health effects in humans. In fact, it was found that high acute toxicity to minnows, as well as toxicity to cultured cells, showed significantly greater associations with the potential for health effects than rat LD50 values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert S Rosenkranz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, P.O. Box 3091, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991, USA
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