1
|
Fang X, Yang Y, Guo Q, Zhang Y, Yuan M, Liang X, Liu J, Fang S, Fang C. Two-component system LiaSR negatively regulated the acid resistance and pathogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes 10403S. Food Microbiol 2024; 119:104428. [PMID: 38225058 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system is one of the acid-resistant systems of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), while the regulatory mechanism of GadT2/GadD2, which plays the major role in the GAD system for acid resistance, is not clear. The two-component system (TCS) is a signal transduction system that is also involved in regulating acid resistance in bacteria. By screening the TCSs of L. monocytogenes 10403S, we found that knocking out the TCS LisSR (encoded by lmo1021/lmo1022) led to a significant increase in the transcription and expression of the gadT2/gadD2 cluster. Subsequently, we constructed a complemental strain CΔliaSR. and a complemental strain with LiaS His157 to Ala, which was designated as CΔliaSRH157A. Survival assay, transcriptional and expression analysis and pathogenicity assay revealed that liaSR deletion significantly enhanced the acid resistance and pathogenicity of 10403S and significantly increased the gadT2/gadD2 transcription and expression. Mutating LiaS His157 to Ala significantly enhanced the acid resistance and pathogenicity of CΔliaSR and significantly increased the gadT2/gadD2 transcription and expression. The results suggest that the two-component system LiaSR mediates the acid resistance and pathogenicity in 10403S by inhibiting the gadT2/gadD2 cluster, and the key activation site of LiaS is His157. This study provides novel knowledge on the regulation of GAD system and the control of this foodborne pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Fang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China; College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Yuying Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Qian Guo
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Xiongyan Liang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Shouguo Fang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
| | - Chun Fang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Byun KH, Kim HJ. Survival strategies of Listeria monocytogenes to environmental hostile stress: biofilm formation and stress responses. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1631-1651. [PMID: 37780599 PMCID: PMC10533466 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01427-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a critical foodborne pathogen that causes listeriosis and threatens public health. This pathogenic microorganism forms a transmission cycle in nature, food industry, and humans, expanding the areas of contamination among them and influencing food safety. L. monocytogenes forms biofilms to protect itself and promotes survival through stress responses to the various stresses (e.g., temperature, pH, and antimicrobial agents) that may be inflicted during food processing. Biofilms and mechanisms of resistance to hostile external or general stresses allow L. monocytogenes to survive despite a variety of efforts to ensure food safety. The current review article focuses on biofilm formation, resistance mechanisms through biofilms, and external specific or general stress responses of L. monocytogenes to help understand the unexpected survival rates of this bacterium; it also proposes the use of obstacle technology to effectively cope with it in the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kye-Hwan Byun
- Food Safety and Distribution Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-Do, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Food Safety and Distribution Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-Do, Wanju, 55365 Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fang X, Zhang Y, Guo Q, Yuan M, Liang X, Liu J, Fang S, Yang Y, Fang C. GadR4 mediates the acid resistance and pathogenicity of Listeria monocytogenes 10403S by negatively regulating the gadT2/gadD2 cluster. Food Microbiol 2023; 112:104248. [PMID: 36906312 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that can survive under acidic conditions. The glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system is one of the acid resistance systems of L. monocytogenes. It usually comprises two glutamate transporters (GadT1/T2) and three glutamate decarboxylases (GadD1/D2/D3). Among them, gadT2/gadD2 contributes most significantly to the acid resistance of L. monocytogenes. However, the regulation mechanisms of gadT2/gadD2 still remain unclear. The results of this study indicated that gadT2/gadD2 deletion significantly decreases the survival rate of L. monocytogenes under different acidic conditions, including brain and heart infusion (BHI) broth, with a pH of 2.5, 2% citric acid, 2% acetic acid and 2% lactic acid. Further, gadT2/gadD2 cluster was expressed in the representative strains in response to alkaline stress rather than acid stress. To explore the regulation of gadT2/gadD2, we knocked out the five transcriptional factors belonging to the Rgg family in L. monocytogenes 10403S. We found that the deletion of gadR4, which exhibits the highest homology with the gadR of Lactococcus lactis, resulted in a significant increase in the survival rate of L. monocytogenes upon acid stress. Western blot analysis showed that gadR4 deletion significantly increased the gadD2 expression of L. monocytogenes under alkaline and neutral conditions. Furthermore, the gfp reporter gene showed that gadR4 deletion significantly increased the expression of the gadT2/gadD2 cluster. Adhesion and invasion assays indicated that gadR4 deletion significantly increased the rates of adhesion and invasion of L. monocytogenes to epithelial Caco-2 cells. Virulence assays showed that gadR4 knockout significantly improved the colonization ability of L. monocytogenes in the livers and spleens of the infected mice. Taken together, our results showed that GadR4, a transcription factor belonging to the Rgg family, negatively regulates the gadT2/gadD2 cluster, thus, reducing the acid stress tolerance and pathogenicity of L. monocytogens 10403S. Our results provide a better understanding of the regulation of the GAD system of L. monocytogenes and a novel approach to potentially prevent and control listeriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Fang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China; College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Qian Guo
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Xiongyan Liang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Shouguo Fang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Yuying Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Chun Fang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, No.88, Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu X, Pang X, Wu Y, Wu Y, Xu L, Chen Q, Niu J, Zhang X. New Insights into the Lactic Acid Resistance Determinants of Listeria monocytogenes Based on Transposon Sequencing and Transcriptome Sequencing Analyses. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0275022. [PMID: 36541787 PMCID: PMC9927151 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02750-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that can tolerate a variety of extreme environments. In particular, its acid resistance (AR) capability is considered one of the key factors threating food safety. Here, we employed a microbial functional genomic technology termed transposon sequencing (Tn-seq), leading to the identification of two genes involved in cell wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis (murF) and phosphate transport (lmo2248) that play key roles in lactic acid resistance (LAR) of L. monocytogenes. Deletion of lmo2248 significantly impaired the ability of LAR in L. monocytogenes, demonstrating the accuracy of the Tn-seq results. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 31.7% of the L. monocytogenes genes on the genome were differentially expressed under lactic acid (LA) treatment, in which genes involved in phosphate transport were influenced most significantly. These findings shed light on the LAR mechanisms of L. monocytogenes, which may contribute to the development of novel strategies against foodborne pathogens. IMPORTANCE Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive foodborne pathogen with high lethality and strong stress resistance, and its strong acid tolerance leads to many foodborne illnesses occurring in low-pH foods. Lactic acid is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food additive approved for use by the FDA. However, the genetic determinants of lactic acid resistance in L. monocytogenes have not been fully identified. In this study, the lactic acid resistance determinants of L. monocytogenes were comprehensively identified by Tn-seq on a genome-wide scale. Two genes, murF (cell wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis) and lmo2248 (phosphate transport), were identified to play an important role in the lactic acid resistance. Moreover, genome-wide transcriptomic analysis showed that phosphotransferase system (PTS)-related genes play a key role at the transcriptional level. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the lactic acid resistance mechanism of L. monocytogenes and may provide unique targets for the development of other novel antimicrobial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiayu Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Pang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yansha Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajing Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linan Xu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Qihe Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianrui Niu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Xinglin Zhang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Linyi University, Linyi, China
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mazhar S, Khokhlova E, Colom J, Simon A, Deaton J, Rea K. In vitro and in silico assessment of probiotic and functional properties of Bacillus subtilis DE111 ®. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1101144. [PMID: 36713219 PMCID: PMC9880548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis DE111® is a safe, well-tolerated commercially available spore-forming probiotic that has been clinically shown to support a healthy gut microbiome, and to promote digestive and immune health in both adults and children. Recently it was shown that this spore-forming probiotic was capable of germinating in the gastrointestinal tract as early as 3 h after ingestion. However, a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the efficacy of DE111® is required. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to elucidate the functional properties of DE111® through employing a combination of in vitro functional assays and genome analysis. DE111® genome mining revealed the presence of several genes encoding acid and stress tolerance mechanisms in addition to adhesion proteins required to survive and colonize harsh gastrointestinal environment including multi subunit ATPases, arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway genes (argBDR), stress (GroES/GroEL and DnaK/DnaJ) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) biosynthesis genes (pgsBCA). DE111® harbors several genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of dietary molecules (protease, lipases, and carbohyrolases), antioxidant activity and genes associated with the synthesis of several B-vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxin, biotin, and folate), vitamin K2 (menaquinone) and seven amino acids including five essential amino acids (threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, and lysine). Furthermore, a combined in silico analysis of bacteriocin producing genes with in vitro analysis highlighted a broad antagonistic activity of DE111® toward numerous urinary tract, intestinal, and skin pathogens. Enzymatic activities included proteases, peptidases, esterase's, and carbohydrate metabolism coupled with metabolomic analysis of DE111® fermented ultra-high temperature milk, revealed a high release of amino acids and beneficial short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Together, this study demonstrates the genetic and phenotypic ability of DE111® for surviving harsh gastric transit and conferring health benefits to the host, in particular its efficacy in the metabolism of dietary molecules, and its potential to generate beneficial SCFAs, casein-derived bioactive peptides, as well as its high antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. Thus, supporting the use of DE111® as a nutrient supplement and its pottential use in the preparation of functional foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahneela Mazhar
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ekaterina Khokhlova
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joan Colom
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Annie Simon
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John Deaton
- Deerland Probiotics and Enzymes, ADM, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Kieran Rea
- Deerland Ireland R&D Ltd., ADM, Food Science Building, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland,*Correspondence: Kieran Rea, ✉
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Listeria monocytogenes-How This Pathogen Uses Its Virulence Mechanisms to Infect the Hosts. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121491. [PMID: 36558825 PMCID: PMC9783847 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is a serious food-borne illness, especially in susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women, and elderlies. The disease can occur in two forms: non-invasive febrile gastroenteritis and severe invasive listeriosis with septicemia, meningoencephalitis, perinatal infections, and abortion. Expression of each symptom depends on various bacterial virulence factors, immunological status of the infected person, and the number of ingested bacteria. Internalins, mainly InlA and InlB, invasins (invasin A, LAP), and other surface adhesion proteins (InlP1, InlP4) are responsible for epithelial cell binding, whereas internalin C (InlC) and actin assembly-inducing protein (ActA) are involved in cell-to-cell bacterial spread. L. monocytogenes is able to disseminate through the blood and invade diverse host organs. In persons with impaired immunity, the elderly, and pregnant women, the pathogen can also cross the blood-brain and placental barriers, which results in the invasion of the central nervous system and fetus infection, respectively. The aim of this comprehensive review is to summarize the current knowledge on the epidemiology of listeriosis and L. monocytogenes virulence mechanisms that are involved in host infection, with a special focus on their molecular and cellular aspects. We believe that all this information is crucial for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes infection.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sibanda T, Buys EM. Listeria monocytogenes Pathogenesis: The Role of Stress Adaptation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081522. [PMID: 36013940 PMCID: PMC9416357 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive stress tolerance responses are the driving force behind the survival ability of Listeria monocytogenes in different environmental niches, within foods, and ultimately, the ability to cause human infections. Although the bacterial stress adaptive responses are primarily a necessity for survival in foods and the environment, some aspects of the stress responses are linked to bacterial pathogenesis. Food stress-induced adaptive tolerance responses to acid and osmotic stresses can protect the pathogen against similar stresses in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and, thus, directly aid its virulence potential. Moreover, once in the GIT, the reprogramming of gene expression from the stress survival-related genes to virulence-related genes allows L. monocytogenes to switch from an avirulent to a virulent state. This transition is controlled by two overlapping and interlinked transcriptional networks for general stress response (regulated by Sigma factor B, (SigB)) and virulence (regulated by the positive regulatory factor A (PrfA)). This review explores the current knowledge on the molecular basis of the connection between stress tolerance responses and the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes. The review gives a detailed background on the currently known mechanisms of pathogenesis and stress adaptation. Furthermore, the paper looks at the current literature and theories on the overlaps and connections between the regulatory networks for SigB and PrfA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thulani Sibanda
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
- Department of Applied Biology and Biochemistry, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo P.O. Box AC939, Zimbabwe
| | - Elna M. Buys
- Department of Consumer and Food Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Burnett E, Kucerova Z, Freeman M, Kathariou S, Chen J, Smikle M. Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals Multiple Subpopulations of Dominant and Persistent Lineage I Isolates of Listeria monocytogenes in Two Meat Processing Facilities during 2011-2015. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10051070. [PMID: 35630512 PMCID: PMC9147069 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10051070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen with a highly clonal population structure comprising multiple phylogenetic sub-groups that can persist within food processing environments and contaminate food. The epidemiology of L. monocytogenes is well-described in some developed countries; however, little is known about the prevalence and population structure of this pathogen in food and food processing environments located in less developed regions. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic characteristics and clonal relatedness of L. monocytogenes that were isolated from two Jamaican meat processing facilities. Of the 37 isolates collected between 2011 and 2015, only a single lineage II isolate was recovered (serotype 1/2c), and the remaining were lineage I isolates representing serotypes 4b, 1/2b, 3b, and two untypeable isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) delineated isolates into seven pulsotypes, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) categorized most isolates within one of three clonal complexes (CC): CC2 (N = 12), CC5 (N = 11), and CC288 (N = 11). Isolates representing CC1 (N = 2) and CC9 (N = 1) were also recovered. Virulence-associated genes such as inlA and the LIPI-3 cluster were detected in multiple isolates, along with the stress survival islet cluster-1 (SSI-1), and benzalkonium (bcrABC) and cadmium (cad1, cad2, cad4) resistance cassettes. Multiple isolates that belong to the same CC and matching PFGE patterns were isolated from food and the environment from both facilities across multiple years, suggesting the presence of persistent strains of L. monocytogenes, and/or constant re-entry of the pathogens into the facilities from common sources. These findings highlight the ability of lineage I isolates of L. monocytogenes to colonize, persist, and predominate within two meat-producing environments, and underscores the need for robust surveillance strategies to monitor and mitigate against these important foodborne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elton Burnett
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 2111 Lakeshore Road, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
- Correspondence:
| | - Zuzana Kucerova
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (Z.K.); (M.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Molly Freeman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (Z.K.); (M.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Sophia Kathariou
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Jessica Chen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (Z.K.); (M.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Monica Smikle
- Department of Microbiology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Osek J, Lachtara B, Wieczorek K. Listeria monocytogenes - How This Pathogen Survives in Food-Production Environments? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:866462. [PMID: 35558128 PMCID: PMC9087598 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.866462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of human listeriosis, a severe disease, especially dangerous for the elderly, pregnant women, and newborns. Although this infection is comparatively rare, it is often associated with a significant mortality rate of 20-30% worldwide. Therefore, this microorganism has an important impact on food safety. L. monocytogenes can adapt, survive and even grow over a wide range of food production environmental stress conditions such as temperatures, low and high pH, high salt concentration, ultraviolet lights, presence of biocides and heavy metals. Furthermore, this bacterium is also able to form biofilm structures on a variety of surfaces in food production environments which makes it difficult to remove and allows it to persist for a long time. This increases the risk of contamination of food production facilities and finally foods. The present review focuses on the key issues related to the molecular mechanisms of the pathogen survival and adaptation to adverse environmental conditions. Knowledge and understanding of the L. monocytogenes adaptation approaches to environmental stress factors will have a significant influence on the development of new, efficient, and cost-effective methods of the pathogen control in the food industry, which is critical to ensure food production safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Osek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Skowron K, Grudlewska-Buda K, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Korkus J, Gospodarek-Komkowska E. Adaptive Response of Listeria monocytogenes to the Stress Factors in the Food Processing Environment. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:710085. [PMID: 34489900 PMCID: PMC8417233 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.710085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes are Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacteria that easily adapt to changing environmental conditions. The ability to grow at a wide range of temperatures, pH, and salinity determines the presence of the pathogen in water, sewage, soil, decaying vegetation, and animal feed. L. monocytogenes is an etiological factor of listeriosis, especially dangerous for the elderly, pregnant women, and newborns. The major source of L. monocytogenes for humans is food, including fresh and smoked products. Its high prevalence in food is associated with bacterial adaptation to the food processing environment (FPE). Since the number of listeriosis cases has been progressively increasing an efficient eradication of the pathogen from the FPE is crucial. Understanding the mechanisms of bacterial adaptation to environmental stress will significantly contribute to developing novel, effective methods of controlling L. monocytogenes in the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Korkus
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Unrath N, McCabe E, Macori G, Fanning S. Application of Whole Genome Sequencing to Aid in Deciphering the Persistence Potential of Listeria monocytogenes in Food Production Environments. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1856. [PMID: 34576750 PMCID: PMC8464834 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is the etiological agent of listeriosis, a foodborne illness associated with high hospitalizations and mortality rates. This bacterium can persist in food associated environments for years with isolates being increasingly linked to outbreaks. This review presents a discussion of genomes of Listeria monocytogenes which are commonly regarded as persisters within food production environments, as well as genes which are involved in mechanisms aiding this phenotype. Although criteria for the detection of persistence remain undefined, the advent of whole genome sequencing (WGS) and the development of bioinformatic tools have revolutionized the ability to find closely related strains. These advancements will facilitate the identification of mechanisms responsible for persistence among indistinguishable genomes. In turn, this will lead to improved assessments of the importance of biofilm formation, adaptation to stressful conditions and tolerance to sterilizers in relation to the persistence of this bacterium, all of which have been previously associated with this phenotype. Despite much research being published around the topic of persistence, more insights are required to further elucidate the nature of true persistence and its implications for public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Unrath
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (N.U.); (E.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Evonne McCabe
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (N.U.); (E.M.); (G.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, St. Vincent’s University Hospital, D04 T6F4 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guerrino Macori
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (N.U.); (E.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland; (N.U.); (E.M.); (G.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mortazavi SMH, Kaur M, Farahnaky A, Torley PJ, Osborn AM. The pathogenic and spoilage bacteria associated with red meat and application of different approaches of high CO 2 packaging to extend product shelf-life. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1733-1754. [PMID: 34445909 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1968336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
With the fast-global development of packaging techniques, the potential antimicrobial effect of CO2, as a safe, cheap and readily available gas, makes it the integral component for packaging of meat products. The associated spoilage and/or pathogenic bacteria on raw meat may respond in different ways to elevated CO2 concentrations. The growth of some aerobic Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas spp. is significantly inhibited but some LAB bacteria may be allowed to grow faster and dominate the product. The antimicrobial efficacy of enriched CO2 packaging is attributed to the rate of CO2 solubility in the product which is itself affected by the level of headspace CO2, product pH, temperature and the ratio of headspace gas to product (G:P). This review, first, explores the varied range of beef and sheep meat spoilage and pathogenic bacteria and the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters that may influence the pattern of microbial growth and meat spoilage rate during storage. Then, the antimicrobial mechanism of elevated CO2 packaging will be discussed and the different approaches of achieving enriched CO2 packaging i.e. the traditional technique of flushing a desired gas mixture and/or using the new commercially developed CO2 emitters will then be compared in terms of their strengths, limitations and technical mode of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Biosciences and Food Technology Discipline, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Asgar Farahnaky
- Biosciences and Food Technology Discipline, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter J Torley
- Biosciences and Food Technology Discipline, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Mark Osborn
- Biosciences and Food Technology Discipline, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rauf A, Khalil AA, Rahman UU, Khalid A, Naz S, Shariati MA, Rebezov M, Urtecho EZ, de Albuquerque RDDG, Anwar S, Alamri A, Saini RK, Rengasamy KRR. Recent advances in the therapeutic application of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs): An updated review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6034-6054. [PMID: 33703960 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1895064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the gut microbiota has emerged as an important frontier in understanding the human body's homeostasis and the development of diseases. Gut flora in human beings regulates various metabolic functionalities, including enzymes, amino acid synthesis, bio-transformation of bile acid, fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs), generation of indoles and polyamines (PAs), and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Among all the metabolites produced by gut microbiota, SCFAs, the final product of fermentation of dietary fibers by gut microbiota, receive lots of attention from scientists due to their pharmacological and physiological characteristics. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of SCFAs in the interaction between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism is still needed in-depth research. This review highlights the recent biotechnological advances in applying SCFAs as important metabolites to treat various diseases and maintain colonic health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ubaid-Ur- Rahman
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahood Khalid
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Naz
- Deaprtment of Biotechnology, Woman University Mardan, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- K.G. Razumovsky, Moscow State University of Technologies and Management (the First Cossack University), Moscow, Russian
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian.,Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russian
| | | | | | - Sirajudheen Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA
| | - Abdulwahab Alamri
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA
| | | | - Kannan R R Rengasamy
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems Centre, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, North West Province, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nangul A, Bozkurt H, Gupta S, Woolf A, Phan-Thien KY, McConchie R, Fletcher GC. Decline of Listeria monocytogenes on fresh apples during long-term, low-temperature simulated international sea-freight transport. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 341:109069. [PMID: 33508582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes has caused outbreaks of foodborne illness from apples in the USA, and is also a major issue for regulatory compliance worldwide. Due to apple's significance as an important export product from New Zealand, we aimed to determine the effect of long-term, low-temperature sea-freight from New Zealand to the USA (July) and Europe (March-April), two key New Zealand markets, on the survival and/or growth of L. monocytogenes on fresh apples. Temperature and humidity values were recorded during a shipment to each market (USA and Europe), then the observed variations around the 0.5 °C target temperature were simulated in laboratory trials using open ('Scired') and closed ('Royal Gala' for the USA and 'Cripps Pink' for Europe) calyx cultivars of apples inoculated with a cocktail of 107-108 cells of seven strains of L. monocytogenes. Samples were analysed for L. monocytogenes quantification at various intervals during the simulation and on each occasion, an extra set was analysed after a subsequent 8 days at 20 °C. When both the sea-freight simulations concluded, L. monocytogenes showed 5 log reductions on the equatorial surface of skin of apples, but only about 2.5 log reduction for USA and about 3.3 log reduction for Europe in the calyx. Cultivar type had no significant effect on the survival of L. monocytogenes for both sea-freight simulations, either in the calyx or on the skin (P > 0.05). Most of the reduction in the culturable cells on the skin occurred during the initial 2 weeks of the long-term storage simulations. There was also no significant difference in the reduction of L. monocytogenes at 0.5 or 20 °C. No correlation was observed between firmness or total soluble solids and survival of L. monocytogenes. Because the inoculated bacterial log reduction was lower in the calyx than on the skin, it is speculated that the risk of causing illness is higher if contaminated apple cores are eaten. The result suggested that the international sea-freight transportation does not result in the growth of L. monocytogenes irrespective of time and temperature. The results of this study provide useful insights into the survival of L. monocytogenes on different apple cultivars that can be used to develop effective risk mitigation strategies for fresh apples during long-term, low-temperature international sea-freight transportation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agam Nangul
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hayriye Bozkurt
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Sravani Gupta
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Allan Woolf
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kim-Yen Phan-Thien
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Robyn McConchie
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Food Safety in the Fresh Produce Industry, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Graham C Fletcher
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu Y, Zhu L, Dong P, Liang R, Mao Y, Yang X, Zhang Y, Luo X. Acid Tolerance Response of Listeria monocytogenes in Various External pHs with Different Concentrations of Lactic Acid. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:253-261. [PMID: 31738578 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the acid tolerance response (ATR) of two strains of Listeria monocytogenes (serotype 1/2a and 4b) and one strain of Listeria innocua under different mildly acid conditions. Cells were incubated in combinations of three concentrations of lactic acid medium (3, 4.75, and 15 mM) and three external pH's (pHex 5.0, 6.0, and 6.5), plus, a HCl control, and a blank control (pH 7.4). Results showed that lactic acid induced lower log reduction of all three strains when challenged in severe acid conditions (pH 3.0) after being habituated at a pHex of 5.5 or 6.0 until the log phase, compared with a pHex of 6.5 or the two controls. This indicates that when the pHex was either 5.5 or 6.0 this induced a higher ATR of the strains, which may be caused by the ability of the strains to retain intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis with pHi maintained in the range of 7.4-7.9. It was also found that a pHex of 5.5 resulted in the highest pHi of the strains across all incubated conditions, which indicates that the pHi may play an important role in the induction of ATR when Listeria cells are habituated in lactic acid, and if the higher pHi can be maintained, the ATR would be stronger. The concentration of lactic acid per se has no significant effect on ATR, which it is proposed was due to the pHi homeostasis maintained within the cells. However, the difference in ATR among three strains was also significant, which cannot be explained by the stable pHi of all tested strains. Therefore, other underlying mechanisms to mediate ATR under different conditions need to be explored in further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunge Liu
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixian Zhu
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Dong
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Liang
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Mao
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyin Yang
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Luo
- Lab of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A novel role for the glutamate decarboxylase system in Listeria monocytogenes; protection against oxidative stress. Food Microbiol 2020; 85:103284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
17
|
Horlbog JA, Stevens MJA, Stephan R, Guldimann C. Global Transcriptional Response of Three Highly Acid-Tolerant Field Strains of Listeria monocytogenes to HCl Stress. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100455. [PMID: 31623206 PMCID: PMC6843411 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance to acid is of dual importance for the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes: acids are used as a preservative, and gastric acid is one of the first defenses within the host. There are considerable differences in the acid tolerance of strains. Here we present the transcriptomic response of acid-tolerant field strains of L. monocytogenes to HCl at pH 3.0. RNAseq revealed significant differential expression of genes involved in phosphotransferase systems, oxidative phosphorylation, cell morphology, motility, and biofilm formation. Genes in the acetoin biosynthesis pathway were upregulated, suggesting that L. monocytogenes shifts to metabolizing pyruvate to acetoin under organic acid stress. We also identified the formation of cell aggregates in microcolonies as a potential relief strategy. A motif search within the first 150 bp upstream of differentially expressed genes identified a novel potential regulatory sequence that may have a function in the regulation of virulence gene expression. Our data support a model where an excess of intracellular H+ ions is counteracted by pumping H+ out of the cytosol via cytochrome C under reduced activity of the ATP synthase. The observed morphological changes suggest that acid stress may cause cells to aggregate in biofilm microcolonies to create a more favorable microenvironment. Additionally, HCl stress in the host stomach may serve as (i) a signal to downregulate highly immunogenic flagella, and (ii) as an indicator for the imminent contact with host cells which triggers early stage virulence genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jule Anna Horlbog
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Marc J A Stevens
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Claudia Guldimann
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Horlbog JA, Kent D, Stephan R, Guldimann C. Surviving host - and food relevant stresses: phenotype of L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food and clinical sources. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12931. [PMID: 30154513 PMCID: PMC6113203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the phenotype of 40 strains of L. monocytogenes under food and host relevant stress conditions. The strains were chosen to represent food and clinical isolates and to be equally distributed between the most relevant clonal complexes for clinical and food isolates (CC1 and CC6 vs CC121 and CC9), plus one group of eight strains of rare clonal complexes. Human-associated CC1 had a faster maximal growth rate than the other major complexes, and the lag time of CC1 and CC6 was significantly less affected by the addition of 4% NaCl to the medium. Food-associated CC9 strains were hypohemolytic compared to other clonal complexes, and all strains found to be resistant to increased concentrations of benzalkonium chloride belonged to CC121 and were positive for Tn6188 carrying the qacH gene. Lactic acid affected the survival of L. monocytogenes more than HCl, and there was a distinct, strain specific pattern of acid tolerant and sensitive strains. Strains from CC6 and human clinical isolates are less resilient under acid stress than those from other complexes and from food. One strain isolated from a human patient exhibited significant growth defects across all conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jule Anna Horlbog
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Kent
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Guldimann
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rodríguez-López P, Rodríguez-Herrera JJ, Vázquez-Sánchez D, López Cabo M. Current Knowledge on Listeria monocytogenes Biofilms in Food-Related Environments: Incidence, Resistance to Biocides, Ecology and Biocontrol. Foods 2018; 7:E85. [PMID: 29874801 PMCID: PMC6025129 DOI: 10.3390/foods7060085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many efforts have been made to control Listeria monocytogenes in the food industry, growing pervasiveness amongst the population over the last decades has made this bacterium considered to be one of the most hazardous foodborne pathogens. Its outstanding biocide tolerance capacity and ability to promiscuously associate with other bacterial species forming multispecies communities have permitted this microorganism to survive and persist within the industrial environment. This review is designed to give the reader an overall picture of the current state-of-the-art in L. monocytogenes sessile communities in terms of food safety and legislation, ecological aspects and biocontrol strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rodríguez-López
- Department of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products (MICROTEC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), 6, Eduardo Cabello, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Juan José Rodríguez-Herrera
- Department of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products (MICROTEC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), 6, Eduardo Cabello, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Daniel Vázquez-Sánchez
- "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo (USP), 11, Av. Pádua Dias, 13418-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marta López Cabo
- Department of Microbiology and Technology of Marine Products (MICROTEC), Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM-CSIC), 6, Eduardo Cabello, 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bierne H, Milohanic E, Kortebi M. To Be Cytosolic or Vacuolar: The Double Life of Listeria monocytogenes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:136. [PMID: 29868493 PMCID: PMC5962784 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens are generally classified into two types: those that exploit host membrane trafficking to construct specific niches in vacuoles (i.e., "vacuolar pathogens"), and those that escape from vacuoles into the cytosol, where they proliferate and often spread to neighboring cells (i.e., "cytosolic pathogens"). However, the boundary between these distinct intracellular phenotypes is tenuous and may depend on the timing of infection and on the host cell type. Here, we discuss recent progress highlighting this phenotypic duality in Listeria monocytogenes, which has long been a model for cytosolic pathogens, but now emerges as a bacterium also capable of residing in vacuoles, in a slow/non-growing state. The ability of L. monocytogenes to enter a persistence stage in vacuoles might play a role during the asymptomatic incubation period of listeriosis and/or the carriage of this pathogen in asymptomatic hosts. Moreover, persistent vacuolar Listeria could be less susceptible to antibiotics and more difficult to detect by routine techniques of clinical biology. These hypotheses deserve to be explored in order to better manage the risks related to this food-borne pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bierne
- Epigenetics and Cellular Microbiology Team, Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zilelidou EA, Skandamis PN. Growth, detection and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes in the presence of other microorganisms: microbial interactions from species to strain level. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 277:10-25. [PMID: 29677551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Like with all food microorganisms, many basic aspects of L. monocytogenes life are likely to be influenced by its interactions with bacteria living in close proximity. This pathogenic bacterium is a major concern both for the food industry and health organizations since it is ubiquitous and able to withstand harsh environmental conditions. Due to the ubiquity of Listeria monocytogenes, various strains may contaminate foods at different stages of the supply chain. Consequently, simultaneous exposure of consumers to multiple strains is also possible. In this context even strain-to-strain interactions of L. monocytogenes play a significant role in fundamental processes for the life of the pathogen, such as growth or virulence, and subsequently compromise food safety, affect the evolution of a potential infection, or even introduce bias in the detection by classical enrichment techniques. This article summarizes the impact of microbial interactions on the growth and detection of L. monocytogenes primarily in foods and food-associated environments. Furthermore it provides an overview of L. monocytogenes virulence in the presence of other microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia A Zilelidou
- Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Iera odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis N Skandamis
- Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Iera odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kortebi M, Milohanic E, Mitchell G, Péchoux C, Prevost MC, Cossart P, Bierne H. Listeria monocytogenes switches from dissemination to persistence by adopting a vacuolar lifestyle in epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006734. [PMID: 29190284 PMCID: PMC5708623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes causes listeriosis, a foodborne disease that poses serious risks to fetuses, newborns and immunocompromised adults. This intracellular bacterial pathogen proliferates in the host cytosol and exploits the host actin polymerization machinery to spread from cell-to-cell and disseminate in the host. Here, we report that during several days of infection in human hepatocytes or trophoblast cells, L. monocytogenes switches from this active motile lifestyle to a stage of persistence in vacuoles. Upon intercellular spread, bacteria gradually stopped producing the actin-nucleating protein ActA and became trapped in lysosome-like vacuoles termed Listeria-Containing Vacuoles (LisCVs). Subpopulations of bacteria resisted degradation in LisCVs and entered a slow/non-replicative state. During the subculture of host cells harboring LisCVs, bacteria showed a capacity to cycle between the vacuolar and the actin-based motility stages. When ActA was absent, such as in ΔactA mutants, vacuolar bacteria parasitized host cells in the so-called “viable but non-culturable” state (VBNC), preventing their detection by conventional colony counting methods. The exposure of infected cells to high doses of gentamicin did not trigger the formation of LisCVs, but selected for vacuolar and VBNC bacteria. Together, these results reveal the ability of L. monocytogenes to enter a persistent state in a subset of epithelial cells, which may favor the asymptomatic carriage of this pathogen, lengthen the incubation period of listeriosis, and promote bacterial survival during antibiotic therapy. L. monocytogenes is a model intracellular pathogen that replicates in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells and disseminate in the host using actin-based motility. Here, we reveal that L. monocytogenes changes its lifestyle and persists in lysosomal vacuoles during long-term infection of human hepatocytes and trophoblast cells. When the virulence factor ActA is not expressed, subpopulations of vacuolar bacteria enter a dormant viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. This novel facet of the L. monocytogenes intracellular life could contribute to the asymptomatic carriage of this pathogen in epithelial tissues and render it tolerant to antibiotic therapy and undetectable by routine culture techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Kortebi
- Micalis Institute, Inra, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Epigénétique et Microbiologie Cellulaire, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eliane Milohanic
- Micalis Institute, Inra, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Epigénétique et Microbiologie Cellulaire, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gabriel Mitchell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Péchoux
- Unité GABI, Inra, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Plate-Forme MIMA2, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Pascale Cossart
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Paris, France
- Inserm, U604, Paris, France
- Inra, USC2020, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Bierne
- Micalis Institute, Inra, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Epigénétique et Microbiologie Cellulaire, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stress Responses, Adaptation, and Virulence of Bacterial Pathogens During Host Gastrointestinal Colonization. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 4. [PMID: 27227312 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.vmbf-0007-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Invading pathogens are exposed to a multitude of harmful conditions imposed by the host gastrointestinal tract and immune system. Bacterial defenses against these physical and chemical stresses are pivotal for successful host colonization and pathogenesis. Enteric pathogens, which are encountered due to the ingestion of or contact with contaminated foods or materials, are highly successful at surviving harsh conditions to colonize and cause the onset of host illness and disease. Pathogens such as Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Salmonella, Listeria, and virulent strains of Escherichia have evolved elaborate defense mechanisms to adapt to the diverse range of stresses present along the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, these pathogens contain a multitude of defenses to help survive and escape from immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. This chapter focuses on characterized bacterial defenses against pH, osmotic, oxidative, and nitrosative stresses with emphasis on both the direct and indirect mechanisms that contribute to the survival of each respective stress response.
Collapse
|
24
|
Malekmohammadi S, Kodjovi KK, Sherwood J, Bergholz TM. Genetic and environmental factors influence Listeria monocytogenes nisin resistance. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:262-270. [PMID: 28452154 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Listeria monocytogenes nisin resistance increases when first exposed to NaCl and other stresses, such as low pH. In addition to environmental stressors, specific genomic elements can confer nisin resistance, such as the stress survival islet (SSI-1). As SSI-1 is variably present among L. monocytogenes strains, we wanted to determine if SSI-1 was associated with salt-induced nisin resistance. METHODS AND RESULTS The presence of SSI-1 was determined using PCR for 48 strains of L. monocytogenes. When combined with multilocus sequence typing data, we found that the distribution of SSI-1 is clonal, where strains from clonal complexes (CC) 2, 6 and 11 do not have SSI-1, while strains from CCs 3, 5, 7 and 9 contain SSI-1. The impact of SSI-1 on salt-induced nisin resistance was dependent on CC. The average log decrease after 24 h of exposure to nisin at 7°C under salt-inducing conditions was 2·6 ± 1·1 for CC 9 strains and 2·3 ± 0·7 for CC 11 strains, which had significantly lower survival compared to the other CCs, such as 1·3 ± 0·3 for CC 6. Deletion of SSI-1 from a CC 7 strain demonstrated the role SSI-1 plays in salt-induced nisin resistance, as the deletion mutant had lower resistance compared to the parent strain. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that inducible nisin resistance in L. monocytogenes can be influenced by environmental conditions as well as the genetic composition of the strain, which should be considered when selecting control measures for ready-to-eat foods. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The foodborne pathogen L. monocytogenes can grow in suboptimal conditions, including low temperature and high osmolarity, which makes it a safety concern for ready-to-eat foods. When using antimicrobial peptide inhibitors such as nisin, it is important to understand how food components can impact antimicrobial resistance across the genetic diversity of L. monocytogenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Malekmohammadi
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - K K Kodjovi
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - J Sherwood
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - T M Bergholz
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
A 3-year multi-food study of the presence and persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in 54 small food businesses in Ireland. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 249:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
26
|
Calvo T, Álvarez-Ordóñez A, Prieto M, González-Raurich M, López M. Influence of processing parameters and stress adaptation on the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes by Non-Thermal Atmospheric Plasma (NTAP). Food Res Int 2016; 89:631-637. [PMID: 28460960 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of Non-Thermal Atmospheric Plasma (NTAP) treatments against Listeria. Firstly, the impact of gas composition and flow rate on L. monocytogenes and L. innocua (used as a surrogate) inactivation by NTAP was monitored. Secondly, the influence of stress adaptation (growth under suboptimal conditions, using a wide range of temperatures and media acidified up to pH5.5 with citric, lactic, malic or hydrochloric acid, or short-term exposure to acid, cold or thermal shocks) on L. monocytogenes NTAP resistance was assessed. Survival curves obtained were concave upward. A mathematical model based on the Weibull distribution accurately described the inactivation kinetics. Both L. monocytogenes and L. innocua showed a higher sensitivity to plasma when the treatment was performed using air than when nitrogen was used. In fact, the use of nitrogen as working gas made the plasma treatment almost ineffective. The effect of gas flow rate on the effectiveness of the NTAP treatment depended on the type of gas used to generate plasma. Increases in flow rate from 5 to 10L/min caused an acceleration of bacterial inactivation when air was used, while an additional increase of gas flow from 10 to 15L/min had a minor impact on microbial inactivation. On the other hand, gas flow rate hardly affected NTAP treatment efficiency when nitrogen was used to generate plasma. L. monocytogenes growth under sub-optimal temperature or pH conditions or short-term exposure to acid, heat or cold stress conditions did not significantly modify its NTAP resistance. This suggests that temperature and pH stress adaptation does not induce a cross-protection response against NTAP treatments in L. monocytogenes, what makes NTAP an attractive technology for food decontamination within minimal processing strategies targeting this pathogenic microorganism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Calvo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology and Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Avelino Álvarez-Ordóñez
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology and Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain.
| | - Miguel Prieto
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology and Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Montserrat González-Raurich
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology and Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Mercedes López
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology and Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of León, León, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mycothiol peroxidase MPx protects Corynebacterium glutamicum against acid stress by scavenging ROS. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1221-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
28
|
Glutathione is involved in physiological response of Candida utilis to acid stress. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10669-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- Máire Begley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland;
| | - Colin Hill
- School of Microbiology and Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Citrulline protects Streptococcus pyogenes from acid stress using the arginine deiminase pathway and the F1Fo-ATPase. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:1288-96. [PMID: 25645553 DOI: 10.1128/jb.02517-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A common stress encountered by both pathogenic and environmental bacteria is exposure to a low-pH environment, which can inhibit cell growth and lead to cell death. One major defense mechanism against this stress is the arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway, which catabolizes arginine to generate two ammonia molecules and one molecule of ATP. While this pathway typically relies on the utilization of arginine, citrulline has also been shown to enter into the pathway and contribute to protection against acid stress. In the pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, the utilization of citrulline has been demonstrated to contribute to pathogenesis in a murine model of soft tissue infection, although the mechanism underlying its role in infection is unknown. To gain insight into this question, we analyzed a panel of mutants defective in different steps in the ADI pathway to dissect how arginine and citrulline protect S. pyogenes in a low-pH environment. While protection provided by arginine utilization occurred through the buffering of the extracellular environment, citrulline catabolism protection was pH independent, requiring the generation of ATP via the ADI pathway and a functional F1Fo-ATP synthase. This work demonstrates that arginine and citrulline catabolism protect against acid stress through distinct mechanisms and have unique contributions to virulence during an infection. IMPORTANCE An important aspect of bacterial pathogenesis is the utilization of host-derived nutrients during an infection for growth and virulence. Previously published work from our lab identified a unique role for citrulline catabolism in Streptococcus pyogenes during a soft tissue infection. The present article probes the role of citrulline utilization during this infection and its contribution to protection against acid stress. This work reveals a unique and concerted action between the catabolism of citrulline and the F1Fo-ATPase that function together to provide protection for bacteria in a low-pH environment. Dissection of these collaborative pathways highlights the complexity of bacterial infections and the contribution of atypical nutrients, such as citrulline, to pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Giaouris E, Chorianopoulos N, Nychas GJ. Acquired acid adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes during its planktonic growth enhances subsequent survival of its sessile population to disinfection with natural organic compounds. Food Res Int 2014; 64:896-900. [PMID: 30011730 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The abilities of Listeria monocytogenes to adapt to stress and also to attach to surfaces are believed to contribute to its persistence in food processing environments. In this study, the possible influence of acid adaptation of L. monocytogenes cells during their planktonic growth on their subsequent resistance against 3 different natural disinfection treatments (0.05% lactic acid, 1% essential oil or 100% hydrosol of S. thymbra) upon their attachment to stainless steel (SS) was evaluated by simultaneously using the bead vortexing technique and a conductance method. Prior to disinfection, both nonadapted and acid-adapted stationary phase bacteria were left to attach to SS coupons statically incubated for 10days into Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth under 3 different temperatures (5, 16 or 30°C). Results revealed that both essential oil and hydrosol presented sufficient bactericidal activity against all formed sessile populations, always resulting in counts following disinfection below the plate counting detection limit. However, the conductance method, able to detect metabolically active sessile bacteria unable to be recovered by the bead vortexing, revealed the positive influence of previously acquired acid adaptation on disinfection resistance of attached cells against these plant extracts. A similar effect of acid adaptation was also evident for lactic acid disinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Mitropoliti Ioakeim 2, Myrina 81400, Lemnos Island, Greece.
| | - Nikos Chorianopoulos
- Veterinary Research Institute of Athens, Greek Agricultural Organization "Demeter", Neapoleos 25, Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chen J, Fang C, Zheng T, Zhu N, Bei Y, Fang W. Genomic presence of gadD1 glutamate decarboxylase correlates with the organization of ascB-dapE internalin cluster in Listeria monocytogenes. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 9:175-8. [PMID: 22315955 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to survive and proliferate in acidic environments is a prerequisite for the infection of Listeria monocytogenes. The glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) system is responsible for acid resistance, and three GAD homologs have been identified in L. monocytogenes: gadD1, gadD2, and gadD3. To examine whether GAD genes are specific to lineage, serovar, or certain subpopulation, we performed a systematic investigation on the prevalence of GAD genes in 164 L. monocytogenes. In contrast to gadD2 and gadD3 conserved in all L. monocytogenes strains, gadD1 was identified in 36.6% (60/164) of L. monocytogenes strains, including all serovar 1/2c and 68.5% (37/54) of serovar 1/2a strains, as well as a small fraction of serovar 1/2b (3.4%, 1/29) and lineage III (13.8%, 4/29) strains. All serovar 4b and lineage IV strains lacked this gene. According to the ascB-dapE structure, L. monocytogenes strains were classified into four subpopulations, carrying inlC2DE, inlGC2DE, inlGHE, or no internalin cluster, respectively. All L. monocytogenes strains with inlGC2DE or inlGHE pattern harbored gadD1, whereas those bearing inlC2DE or no internalin cluster between ascB and dapE lacked gadD1. In addition, other five non-monocytogenes Listeria species lacking ascB-dapE internalin cluster were gadD1-negative. Overall, the presence of gadD1 is not fully dependent on lineages or serovars but correlates with ascB-dapE internalin profiles, suggesting gadD1 might have co-evolved with the ascB-dapE internalin cluster in the primitive L. monocytogenes before divergence of serovars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianshun Chen
- Zhejiang Fisheries Technical Extension Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rychli K, Müller A, Zaiser A, Schoder D, Allerberger F, Wagner M, Schmitz-Esser S. Genome sequencing of Listeria monocytogenes "Quargel" listeriosis outbreak strains reveals two different strains with distinct in vitro virulence potential. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89964. [PMID: 24587155 PMCID: PMC3935953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A large listeriosis outbreak occurred in Austria, Germany and the Czech Republic in 2009 and 2010. The outbreak was traced back to a traditional Austrian curd cheese called “Quargel” which was contaminated with two distinct serovar 1/2a Listeria monocytogenes strains (QOC1 and QOC2). In this study we sequenced and analysed the genomes of both outbreak strains in order to investigate the extent of genetic diversity between the two strains belonging to MLST sequence types 398 (QOC2) and 403 (QOC1). Both genomes are highly similar, but also display distinct properties: The QOC1 genome is approximately 74 kbp larger than the QOC2 genome. In addition, the strains harbour 93 (QOC1) and 45 (QOC2) genes encoding strain-specific proteins. A 21 kbp region showing highest similarity to plasmid pLMIV encoding three putative internalins is integrated in the QOC1 genome. In contrast to QOC1, strain QOC2 harbours a vip homologue, which encodes a LPXTG surface protein involved in cell invasion. In accordance, in vitro virulence assays revealed distinct differences in invasion efficiency and intracellular proliferation within different cell types. The higher virulence potential of QOC1 in non-phagocytic cells may be explained by the presence of additional internalins in the pLMIV-like region, whereas the higher invasion capability of QOC2 into phagocytic cells may be due to the presence of a vip homologue. In addition, both strains show differences in stress-related gene content. Strain QOC1 encodes a so-called stress survival islet 1, whereas strain QOC2 harbours a homologue of the uncharacterized LMOf2365_0481 gene. Consistently, QOC1 shows higher resistance to acidic, alkaline and gastric stress. In conclusion, our results show that strain QOC1 and QOC2 are distinct and did not recently evolve from a common ancestor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Rychli
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anneliese Müller
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Zaiser
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dagmar Schoder
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Martin Wagner
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Molecularbiological Food Analytics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Institute for Milk Hygiene, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gahan CGM, Hill C. Listeria monocytogenes: survival and adaptation in the gastrointestinal tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:9. [PMID: 24551601 PMCID: PMC3913888 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes has the capacity to survive and grow in a diverse range of natural environments. The transition from a food environment to the gastrointestinal tract begins a process of adaptation that may culminate in invasive systemic disease. Here we describe recent advances in our understanding of how L. monocytogenes adapts to the gastrointestinal environment prior to initiating systemic infection. We will discuss mechanisms used by the pathogen to survive encounters with acidic environments (which include the glutamate decarboxylase and arginine deiminase systems), and those which enable the organism to cope with bile acids (including bile salt hydrolase) and competition with the resident microbiota. An increased understanding of how the pathogen survives in this environment is likely to inform the future design of novel prophylactic approaches that exploit specific pharmabiotics; including probiotics, prebiotics, or phages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cormac G M Gahan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; School of Microbiology, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; School of Microbiology, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vannucci FA, Gebhart CJ. Recent Advances in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Lawsonia intracellularis Infections. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:465-77. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813520249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative enteropathy is an infectious disease caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium, Lawsonia intracellularis, and characterized by thickening of the intestinal epithelium due to enterocyte proliferation. The disease is endemic in swine herds and has been occasionally reported in various other species. Furthermore, outbreaks among foals began to be reported on breeding farms worldwide within the past 5 years. Cell proliferation is directly associated with bacterial infection and replication in the intestinal epithelium. As a result, mild to severe diarrhea is the major clinical sign described in infected animals. The dynamics of L. intracellularis infection in vitro and in vivo have been well characterized, but little is known about the genetic basis for the pathogenesis or ecology of this organism. The present review focuses on the recent advances regarding the pathogenesis and host-pathogen interaction of L. intracellularis infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Vannucci
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - C. J. Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Giaouris E, Chorianopoulos N, Nychas GJ. Impact of acid adaptation on attachment of Listeria monocytogenes to stainless steel during long-term incubation under low or moderate temperature conditions and on subsequent recalcitrance of attached cells to lethal acid treatments. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 171:1-7. [PMID: 24296256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the possible impact of acid adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes cells on their attachment to stainless steel (SS) during long-term incubation under either low or moderate temperature conditions and on the subsequent recalcitrance of attached cells to lethal acid treatments. Initially, nonadapted or acid-adapted stationary phase L. monocytogenes cells were used to inoculate (ca. 10⁸ CFU/ml) brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth in test tubes containing vertically placed SS coupons. Incubation was carried out at either 5 or 30 °C for up to 15 days, under static conditions. On the 5th, 10th and 15th days of incubation, attached cells were subjected to lethal acid treatments by exposing them, for either 6 or 60 min, to pH 2, adjusted with either hydrochloric or lactic acid. Following the acid treatments, remaining viable cells were detached (through strong vortexing with glass beads) and enumerated by agar plating, and also indirectly quantified by conductance measurements via their metabolic activity. Results obtained from both quantification techniques, employed here in parallel, revealed that although the numbers of attached cells for nonadapted and acid-adapted ones were similar, the latter were found to present significantly (p<0.05) increased recalcitrance to all the acid treatments for both incubation temperatures and all sampling days. In addition and regardless of acid adaptation, when long (60 min) acid treatments were applied, conductance measurements revealed that the weak organic lactic acid exhibited significantly (p<0.05) stronger antilisterial activity compared to the strong inorganic hydrochloric acid (at the same pH value of 2). To conclude, present results show that acid adaptation of L. monocytogenes cells during their planktonic growth is conserved even after 15 days of incubation under both low and moderate temperature conditions, and results in the increased recalcitrance of their sessile population to otherwise lethal acid treatments. This "stress hardening" should be severely taken into account when acidic decontamination interventions are used to kill attached to equipment surfaces cells of this important pathogenic bacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Mitropoliti Ioakeim 2, Myrina 81400, Lemnos Island, Greece.
| | - Nikos Chorianopoulos
- Veterinary Research Institute of Athens, Greek Agricultural Organization "Demeter", Neapoleos 25, Aghia Paraskeui 15310, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA) Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pullulan production and physiological characteristics of Aureobasidium pullulans under acid stress. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8069-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
38
|
Choi KH, Yoon Y. The Effects of Sodium Chloride on the Physiological Characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2013. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2013.33.3.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
39
|
Neuhaus K, Satorhelyi P, Schauer K, Scherer S, Fuchs TM. Acid shock of Listeria monocytogenes at low environmental temperatures induces prfA, epithelial cell invasion, and lethality towards Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:285. [PMID: 23622257 PMCID: PMC3648428 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The saprophytic pathogen Listeria monocytogenes has to cope with a variety of acidic habitats during its life cycle. The impact of low-temperature coupled with pH decrease for global gene expression and subsequent virulence properties, however, has not been elucidated. RESULTS qRT-PCR revealed for the first time a transient, acid triggered prfA induction of approximately 4-fold, 5.7-fold, 7-fold and 9.3-fold 60 to 90 min after acid shock of L. monocytogenes at 37°C, 25°C, 18°C, and 10°C, respectively. Comparable data were obtained for seven different L. monocytogenes strains, demonstrating that prfA induction under these conditions is a general response of L. monocytogenes. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the in vivo-relevant genes bsh, clpP, glpD, hfq, inlA, inlB, inlE, lisR, and lplA1 as well as many other genes with a putative role during infection are transiently induced upon acid shock conducted at 25°C and 37°C. Twenty-five genes repressed upon acid shock are known to be down regulated during intracellular growth or by virulence regulators. These data were confirmed by qRT-PCR of twelve differentially regulated genes and by the identification of acid shock-induced genes influenced by σB. To test if up regulation of virulence genes at temperatures below 37°C correlates with pathogenicity, the capacity of L. monocytogenes to invade epithelial cells after acid shock at 25°C was measured. A 12-fold increased number of intracellular bacteria was observed (acid shock, t = 60 min) that was reduced after adaptation to the level of the unshocked control. This increased invasiveness was shown to be in line with the induction of inlAB. Using a nematode infection assay, we demonstrated that Caenorhabditis elegans fed with acid-shocked L. monocytogenes exhibits a shorter time to death of 50% (TD50) of the worms (6.4 days) compared to infection with unshocked bacteria (TD50 = 10.2 days). CONCLUSIONS PrfA and other listerial virulence genes are induced by an inorganic acid in a temperature-dependent manner. The data presented here suggest that low pH serves as a trigger for listerial pathogenicity at environmental temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Neuhaus
- Department für biowissenschaftliche Grundlagen, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sun Y, O'Riordan MXD. Regulation of bacterial pathogenesis by intestinal short-chain Fatty acids. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 85:93-118. [PMID: 23942149 PMCID: PMC4029053 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407672-3.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is inextricably linked to health and disease. One important function of the commensal organisms living in the intestine is to provide colonization resistance against invading enteric pathogens. Because of the complex nature of the interaction between the microbiota and its host, multiple mechanisms likely contribute to resistance. In this review, we dissect the biological role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are fermentation end products of the intestinal microbiota, in host-pathogen interactions. SCFA exert an extensive influence on host physiology through nutritional, regulatory, and immunomodulatory functions and can also affect bacterial fitness as a form of acid stress. Moreover, SCFA act as a signal for virulence gene regulation in common enteric pathogens. Taken together, these studies highlight the importance of the chemical environment where the biology of the host, the microbiota, and the pathogen intersects, which provides a basis for designing effective infection prevention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mattila M, Somervuo P, Rattei T, Korkeala H, Stephan R, Tasara T. Phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses of Sigma L-dependent characteristics in Listeria monocytogenes EGD-e. Food Microbiol 2012; 32:152-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
42
|
Listeria monocytogenes grown at 7° C shows reduced acid survival and an altered transcriptional response to acid shock compared to L. monocytogenes grown at 37° C. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3824-36. [PMID: 22447604 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00051-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival of the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in acidic environments (e.g., in the human stomach) is vital to its transmission. Refrigerated, ready-to-eat foods have been sources of listeriosis outbreaks. The purpose of this study was to determine whether growth at a low temperature (i.e., 7°C) affects L. monocytogenes survival or gene transcription after exposure to a simulated gastric environment (i.e., acid shock at 37°C). L. monocytogenes cells grown at 7°C were less resistant to artificial gastric fluid (AGF) or acidified brain heart infusion broth (ABHI) than bacteria grown at higher temperatures (i.e., 30°C or 37°C). For L. monocytogenes grown at 7°C, stationary-phase cells were more resistant to ABHI than log-phase cells, indicating that both temperature and growth phase affect acid survival. Microarray transcriptomic analysis revealed that the number and functional categories of genes differentially expressed after acid shock differed according to both growth temperature and growth phase. The acid response of L. monocytogenes grown to log phase at 37°C involved stress-related transcriptional regulators (i.e., σ(B), σ(H), CtsR, and HrcA), some of which have been implicated in adaptation to the intracellular environment. In contrast, for bacteria grown at 7°C to stationary phase, acid exposure did not result in differential expression of the stress regulons examined. However, two large operons encoding bacteriophage-like proteins were induced, suggesting lysogenic prophage induction. The adaptive transcriptional response observed in 37°C-grown cells was largely absent in 7°C-grown cells, suggesting that temperatures commonly encountered during food storage and distribution affect the ability of L. monocytogenes to survive gastric passage and ultimately cause disease.
Collapse
|
43
|
Fuchs TM, Eisenreich W, Kern T, Dandekar T. Toward a Systemic Understanding of Listeria monocytogenes Metabolism during Infection. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:23. [PMID: 22347216 PMCID: PMC3271275 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne human pathogen that can cause invasive infection in susceptible animals and humans. For proliferation within hosts, this facultative intracellular pathogen uses a reservoir of specific metabolic pathways, transporter, and enzymatic functions whose expression requires the coordinated activity of a complex regulatory network. The highly adapted metabolism of L. monocytogenes strongly depends on the nutrient composition of various milieus encountered during infection. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies revealed the spatial-temporal dynamic of gene expression of this pathogen during replication within cultured cells or in vivo. Metabolic clues are the utilization of unusual C(2)- and C(3)-bodies, the metabolism of pyruvate, thiamine availability, the uptake of peptides, the acquisition or biosynthesis of certain amino acids, and the degradation of glucose-phosphate via the pentose phosphate pathway. These examples illustrate the interference of in vivo conditions with energy, carbon, and nitrogen metabolism, thus affecting listerial growth. The exploitation, analysis, and modeling of the available data sets served as a first attempt to a systemic understanding of listerial metabolism during infection. L. monocytogenes might serve as a model organism for systems biology of a Gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo M. Fuchs
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobielle Ökologie, Department Biowissenschaften, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Kern
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung, Technische Universität MünchenFreising, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Abteilung Bioinformatik, Theodor-Boveri-Institut (Biozentrum), Universität WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
The transcriptional response of Listeria monocytogenes during adaptation to growth on lactate and diacetate includes synergistic changes that increase fermentative acetoin production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:5294-306. [PMID: 21666015 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02976-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The organic acids lactate and diacetate are commonly used in combination in ready-to-eat foods because they show synergistic ability to inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. Full-genome microarrays were used to investigate the synergistic transcriptomic responses of two L. monocytogenes strains, H7858 (serotype 4b) and F6854 (serotype 1/2a), to these two organic acids under conditions representing osmotic and cold stress encountered in foods. Strains were exposed to brain heart infusion (BHI) broth at 7°C with 4.65% water-phase (w.p.) NaCl at pH 6.1 with (i) 2% w.p. potassium lactate, (ii) 0.14% w.p. sodium diacetate, (iii) the combination of both at the same levels, or (iv) no organic acids as a control. RNA was extracted 8 h after exposure, during lag phase, to capture gene transcription changes during adaptation to the organic acid stress. Significant differential transcription of 1,041 genes in H7858 and 640 genes in F6854 was observed in at least one pair of the 4 different treatments. The effects of combined treatment with lactate and diacetate included (i) synergistic transcription differences for 474 and 209 genes in H7858 and F6854, respectively, (ii) differential transcription of genes encoding cation transporters and ABC transporters of metals, and (iii) altered metabolism, including induction of a nutrient-limiting stress response, reduction of menaquinone biosynthesis, and a shift from fermentative production of acetate and lactate to energetically less favorable, neutral acetoin. These data suggest that additional treatments that interfere with cellular energy generation processes could more efficiently inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes.
Collapse
|
45
|
Ryan S, Begley M, Hill C, Gahan C. A five-gene stress survival islet (SSI-1) that contributes to the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in suboptimal conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:984-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
46
|
Mastronicolis SK, Berberi A, Diakogiannis I, Petrova E, Kiaki I, Baltzi T, Xenikakis P. Alteration of the phospho- or neutral lipid content and fatty acid composition in Listeria monocytogenes due to acid adaptation mechanisms for hydrochloric, acetic and lactic acids at pH 5.5 or benzoic acid at neutral pH. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2010; 98:307-16. [PMID: 20379849 PMCID: PMC2935972 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-010-9439-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
This study provides a first approach to observe the effects on Listeria monocytogenes of cellular exposure to acid stress at low or neutral pH, notably how phospho- or neutral lipids are involved in this mechanism, besides the fatty acid profile alteration. A thorough investigation of the composition of polar and neutral lipids from L. monocytogenes grown at pH 5.5 in presence of hydrochloric, acetic and lactic acids, or at neutral pH 7.3 in presence of benzoic acid, is described relative to cells grown in acid-free medium. The results showed that only low pH values enhance the antimicrobial activity of an acid. We suggest that, irrespective of pH, the acid adaptation response will lead to a similar alteration in fatty acid composition [decreasing the ratio of branched chain/saturated straight fatty acids of total lipids], mainly originating from the neutral lipid class of adapted cultures. Acid adaptation in L. monocytogenes was correlated with a decrease in total lipid phosphorus and, with the exception of cells adapted to benzoic acid, this change in the amount of phosphorus reflected a higher content of the neutral lipid class. Upon acetic or benzoic acid stress the lipid phosphorus proportion was analysed in the main phospholipids present: cardiolipin, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphoaminolipid and phosphatidylinositol. Interestingly only benzoic acid had a dramatic effect on the relative quantities of these four phospholipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia K Mastronicolis
- Food Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mols M, Van Kranenburg R, Van Melis CCJ, Moezelaar R, Abee T. Analysis of acid-stressed Bacillus cereus reveals a major oxidative response and inactivation-associated radical formation. Environ Microbiol 2010; 12:873-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.02132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
48
|
Sleator RD, Watson D, Hill C, Gahan CGM. The interaction between Listeria monocytogenes and the host gastrointestinal tract. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2009; 155:2463-2475. [PMID: 19542009 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.030205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a ubiquitous bacterium that causes significant foodborne disease with high mortality rates in immunocompromised adults. In pregnant women foodborne infection can give rise to infection of the fetus resulting in miscarriage. In addition, the bacterium has recently been demonstrated to cause localized gastrointestinal symptoms, predominantly in immunocompetent individuals. The murine model of systemic L. monocytogenes infection has provided numerous insights into the mechanisms of pathogenesis of this organism. However, recent application of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches as well as the development of new model systems has allowed a focus upon factors that influence adaptation to gastrointestinal environments and adhesion to and invasion of the gastrointestinal mucosa. In addition, the availability of a large number of complete L. monocytogenes genome sequences has permitted inter-strain comparisons and the identification of factors that may influence the emergence of 'epidemic' phenotypes. Here we review some of the exciting recent developments in the analysis of the interaction between L. monocytogenes and the host gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roy D Sleator
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Debbie Watson
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cormac G M Gahan
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|