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Ploumaki I, Triantafyllou E, Koumprentziotis IA, Karampinos K, Drougkas K, Karavolias I, Kotteas E. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors as Neoadjuvant Therapy of Hormone Receptor-Positive/HER2-Negative Early Breast Cancer: What do we Know so Far? Clin Breast Cancer 2024; 24:e177-e185. [PMID: 38320891 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors to the treatment of hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HR+/HER2-) metastatic breast cancer is regarded as one of the greatest achievements of the last decades in breast oncology. To date, palbociclib, abemaciclib and ribociclib are the 3 approved CDK4/6 inhibitors that combined with endocrine therapy are now considered as the standard first-line treatment of metastatic HR+/HER2- breast cancer. The great success of these drugs in the setting of metastatic disease and the need to combat the high risk of recurrence have paved the way for a number of clinical trials to explore the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in the neoadjuvant treatment of early breast cancer. In this review, we summarize the main findings of clinical trials that examined the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in combination with hormone therapy or chemotherapy as neoadjuvant treatment of hormone receptor-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer. Active clinical trials that investigate different treatment schemes are also briefly presented and current limitations and future goals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Ploumaki
- Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Αthens, Greece.
| | - Efthymios Triantafyllou
- Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Αthens, Greece
| | - Ioannis-Alexios Koumprentziotis
- Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Αthens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Karampinos
- Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Αthens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Drougkas
- Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Αthens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Karavolias
- Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Αthens, Greece
| | - Elias Kotteas
- Oncology Unit, 3rd Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Αthens, Greece
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2
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Viral Agents as Potential Drivers of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Tumorigenesis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102105. [DOI: 10.3390/v14102105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Among numerous causative agents recognized as oncogenic drivers, 13% of total cancer cases occur as a result of viral infections. The intricacy and diversity of carcinogenic processes, however, raise significant concerns about the mechanistic function of viruses in cancer. All tumor-associated viruses have been shown to encode viral oncogenes with a potential for cell transformation and the development of malignancies, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Given the difficulties in identifying single mechanistic explanations, it is necessary to combine ideas from systems biology and viral evolution to comprehend the processes driving viral cancer. The potential for more efficient and acceptable therapies lies in targeted medicines that aim at viral proteins or trigger immune responses to either avoid infection or eliminate infected or cancerous cells. In this review, we aim to describe the role of viral infections and their mechanistic approaches in DLBCL tumorigenesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review summarizing the oncogenic potential of numerous viral agents in DLBCL development.
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3
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Kisla MM, Ates-Alagoz Z. Benzimidazoles Against Certain Breast Cancer Drug Targets: A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2463-2477. [PMID: 35345997 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220328161217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzimidazoles are widely used scaffolds against various types of cancer including breast cancer. To this end, anticancer agents must be developed using the knowledge of the specific targets of BC. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aim to review the compounds used against some of the biomolecular targets of breast cancer. To this end, we present information about the various targets, with their latest innovative studies. CONCLUSION Benzimidazole ring is an important building block that can target diverse cancer scenarios since it can structurally mimic biomolecules in the human body. Additionally, many studies imply the involvement of this moiety on a plethora of pathways and enzymes related to BC. Herein, our target-based collection of benzimidazole derivatives strongly suggests the utilization of benzimidazole derivatives against BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Murat Kisla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ates-Alagoz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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4
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Abstract
Few ideas in cancer genetics have been as influential as the “two-hit” theory of tumor suppressors. This idea was introduced in 1971 by Al Knudson in a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science and forms the basis for our current understanding of the role of mutations in cancer. In this theoretical discussion proposing a genetic basis for retinoblastoma, a childhood cancer of the retina, Knudson posited that these tumors arise from two inactivating mutations, targeting both alleles of a putative tumor suppressor gene. While this work built on earlier proposals that cancers are the result of mutations in more than one gene, it was the first to propose a plausible mechanism by which single genes that are affected by germ-line mutations in heritable cancers could also cause spontaneous, nonheritable tumors when mutated in somatic tissues. Remarkably, Knudson described the existence and properties of a retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene a full 15 years before the gene was cloned.
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5
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Mizushima S, Sasanami T, Ono T, Matsuzaki M, Kansaku N, Kuroiwa A. Cyclin D1 gene expression is essential for cell cycle progression from the maternal-to-zygotic transition during blastoderm development in Japanese quail. Dev Biol 2021; 476:249-258. [PMID: 33905721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis proceeds by a highly regulated series of events. In animals, maternal factors that accumulate in the egg cytoplasm control cell cycle progression at the initial stage of cleavage. However, cell cycle regulation is switched to a system governed by the activated nuclear genome at a specific stage of development, referred to as maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). Detailed molecular analyses have been performed on maternal factors and activated zygotic genes in MZT in mammals, fishes and chicken; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear in quail. In the present study, we demonstrated that MZT occurred at blastoderm stage V in the Japanese quail using novel gene targeting technology in which the CRISPR/Cas9 and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) systems were combined. At blastoderm stage V, we found that maternal retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) protein expression was down-regulated, whereas the gene expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1) was initiated. When a microinjection of sgRNA containing CCND1-targeted sequencing and Cas9 mRNA was administered at the pronuclear stage, blastoderm development stopped at stage V and the down-regulation of RB1 did not occur. This result indicates the most notable difference from mammals in which CCND-knockout embryos are capable of developing beyond MZT. We also showed that CCND1 induced the phosphorylation of the serine/threonine residues of the RB1 protein, which resulted in the degradation of this protein. These results suggest that CCND1 is one of the key factors for RB1 protein degradation at MZT, and the elimination of RB1 may contribute to cell cycle progression after MZT during blastoderm development in the Japanese quail. Our novel technology, which combined the CRISPR/Cas9 system and ICSI, has the potential to become a powerful tool for avian-targeted mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Mizushima
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Sasanami
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tamao Ono
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Mei Matsuzaki
- Program of Food and AgriLife Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Norio Kansaku
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, 229-8501, Japan
| | - Asato Kuroiwa
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
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6
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Mandigo AC, Yuan W, Xu K, Gallagher P, Pang A, Guan YF, Shafi AA, Thangavel C, Sheehan B, Bogdan D, Paschalis A, McCann JJ, Laufer TS, Gordon N, Vasilevskaya IA, Dylgjeri E, Chand SN, Schiewer MJ, Domingo-Domenech J, Den RB, Holst J, McCue PA, de Bono JS, McNair C, Knudsen KE. RB/E2F1 as a Master Regulator of Cancer Cell Metabolism in Advanced Disease. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:2334-2353. [PMID: 33879449 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Loss of the retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor protein is a critical step in reprogramming biological networks that drive cancer progression, although mechanistic insight has been largely limited to the impact of RB loss on cell-cycle regulation. Here, isogenic modeling of RB loss identified disease stage-specific rewiring of E2F1 function, providing the first-in-field mapping of the E2F1 cistrome and transcriptome after RB loss across disease progression. Biochemical and functional assessment using both in vitro and in vivo models identified an unexpected, prominent role for E2F1 in regulation of redox metabolism after RB loss, driving an increase in the synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione, specific to advanced disease. These E2F1-dependent events resulted in protection from reactive oxygen species in response to therapeutic intervention. On balance, these findings reveal novel pathways through which RB loss promotes cancer progression and highlight potentially new nodes of intervention for treating RB-deficient cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies stage-specific consequences of RB loss across cancer progression that have a direct impact on tumor response to clinically utilized therapeutics. The study herein is the first to investigate the effect of RB loss on global metabolic regulation and link RB/E2F1 to redox control in multiple advanced diseases.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2113.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Mandigo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wei Yuan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.,The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kexin Xu
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Peter Gallagher
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Angel Pang
- School of Medical Sciences and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yi Fang Guan
- School of Medical Sciences and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ayesha A Shafi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chellappagounder Thangavel
- Departments of Urology, Medical Oncology and Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Dermatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Beshara Sheehan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.,The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Denisa Bogdan
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.,The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alec Paschalis
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.,The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer J McCann
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Talya S Laufer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Gordon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Irina A Vasilevskaya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emanuela Dylgjeri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Saswati N Chand
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew J Schiewer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Robert B Den
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Departments of Urology, Medical Oncology and Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeff Holst
- Department of Dermatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter A McCue
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Johann S de Bono
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.,The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McNair
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Departments of Urology, Medical Oncology and Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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7
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Ates-Alagoz Z, Kisla MM, Karadayi FZ, Baran S, Doğan TS, Mutlu P. Design, synthesis, molecular docking and ADME studies of novel indole-thiazolidinedione derivatives and their antineoplastic activity as CDK6 inhibitors. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02808a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Several indole-thiazolidinedione derivatives (9–24) were designed and synthesized as CDK6 inhibitors, and their anticancer activity was probed on the MCF-7 cell line and the effects on gene expression profiles were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Ates-Alagoz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Murat Kisla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fikriye Zengin Karadayi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sercan Baran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Somay Doğan
- Central Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology R&D Center, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Mutlu
- Central Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology R&D Center, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Protein Roles in Epigenetic Regulation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102807. [PMID: 33003565 PMCID: PMC7600434 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Loss of function of the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) is the rate-limiting step in the initiation of both the hereditary and sporadic forms of retinoblastoma tumor. Furthermore, loss of function of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRB) is frequently found in most human cancers. In retinoblastoma, tumor progression is driven by epigenetic changes following pRB loss. This review focuses on the diverse functions of pRB in epigenetic regulation. Abstract Mutations that result in the loss of function of pRB were first identified in retinoblastoma and since then have been associated with the propagation of various forms of cancer. pRB is best known for its key role as a transcriptional regulator during cell cycle exit. Beyond the ability of pRB to regulate transcription of cell cycle progression genes, pRB can remodel chromatin to exert several of its other biological roles. In this review, we discuss the diverse functions of pRB in epigenetic regulation including nucleosome mobilization, histone modifications, DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs.
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9
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Tumor suppressor properties of the small C-terminal domain phosphatases in non-small cell lung cancer. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:221348. [PMID: 31774910 PMCID: PMC6911153 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is responsible for the majority of deaths caused by cancer. Small C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphatases (SCP), CTDSP1, CTDSP2 and CTDSPL (CTDSPs) belong to SCP/CTDSP subfamily and are involved in many vital cellular processes and tumorigenesis. High similarity of their structures suggests similar functions. However their role in NSCLC remains insufficiently understood. For the first time we revealed the suppressor function of CTDSPs leading to a significant growth slowdown and senescence of A549 lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) cells in vitro. Their tumor-suppressive activity can be realized through increasing the proportion of the active form of Rb protein dephosphorylated at Ser807/811, Ser780, and Ser795 (P<0.05) thereby negatively regulating cancer cell proliferation. Moreover, we observed that a frequent (84%, 39/46) and highly concordant (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rs) = 0.53-0.62, P≤0.01) down-regulation of CTDSPs and RB1 is characteristic of primary NSCLC samples (n=46). A clear difference in their mRNA levels was found between lung ADCs with and without lymph node metastases, but not in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) (P≤0.05). Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data and the results obtained using the CrossHub tool, we suggest that the well-known oncogenic cluster miR-96/182/183 could be a common expression regulator of CTDSPs. Indeed, according to our qPCR, the expression of CTDSPs negatively correlates with these miRs, but positively correlates with their intronic miR-26a/b. Our results reflect functional association of CTDSP1, CTDSP2, and CTDSPL, expand knowledge about their suppressor properties through Rb dephosphorylation and provide new insights into the regulation of NSCLC growth.
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10
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Spring LM, Wander SA, Andre F, Moy B, Turner NC, Bardia A. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 inhibitors for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: past, present, and future. Lancet 2020; 395:817-827. [PMID: 32145796 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development and approval of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and 6 inhibitors for hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative metastatic breast cancer represents a major milestone in cancer therapeutics. Three different oral CDK4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib, have significantly improved progression-free survival by a number of months when combined with endocrine therapy. More recently, improvement in overall survival has been reported with ribociclib and abemaciclib. The toxicity profile of all three drugs is well described and generally easily manageable with dose reductions when indicated. More myelotoxicity is observed with palbociclib and ribociclib, but more gastrointestinal toxicity is observed with abemaciclib. Emerging data is shedding light on the resistance mechanisms associated with CDK4/6 inhibitors, including cell cycle alterations and activation of upstream tyrosine kinase receptors. A number of clinical trials are exploring several important questions regarding treatment sequencing, combinatorial strategies, and the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings, thereby further expanding and refining the clinical application of CDK4/6 inhibitors for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Spring
- Department of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seth A Wander
- Department of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fabrice Andre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Beverly Moy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Aditya Bardia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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11
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Spring LM, Wander SA, Zangardi M, Bardia A. CDK 4/6 Inhibitors in Breast Cancer: Current Controversies and Future Directions. Curr Oncol Rep 2019; 21:25. [PMID: 30806829 PMCID: PMC6573012 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-019-0769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe the clinical role of CDK 4/6 inhibitors in hormone receptor-positive (HR+) metastatic breast cancer (HR+ MBC) as well as current controversies and evolving areas of research. RECENT FINDINGS Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are each approved in combination with an aromatase inhibitor or fulvestrant for HR+ MBC. Abemaciclib is also approved as monotherapy for pre-treated patients. Key questions in the field include whether all patients with HR+ MBC should receive a CDK 4/6 inhibitor up front versus later line, impact on overall survival, role of continued CDK 4/6 blockade, mechanism of clinical resistance, and treatment sequencing. The development of CDK 4/6 inhibitors has changed the therapeutic management of HR+ MBC. Additional research is needed to determine optimal treatment sequencing, understand mechanisms governing resistance, and develop novel therapeutic strategies to circumvent or overcome clinical resistance and further improve the outcomes of patients with MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Spring
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Lawrence House 304, 10 North Grove St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Seth A Wander
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Lawrence House 304, 10 North Grove St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Mark Zangardi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Lawrence House 304, 10 North Grove St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Aditya Bardia
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Lawrence House 304, 10 North Grove St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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12
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Shi Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, AiErken N, Shao N, Ye R, Lin Y, Wang S. TNNT1 facilitates proliferation of breast cancer cells by promoting G 1/S phase transition. Life Sci 2018; 208:161-166. [PMID: 30031058 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Breast cancer is the major diagnosed cancer and the leading reason of cancer related death among women, and the tumor size is one of the risk factors. Therefore, it is significant to reveal the principle of breaking the subtle homeostasis of cell cycle and sustaining chronic proliferation of cancer cells. MAIN METHODS The expression of TNNT1 was examined by qPCR and western blotting. The effect of TNNT1 on cell proliferation was detected by MTT, colony formation and anchorage-independent growth assay. The percent of cells in different cell phase was analyzed by Flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein expression of genes involved in G1/S transition was assayed using qPCR and western blotting, respectively. KEY FINDINGS The results showed that TNNT1 expression is significantly increased in breast cancer tissues and closely correlated with clinical stage, T and N classification. Further experiments demonstrate that TNNT1 contributes to proliferation of breast cells by promoting G1/S transition. SIGNIFICANCE Our results extend the mechanisms of controlling cell cycle and may provide a novel therapeutic target to therapy breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Shi
- The Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhongshan Two Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- The Department of Vascular Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 600# Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, China
| | - Yunjian Zhang
- The Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhongshan Two Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - NiJiati AiErken
- The Department of General Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 628# Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518100, China
| | - Nan Shao
- The Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhongshan Two Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Runyi Ye
- The Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhongshan Two Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Ying Lin
- The Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhongshan Two Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
| | - Shenming Wang
- The Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58# Zhongshan Two Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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13
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Spring LM, Zangardi ML, Moy B, Bardia A. Clinical Management of Potential Toxicities and Drug Interactions Related to Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors in Breast Cancer: Practical Considerations and Recommendations. Oncologist 2017; 22:1039-1048. [PMID: 28706010 PMCID: PMC5599204 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrations of the cell cycle are pervasive in cancer, and selective cell cycle inhibition of cancer cells is a target of choice for a number of novel cancer therapeutics. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are key regulatory enzymes that control cell cycle transitions and the commitment to cell division. Palbociclib and ribociclib are both orally active, highly selective reversible inhibitors of CDK4 and CDK6 that are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer in combination with specific endocrine therapies. A third oral CDK4/6 inhibitor, abemaciclib, received Breakthrough Therapy designation status from the FDA and is also being developed in breast cancer. The most common adverse events associated with palbociclib and ribociclib are hematologic, particularly neutropenia. However, the neutropenia associated with CDK4/6 inhibitors is distinct from chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in that it is rapidly reversible, reflecting a cytostatic effect on neutrophil precursors in the bone marrow. Most hematologic abnormalities seen with CDK4/6 inhibitors are not complicated and are adequately managed with standard supportive care and dose adjustments when indicated. Cytopenias are less prevalent with abemaciclib, although fatigue and gastrointestinal toxicity is more common with this agent. This review focuses on the clinical management of potential toxicities and drug interactions seen with the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer, with a focus on palbociclib and ribociclib, and summarizes practical management strategies for an oncologist. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The emergence of modern cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors has changed the treatment paradigm for metastatic hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer. Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are highly selective reversible inhibitors of CDK4 and CDK6. Palbociclib is U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved in the first- and second-line settings in combination with endocrine therapy for HR-positive metastatic breast cancer. Ribociclib is FDA-approved in the first-line setting. Abemaciclib has received FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation status. This review focuses on the clinical management of potential toxicities and drug interactions seen with the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Spring
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark L Zangardi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Beverly Moy
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aditya Bardia
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Effects of concomitant inactivation of p53 and pRb on response to doxorubicin treatment in breast cancer cell lines. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17026. [PMID: 28580174 PMCID: PMC5439126 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of TP53 and RB1 function have both been linked to poor response to DNA damaging drugs in breast cancer patients. We inactivated TP53 and/or RB1 by siRNA mediated knockdown in breast cancer cell lines varying with respect to ER/PgR and Her-2 status as well as TP53 and RB1 mutation status (MCF-7, T47D, HTB-122 and CRL2324) and determined effects on cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence with or without concomitant treatment with doxorubicin. In T47D cells, we found the cell cycle phase distribution to be altered when inactivating TP53 (P=0.0003) or TP53 and RB1 concomitantly (P≤0.001). No similar changes were observed in MCF-7, HTB-122 or CRL2324 cells. While no significant change was observed for the CRL2324 cells upon doxorubicin treatment, MCF-7, T47D as well as HTB-122 cells responded to knockdown of TP53 and RB1 in concert, with a decrease in the fraction of cells in G1/G0-phase (P=0.042, 0.021 and 0.027, respectively). Inactivation of TP53 and/or RB1 caused no change in induction of apoptosis. Upon doxorubicin treatment, inactivation of TP53 or RB1 separately caused no induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 and HTB-122 cells; however, concomitant inactivation leads to a slightly reduced activation of apoptosis. Interestingly, upon doxorubicin treatment, concomitant inactivation of TP53 and RB1 caused a decrease in senescence in MCF-7 cells (P=0.027). Comparing the effects of concomitant knockdown on apoptosis and senescence, we observed a strong interaction (P=0.001). We found concomitant inactivation of TP53 and RB1 to affect various routes of response to doxorubicin treatment in breast cancer cells.
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15
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So A, Le Guen T, Lopez BS, Guirouilh-Barbat J. Genomic rearrangements induced by unscheduled DNA double strand breaks in somatic mammalian cells. FEBS J 2017; 284:2324-2344. [PMID: 28244221 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly toxic lesions that can lead to profound genome rearrangements and/or cell death. They routinely occur in genomes due to endogenous or exogenous stresses. Efficient repair systems, canonical non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination exist in the cell and not only ensure the maintenance of genome integrity but also, via specific programmed DNA double-strand breaks, permit its diversity and plasticity. However, these repair systems need to be tightly controlled because they can also generate genomic rearrangements. Thus, when DSB repair is not properly regulated, genome integrity is no longer guaranteed. In this review, we will focus on non-programmed genome rearrangements generated by DSB repair, in somatic cells. We first discuss genome rearrangements induced by homologous recombination and end-joining. We then discuss recently described rearrangement mechanisms, driven by microhomologies, that do not involve the joining of DNA ends but rather initiate DNA synthesis (microhomology-mediated break-induced replication, fork stalling and template switching and microhomology-mediated template switching). Finally, we discuss chromothripsis, which is the shattering of a localized region of the genome followed by erratic rejoining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayeong So
- CNRS UMR 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Tangui Le Guen
- CNRS UMR 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Bernard S Lopez
- CNRS UMR 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Josée Guirouilh-Barbat
- CNRS UMR 8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave-Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
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16
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Selective impact of CDK4/6 suppression on patient-derived models of pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15788-801. [PMID: 26158861 PMCID: PMC4599237 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) harbors an exceedingly poor prognosis, and is generally considered a therapy-recalcitrant disease due to poor response to conventional chemotherapy coupled with non-actionable genetic drivers (e.g. KRAS mutations). However, PDA frequently loses p16ink4a, thereby leading to deregulation of CDK4/6. Surprisingly, in established cell models and xenografts, CDK4/6 inhibition has a modest effect on proliferation and resistance develops rapidly. To determine if such weak response was an intrinsic feature of PDA, we developed primary tumor explants that maintain the tumor environment and recapitulate feuture of primary PDA. The CDK4/6 inhibitor PD-0332991 was highly efficient at suppressing proliferation in 14 of the 15 explants. In the single resistant explant, we identified the rare loss of the RB tumor suppressor as the basis for resistance. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were developed in parallel, and unlike the xenografts emerging from established cell lines, the PDXs maintained the histoarchitecture of the primary tumor. These PDXs were highly sensitive to CDK4/6 inhibition, yielding a complete suppression of PDA proliferation. Together, these data indicate that primary PDA is sensitive to CDK4/6 inhibition, that specific biomarkers can delineate intrinsic resistance, and that established cell line models may not represent an adequate means for evaluating therapeutic sensitivities.
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17
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Nahta R, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Andrade-Vieira R, Bay SN, Brown DG, Calaf GM, Castellino RC, Cohen-Solal KA, Colacci A, Cruickshanks N, Dent P, Di Fiore R, Forte S, Goldberg GS, Hamid RA, Krishnan H, Laird DW, Lasfar A, Marignani PA, Memeo L, Mondello C, Naus CC, Ponce-Cusi R, Raju J, Roy D, Roy R, Ryan EP, Salem HK, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Vento R, Vondráček J, Wade M, Woodrick J, Bisson WH. Mechanisms of environmental chemicals that enable the cancer hallmark of evasion of growth suppression. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S2-18. [PMID: 26106139 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the Halifax Project, this review brings attention to the potential effects of environmental chemicals on important molecular and cellular regulators of the cancer hallmark of evading growth suppression. Specifically, we review the mechanisms by which cancer cells escape the growth-inhibitory signals of p53, retinoblastoma protein, transforming growth factor-beta, gap junctions and contact inhibition. We discuss the effects of selected environmental chemicals on these mechanisms of growth inhibition and cross-reference the effects of these chemicals in other classical cancer hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology and Hematology & Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada, Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA, Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1914, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy, Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA, Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA, Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontari
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Rafaela Andrade-Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sarah N Bay
- Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Gloria M Calaf
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA, Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Karine A Cohen-Solal
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1914, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Nichola Cruickshanks
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA
| | - Paul Dent
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biochemistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 980033, USA
| | - Riccardo Di Fiore
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Gary S Goldberg
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Harini Krishnan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084-1501, USA
| | - Dale W Laird
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Ahmed Lasfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 60503, USA
| | - Paola A Marignani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Viagrande, Italy
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian C Naus
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Richard Ponce-Cusi
- Instituto de Alta Investigacion, Universidad de Tarapaca, Arica 8097877, Chile
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Debasish Roy
- Department of Natural Science, The City University of New York at Hostos Campus, Bronx, NY 10451, USA
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences/Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Dept., kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, UP 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Renza Vento
- Department of Biological, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic Plexus, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Jan Vondráček
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Wade
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan 16163, Italy and
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20057, USA
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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18
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Asghar U, Witkiewicz AK, Turner NC, Knudsen ES. The history and future of targeting cyclin-dependent kinases in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:130-46. [PMID: 25633797 PMCID: PMC4480421 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1210] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cancer represents a pathological manifestation of uncontrolled cell division; therefore, it has long been anticipated that our understanding of the basic principles of cell cycle control would result in effective cancer therapies. In particular, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) that promote transition through the cell cycle were expected to be key therapeutic targets because many tumorigenic events ultimately drive proliferation by impinging on CDK4 or CDK6 complexes in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, perturbations in chromosomal stability and aspects of S phase and G2/M control mediated by CDK2 and CDK1 are pivotal tumorigenic events. Translating this knowledge into successful clinical development of CDK inhibitors has historically been challenging, and numerous CDK inhibitors have demonstrated disappointing results in clinical trials. Here, we review the biology of CDKs, the rationale for therapeutically targeting discrete kinase complexes and historical clinical results of CDK inhibitors. We also discuss how CDK inhibitors with high selectivity (particularly for both CDK4 and CDK6), in combination with patient stratification, have resulted in more substantial clinical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Asghar
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Agnieszka K Witkiewicz
- Simmons Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, USA
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust Breast Cancer Unit, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Erik S Knudsen
- Simmons Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, USA
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19
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Grossniklaus HE. Retinoblastoma. Fifty years of progress. The LXXI Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 158:875-91. [PMID: 25065496 PMCID: PMC4250440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the progress made in understanding the genetic basis, molecular pathology, and treatment of retinoblastoma since the previous Jackson lecture on the topic was published 50 years ago. DESIGN Perspective based on personal experience and the literature. METHODS The literature regarding retinoblastoma was reviewed since 1963. Advances in understanding the biology and treatment of retinoblastoma provided context through the author's clinical, pathologic, and research experiences. RESULTS Retinoblastoma was first identified in the 1500s and defined as a unique clinicopathologic entity in 1809. Until the mid-1900s, knowledge advanced sporadically, with technological developments of ophthalmoscopy and light microscopy, and with the introduction of surgical enucleation, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. During the last 50 years, research and treatment have progressed at an unprecedented rate owing to innovations in molecular biology and the development of targeted therapies. During this time period, the retinoblastoma gene was discovered; techniques for genetic testing for retinoblastoma were developed; and plaque brachytherapy, chemoreduction, intra-arterial chemotherapy, and intraocular injections of chemotherapeutic agents were successfully introduced. CONCLUSIONS Nearly all patients with retinoblastoma in developed countries can now be cured of their primary cancer--a remarkable achievement for a childhood cancer that once was uniformly fatal. Much of this success is owed to deciphering the role of the Rb gene, and the benefits of targeted therapies, such as chemoreduction with consolidation as well as intra-arterial and intravitreal chemotherapies. Going forward, the main challenge will be ensuring that access to care is available for all children, particularly those in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans E Grossniklaus
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
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20
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Witkiewicz AK, Knudsen ES. Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor pathway in breast cancer: prognosis, precision medicine, and therapeutic interventions. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:207. [PMID: 25223380 PMCID: PMC4076637 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of recent studies have demonstrated that the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) pathway plays a critical role in multiple clinically relevant aspects of breast cancer biology, spanning early stage lesions to targeted treatment of metastatic disease. In ductal carcinoma in situ, multiple groups have shown that dysregulation of the RB pathway is critically associated with recurrence and disease progression. Functional models have similarly illustrated key roles for RB in regulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition and other features contributing to aggressive disease. Invasive breast cancers are treated in distinct fashions, and heterogeneity within the RB pathway relates to prognosis and response to commonly used therapeutics. Luminal B breast cancers that have a poor prognosis amongst estrogen receptor-positive disease are defined based on the expression of RB-regulated genes. Such findings have led to clinical interventions that directly target the RB pathway through CDK4/6 inhibition which have promise in both estrogen receptor-positive and Her2-positive disease. In contrast, RB loss results in improved response to chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer, where ongoing research is attempting to define intrinsic vulnerabilities for targeted intervention. These findings support a wide-reaching impact of the RB pathway on disease that could be harnessed for improved clinical interventions.
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21
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Teng IT, Chang YJ, Wang LS, Lu HY, Wu LC, Yang CM, Chiu CC, Yang CH, Hsu SL, Ho JAA. Phospholipid-functionalized mesoporous silica nanocarriers for selective photodynamic therapy of cancer. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7462-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Štorcelová M, Vicián M, Reis R, Zeman M, Herichová I. Expression of cell cycle regulatory factors hus1, gadd45a, rb1, cdkn2a and mre11a correlates with expression of clock gene per2 in human colorectal carcinoma tissue. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:6351-61. [PMID: 24062075 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2749-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated expression of clock gene per2 has previously been associated with progression of cancer. The aim of the present study was to identify genes related to per2 expression and involved in cell cycle control. Patients surgically treated for colorectal carcinoma with up-regulated and down-regulated per2 expression in cancer versus adjacent tissue were studied. Total RNA from cancer tissue of these patients was used to specify genes associated with altered per2 expression using the Human Cell Cycle RT(2) profiler PCR array system. We identified seven genes positively correlated (hus1, gadd45α, rb1, cdkn2a, cdk5rp1, mre11a, sumo1) and two genes negatively correlated (cdc20, birc5) with per2 expression. Expression of these seven genes was subsequently measured by real time PCR in all patients of the cohort. Patients were divided into three groups according to TNM classification. We observed an increase in gene expression in cancer tissue compared to adjacent tissue in the first group of patients in all genes measured. Expression of genes positively associated with per2 gene expression was dependent on tumor staging and changes were observed preferentially in cancer tissue. For genes negatively associated with per2 expression we also detected changes in expression dependent on tumor staging. Expression of cdc20 and birc5 was increasing in the proximal tissue and decreasing in the cancer tissue. These results implicate functional involvement of per2 in the process of carcinogenesis via newly uncovered genes. The relevancy of gene expression for determination of diagnosis and prognosis should be considered in relation to tumor staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Štorcelová
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, Mlynska dolina B-2, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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23
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Biasoli D, Kahn SA, Cornélio TA, Furtado M, Campanati L, Chneiweiss H, Moura-Neto V, Borges HL. Retinoblastoma protein regulates the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis, and favors glioblastoma resistance to etoposide. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e767. [PMID: 23949216 PMCID: PMC3763445 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are devastating tumors of the central nervous system, with a poor prognosis of 1-year survival. This results from a high resistance of GBM tumor cells to current therapeutic options, including etoposide (VP-16). Understanding resistance mechanisms may thus open new therapeutic avenues. VP-16 is a topoisomerase inhibitor that causes replication fork stalling and, ultimately, the formation of DNA double-strand breaks and apoptotic cell death. Autophagy has been identified as a VP-16 treatment resistance mechanism in tumor cells. Retinoblastoma protein (RB) is a classical tumor suppressor owing to its role in G1/S cell cycle checkpoint, but recent data have shown RB participation in many other cellular functions, including, counterintuitively, negative regulation of apoptosis. As GBMs usually display an amplification of the EGFR signaling involving the RB protein pathway, we questioned whether RB might be involved in mechanisms of resistance of GBM cells to VP-16. We observed that RB silencing increased VP-16-induced DNA double-strand breaks and p53 activation. Moreover, RB knockdown increased VP-16-induced apoptosis in GBM cell lines and cancer stem cells, the latter being now recognized essential to resistance to treatments and recurrence. We also showed that VP-16 treatment induced autophagy, and that RB silencing impaired this process by inhibiting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Taken together, our data suggest that RB silencing causes a blockage on the VP-16-induced autophagic flux, which is followed by apoptosis in GBM cell lines and in cancer stem cells. Therefore, we show here, for the first time, that RB represents a molecular link between autophagy and apoptosis, and a resistance marker in GBM, a discovery with potential importance for anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Biasoli
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S A Kahn
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - T A Cornélio
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Furtado
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - L Campanati
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - H Chneiweiss
- Glial Plasticity Laboratory, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, U894 Inserm, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - V Moura-Neto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - H L Borges
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Di Fiore R, D'Anneo A, Tesoriere G, Vento R. RB1 in cancer: different mechanisms of RB1 inactivation and alterations of pRb pathway in tumorigenesis. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1676-87. [PMID: 23359405 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Loss of RB1 gene is considered either a causal or an accelerating event in retinoblastoma. A variety of mechanisms inactivates RB1 gene, including intragenic mutations, loss of expression by methylation and chromosomal deletions, with effects which are species-and cell type-specific. RB1 deletion can even lead to aneuploidy thus greatly increasing cancer risk. The RB1gene is part of a larger gene family that includes RBL1 and RBL2, each of the three encoding structurally related proteins indicated as pRb, p107, and p130, respectively. The great interest in these genes and proteins springs from their ability to slow down neoplastic growth. pRb can associate with various proteins by which it can regulate a great number of cellular activities. In particular, its association with the E2F transcription factor family allows the control of the main pRb functions, while the loss of these interactions greatly enhances cancer development. As RB1 gene, also pRb can be functionally inactivated through disparate mechanisms which are often tissue specific and dependent on the scenario of the involved tumor suppressors and oncogenes. The critical role of the context is complicated by the different functions played by the RB proteins and the E2F family members. In this review, we want to emphasize the importance of the mechanisms of RB1/pRb inactivation in inducing cancer cell development. The review is divided in three chapters describing in succession the mechanisms of RB1 inactivation in cancer cells, the alterations of pRb pathway in tumorigenesis and the RB protein and E2F family in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Di Fiore
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Polyclinic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Thangavel C, Boopathi E, Ertel A, Lim M, Addya S, Fortina P, Witkiewicz AK, Knudsen ES. Regulation of miR106b cluster through the RB pathway: mechanism and functional targets. Cell Cycle 2012; 12:98-111. [PMID: 23255112 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The RB pathway plays a critical role in proliferation control that is commonly subverted in tumor development. However, restoration of RB pathway function can be elicited in many tumor cells by the inhibition of CDK4/6 activity that leads to dephosphorylation of RB and subsequent repression of E2F-mediated transcription. In this context, active RB/E2F complexes inhibit the expression of a critical program of coding genes that promote cell cycle progression. However, the non-coding RNA target genes downstream from RB that could be relevant for tumor biology remain obscure. Here, miRNA gene expression profiling identified the miR106b cluster as being efficiently repressed with CDK4/6 inhibition in an E2F and RB-dependent manner. Importantly, the miR106B-cluster is intragenic of MCM7, and through a series of functional studies, the basis of MCM7 regulation and concordant expression of the miRNA species within the 106b cluster was determined. Importantly, RB-mediated repression of the 106b cluster enhances the transcript levels of p21Cip1 and PTEN. These data provide a mechanistic basis for cross-talk between the RB pathway and p21 and PTEN through the regulation of the MCM7/miR106b locus.
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Li Q, Wen H, Ao S. Identification and cloning of the cDNA of a Rb-associated protein RAP140a. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 43:637-47. [PMID: 18726359 DOI: 10.1007/bf02882285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2000] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rb exerts important physiological functions in cell-cycle control, gene expression, cell differentiation, apoptosis, development and tumorigenesis by interacting with many cellular proteins. Using human partial Rb as bait, we screened a human fetal brain cDNA library through yeast two-hybrid system and obtained six novel cDNA fragments. Among them, one cDNA fragment corresponds to two different transcripts, 7 kb and 9 kb in Northern blot analysis. These two transcripts showed uniform distribution in various human tissues. We cloned the full-length cDNA of a 7.2 kb transcript through three times PCR amplifications. It was namedRAP140a and predicted to encode a 1 233 amino acids hydrophilic protein.RAP140a was mapped to chromosome 3p13-p14. 1. RAP140a may be functionally related to the intracellular translocation of Rb or other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
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Kandalam M, Mitra M, Subramanian K, Biswas J. Molecular pathology of retinoblastoma. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2011; 17:217-23. [PMID: 20844677 PMCID: PMC2934713 DOI: 10.4103/0974-9233.65498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is an embryonic neoplasm of retinal origin. For many years, scientists have sought the fundamental origins of tumorigenesis, with the ultimate hope of discovering a cure. Indeed, these efforts have led to a significant understanding that multiple molecular and genetic aberrations, such as uncontrolled proliferation and the inhibition of apoptosis that contribute to the canonical characteristics of tumor biology. Despite these advances, a thorough understanding, such as the precise cells, which are the targets of neoplastic transformation, especially in solid tumors, is currently lacking. The focus of this review is to emphasize the molecular defects involved in the RB tumor progression and mechanisms associated with inhibition of tumor cell apoptotic processes. This review also discusses the importance of target molecules characterization and their potential therapeutic or prognostic use in RB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna Kandalam
- Department of Ocular Pathology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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Jeong JH, Kang SS, Park KK, Chang HW, Magae J, Chang YC. p53-independent induction of G1 arrest and p21WAF1/CIP1 expression by ascofuranone, an isoprenoid antibiotic, through downregulation of c-Myc. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2102-13. [PMID: 20587660 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ascofuranone has been shown to have antitumor activity, but the precise molecular mechanism by which it inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells remains unclear. Here, we study the effects of ascofuranone on cell cycle progression in human cancer cells and find that ascofuranone induces G(1) arrest without cytoxicity with upregulation of p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) while downregulating c-Myc and G(1) cyclins. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and RNA interference studies with cells deficient in p53 and p21 show that ascofuranone induces p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression and subsequent G(1) arrest through the release of p21(WAF1/CIP1) promoter from c-Myc-mediated transcriptional repression, independent of p53. Ascofuranone-induced p21(WAF1/CIP1) associates with CDK2 and prevents CDK2-cyclin E complex formation, leading to the inactivation of E2F transcriptional activity. These results suggest that ascofuranone upregulates p21(WAF1/CIP1) through p53-independent suppression of c-Myc expression, leading to cytostatic G(1) arrest. Thus, ascofuranone represents a unique natural antitumor compound that targets c-Myc independent of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hak Jeong
- Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, Korea
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Rivadeneira DB, Mayhew CN, Thangavel C, Sotillo E, Reed CA, Graña X, Knudsen ES. Proliferative suppression by CDK4/6 inhibition: complex function of the retinoblastoma pathway in liver tissue and hepatoma cells. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1920-30. [PMID: 20100483 PMCID: PMC2860048 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide; current chemotherapeutic interventions for this disease are largely ineffective. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) is functionally inactivated at relatively high frequency in hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoma cell lines. Here, we analyzed the ability of CDK4/6 inhibition to inhibit hepatocyte proliferation and the effect of RB status on this process. METHODS Hepatoma cell lines and xenograft models harboring RB knockdown and mice harboring liver-specific Rb deletion were used to define the role of RB function in response to CDK4/6 inhibition. RESULTS Our study shows that CDK4/6-dependent cell cycle progression in hepatoma cells was readily arrested by inhibition of CDK4/6 by PD-0332991 or p16ink4a irrespective of RB status. Interestingly, upon CDK4/6 inhibition, p107 protein stability was dramatically increased as a function of RB loss. This engagement of compensatory mechanisms was critical for cell cycle inhibition in the absence of RB, because both the E1A oncoprotein and overexpression of E2F proteins were capable of overcoming the effect of CDK4/6 inhibition. These findings were recapitulated in xenograft models. Furthermore, to determine how these findings relate to hepatocyte proliferation in vivo, mice were exposed to carbon tetrachloride to induce liver regeneration followed by treatment with PD-0332991. This treatment significantly inhibited hepatocyte proliferation. Strikingly, this facet of PD-0332991 function was retained even in RB-deficient livers. CONCLUSIONS These data show that CDK4/6 inhibition is a potent mediator of cytostasis and that RB loss can be readily compensated for in the context of both hepatoma cell lines and liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana B Rivadeneira
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107,Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Christopher N Mayhew
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center. Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Chellappagounder Thangavel
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107,Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Elena Sotillo
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140,Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Christopher A Reed
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107,Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Xavier Graña
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140,Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Erik S Knudsen
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107,Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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Abstract
The RB-pathway, consisting of inhibitors and activators of cyclin-dependent kinases, the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB), and the E2F-family of transcription factors, plays critical roles in the regulation of cell cycle progression and cell death. Components of this pathway, particularly p16Ink4a, cyclin D1, and RB, are frequently altered in sporadic human cancers to promote deregulated cellular proliferation. The consistent disruption of the RB-pathway in human cancers raises the possibility of exploiting tumor-specific RB-pathway defects to improve the efficacy of current therapies and to develop new therapeutic strategies. This article discusses how the RB-pathway status impacts the cellular responses to cytotoxic, cytostatic, and hormone therapies, and how the components of the RB-pathway may be directly targeted to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Mallikarjuna K, Sundaram CS, Sharma Y, Deepa PR, Khetan V, Gopal L, Biswas J, Sharma T, Krishnakumar S. Comparative proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in primary retinoblastoma tumors. Proteomics Clin Appl 2010; 4:449-63. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Modeling the effect of the RB tumor suppressor on disease progression: dependence on oncogene network and cellular context. Oncogene 2009; 29:68-80. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is a multiorgan genetic disease caused by loss of function of either the TSC1 (encodes hamartin) or TSC2 (encodes tuberin) genes. Patients with TSC have benign tumors (hamartomas) in multiple organs though brain involvement is typically the most disabling aspect of the disease as very high rates of neurodevelopmental disorders are seen. While first described well over 120 years ago, recent advances have transformed TSC into a prototypical disorder that exemplifies the methods and potential of molecular medicine. This review will detail historical aspects of TSC and its strong associations with neurodevelopmental disorders focusing on epilepsy and autism. Finally, promising new approaches for the treatment of epilepsy and autism in patients with TSC as well as those in the general population will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Ess
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Tuberous Sclerosis Clinic, Vanderbilt Children's' Hospital, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37240, USA,
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Coleman WB, Rivenbark AG. pRb2/p130: a gene target for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2:1197-203. [PMID: 23496428 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.10.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This application claims: i) a method for detecting cancer cells based on analysis of gene mutations and/or promoter methylation of the pRb2/p130 gene; ii) a method for diagnosing cancer based on analysis of gene mutations and/or promoter methylation of the pRb2/p130 gene; iii) a method for detection of cells that are predisposed to tumorigenesis based on analysis of gene mutations and/or promoter methylation of the pRb2/p130 gene; iv) a method for treating cancer and/or inhibiting tumorigenesis based on demethylation of the pRb2/p130 gene promoter; and v) a method for treating cancer and/or inhibiting tumorigenesis based on inhibition of other proteins that interact with or regulate pRb2/p130. This application is founded on the recognition that: i) pRb2/p130 is a frequent target of genetic or epigenetic alteration in various human cancers; ii) the resulting loss of regulation of cell cycle progression contributes to the phenotypic characteristics of these neoplasms; iii) pRb2/p130 represents a valuable biomarker for detection/diagnosis of some cancers; and iv) pRb2/p130 may be a useful gene target for development of new cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Coleman
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Curriculum in Toxicology, 515 Brinkhous-Bullitt Building, CB# 7525, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA +1 919 966 2699 ; +1 919 966 5046 ;
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Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumour suppressor (RB) is a crucial regulator of cell-cycle progression that is invoked in response to a myriad of anti-mitogenic signals. It has been hypothesized that perturbations of the RB pathway confer a synonymous proliferative advantage to tumour cells; however, recent findings demonstrate context-specific outcomes associated with such lesions. Particularly, loss of RB function is associated with differential response to wide-ranging therapeutic agents. Thus, the status of this tumour suppressor may be particularly informative in directing treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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Shi MD, Lin HH, Lee YC, Chao JK, Lin RA, Chen JH. Inhibition of cell-cycle progression in human colorectal carcinoma Lovo cells by andrographolide. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 174:201-10. [PMID: 18619950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, attention has been focused on the anti-cancer properties of pure components, an important role in the prevention of disease. Andrographolide (Andro), the major constituent of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees plant, is implicated towards its pharmacological activity. To investigate the mechanism basis for the anti-tumor properties of Andro, Andro was used to examine its effect on cell-cycle progression in human colorectal carcinoma Lovo cells. The data from cell growth experiment showed that Andro exhibited the anti-proliferation effect on Lovo cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This event was accompanied the arrest of the cells at the G1-S phase by Andro at the tested concentrations of 0-30 microM. Cellular uptake of Andro and Andro was confirmed by capillary electrophoresis analysis and the intracellular accumulation of Andro (0.61+/-0.07 microM/mg protein) was observed when treatment of Lovo cells with Andro for 12h. In addition, an accumulation of the cells in G1 phase (15% increase for 10 microM of Andro) was observed as well as by the association with a marked decrease in the protein expression of Cyclin A, Cyclin D1, Cdk2 and Cdk4. Andro also inducted the content of Cdk inhibitor p21 and p16, and the phosphorylation of p53. Further immunoprecipitation studies found that, in response to the treatment, the formation of Cyclin D1/Cdk4 and Cyclin A/Cdk2 complexes had declined, preventing the phosphorylation of Rb and the subsequent dissociation of Rb/E2F complex. These results suggested Andro can inhibit Lovo cell growth by G1-S phase arrest, and was exerted by inducing the expression of p53, p21 and p16 that, in turn, repressed the activity of Cyclin D1/Cdk4 and/or Cyclin A/Cdk2, as well as Rb phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Der Shi
- Department of Medical Technology, College of Medicine and Life Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Yongkang Veterans Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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(1'S)-Acetoxychavicol acetate and its enantiomer inhibit tumor cells proliferation via different mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 172:216-23. [PMID: 18281026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying potential anticancer drugs continues and unraveling these mechanisms would not only provide a conceptual framework for drug design but also promote use of natural products for chemotherapy. The biological effects of (1'S)-acetoxychavicol acetate ((S)-ACA) have been widely investigated. However, in most cases, a natural product or synthetic racemic compound was used in the study. In this study, we prepared (S)-ACA and its enantiomer (R)-ACA by a lipase-catalyzed esterification method and sought to determine the mechanisms of action of (S)-ACA and (R)-ACA in the growth inhibitory effect in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EATC). (S)-ACA caused an accumulation of tumor cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, which was accompanied by a decrease in phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (Rb), an increase in Rb and a decrease in the phosphorylation of p27kip1. However, (R)-ACA caused an accumulation of tumor cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, an increase in hyperphosphorylated Rb and an increase in the phosphorylation of p27kip1. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that both (S)-ACA and (R)-ACA caused the inhibition of tumor cells growth but the inhibition was caused via different mechanisms.
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Jeong JB, Jeong HJ, Park JH, Lee SH, Lee JR, Lee HK, Chung GY, Choi JD, de Lumen BO. Cancer-preventive peptide lunasin from Solanum nigrum L. inhibits acetylation of core histones H3 and H4 and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:10707-10713. [PMID: 18038993 DOI: 10.1021/jf072363p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lunasin, a unique 43 amino acid, 4.8 kDa cancer-chemopreventive peptide initially reported in soybean and now found in barley and wheat, has been shown to be cancer-chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model against oncogenes and chemical carcinogens. To identify bioactive components in traditional herbal medicines and in search for new sources of lunasin, we report here the properties of lunasin from Solanum nigrum L. (SNL), a plant indigenous to northeast Asia. Lunasin was screened in the crude extracts of five varieties of the medicinal plants of Solanaceae origin and seven other major herbal plants. An in vitro digestion stability assay for measuring bioavailability was carried out on SNL crude protein and autoclaved SNL using pepsin and pancreatin. A nonradioactive histone acetyltransferase (HAT) assay and HAT activity colorimetric assay were used to measure the inhibition of core histone acetylation. The inhibitory effect of lunasin on the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb) was determined by immunoblotting against phospho-Rb. Lunasin isolated from autoclaved SNL inhibited core histone H3 and H4 acetylation, the activities of the HATs, and the phosphorylation of the Rb protein. Lunasin in the crude protein and in the autoclaved crude protein was very stable to pepsin and pancreatin in vitro digestion, while the synthetic pure lunasin was digested at 2 min after the reaction. We conclude that lunasin is a bioactive and bioavailable component in SNL and that consumption of SNL may play an important role in cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Boo Jeong
- School of Bioresources Sciences, Andong National University, Korea
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Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor is mutated or functionally inactivated in the majority of human malignancies, and p16(INK4a)-cyclin D1-cyclin-dependent kinase 4-RB pathway aberrations are present in nearly all cases of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, the distinct role of RB loss in tumorigenic proliferation and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics was determined in NSCLC cells. Attenuation of RB led to a proliferative advantage in vitro and aggressive tumorigenic growth in xenograft models. Clinically, such aggressive disease is treated with genotoxic and cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. In vitro analysis showed that RB deficiency resulted in bypass of the checkpoint response to multiple chemotherapeutic challenges concomitant with an elevated apoptotic response. Correspondingly, RB deficiency in xenograft models led to increased chemosensitivity. However, this response was transient, and a durable response was dependent on prolonged chemotherapeutic administration. Together, these findings show that although RB deficiency enhances sensitivity to chemotherapeutic challenge, efficient and sustainable response is highly dependent on the specific therapeutic regimen, in addition to the molecular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Zagorski
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Department of Surgery, Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA
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Reed MF, Zagorski WA, Knudsen ES. RB activity alters checkpoint response and chemosensitivity in lung cancer lines. J Surg Res 2007; 142:364-72. [PMID: 17640669 PMCID: PMC2734970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) is a key regulator of cell cycle progression and is functionally inactivated in the majority of human non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). The specific influence of RB on therapeutic response in NSCLC remains elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the consequence of reintroduction of RB on checkpoint response and chemosensitivity in NSCLC cell lines. RB introduction into RB-proficient (NCI-H1299) and -deficient (H1734, H2172) NSCLC cells was achieved by adenoviral infection. RB/E2F target gene expression was determined by immunoblot analysis. Cell cycle response and viability after chemotherapeutic exposure were assessed by flow cytometry and MTT viability assay. RESULTS RB reconstitution in RB-deficient lines restored regulation of topoIIalpha, thymidylate synthase, and cyclin A. Similarly, RB overexpression in RB-proficient cells caused further regulation of some RB/E2F target genes including thymidylate synthase and topoIIalpha. In addition, RB overexpression resulted in restoration of the G1 arrest mechanism. Exposure of RB-proficient cells to cisplatin, etoposide, or 5-fluorouracil elicited arrest in various phases of the cell cycle while lines deficient for RB exhibited different checkpoint responses. However, introduction of RB restored ability to arrest following chemotherapeutic exposure. Chemotherapeutic challenge resulted in varying effects on cellular viability independent of RB status, yet restoration of RB activity conferred partial chemoresistance. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that RB reconstitution into RB-deficient NSCLC lines establishes regulation of certain RB/E2F target genes and restores G1 arrest mechanisms. Furthermore, introduction of RB enhances the G1 checkpoint response to chemotherapeutics and decreases chemosensitivity. Knowledge of RB-dependent chemosensitivity may ultimately contribute to individualized therapy based on molecular characterization of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Reed
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0558, USA.
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Gunawardena RW, Fox SR, Siddiqui H, Knudsen ES. SWI/SNF activity is required for the repression of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate metabolic enzymes via the recruitment of mSin3B. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20116-23. [PMID: 17510060 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701406200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex plays a critical role in the coordination of gene expression with physiological stimuli. The synthetic enzymes ribonucleotide reductase, dihydrofolate reductase, and thymidylate synthase are coordinately regulated to ensure appropriate deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate levels. Particularly, these enzymes are actively repressed as cells exit the cell cycle through the action of E2F transcription factors and the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor/p107/p130 family of pocket proteins. This process is found to be highly dependent on SWI/SNF activity as cells deficient in BRG-1 and Brm subunits fail to repress these genes with activation of pocket proteins, and this deficit in repression can be complemented, via the ectopic expression of BRG-1. The failure to repress transcription does not involve a blockade in the association of E2F or pocket proteins p107 and p130 with promoter elements. Rather, the deficit in repression is due to a failure to mediate histone deacetylation of ribonucleotide reductase, dihydrofolate reductase, and thymidylate synthase promoters in the absence of SWI/SNF activity. The basis for this is found to be a failure to recruit mSin3B and histone deacetylase proteins to promoters. Thus, the coordinate repression of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate metabolic enzymes is dependent on the action of SWI/SNF in facilitating the assembly of repressor complexes at the promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjaka W Gunawardena
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
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Markey MP, Bergseid J, Bosco EE, Stengel K, Xu H, Mayhew CN, Schwemberger SJ, Braden WA, Jiang Y, Babcock GF, Jegga AG, Aronow BJ, Reed MF, Wang JYJ, Knudsen ES. Loss of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor: differential action on transcriptional programs related to cell cycle control and immune function. Oncogene 2007; 26:6307-18. [PMID: 17452985 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product (RB) is a common event in human cancers. Classically, RB functions to constrain cellular proliferation, and loss of RB is proposed to facilitate the hyperplastic proliferation associated with tumorigenesis. To understand the repertoire of regulatory processes governed by RB, two models of RB loss were utilized to perform microarray analysis. In murine embryonic fibroblasts harboring germline loss of RB, there was a striking deregulation of gene expression, wherein distinct biological pathways were altered. Specifically, genes involved in cell cycle control and classically associated with E2F-dependent gene regulation were upregulated via RB loss. In contrast, a program of gene expression associated with immune function and response to pathogens was significantly downregulated with the loss of RB. To determine the specific influence of RB loss during a defined period and without the possibility of developmental compensation as occurs in embryonic fibroblasts, a second system was employed wherein Rb was acutely knocked out in adult fibroblasts. This model confirmed the distinct regulation of cell cycle and immune modulatory genes through RB loss. Analyses of cis-elements supported the hypothesis that the majority of those genes upregulated with RB loss are regulated via the E2F family of transcription factors. In contrast, those genes whose expression was reduced with the loss of RB harbored different promoter elements. Consistent with these analyses, we found that disruption of E2F-binding function of RB was associated with the upregulation of gene expression. In contrast, cells harboring an RB mutant protein (RB-750F) that retains E2F-binding activity, but is specifically deficient in the association with LXCXE-containing proteins, failed to upregulate these same target genes. However, downregulation of genes involved in immune function was readily observed with disruption of the LXCXE-binding function of RB. Thus, these studies demonstrate that RB plays a significant role in both the positive and negative regulations of transcriptional programs and indicate that loss of RB has distinct biological effects related to both cell cycle control and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Markey
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
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43
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Seeley SL, Bosco EE, Kramer E, Parysek LM, Knudsen ES. Distinct roles for RB loss on cell cycle control, cisplatin response, and immortalization in Schwann cells. Cancer Lett 2007; 245:205-17. [PMID: 16574317 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells play a critical role in peripheral nerve function. Regulated proliferation of Schwann cells is an important facet of the response to nerve injury; however, aberrant proliferation can give rise to Schwann cell tumors such as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). These tumors exhibit a range of genetic lesions that include loss of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor (RB) pathway. RB plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular proliferation and its loss is a common event in human cancers. Here, the specific action of RB loss on Schwann cell proliferation and response to therapeutic intervention was explored. In primary mouse Schwann cells, conditional RB loss led to increased levels of critical cell cycle regulatory gene products, yet provided only a modest influence on proliferation. However, RB-deficient Schwann cells efficiently bypassed the cell cycle inhibitory response to the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin, which is used in the treatment of MPNST and other glial tumors. Surprisingly, RB loss did not facilitate Schwann cell immortalization; and RB-deficient cells actually were less prone to immortalization than cells containing RB. Furthermore, RB-deficient cells that ultimately re-entered the cell cycle had lost both Schwann cell morphology and markers. Since, RB loss is likely a late event in Schwann cell tumor progression, the action of acute RB loss in immortalized Schwann cells was investigated. In this context, loss of RB had a profound effect on expression of target genes and the response to cisplatin. Thus, the loss of RB in both primary and immortal Schwann cells disrupted the response to anti-mitogenic signals and has implications for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Seeley
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati, 3125 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521, USA
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44
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Unahara Y, Kojima-Yuasa A, Higashida M, Kennedy DO, Murakami A, Ohigashi H, Matsui-Yuasa I. Cellular thiol status-dependent inhibition of tumor cell growth via modulation of p27kip1 translocation and retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation by 1′-acetoxychavicol acetate. Amino Acids 2006; 33:469-76. [PMID: 17031475 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
1'-Acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) has been shown to inhibit tumor cell growth, but there is limited information on its effects on cell signaling and the cell cycle control pathway. In this study, we sought to determine how ACA alters cell cycle and its related control factors in its growth inhibitory effect in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EATC). ACA caused an accumulation of cells in the G1 phase and an inhibition of DNA synthesis, which were reversed by supplementation with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or glutathione ethyl ester (GEE). Furthermore, ACA decreased hyperphosphorylated Rb levels and increased hypophosphorylated Rb levels. NAC and GEE also abolished the decease in Rb phosphorylation by ACA. As Rb phosphorylation is regulated by G1 cyclin dependent kinase and CDK inhibitor p27(kip1), which is an important regulator of the mammalian cell cycle, we estimated the amount of p27(kip1) levels by western blotting. Treatment with ACA had virtually no effect on the amount of p27(kip1) levels, but caused a decrease in phosphorylated p27(kip1) and an increase in unphosphorylated p27(kip1) as well as an increase in the nuclear localization of p27(kip1). These events were abolished in the presence of NAC or GEE. These results suggest that in EATC, cell growth inhibition elicited by ACA involves decreases in Rb and p27(kip1) phosphorylation and an increase in nuclear localization of p27(kip1), and these events are dependent on the cellular thiol status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Unahara
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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45
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Knudsen ES, Knudsen KE. Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor: where cancer meets the cell cycle. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006; 231:1271-81. [PMID: 16816134 DOI: 10.1177/153537020623100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene, Rb, was the first tumor suppressor identified and plays a fundamental role in regulation of progression through the cell cycle. This review details facets of RB protein function in cell cycle control and focuses on specific questions that remain intensive areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik S Knudsen
- Department of Cell Biology and University of Cincinnati Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0521, USA.
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46
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Grinstein E, Shan Y, Karawajew L, Snijders PJF, Meijer CJLM, Royer HD, Wernet P. Cell cycle-controlled interaction of nucleolin with the retinoblastoma protein and cancerous cell transformation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:22223-22235. [PMID: 16698799 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513335200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) is a multifunctional tumor suppressor, frequently inactivated in certain types of human cancer. Nucleolin is an abundant multifunctional phosphoprotein of proliferating and cancerous cells, recently identified as cell cycle-regulated transcription activator, controlling expression of human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV18) oncogenes in cervical cancer. Here we find that nucleolin is associated with Rb in intact cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and the complex formation is mediated by the growth-inhibitory domain of Rb. Association with Rb inhibits the DNA binding function of nucleolin and in consequence the interaction of nucleolin with the HPV18 enhancer, resulting in Rb-mediated repression of the HPV18 oncogenes. The intracellular distribution of nucleolin in epithelial cells is Rb-dependent, and an altered nucleolin localization in human cancerous tissues results from a loss of Rb. Our findings suggest that deregulated nucleolin activity due to a loss of Rb contributes to tumor development in malignant diseases, thus providing further insights into the molecular network for the Rb-mediated tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Grinstein
- Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cellular Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Medical Center, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ying Shan
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonid Karawajew
- Robert-Rossle-Clinic at the HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Charite Medical School, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter J F Snijders
- Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J L M Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Dieter Royer
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Center for Advanced European Studies, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Wernet
- Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cellular Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Medical Center, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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47
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Reed MF, Zagorski WA, Howington JA, Zilfou JT, Knudsen ES. Inhibition of retinoblastoma tumor suppressor activity by RNA interference in lung cancer lines. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 82:249-53. [PMID: 16798224 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inactivation of retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor function occurs frequently in lung cancer. Short-hairpin RNA can be constructed to target specific sequences and efficiently knock down protein expression. We developed a short-hairpin RNA approach to specifically target Rb in lung cancer cells to determine the influence of RB knockdown on proliferation. METHODS NCI-H520 human lung cancer cells (wild-type Rb) were transfected with pMSCVpuro-Rb3C, a plasmid containing a short-hairpin sequence targeted to human Rb. Transfectants harboring the construct were selected with puromycin. Loss of RB expression in selected cell populations was determined by immunoblotting. Proliferating cells were counted to establish growth rates. Retinoblastoma-proficient and RB-deficient tumor growth was monitored in nude mice. RESULTS Transfection with pMSCVpuro-Rb3C dramatically diminished RB expression and led to aberrant expression of RB-regulated genes. Cells harboring pMSCVpuro-Rb3C grew at an increased rate compared with control cells: 480.6 +/- 37.7 versus 159.4 +/- 36.2 (relative cell count at 12 days). Tumor growth in nude mice also increased with RB knockdown compared with control mice: 135.2 +/- 73.6 mm3 versus 40.0 +/- 17.0 mm3 (tumor volume at 10 days). CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of RB expression is efficiently achieved in lung cancer cells with short-hairpin RNA. Genetic targets of RB are deregulated with RB knockdown. Retinoblastoma depletion increases growth in vitro and in murine xenografts. These studies indicate that even in the context of an established tumor cell line, RB limits tumorigenic proliferation. Additionally, this model will serve as an ideal system to evaluate the role of RB activity on therapeutic response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Cycle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor/cytology
- Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor/transplantation
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/biosynthesis
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes, Retinoblastoma
- Genes, cdc
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Retinoblastoma Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Retinoblastoma Protein/genetics
- Thymidylate Synthase/biosynthesis
- Thymidylate Synthase/genetics
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Reed
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0558, USA.
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48
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Chang HR, Lian JD, Lo CW, Chang YC, Yang MY, Wang CJ. Induction of urothelial proliferation in rats by aristolochic acid through cell cycle progression via activation of cyclin D1/cdk4 and cyclin E/cdk2. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:28-35. [PMID: 16024155 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) has been implicated in urothelial carcinoma in humans. However, the mechanism by which AA induces this cancer has not been completely established. To evaluate the effects of AA on the urinary bladder of rats, a histopathological study of three-month intragastric feeding with mixture of AA (41% AA I, 56% AA II) was carried out. A total of 18 experimental rats were divided into three feeding regimens, with six rats in each group (group I, normal basal diet; groups II and III received intragastric 5 mg and 10 mg isolated AA mixture/kg/day for 5 days/week for 12 weeks). Dosage-dependent urothelial proliferation, but not carcinoma, was found in the urothelium of the bladder of the rats administered with AA mixture. Immunoprecipitation showed elevations of cyclin D(1)/cdk4 (increased induction by 1.57- and 1.95-fold in the groups II and III) and/or cyclin E/cdk2 complex (increased induction by 1.46- and 1.62-fold in the groups II and III), which promote the increasing phosphorylation of Rb (increased induction by 1.75- and 2.07-fold in the groups II and III) and result in decrease of the Rb/E2F complex (decreased expression by 0.65- and 0.24-fold in the groups II and III). Our results provide evidence to suggest that exposure to AA results in urothelial proliferation in rats through cell cycle progression via activation of cyclin D(1)/cdk4 and cyclin E/cdk2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horng-Rong Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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49
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Wen Y, Yang S, Liu R, Simpkins JW. Cell-cycle regulators are involved in transient cerebral ischemia induced neuronal apoptosis in female rats. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:4591-9. [PMID: 16098510 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Revised: 06/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that cell-cycle regulating proteins are involved in apoptotic process in post-mitotic neurons. In this study, we examined cell-cycle regulators for G1/S cell-cycle progression after a transient focal cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. In the cerebral frontoparietal cortex, we observed a marked induction of Cyclin D1 (a coactivator of Cdks), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), together with upregulated Cdk kinase activities. This process is accompanied with multiple phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein at Cdk phosphorylation sites in neurons from the ischemic cortex. We further examined DNA synthesis by the incorporation of BrdU, a nucleotide analog that incorporates into newly synthesized DNA. Within 24-h of reperfusion after 60-min occlusion, substantial BrdU-positive neurons were observed in the ischemic cortex. Inhibition of Cdk4 activity during this ischemia/reperfusion is highly neuroprotective. These results suggest that ischemia/reperfusion cerebral damage induces signalings at the G1/S cell-cycle transition, and may constitute a critical step in the neuronal apoptotic pathway in ischemia/reperfusion induced neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
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50
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Singh M, Krajewski M, Mikolajka A, Holak TA. Molecular determinants for the complex formation between the retinoblastoma protein and LXCXE sequences. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:37868-76. [PMID: 16118215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504877200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRb) is a key negative regulator of cell proliferation that is frequently disregulated in human cancer. Many viral oncoproteins (for example, HPV E7 and E1A) are known to bind to the pRb pocket domain via a LXCXE binding motif. There are also some 20 cellular proteins that contain a LXCXE motif and have been reported to associate with the pocket domain of pRb. Using NMR spectroscopy and isothermal calorimetry titration, we show that LXCXE peptides of viral oncoproteins bind strongly to the pocket domain of pRb. Additionally, we show that LXCXE-like peptides of HDAC1 bind to the same site on pRb with a weak (micromolar) and transient association. Systematic substitution of residues other than conserved Leu, Cys, and Glu show that the residues flanking the LXCXE are important for the binding, whereas positively charged amino acids in the XLXCXEXXX sequence significantly weaken the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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