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Zou X, Wang S, Cheng Q, Yu H, Yang Z, Wang Y, Yang Y, Liang X, Yang D, Kim HS, Jia X, Li L, Kwak SS, Wang W. N-terminal truncated trehalose-6-phosphate synthase 1 gene (△NIbTPS1) enhances the tolerance of sweet potato to abiotic stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 214:108917. [PMID: 38976941 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam], the crop with the seventh highest annual production globally, is susceptible to various adverse environmental influences, and the study of stress-resistant genes is important for improving its tolerance to abiotic stress. The enzyme trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) is indispensable in the one pathway for synthesizing trehalose in plants. TPS is known to participate in stress response in plants, but information on TPS in sweet potato is limited. This study produced the N-terminal truncated IbTPS1 gene (△NIbTPS1) overexpression lines of Arabidopsis thaliana and sweet potato. Following salt and mannitol-induced drought treatment, the germination rate, root elongation, and fresh weight of the transgenic A. thaliana were significantly higher than that in the wild type. Overexpression of △NIbTPS1 elevated the photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase in sweet potato during drought and salt treatments, while reducing malondialdehyde and O2∙- contents, although expression of the trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase gene IbTPP and trehalose concentrations were not affected. Thus, overexpressing the △NIbTPS1 gene can improve the stress tolerance of sweet potato to drought and salt by enhancing the photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidative enzyme system. These results will contribute to understand the functions of the △NIbTPS1 gene and trehalose in the response mechanism of higher plants to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Sijie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Qirui Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Huan Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yanxin Yang
- College of Basic Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Xuan Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Dongjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221131, China
| | - Ho Soo Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Xiaoyun Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Lingzhi Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Sang-Soo Kwak
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Wenbin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China.
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Greiling TM, Clark JM, Clark JI. The significance of growth shells in development of symmetry, transparency, and refraction of the human lens. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024; 4:1434327. [PMID: 39100140 PMCID: PMC11294239 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2024.1434327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Human visual function depends on the biological lens, a biconvex optical element formed by coordinated, synchronous generation of growth shells produced from ordered cells at the lens equator, the distal edge of the epithelium. Growth shells are comprised of straight (St) and S-shaped (SSh) lens fibers organized in highly symmetric, sinusoidal pattern which optimizes both the refractile, transparent structure and the unique microcirculation that regulates hydration and nutrition over the lifetime of an individual. The fiber cells are characterized by diversity in composition and age. All fiber cells remain interconnected in their growth shells throughout the life of the adult lens. As an optical element, cellular differentiation is constrained by the physical properties of light and its special development accounts for its characteristic symmetry, gradient of refractive index (GRIN), short range transparent order (SRO), and functional longevity. The complex sinusoidal structure is the basis for the lens microcirculation required for the establishment and maintenance of image formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri M. Greiling
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Judy M. Clark
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - John I. Clark
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Biological Structure & Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Zhang B, Hou Z, Yan B, Zhao Y, Peng B, Qian S, Li K, Su B, Zhang C. Trehalose and its dihydrate: terahertz insights from solid to solution states. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3037-3049. [PMID: 38855704 PMCID: PMC11161380 DOI: 10.1364/boe.519006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are pivotal biomolecules in biochemistry; this study employs terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) to investigate the spectral characteristics of trehalose and its hydrate across the 0.1 to 2.2 THz frequency range. Notable differences in spectra between the two compounds were observed. Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations of the crystal structure were conducted to elucidate this phenomenon. The consistency between experimental results and simulations substantiates the reliability of the experimental findings. Additionally, the spectral characteristics of these carbohydrates in solution were examined using microfluidic chip technology. This approach facilitates a comprehensive comparison of their behaviors in both solid and solution states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyan Zhang
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zeyu Hou
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bingxin Yan
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Siyu Qian
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bo Su
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Cunlin Zhang
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Imaging Theory and Technology, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging, Beijing 100048, China
- Key Laboratory of Terahertz Optoelectronics, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
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Vishal B, Krishnamurthy P, Kumar PP. Arabidopsis class II TPS controls root development and confers salt stress tolerance through enhanced hydrophobic barrier deposition. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:115. [PMID: 38613634 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The mechanism of conferring salt tolerance by AtTPS9 involves enhanced deposition of suberin lamellae in the Arabidopsis root endodermis, resulting in reduction of Na+ transported to the leaves. Members of the class I trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) enzymes are known to play an important role in plant growth and development in Arabidopsis. However, class II TPSs and their functions in salinity stress tolerance are not well studied. We characterized the function of a class II TPS gene, AtTPS9, to understand its role in salt stress response and root development in Arabidopsis. The attps9 mutant exhibited significant reduction of soluble sugar levels in the leaves and formation of suberin lamellae (SL) in the endodermis of roots compared to the wild type (WT). The reduction in SL deposition (hydrophobic barriers) leads to increased apoplastic xylem loading, resulting in enhanced Na+ content in the plants, which explains salt sensitivity of the mutant plants. Conversely, AtTPS9 overexpression lines exhibited increased SL deposition in the root endodermis along with increased salt tolerance, showing that regulation of SL deposition is one of the mechanisms of action of AtTPS9 in conferring salt tolerance to Arabidopsis plants. Our data showed that besides salt tolerance, AtTPS9 also regulates seed germination and root development. qRT-PCR analyses showed significant downregulation of selected SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE2 genes (SnRK2s) and ABA-responsive genes in the mutant, suggesting that AtTPS9 may regulate the ABA-signaling intermediates as part of the mechanism conferring salinity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Vishal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Centre on Sustainable Urban Farming, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Queenstown, 117543, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Queenstown, 117456, Singapore
| | - Pannaga Krishnamurthy
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Centre on Sustainable Urban Farming, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Queenstown, 117543, Singapore
| | - Prakash P Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Centre on Sustainable Urban Farming, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Queenstown, 117543, Singapore.
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Shrestha P, Karmacharya J, Han SR, Lee JH, Oh TJ. Elucidation of bacterial trehalose-degrading trehalase and trehalose phosphorylase: physiological significance and its potential applications. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad084. [PMID: 37847605 PMCID: PMC10969515 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria possess diverse metabolic and genetic processes, resulting in the inability of certain bacteria to degrade trehalose. However, some bacteria do have the capability to degrade trehalose, utilizing it as a carbon source, and for defense against environmental stress. Trehalose, a disaccharide, serves as a carbon source for many bacteria, including some that are vital for pathogens. The degradation of trehalose is carried out by enzymes like trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) and trehalose phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.64/2.4.1.231), which are classified under the glycoside hydrolase families GH37, GH15, and GH65. Numerous studies and reports have explored the physiological functions, recombinant expression, enzymatic characteristics, and potential applications of these enzymes. However, further research is still being conducted to understand their roles in bacteria. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of trehalose degradation pathways in various bacteria, focusing on three key areas: (i) identifying different trehalose-degrading enzymes in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, (ii) elucidating the mechanisms employed by trehalose-degrading enzymes belonging to the glycoside hydrolases GH37, GH15, and GH65, and (iii) discussing the potential applications of these enzymes in different sectors. Notably, this review emphasizes the bacterial trehalose-degrading enzymes, specifically trehalases (GH37, GH15, and GH65) and trehalose phosphorylases (GH65), in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, an aspect that has not been highlighted before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasansah Shrestha
- Department of Life Sciences and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221beon-gil, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31460, South Korea
| | - Jayram Karmacharya
- Department of Life Sciences and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221beon-gil, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31460, South Korea
| | - So-Ra Han
- Department of Life Sciences and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221beon-gil, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31460, South Korea
- Genome-based Bio-IT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221beon-gil, Tangjeong-myeon Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31460, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Materials, Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Life Sciences and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221beon-gil, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31460, South Korea
- Genome-based Bio-IT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221beon-gil, Tangjeong-myeon Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31460, South Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221beon-gil, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do 31460, South Korea
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Li Y, Wu S, Xu Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang J. Transcriptomic Identification and Characterization of Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase in Fat Body of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5725-5733. [PMID: 38452362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The destructive agricultural pest oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), has been causing huge damage to the fruits and vegetable industry. Although many pertinent studies have been conducted on B. dorsalis, the functions of fat body still remain largely unknown. To this end, the comparative transcriptome analysis between fat body and carcass was performed in an attempt to provide insights into functions of fat body of B. dorsalis in the present study. A total of 1431 upregulated and 2511 downregulated unigenes were discovered in the fat body vs carcass comparison, respectively. The enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEG) revealed that most of the enriched pathways were related to metabolism. The reliability of DEG analysis was validated by qRT-PCR measurements of 12 genes in starch and sucrose metabolism pathway, including the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (BdTPS) which was highly expressed in eggs, 5 d-old adults, and fat body. The RNAi of BdTPS significantly affected trehalose and chitin metabolism, larval growth, and larva-pupa metamorphosis. Collectively, the findings in this study enriched our understanding of fat body functions in metabolism and demonstrated the indispensable roles of BdTPS in trehalose-related physiological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shunjiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yonghong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaying Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yinghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Parihar R, Singh U, Das A, Baishya B, Singh V, Ahirwar SC, Islahi S, Sen M, Mittal V. Identification of primary metabolites in fungal species of Trichophyton mentagrophyte and Trichophyton rubrum by NMR spectroscopy. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13699. [PMID: 38366288 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superficial mycoses are fungal infections limited to the outermost layers of the skin and its appendages. The chief causative agents of these mycoses are dermatophytes and yeasts. The diagnosis of dermatophytosis can be made by direct mycological examination with potassium hydroxide (10%-30%) of biological material obtained from patients with suspected mycosis, providing results more rapid than fungal cultures, which may take days or weeks. This information, together with clinical history and laboratory diagnosis, ensures that the appropriate treatment is initiated promptly. However, false negative results are obtained in 5%-15%, by conventional methods of diagnosis of dermatophytosis. OBJECTIVES To study the metabolic profiles of the commonly occurring dermatophytes by NMR spectroscopy. PATIENTS/MATERIALS We have used 1D and 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments along with Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) and Chenomx database search for identification of primary metabolites in the methanol extract of two fungal species: Trichophyton mentagrophyte (T. mentagrophyte) and Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum). Both standard strains and representative number of clinical isolates of these two species were investigated. Further, metabolic profiles obtained were analysed using multivariate analysis. RESULTS We have identified 23 metabolites in the T. mentagrophyte and another 23 metabolites in T. rubrum. Many important metabolites like trehalose, proline, mannitol, acetate, GABA and several other amino acids were detected, which provide the necessary components for fungal growth and metabolism. Altered metabolites were defined between Trichophyton mentagrophyte and T. rubrum strains. CONCLUSION We have detected many metabolites in the two fungal species T. mentagrophyte and T. rubrum by using NMR spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopy provides a holistic snapshot of the metabolome of an organism. Key metabolic differences were identified between the two fungal strains. We need to perform more studies on metabolite profiling of the samples from these species for their rapid diagnosis and prompt treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Parihar
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Bioinformatics, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Upendra Singh
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anupam Das
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bikash Baishya
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikramjeet Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S C Ahirwar
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sana Islahi
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manodeep Sen
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Mittal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chen L, Ma X, Sun T, Zhu QH, Feng H, Li Y, Liu F, Zhang X, Sun J, Li Y. VdPT1 Encoding a Neutral Trehalase of Verticillium dahliae Is Required for Growth and Virulence of the Pathogen. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:294. [PMID: 38203466 PMCID: PMC10778863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Verticillum dahliae is a soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus causing destructive Verticillium wilt disease. We previously found a trehalase-encoding gene (VdPT1) in V. dahliae being significantly up-regulated after sensing root exudates from a susceptible cotton variety. In this study, we characterized the function of VdPT1 in the growth and virulence of V. dahliae using its deletion-mutant strains. The VdPT1 deletion mutants (ΔVdPT1) displayed slow colony expansion and mycelial growth, reduced conidial production and germination rate, and decreased mycelial penetration ability and virulence on cotton, but exhibited enhanced stress resistance, suggesting that VdPT1 is involved in the growth, pathogenesis, and stress resistance of V. dahliae. Host-induced silencing of VdPT1 in cotton reduced fungal biomass and enhanced cotton resistance against V. dahliae. Comparative transcriptome analysis between wild-type and mutant identified 1480 up-regulated and 1650 down-regulated genes in the ΔVdPT1 strain. Several down-regulated genes encode plant cell wall-degrading enzymes required for full virulence of V. dahliae to cotton, and down-regulated genes related to carbon metabolism, DNA replication, and amino acid biosynthesis seemed to be responsible for the decreased growth of the ΔVdPT1 strain. In contrast, up-regulation of several genes related to glycerophospholipid metabolism in the ΔVdPT1 strain enhanced the stress resistance of the mutated strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaohu Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Tiange Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra 2601, Australia;
| | - Hongjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China;
| | - Yongtai Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yanjun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China; (L.C.); (X.M.); (T.S.); (Y.L.); (F.L.); (X.Z.)
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Olgenblum GI, Carmon N, Harries D. Not Always Sticky: Specificity of Protein Stabilization by Sugars Is Conferred by Protein-Water Hydrogen Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23308-23320. [PMID: 37845197 PMCID: PMC10603812 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Solutes added to buffered solutions directly impact protein folding. Protein stabilization by cosolutes or crowders has been shown to be largely driven by protein-cosolute volume exclusion complemented by chemical and soft interactions. By contrast to previous studies that indicate the invariably destabilizing role of soft protein-sugar attractions, we show here that soft interactions with sugar cosolutes are protein-specific and can be stabilizing or destabilizing. We experimentally follow the folding of two model miniproteins that are only marginally stable but in the presence of sugars and polyols fold into representative and distinct secondary structures: β-hairpin or α-helix. Our mean-field model reveals that while protein-sugar excluded volume interactions have a similar stabilizing effect on both proteins, the soft interactions add a destabilizing contribution to one miniprotein but further stabilize the other. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we link the soft protein-cosolute interactions to the weakening of direct protein-water hydrogen bonding due to the presence of sugars. Although these weakened hydrogen bonds destabilize both the native and denatured states of the two proteins, the resulting contribution to the folding free energy can be positive or negative depending on the amino acid sequence. This study indicates that the significant variation between proteins in their soft interactions with sugar determines the specific response of different proteins, even to the same sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil I Olgenblum
- The Fritz Haber Research Center, and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Neta Carmon
- The Fritz Haber Research Center, and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Daniel Harries
- The Fritz Haber Research Center, and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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Yang L, Dai L, Zhang H, Sun F, Tang X, Feng W, Yu H, Zhang J. Molecular and Functional Analysis of Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase Genes Enhancing Salt Tolerance in Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. Molecules 2023; 28:5139. [PMID: 37446801 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a reducing disaccharide, acting as a protectant against various environmental stresses in numerous organisms. In plants, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) plays a crucial role in trehalose biosynthesis. Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. is a prominent species of the Anoectochilus genus, widely utilized as a health food. However, the functional analysis of TPS in this species has been limited. In this study, TPS genes were cloned from A. roxburghii. The ArTPS gene, with an open reading frame spanning 2850 bp, encodes 950 amino acids. Comparative and bioinformatics analysis revealed that the homology was presented between the ArTPS protein and TPSs from other plant species. The ORF sequence was utilized to construct a prokaryotic expression vector, Pet28a-ArTPS, which was then transformed into Escherichia coli. The resulting transformants displayed a significant increase in salt tolerance under the stress conditions of 300 mmol/L NaCl. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of ArTPS genes responded to NaCl stress. The accumulation of G6P was upregulated, whereas the content of T6P exhibited an opposite expression trend. The glycometabolism products, including trehalose, exhibited notable changes under NaCl stress, although their variations may differ in response to stimulation. The content of kinsenoside, a characteristic product of A. roxburghii, was significantly upregulated under NaCl stress. These results suggest that the ArTPS genes function in response to NaCl stimulation and play a key role in polysaccharide and glycoside metabolism in Anoectochilus. This study provides new insights into the engineering modification of the health food A. roxburghii to enhance the medicinal activity of its ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Medical Plant Exploitation and Utilization Engineering Research Center, Sanming University, Sanming 365004, China
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Luwei Dai
- Medical Plant Exploitation and Utilization Engineering Research Center, Sanming University, Sanming 365004, China
| | - Hangying Zhang
- Medical Plant Exploitation and Utilization Engineering Research Center, Sanming University, Sanming 365004, China
| | - Fuai Sun
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuchong Tang
- Bayecao Biotechnology (Sanming) Co., Ltd., Sanming 365004, China
| | - Wenqi Feng
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Haoqiang Yu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Juncheng Zhang
- Medical Plant Exploitation and Utilization Engineering Research Center, Sanming University, Sanming 365004, China
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11
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Shi H, Ruan L, Chen Z, Liao Y, Wu W, Liu L, Xu X. Sulfur, sterol and trehalose metabolism in the deep-sea hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:175. [PMID: 37020304 PMCID: PMC10077716 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lamellibrachia luymesi dominates cold sulfide-hydrocarbon seeps and is known for its ability to consume bacteria for energy. The symbiotic relationship between tubeworms and bacteria with particular adaptations to chemosynthetic environments has received attention. However, metabolic studies have primarily focused on the mechanisms and pathways of the bacterial symbionts, while studies on the animal hosts are limited. RESULTS Here, we sequenced the transcriptome of L. luymesi and generated a transcriptomic database containing 79,464 transcript sequences. Based on GO and KEGG annotations, we identified transcripts related to sulfur metabolism, sterol biosynthesis, trehalose synthesis, and hydrolysis. Our in-depth analysis identified sulfation pathways in L. luymesi, and sulfate activation might be an important detoxification pathway for promoting sulfur cycling, reducing byproducts of sulfide metabolism, and converting sulfur compounds to sulfur-containing organics, which are essential for symbiotic survival. Moreover, sulfide can serve directly as a sulfur source for cysteine synthesis in L. luymesi. The existence of two pathways for cysteine synthesis might ensure its participation in the formation of proteins, heavy metal detoxification, and the sulfide-binding function of haemoglobin. Furthermore, our data suggested that cold-seep tubeworm is capable of de novo sterol biosynthesis, as well as incorporation and transformation of cycloartenol and lanosterol into unconventional sterols, and the critical enzyme involved in this process might have properties similar to those in the enzymes from plants or fungi. Finally, trehalose synthesis in L. luymesi occurs via the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) pathways. The TPP gene has not been identified, whereas the TPS gene encodes a protein harbouring conserved TPS/OtsA and TPP/OtsB domains. The presence of multiple trehalases that catalyse trehalose hydrolysis could indicate the different roles of trehalase in cold-seep tubeworms. CONCLUSIONS We elucidated several molecular pathways of sulfate activation, cysteine and cholesterol synthesis, and trehalose metabolism. Contrary to the previous analysis, two pathways for cysteine synthesis and the cycloartenol-C-24-methyltransferase gene were identified in animals for the first time. The present study provides new insights into particular adaptations to chemosynthetic environments in L. luymesi and can serve as the basis for future molecular studies on host-symbiont interactions and biological evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, No. 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingwei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, No. 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China.
- College of Marine Biology, Xiamen ocean vocational college, 361100, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zimeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, No. 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Liao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, No. 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 362200, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, No. 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Linmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, No. 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Xu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, No. 178 Daxue Road, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, People's Republic of China
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12
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Dietary Trehalose as a Bioactive Nutrient. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061393. [PMID: 36986123 PMCID: PMC10054017 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a naturally occurring, non-reducing disaccharide comprising two covalently-linked glucose molecules. It possesses unique physiochemical properties, which account for multiple biological roles in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. In the past few decades, intensive research on trehalose has uncovered its functions, and extended its uses as a sweetener and stabilizer in the food, medical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Further, increased dietary trehalose consumption has sparked research on how trehalose affects the gut microbiome. In addition to its role as a dietary sugar, trehalose has gained attention for its ability to modulate glucose homeostasis, and potentially as a therapeutic agent for diabetes. This review discusses the bioactive effects of dietary trehalose, highlighting its promise in future industrial and scientific contributions.
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Highly concentrated trehalose induces prohealing senescence-like state in fibroblasts via CDKN1A/p21. Commun Biol 2023; 6:13. [PMID: 36609486 PMCID: PMC9822918 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is the nonreducing disaccharide of glucose, evolutionarily conserved in invertebrates. The living skin equivalent (LSE) is an organotypic coculture containing keratinocytes cultivated on fibroblast-populated dermal substitutes. We demonstrated that human primary fibroblasts treated with highly concentrated trehalose promote significantly extensive spread of the epidermal layer of LSE without any deleterious effects. The RNA-seq analysis of trehalose-treated 2D and 3D fibroblasts at early time points revealed the involvement of the CDKN1A pathway, the knockdown of which significantly suppressed the upregulation of DPT, ANGPT2, VEGFA, EREG, and FGF2. The trehalose-treated fibroblasts were positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase. Finally, transplantation of the dermal substitute with trehalose-treated fibroblasts accelerated wound closure and increased capillary formation significantly in the experimental mouse wounds in vivo, which was canceled by the CDKN1A knockdown. These data indicate that high-concentration trehalose can induce the senescence-like state in fibroblasts via CDKN1A/p21, which may be therapeutically useful for optimal wound repair.
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14
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Zhu F, Li M, Sun M, Jiang X, Qiao F. Plant hormone signals regulate trehalose accumulation against osmotic stress in watermelon cells. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:1351-1369. [PMID: 35088161 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose, one of the most chemically stable sugars, can effectively improve the tolerance of various plants against abiotic stress by protecting and stabilizing protein and cell membranes. However, the signaling pathway in trehalose biosynthesis triggered by abiotic stresses is still unclear. In the study, it can be shown that exogenous trehalose can alleviate the inhibitory effect of osmotic stress on cell growth, suppress extracellular alkalization, ROS burst, and maintain the integrity of the microtubular cytoskeleton. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) is the key limiting enzyme for trehalose synthesis and is encoded by 7 ClTPS genes, located in 7 different chromosomes of the watermelon genome. Expression analysis by qRT-PCR indicated that osmotic stress could upregulate the expression of all the family members of ClTPS and promote the accumulation of trehalose in watermelon cells accordingly. Exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ethephon (ETH), abscisic acid (ABA), or salicylic acid (SA) induced trehalose accumulation, with MeJA being the most effective treatment. When fluridone (FL), an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor, was pre-perfused into the cells before osmotic stress, trehalose accumulation and packed cell volume were suppressed significantly, whereas inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis could even restore cell growth. Moreover, inhibition of trehalose hydrolysis could also increase the tolerance against osmotic stress. This study shows that trehalose biosynthesis is phytohormone-dependent and the hydrolysis of trehalose is involved in osmotic tolerance regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Plants of Hainan Province/Key Laboratory of Tropical Agritourism in Greenhouse of Haikou, College of Horticulture, Hainan University (HNU), Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Mingyan Li
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Plants of Hainan Province/Key Laboratory of Tropical Agritourism in Greenhouse of Haikou, College of Horticulture, Hainan University (HNU), Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Mengli Sun
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Plants of Hainan Province/Key Laboratory of Tropical Agritourism in Greenhouse of Haikou, College of Horticulture, Hainan University (HNU), Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xuefei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Plants of Hainan Province/Key Laboratory of Tropical Agritourism in Greenhouse of Haikou, College of Horticulture, Hainan University (HNU), Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Fei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, China
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15
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Du X, Ran Q, Wang J, Jiang H, Wang J, Li YZ. Microvirga roseola sp. nov. and Microvirga lenta sp. nov., isolated from Taklamakan Desert soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria, designated SM9T and SM2T, were isolated from Taklamakan Desert soil samples. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains SM9T and SM2T had the highest sequence similarity to the type strains
Microvirga indica
BCRC 80972T and
Microvirga soli
NBRC 112417T with similarity values of 98.2 and 97.7 %, respectively, and
Microvirga
was among the predominant genera in the desert soil. The draft genomes of these two strains were 4.56 Mbp (SM9T) and 5.08 Mbp (SM2T) long with 65.1 mol% (SM9T) and 63.5 mol% (SM2T) G+C content. To adapt to the desert environment, these two strains possessed pathways for the synthesis of stress metabolite trehalose. The major fatty acids (>5 %) included C18 : 1 ω9c in SM2T, but C16 : 0, C18 : 0 and C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c in SM9T, while the major menaquinone was ubiquinone 10 in both strains. The major polar lipids of SM9T and SM2T were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phospholipid. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization results further indicated that strains SM9T and SM2T were distinguished from phylogenetically related species and represented two novel species within the genus
Microvirga
, for which the names Microvirga roseola sp. nov. (type strain SM2T=KCTC 72792T=CGMCC 1.17776T) and Microvirga lenta sp. nov. (type strain SM9T=KCTC 82729T=CCTCC AB 2021131T) are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbiology Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qi Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbiology Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jianing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbiology Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 266003 Qingdao, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbiology Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Yue-zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbiology Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
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16
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Shrestha P, Kim MS, Elbasani E, Kim JD, Oh TJ. Prediction of trehalose-metabolic pathway and comparative analysis of KEGG, MetaCyc, and RAST databases based on complete genome of Variovorax sp. PAMC28711. BMC Genom Data 2022; 23:4. [PMID: 34991451 PMCID: PMC8734048 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-021-01020-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolism including anabolism and catabolism is a prerequisite phenomenon for all living organisms. Anabolism refers to the synthesis of the entire compound needed by a species. Catabolism refers to the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy. Many metabolic pathways are undisclosed and many organism-specific enzymes involved in metabolism are misplaced. When predicting a specific metabolic pathway of a microorganism, the first and foremost steps is to explore available online databases. Among many online databases, KEGG and MetaCyc pathway databases were used to deduce trehalose metabolic network for bacteria Variovorax sp. PAMC28711. Trehalose, a disaccharide, is used by the microorganism as an alternative carbon source. RESULTS While using KEGG and MetaCyc databases, we found that the KEGG pathway database had one missing enzyme (maltooligosyl-trehalose synthase, EC 5.4.99.15). The MetaCyc pathway database also had some enzymes. However, when we used RAST to annotate the entire genome of Variovorax sp. PAMC28711, we found that all enzymes that were missing in KEGG and MetaCyc databases were involved in the trehalose metabolic pathway. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study shed light on bioinformatics tools and raise awareness among researchers about the importance of conducting detailed investigation before proceeding with any further work. While such comparison for databases such as KEGG and MetaCyc has been done before, it has never been done with a specific microbial pathway. Such studies are useful for future improvement of bioinformatics tools to reduce limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasansah Shrestha
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460 Korea
| | - Min-Su Kim
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460 Korea
| | - Ermal Elbasani
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460 Korea
| | - Jeong-Dong Kim
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460 Korea
- Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, Asan, 31460 Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460 Korea
- Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, Asan, 31460 Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan, 31460 Korea
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17
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Arayatham S, Buntasana S, Padungros P, Tharasanit T. Membrane-permeable trehalose improves the freezing ability and developmental competence of in-vitro matured feline oocytes. Theriogenology 2022; 181:16-23. [PMID: 35007820 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oocytes are highly sensitive to cryopreservation, which frequently results in an irreversible loss of developmental competence. We examined the effect of membrane-permeable trehalose on the freezing ability of feline oocytes matured in vitro. In Experiment 1, intracellular trehalose (trehalose hexaacetate; Tre-(OAc)6) was synthesized from trehalose precursor and subjected to spectroscopic characterization. The membrane permeability of the Tre-(OAc)6 was investigated by incubating oocytes with different concentrations of Tre-(OAc)6 (3, 15, and 30 mM). Optimum concentration and the toxicity of Tre-(OAc)6 were assessed in Experiment 2. The effects of Tre-(OAc)6 on freezing ability in terms of apoptotic gene expression and developmental competence of in-vitro matured oocytes were examined in Experiments 3 and 4, respectively. The Tre-(OAc)6 permeated into the ooplasm of cat oocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The highest concentration of intracellular trehalose was detected when the oocytes were incubated for 24 h with 30 mM Tre-(OAc)6. For the toxicity test, incubation of oocytes with 3 mM Tre-(OAc)6 for 24 h did not affect maturation rate and embryo development. However, high doses of Tre-(OAc)6 (15 and 30 mM) significantly reduced maturation and fertilization rates (p < 0.05). In addition, frozen-thawed oocytes treated with 3 mM Tre-(OAc)6 significantly upregulated anti-apoptotic (BCL-2) gene expression compared with the control (0 mM) and other Tre-(OAc)6 concentrations (15 and 30 mM). Oocyte maturation in the presence of 3 mM Tre-(OAc)6 prior to cryopreservation significantly improved oocyte developmental competence in terms of cleavage and blastocyst rates when compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Our results lead us to infer that increasing the levels of intracellular trehalose by Tre-(OAc)6 during oocyte maturation improves the freezing ability of feline oocytes, albeit at specific concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saengtawan Arayatham
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supanat Buntasana
- Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Productions STAR, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Padungros
- Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Productions STAR, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Theerawat Tharasanit
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Veterinary Clinical Stem Cells and Bioengineering Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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18
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Zhong Y, McGrath JK, Gong B. Dipropinonates of Sugar Alcohols as Water-Soluble, Nontoxic CPAs for DMSO-Free Cell Cryopreservation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4757-4762. [PMID: 34587440 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, and erythritol, four readily available sugar alcohols with poor or no membrane permeability, are converted into their corresponding dipropionates by acylating their primary hydroxyl groups. With enhanced membrane permeability, these diesters are expected to permeate the cell membranes and, upon their hydrolysis, release the corresponding sugar alcohols inside the cells. NIH-3T3 cells incubated with these diesters before being frozen at -80 °C exhibited considerably higher total recovery over those incubated with the free sugar alcohols or media only. Among the four diesters, those of sorbitol, especially mannitol, showed cryoprotective effects comparable to that shown by 5% DMSO. This work has demonstrated the feasibility of converting readily available, naturally occurring compounds into membrane-permeable derivatives that serve as water-soluble, nontoxic alternatives to DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Zhong
- The State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Chemistry, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Jillian K McGrath
- The State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Chemistry, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Bing Gong
- The State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Chemistry, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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19
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Olgenblum GI, Wien F, Sapir L, Harries D. β-Hairpin Miniprotein Stabilization in Trehalose Glass Is Facilitated by an Emergent Compact Non-Native State. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7659-7664. [PMID: 34351767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
From stem cell freeze-drying to organ storage, considerable recent efforts have been directed toward the development of new preservation technologies. A prominent protein stabilizing strategy involves vitrification in glassy matrices, most notably those formed of sugars such as the biologically relevant preservative trehalose. Here, we compare the folding thermodynamics of a model miniprotein in solution and in the glassy state of the sugars trehalose and glucose. Using synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD), we find that the same native structure persists in solution and glass. However, upon transition to the glass, a completely different, conformationally restricted unfolded state replaces the disordered denatured state found in solution, potentially inhibiting misfolding. Concomitantly, a large exothermic contribution is observed in glass, exposing the stabilizing effect of interactions with the sugar matrix on the native state. Our results shed light on the mechanism of protein stabilization in sugar glass and should aid in future preservation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil I Olgenblum
- Institute of Chemistry, the Fritz Haber Research Center, and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Frank Wien
- DISCO Beamline, Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Liel Sapir
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Daniel Harries
- Institute of Chemistry, the Fritz Haber Research Center, and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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20
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Tekdal D. Characterization of trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and Na+/H+ antiporter genes in Vuralia turcica and expression analysis under salt and cadmium stresses. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200252. [PMID: 34231757 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vuralia turcica (Fabaceae; Papilionoideae) is a critically endangered endemic plant species in Turkey. This plant grows naturally in saline environments, although the photosynthesis and physiological functions of many plants are affected by salt stress. Molecular control mechanisms and identification of genes involved in these mechanisms constitute the critical field of study in plant science. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) is one of the essential enzyme genes involved in trehalose biosynthesis, which is protective against salt stress. Also, the vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter gene (NHX) is known to be useful in salt tolerance. In this study, the TPS and NHX-like genes in V. turcica were partially sequenced using degenerate primers for the first time and submitted to the NCBI database (accession numbers MK120983 and MH757417, respectively). Also, the expression levels of the genes encoding TPS and NHX were investigated. The results indicate that the increase in both the level of applied salt and cadmium is coupled with the increase in the expression level of NHX and TPS genes. However, salt exposure significantly affected the expression level of the NHX gene. The findings suggest that the NHX gene might play a crucial role in the salt tolerance ability of V. turcica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Tekdal
- Mersin University, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Yenişehir, 33343 Mersin, Turkey
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21
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Yanshin N, Kushnareva A, Lemesheva V, Birkemeyer C, Tarakhovskaya E. Chemical Composition and Potential Practical Application of 15 Red Algal Species from the White Sea Coast (the Arctic Ocean). Molecules 2021; 26:2489. [PMID: 33923301 PMCID: PMC8123152 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Though numerous valuable compounds from red algae already experience high demand in medicine, nutrition, and different branches of industry, these organisms are still recognized as an underexploited resource. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the chemical composition of 15 Arctic red algal species from the perspective of their practical relevance in medicine and the food industry. We show that several virtually unstudied species may be regarded as promising sources of different valuable metabolites and minerals. Thus, several filamentous ceramialean algae (Ceramium virgatum, Polysiphonia stricta, Savoiea arctica) had total protein content of 20-32% of dry weight, which is comparable to or higher than that of already commercially exploited species (Palmaria palmata, Porphyra sp.). Moreover, ceramialean algae contained high amounts of pigments, macronutrients, and ascorbic acid. Euthora cristata (Gigartinales) accumulated free essential amino acids, taurine, pantothenic acid, and floridoside. Thalli of P. palmata and C. virgatum contained the highest amounts of the nonproteinogenic amino acid β-alanine (9.1 and 3.2 μM g-1 DW, respectively). Several red algae tend to accumulate heavy metals; although this may limit their application in the food industry, it makes them promising candidates for phytoremediation or the use as bioindicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Yanshin
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.Y.); (V.L.)
| | | | - Valeriia Lemesheva
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.Y.); (V.L.)
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Elena Tarakhovskaya
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (N.Y.); (V.L.)
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, St. Petersburg Branch, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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22
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Verspecht T, Van Holm W, Boon N, Bernaerts K, Daep CA, Masters JG, Zayed N, Quirynen M, Teughels W. Potential prebiotic substrates modulate composition, metabolism, virulence and inflammatory potential of an in vitro multi-species oral biofilm. J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1910462. [PMID: 33968313 PMCID: PMC8079042 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1910462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Modulation of the commensal oral microbiota constitutes a promising preventive/therapeutic approach in oral healthcare. The use of prebiotics for maintaining/restoring the health-associated homeostasis of the oral microbiota has become an important research topic. Aims: This study hypothesised that in vitro 14-species oral biofilms can be modulated by (in)direct stimulation of beneficial/commensal bacteria with new potential prebiotic substrates tested at 1 M and 1%(w/v), resulting in more host-compatible biofilms with fewer pathogens, decreased virulence and less inflammatory potential. Methods: Established biofilms were repeatedly rinsed with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, α-D-lactose, D-(+)-trehalose or D-(+)-raffinose at 1 M or 1%(w/v). Biofilm composition, metabolic profile, virulence and inflammatory potential were eventually determined. Results: Repeated rinsing caused a shift towards a more health-associated microbiological composition, an altered metabolic profile, often downregulated virulence gene expression and decreased the inflammatory potential on oral keratinocytes. At 1 M, the substrates had pronounced effects on all biofilm aspects, whereas at 1%(w/v) they had a pronounced effect on virulence gene expression and a limited effect on inflammatory potential. Conclusion: Overall, this study identified four new potential prebiotic substrates that exhibit different modulatory effects at two different concentrations that cause in vitro multi-species oral biofilms to become more host-compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Verspecht
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Wannes Van Holm
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Nico Boon
- Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Bio- and Chemical Systems Technology, Reactor Engineering and Safety, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven Chem & Tech, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlo A Daep
- Colgate-Palmolive Technology Center, Piscataway, NJ USA
| | | | - Naiera Zayed
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biotechnology, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University (UGent), Gent, Belgium.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Egypt
| | - Marc Quirynen
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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23
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Molecular mechanism underlying the selective attack of trehalose lipids on cancer cells as revealed by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 25:100913. [PMID: 33521337 PMCID: PMC7820381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study indicated that the mixed lipid bilayer of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and trehalosemonomyristate (TreC14) interacted strongly with the plasma membrane of cancer cells, and not that of normal cells, when the composition of TreC14 was 70%, as revealed by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. These results were consistent with those of previous experimental studies, indicating that DMPC/TreC14 mixed liposomes (DMTreC14) with TreC14 composition at 70% exhibited a strong anti-cancer effect without affecting normal cells. The simulations also revealed that lipids with highly hydrophilic and bulky head groups, such as TreC14, phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine (PS), showed the tendency to accumulate. This caused both the DMTreC14 and cancer cell membranes to bend into large positive curvatures, resulting in tight contact between them. In contrast, no apparent interaction between the DMTreC14 and normal cell membranes was observed because PI and PS did not exist in the extracellular monolayer of the normal cell membrane. The mixed lipid bilayer (DMTreC14) of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and trehalosemonomyristate (TreC14) interacted strongly with the plasma membrane of a cancer cell, but did not interact with that of a normal cell. TreC14 was shown to interact preferentially with phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylserine (PS), which existed in the extracellular side of the cancer cell. This interaction was inferred to cause the physical contact between DMTreC14 and the cancer cell, leading to their membrane fusion.
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24
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Chen Y, Zhao Y, Zhou X, Liu N, Ming D, Zhu L, Jiang L. Improving the thermostability of trehalose synthase from Thermomonospora curvata by covalent cyclization using peptide tags and investigation of the underlying molecular mechanism. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:13-21. [PMID: 33285196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the most desirable properties for industrial enzymes is high thermotolerance, which can reduce the amount of biocatalyst used and lower the production cost. Aiming to improve the thermotolerance of trehalose synthase (TreS, EC 5.4.99.16) from Thermomonospora curvata, four mutants (G78D, V289L, G322A, I323L) and four cyclized TreS variants fused using different Tag/Catcher pairs (SpyTag-TreS-SpyCatcher, SpyTag-TreS-KTag, SnoopTag-TreS-SnoopCatcher, SnoopTagJR-TreS-DogTag) were constructed. The results showed that cyclization led to a much larger increase of thermostability than that achieved via site-directed mutagenesis. The t1/2 of all four cyclized TreS variants at 55 °C increased 2- to 3- fold, while the analysis of kinetic and thermodynamic stability indicated that the T50 of the different cyclized TreS variants increased by between 7.5 °C and 15.5 °C. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the Rg values of cyclized TreS decreased significantly, indicating that the protein maintained a tight tertiary structure at high temperatures, avoiding exposure of the hydrophobic core to the solvent. Cyclization using a Tag/Catcher pair is a simple and effective method for improving the thermotolerance of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Nian Liu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Dengming Ming
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Liying Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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25
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Nemadodzi LE, Vervoort J, Prinsloo G. NMR-Based Metabolomic Analysis and Microbial Composition of Soil Supporting Burkea africana Growth. Metabolites 2020; 10:E402. [PMID: 33050369 PMCID: PMC7600111 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkea africana is a leguminous tree used for medicinal purposes, growing in clusters, on soils impoverished from most nutrients. The study aimed to determine the factors responsible for successful reproduction and establishment of the B. africana trees in nature, as all efforts for commercial production has been proven unsuccessful. An investigation was carried out to determine the metabolomic profile, chemical composition, and microbial composition of the soils where B. africana grows (Burkea soil) versus the soil where it does not grow (non-Burkea soil). 1H-NMR metabolomic analysis showed different metabolites in the respective soils. Trehalose and betaine, as well as a choline-like and carnitine-like compound, were found to be in higher concentration in Burkea soils, whereas, acetate, lactate, and formate were concentrated in non-Burkea soils. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of numerous amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamine to be higher in Burkea soils. Since it was previously suggested that the soil microbial diversity is the major driver for establishment and survival of seedlings in nature, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted and a BLAST analysis conducted for species identification. Penicillium species was found to be highly prevalent and discriminant between the two soils, associated with the Burkea soils. No differences in the bacterial composition of Burkea and non-Burkea soils were observed. The variances in fungal composition suggests that species supremacy play a role in development of B. africana trees and is responsible for creating a supporting environment for natural establishment and survival of seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufuno Ethel Nemadodzi
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Florida, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa;
- ABBERU, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Florida, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Gerhard Prinsloo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Florida, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa;
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26
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Chen C, Su L, Wu L, Zhou J, Wu J. Enhanced the catalytic efficiency and thermostability of maltooligosyltrehalose synthase from Arthrobacter ramosus by directed evolution. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Matassini C, Parmeggiani C, Cardona F. New Frontiers on Human Safe Insecticides and Fungicides: An Opinion on Trehalase Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:E3013. [PMID: 32630325 PMCID: PMC7411730 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of green economy, trehalase inhibitors represent a valuable chance to develop non-toxic pesticides, being hydrophilic compounds that do not persist in the environment. The lesson on this topic that we learned from the past can be of great help in the research on new specific green pesticides. This review aims to describe the efforts made in the last 50 years in the evaluation of natural compounds and their analogues as trehalase inhibitors, in view of their potential use as insecticides and fungicides. Specifically, we analyzed trehalase inhibitors based on sugars and sugar mimics, focusing on those showing good inhibition properties towards insect trehalases. Despite their attractiveness as a target, up to now there are no trehalase inhibitors that have been developed as commercial insecticides. Although natural complex pseudo di- and trisaccharides were firstly studied to this aim, iminosugars look to be more promising, showing an excellent specificity profile towards insect trehalases. The results reported here represent an overview and a discussion of the best candidates which may lead to the development of an effective insecticide in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Matassini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Camilla Parmeggiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesca Cardona
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
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28
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The Inhibitory Effect of Validamycin A on Aspergillus flavus. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:3972415. [PMID: 32676114 PMCID: PMC7336217 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3972415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is one of the most common isolates from patients with fungal infections. Aspergillus infection is usually treated with antifungal agents, but side effects of these agents are common. Trehalase is an essential enzyme involved in fungal metabolism, and the trehalase inhibitor, validamycin A, has been used to prevent fungal infections in agricultural products. In this study, we observed that validamycin A significantly increased trehalose levels in A. flavus conidia and delayed germination, including decreased fungal adherence. In addition, validamycin A and amphotericin B showed a combinatorial effect on A. flavus ATCC204304 and clinical isolates with high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of amphotericin B using checkerboard assays. We observed that validamycin A and amphotericin B had a synergistic effect on A. flavus strains resistant to amphotericin B. The MICs in the combination of validamycin A and amphotericin B were at 0.125 μg/mL and 2 μg/mL, respectively. The FICI of validamycin A and amphotericin B of these clinical isolates was about 0.25-0.28 with synergistic effects. No drug cytotoxicity was observed in human bronchial epithelial cells treated with validamycin A using LDH-cytotoxicity assays. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that validamycin A inhibited the growth of A. flavus and delayed conidial germination. Furthermore, the combined effect of validamycin A with amphotericin B increased A. flavus killing, without significant cytotoxicity to human bronchial epithelial cells. We propose that validamycin A could potentially be used in vivo as an alternative treatment for A. flavus infections.
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Abstract
The disaccharide trehalose is accumulated in the cytoplasm of some organisms in response to harsh environmental conditions. Trehalose biosynthesis and accumulation are important for the survival of such organisms by protecting the structure and function of proteins and membranes. Trehalose affects the dynamics of proteins and water molecules in the bulk and the protein hydration shell. Enzyme catalysis and other processes dependent on protein dynamics are affected by the viscosity generated by trehalose, as described by the Kramers’ theory of rate reactions. Enzyme/protein stabilization by trehalose against thermal inactivation/unfolding is also explained by the viscosity mediated hindering of the thermally generated structural dynamics, as described by Kramers’ theory. The analysis of the relationship of viscosity–protein dynamics, and its effects on enzyme/protein function and other processes (thermal inactivation and unfolding/folding), is the focus of the present work regarding the disaccharide trehalose as the viscosity generating solute. Finally, trehalose is widely used (alone or in combination with other compounds) in the stabilization of enzymes in the laboratory and in biotechnological applications; hence, considering the effect of viscosity on catalysis and stability of enzymes may help to improve the results of trehalose in its diverse uses/applications.
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30
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Trehalose attenuates TGF-β1-induced fibrosis of hSCFs by activating autophagy. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 470:175-188. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03760-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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31
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Kim B, Lee Y, Choi H, Huh WK. The trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase Tps2 regulates ATG8 transcription and autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Autophagy 2020; 17:1013-1027. [PMID: 32240040 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1746592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an important catabolic process for maintaining cellular homeostasis by adapting to various stress conditions. Autophagy is mediated by a double-membrane autophagosome, which sequesters a portion of cytoplasmic components for delivery to the vacuole. Several autophagy-related (ATG) genes play crucial roles in autophagosome formation. The induction of ATG genes must be tightly regulated to maintain a proper autophagic activity, but their regulatory mechanisms are still largely unknown. Here, we report that the trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase Tps2 functions as a positive regulator of autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cellular trehalose levels do not affect autophagy regulation by Tps2. Loss of Tps2 leads to impaired autophagic flux and reduced ATG8 expre/ssion under nitrogen starvation. In tps2Δ cells, Ume6 is predominantly dephosphorylated and represses ATG8 transcription by binding to its promoter region. Tps2 regulates nuclear translocation and activation of Rim15 kinase, a negative regulator of Ume6, by causing the dissociation of Rim15 from the 14-3-3 proteins Bmh1/2 under nitrogen starvation, suggesting that Rim15 mediates the function of Tps2 as a positive regulator of ATG8 induction. Furthermore, Tps2 plays a crucial role in the dephosphorylation of Ser1061 and Thr1075 residues of Rim15, which is important for controlling the dissociation of Rim15 from Bmh1/2 under nitrogen starvation. Together, our results reveal the role of Tps2 as a positive regulator of autophagy and provide new insight into the regulatory mechanisms of ATG gene expression.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy-related; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; GFP: green fluorescent protein; PKA: protein kinase A; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Rim15KI: kinase-inactive Rim15; Rim15-2A: Rim15S1061A,T1075A; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TORC1: target of rapamycin complex 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkeun Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongook Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojeong Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ki Huh
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chen J, Lyu Z, Wang C, Cheng J, Lin T. RNA interference of a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene reveals its roles in the biosynthesis of chitin and lipids in Heortia vitessoides (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:212-223. [PMID: 30397994 PMCID: PMC7379938 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS), an enzyme that hydrolyzes two glucose molecules to yield trehalose, plays a pivotal role in various physiological processes. In this study, we cloned the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (HvTPS) and investigated its expression patterns in various tissues and developmental stages in Heortia vitessoides Moore (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). HvTPS was highly expressed in the fat body and after pupation or before molting. We knocked down TPS in H. vitessoides by RNA interference and found that 3.0 μg of dsHvTPS resulted in optimal interference at 24 h and 36 h post-injection and caused a sharp decline in the survival rate during the 5th instar larval-pupal stage and obviously abnormal or lethal phenotypes. Additionally, compared to the controls, TPS activity and trehalose contents were significantly lower and the glucose content was significantly higher 24 h or 36 h after injection with 3.0 μg of dsHvTPS. Furthermore, the silencing of HvTPS suppressed the expression of six key genes in the chitin biosynthesis pathway and one key gene related to lipid catabolism. The expression levels of two genes associated with lipid biosynthesis were upregulated. These results strongly suggest that HvTPS is essential for the normal growth and development of H. vitessoides and provide a reference for further studies of the utility of key genes involved in chitin and lipid biosynthesis for controlling insect development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Xiang Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape ArchitectureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zi‐Hao Lyu
- College of Forestry and Landscape ArchitectureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Chun‐Yan Wang
- College of Forestry and Landscape ArchitectureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jie Cheng
- College of Forestry and Landscape ArchitectureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tong Lin
- College of Forestry and Landscape ArchitectureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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33
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Janežič D, Jäntschi L, Bolboacă SD. Sugars and Sweeteners: Structure, Properties and In Silico Modeling. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5-22. [PMID: 30259809 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180926144401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies report the effects of excessive use of sugars and sweeteners in the diet. These include obesity, cardiac diseases, diabetes, and even lymphomas, leukemias, cancers of the bladder and brain, chronic fatigue syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, autism, and systemic lupus. On the other hand, each sugar and sweetener has a distinct metabolic assimilation process, and its chemical structure plays an important role in this process. Several scientific papers present the biological effects of the sugars and sweeteners in relation to their chemical structure. One important issue dealing with the sugars is the degree of similarity in their structures, focusing mostly on optical isomerism. Finding and developing new sugars and sweeteners with desired properties is an emerging research area, in which in silico approaches play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušanka Janežič
- Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Lorentz Jäntschi
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Chemistry Doctoral School, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sorana D Bolboacă
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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34
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Pan BY, Liu YK, Wu HK, Pang XQ, Wang SG, Tang B, Xu CD. Role of phosphoglucomutase in regulating trehalose metabolism in Nilaparvata lugens. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:61. [PMID: 32030330 PMCID: PMC6977789 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) is a key enzyme in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, regulating both glycogen and trehalose metabolism in insects. In this study, we explored the potential function of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) using RNA interference technology in Nilaparvata lugens, the brown planthopper. PGM1 and PGM2 were found highly expressed in the midgut of brown planthoppers, with different expression levels in different instar nymphs. The glycogen, glucose, and trehalose levels were also significantly increased after brown planthoppers were injected with dsRNA targeting PGM1 (dsPGM1) or PGM2 (dsPGM2). In addition, injection of dsPGM1 or dsPGM2 resulted in increased membrane-bound trehalase activity but not soluble trehalase activity. Furthermore, the expression of genes related to trehalose and glycogen metabolism decreased significantly after injection with dsPGM1 and dsPGM2. The expression levels of genes involved in chitin metabolism in the brown planthopper were also significantly decreased and the insects showed wing deformities and difficulty molting following RNAi. We suggest that silencing of PGM1 and PGM2 expression directly inhibits trehalose metabolism, leading to impaired chitin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Ying Pan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Kang Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Kai Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qing Pang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Gui Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Cai-Di Xu
- College of Education, Hangzhou
Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
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Olgenblum GI, Sapir L, Harries D. Properties of Aqueous Trehalose Mixtures: Glass Transition and Hydrogen Bonding. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:1249-1262. [PMID: 31917927 PMCID: PMC7467637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose is a naturally occurring disaccharide known to remarkably stabilize biomacromolecules in the biologically active state. The stabilizing effect is typically observed over a large concentration range and affects many macromolecules including proteins, lipids, and DNA. Of special interest is the transition from aqueous solution to the dense and highly concentrated glassy state of trehalose that has been implicated in bioadaptation of different organisms toward desiccation stress. Although several mechanisms have been suggested to link the structure of the low water content glass with its action as an exceptional stabilizer, studies are ongoing to resolve which are most pertinent. Specifically, the role that hydrogen bonding plays in the formation of the glass is not well resolved. Here we model aqueous trehalose mixtures over a wide concentration range, using molecular dynamics simulations with two available force fields. Both force fields indicate glass transition temperatures and osmotic pressures that are close to experimental values, particularly at high trehalose contents. We develop and employ a methodology that allows us to analyze the thermodynamics of hydrogen bonds in simulations at different water contents and temperatures. Remarkably, this analysis is able to link the liquid to glass transition with changes in hydrogen bond characteristics. Most notably, the onset of the glassy state can be quantitatively related to the transition from weakly to strongly correlated hydrogen bonds. Our findings should help resolve the properties of the glass and the mechanisms of its formation in the presence of added macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil I Olgenblum
- Institute of Chemistry, the Fritz Haber Research Center, and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 9190401 , Israel
| | - Liel Sapir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Daniel Harries
- Institute of Chemistry, the Fritz Haber Research Center, and the Harvey M. Kruger Center for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 9190401 , Israel
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Mycobacterial OtsA Structures Unveil Substrate Preference Mechanism and Allosteric Regulation by 2-Oxoglutarate and 2-Phosphoglycerate. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02272-19. [PMID: 31772052 PMCID: PMC6879718 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02272-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are a significant source of mortality worldwide, causing millions of deaths annually. Trehalose is a multipurpose disaccharide that plays a fundamental structural role in these organisms as a component of mycolic acids, a molecular hallmark of the cell envelope of mycobacteria. Here, we describe the first mycobacterial OtsA structures. We show mechanisms of substrate preference and show that OtsA is regulated allosterically by 2-oxoglutarate and 2-phosphoglycerate at an interfacial site. These results identify a new allosteric site and provide insight on the regulation of trehalose synthesis through the OtsAB pathway in mycobacteria. Trehalose is an essential disaccharide for mycobacteria and a key constituent of several cell wall glycolipids with fundamental roles in pathogenesis. Mycobacteria possess two pathways for trehalose biosynthesis. However, only the OtsAB pathway was found to be essential in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with marked growth and virulence defects of OtsA mutants and strict essentiality of OtsB2. Here, we report the first mycobacterial OtsA structures from Mycobacterium thermoresistibile in both apo and ligand-bound forms. Structural information reveals three key residues in the mechanism of substrate preference that were further confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. Additionally, we identify 2-oxoglutarate and 2-phosphoglycerate as allosteric regulators of OtsA. The structural analysis in this work strongly contributed to define the mechanisms for feedback inhibition, show different conformational states of the enzyme, and map a new allosteric site.
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Jin M, Xiao A, Zhu L, Zhang Z, Huang H, Jiang L. The diversity and commonalities of the radiation-resistance mechanisms of Deinococcus and its up-to-date applications. AMB Express 2019; 9:138. [PMID: 31482336 PMCID: PMC6722170 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deinococcus is an extremophilic microorganism found in a wide range of habitats, including hot springs, radiation-contaminated areas, Antarctic soils, deserts, etc., and shows some of the highest levels of resistance to ionizing radiation known in nature. The highly efficient radiation-protection mechanisms of Deinococcus depend on a combination of passive and active defense mechanisms, including self-repair of DNA damage (homologous recombination, MMR, ER and ESDSA), efficient cellular damage clearance mechanisms (hydrolysis of damaged proteins, overexpression of repair proteins, etc.), and effective clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Due to these mechanisms, Deinococcus cells are highly resistant to oxidation, radiation and desiccation, which makes them potential chassis cells for wide applications in many fields. This article summarizes the latest research on the radiation-resistance mechanisms of Deinococcus and prospects its biotechnological application potentials.
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Pan BY, Li GY, Wu Y, Zhou ZS, Zhou M, Li C. Glucose Utilization in the Regulation of Chitin Synthesis in Brown Planthopper. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5574393. [PMID: 31557289 PMCID: PMC6761884 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and hexokinase (HK) are two key enzymes in the glycolysis and gluconeogenesis pathways, which catalyze the synthesis and degradation of glucose in insects, respectively. G6Pase and HK play an important role in insect growth by regulating the metabolism of glucose, leading to the efficient metabolism of other macromolecules. However, it is unclear whether these genes could be investigated for pest control through their actions on chitin metabolism. We studied the potential functions of G6Pase and HK genes in the regulation of chitin metabolism pathways by RNAi technology. Interference with G6Pase expression did not affect trehalose and chitin metabolism pathways in brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål). However, knockdown of the HK gene resulted in a significant decrease of expression of genes associated with the trehalose metabolic pathway but had no significant effect on trehalase activity, trehalose content, or glucogen content. Additionally, HK knockdown resulting in downregulation of the genes involved in chitin metabolism in the brown planthopper. These insects also showed wing deformities and difficulty in molting to varying degrees. We suggest that the silencing of HK expression directly inhibited the decomposition of glucose, leading to impaired chitin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Ying Pan
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, P.R. China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Yong Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Shi Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang, P.R. China
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Trehalose as glucose surrogate in proliferation and cellular mobility of adult neural progenitor cells derived from mouse hippocampus. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1485-1491. [PMID: 31468180 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The disaccharide trehalose (TRE) represents a natural energy supply for distinct non-mammalian species. Evidence has shown that TRE impacts on various properties including the stabilization of protein structure and cell membranes, which are important neuroprotective features against neurodegeneration. In this study, we tested the specific effect of TRE on cell proliferation and mobilization using an established experimental paradigm of adult neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from murine hippocampus. NPC proliferation, both measured by growth curve analysis over 25 days and by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, was not altered by adding TRE instead of GLC to the culture media. Using Boyden chamber experiments, the mobility in regular glucose-containing media did not differ from glucose-free TRE-supplemented media. Our observation suggests that TRE has the capacity to replace glucose (GLC) as energy source in neural cells in our experimental paradigm.
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Liu YF, Qi ZZ, Shou LB, Liu JF, Yang SZ, Gu JD, Mu BZ. Anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation in candidate phylum 'Atribacteria' (JS1) inferred from genomics. ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:2377-2390. [PMID: 31171858 PMCID: PMC6776118 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hydrocarbon-enriched environments, such as oil reservoirs and oil sands tailings ponds, contain a broad diversity of uncultured microorganisms. Despite being one of the few prokaryotic lineages that is consistently detected in both production water from oil reservoirs and stable hydrocarbon-degrading enrichment cultures originated from oil reservoirs, the physiological and ecological roles of candidate phylum “Atribacteria” (OP9/JS1) are not known in deep subsurface environments. Here, we report the expanded metabolic capabilities of Atribacteria as inferred from genomic reconstructions. Seventeen newly assembled medium-to-high-quality metagenomic assembly genomes (MAGs) were obtained either from co-assembly of two metagenomes from an Alaska North Slope oil reservoir or from previous studies of metagenomes coming from different environments. These MAGs comprise three currently known genus-level lineages and four novel genus-level groups of OP9 and JS1, which expands the genomic coverage of the major lineages within the candidate phylum Atribacteria. Genes involved in anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation were found in seven MAGs associated with hydrocarbon-enriched environments, and suggest that some Atribacteria could ferment short-chain n-alkanes into fatty acid while conserving energy. This study expands predicted metabolic capabilities of Atribacteria (JS1) and suggests that they are mediating a key role in subsurface carbon cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Li-Bin Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Zhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Dong Gu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Zhong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P.R. China. .,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 200237, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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Chen C, Su L, Xu F, Xia Y, Wu J. Improved Thermostability of Maltooligosyltrehalose Synthase from Arthrobacter ramosus by Directed Evolution and Site-Directed Mutagenesis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5587-5595. [PMID: 31016980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Maltooligosyltrehalose synthase (MTSase) is a key enzyme in trehalose production. MTSase from Arthrobacter ramosus has poor thermostability, limiting its industrial use. In this study, mutant G415P was obtained by directed evolution and S361R/S444E was subsequently generated based on a structure analysis of the region around G415. The t1/2 of G415P and S361R/S444E at 60 °C increased by 3.0- and 3.2-fold, respectively, compared with the wild-type enzyme. A triple mutant (G415P/S361R/S444E) was obtained through a combination of the above mutants, and its t1/2 significantly increased by 19.7-fold. Kinetic and thermodynamic stability results showed that the T50 and Tm values of the triple mutant increased by 7.1 and 7.3 °C, respectively, compared with those of the wild-type enzyme. When the triple mutant was used in trehalose production, the yield reached 71.6%, higher than the 70.3% achieved with the wild-type. Thus, the mutant has a potential application for industrial trehalose production.
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Trehalose induced by reactive oxygen species relieved the radial growth defects of Pleurotus ostreatus under heat stress. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5379-5390. [PMID: 31069486 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide, and it plays an intracellular protective role in organisms under various stress conditions. In this study, the trehalose synthesis and its protective role in Pleurotus ostreatus were investigated. As a signal in metabolic regulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulated in the mycelia of P. ostreatus under heat stress (HS). Furthermore, mycelial growth was significantly inhibited, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) level significantly increased under HS. First, exogenous addition of H2O2 inhibited mycelial growth and elevated the MDA level, while N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and vitamin C (VC) reduced the MDA level and recovered mycelial growth under HS by scavenging ROS. These results indicated that the mycelial radial growth defect under HS might be partly caused by ROS accumulation. Second, adding NAC and VC to the media resulted in rescued trehalose accumulation, which indicated that ROS has an effect on inducing trehalose synthesis. Third, the mycelial growth was recovered by addition of trehalose to the media after HS, and the MDA level was reduced. This effect was further verified by the overexpression of genes for trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and neutral trehalase (NTH), which led to increased and reduced trehalose content, respectively. In addition, adding validamycin A (NTH inhibitor) to the media promoted trehalose accumulation and the recovered mycelial growth after HS. In conclusion, trehalose production was partly induced by ROS accumulation in the mycelia under HS, and the accumulated trehalose could promote the recovery of growth after HS, partly by reducing the MDA level in the mycelia.
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43
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Alblova M, Smidova A, Kalabova D, Lentini Santo D, Obsil T, Obsilova VO. Allosteric activation of yeast enzyme neutral trehalase by calcium and 14-3-3 protein. Physiol Res 2019; 68:147-160. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutral trehalase 1 (Nth1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyzes disaccharide trehalose hydrolysis and helps yeast to survive adverse conditions, such as heat shock, starvation or oxidative stress. 14-3-3 proteins, master regulators of hundreds of partner proteins, participate in many key cellular processes. Nth1 is activated by phosphorylation followed by 14-3-3 protein (Bmh) binding. The activation mechanism is also potentiated by Ca(2+) binding within the EF-hand-like motif. This review summarizes the current knowledge about trehalases and the molecular and structural basis of Nth1 activation. The crystal structure of fully active Nth1 bound to 14-3-3 protein provided the first high-resolution view of a trehalase from a eukaryotic organism and showed 14-3-3 proteins as structural modulators and allosteric effectors of multi-domain binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alblova
- Department of Structural Biology of Signaling Proteins, Division BIOCEV, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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Sephton-Clark PCS, Muñoz JF, Ballou ER, Cuomo CA, Voelz K. Pathways of Pathogenicity: Transcriptional Stages of Germination in the Fatal Fungal Pathogen Rhizopus delemar. mSphere 2018; 3:e00403-18. [PMID: 30258038 PMCID: PMC6158513 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00403-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizopus delemar is an invasive fungal pathogen responsible for the frequently fatal disease mucormycosis. Germination, a crucial mechanism by which infectious spores of Rhizopus delemar cause disease, is a key developmental process that transforms the dormant spore state into a vegetative one. The molecular mechanisms that underpin this transformation may be key to controlling mucormycosis; however, the regulation of germination remains poorly understood. This study describes the phenotypic and transcriptional changes that take place over the course of germination. This process is characterized by four distinct stages: dormancy, isotropic swelling, germ tube emergence, and hyphal growth. Dormant spores are shown to be transcriptionally unique, expressing a subset of transcripts absent in later developmental stages. A large shift in the expression profile is prompted by the initiation of germination, with genes involved in respiration, chitin, cytoskeleton, and actin regulation appearing to be important for this transition. A period of transcriptional consistency can be seen throughout isotropic swelling, before the transcriptional landscape shifts again at the onset of hyphal growth. This study provides a greater understanding of the regulation of germination and highlights processes involved in transforming Rhizopus delemar from a single-cellular to multicellular organism.IMPORTANCE Germination is key to the growth of many organisms, including fungal spores. Mucormycete spores exist abundantly within the environment and germinate to form hyphae. These spores are capable of infecting immunocompromised individuals, causing the disease mucormycosis. Germination from spore to hyphae within patients leads to angioinvasion, tissue necrosis, and often fatal infections. This study advances our understanding of how spore germination occurs in the mucormycetes, identifying processes we may be able to inhibit to help prevent or treat mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy C S Sephton-Clark
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jose F Muñoz
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Ballou
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christina A Cuomo
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kerstin Voelz
- Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Temesvari LA, Klein G, Cotter DA. Environmental influence on trehalogenesis in amoebae of the cellular slime molds. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1996.12026721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lesly A. Temesvari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Gerard Klein
- Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires, 85X, 38041 Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - David A. Cotter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
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Mechanism of neuroprotection by trehalose: controversy surrounding autophagy induction. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:712. [PMID: 29907758 PMCID: PMC6003909 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0749-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide with two glucose molecules linked through an α, α-1,1-glucosidic bond. Trehalose has received attention for the past few decades for its role in neuroprotection especially in animal models of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson and Huntington diseases. The mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effects of trehalose remains elusive. The prevailing hypothesis is that trehalose protects neurons by inducing autophagy, thereby clearing protein aggregates. Some of the animal studies showed activation of autophagy and reduced protein aggregates after trehalose administration in neurodegenerative disease models, seemingly supporting the autophagy induction hypothesis. However, results from cell studies have been less certain; although many studies claim that trehalose induces autophagy and reduces protein aggregates, the studies have their weaknesses, failing to provide sufficient evidence for the autophagy induction theory. Furthermore, a recent study with a thorough examination of autophagy flux showed that trehalose interfered with the flux from autophagosome to autolysosome, raising controversy on the direct effects of trehalose on autophagy. This review summarizes the fundamental properties of trehalose and the studies on its effects on neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss the controversy related to the autophagy induction theory and seek to explain how trehalose works in neuroprotection.
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Li S, Yue Q, Zhou S, Yan J, Zhang X, Ma F. Trehalose Contributes to Gamma-Linolenic Acid Accumulation in Cunninghamella echinulata Based on de Novo Transcriptomic and Lipidomic Analyses. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1296. [PMID: 29963034 PMCID: PMC6013572 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) is essential for the well-being of humans and other animals. People may lack GLA because of aging or diseases, and thus, dietary supplements or medical reagents containing GLA-enriched lipids are in demand. Cunninghamella echinulata is a potential GLA-producing strain. Interestingly, we found that the GLA content of C. echinulata FR3 was up to 21% (proportion of total lipids) when trehalose was used as a carbon source, significantly higher than the 13% found when glucose was used. Trehalose is quite common and can be accumulated in microorganisms under stress conditions. However, little information is available regarding the role of trehalose in GLA synthesis and accumulation. Our study aimed to understand how the metabolism of C. echinulata responds to trehalose as a carbon source for GLA and lipid biosynthesis. We profiled the major sugars, fatty acids, phospholipids, and gene transcripts of C. echinulata FR3 grown in trehalose medium with glucose as a control by de novo transcriptomics, lipidomics, and other methods. The results showed that trehalose could influence the expression of desaturases and that the GLA proportion increased because of delta-6 desaturase upregulation. The increased GLA was transferred to the extracellular environment through the active PI ion channel, which prefers polyunsaturated acyl chains. At the same time, trehalose might prevent GLA from peroxidation by forming a trehalose-polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) complex. Our study provides new insights into the functions of trehalose in GLA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shue Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan, China
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Ashoub A, Müller N, Jiménez-Gómez JM, Brüggemann W. Prominent alterations of wild barley leaf transcriptome in response to individual and combined drought acclimation and heat shock conditions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:18-29. [PMID: 29111595 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Under field conditions, drought and heat stress typically happen simultaneously and their negative impact on the agricultural production is expected to increase worldwide under the climate change scenario. In this study, we performed RNA-sequencing analysis on leaves of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) originated from the northern coastal region of Egypt following individual drought acclimation (DA) and heat shock (HS) treatments and their combination (CS, combined stresses) to distinguish the unique and shared differentially expressed genes (DEG). Results indicated that the number of unique genes that were differentially expressed following HS treatment exceeded the number of those expressed following DA. In addition, the number of genes that were uniquely differentially expressed in response to CS treatment exceeded the number of those of shared responses to individual DA and HS treatments. These results indicate a better adaptation of the Mediterranean wild barley to drought conditions when compared with heat stress. It also manifests that the wild barley response to CS tends to be unique rather than common. Annotation of DEG showed that metabolic processes were the most influenced biological function in response to the applied stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ashoub
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, Egypt
| | - Niels Müller
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - José M Jiménez-Gómez
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Wolfgang Brüggemann
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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First echinoderm trehalase from a tropical sea cucumber (Holothuria leucospilota): Molecular cloning and mRNA expression in different tissues, embryonic and larval stages, and under a starvation challenge. Gene 2018; 665:74-81. [PMID: 29719214 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trehalases are a group of enzymes that catalyse the conversion of trehalose to glucose, and they are observed in most organisms. In this study, the first echinoderm trehalase, designated Hl-Tre, was identified from a tropical sea cucumber, Holothuria leucospilota. The full-length cDNA of H. leucospilota trehalase (Hl-Tre) is 2461 bp in length with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1788 bp that encodes a 595-amino-acid protein with a deduced molecular weight of 67.95 KDa. The Hl-Tre protein contains a signal peptide at the N-terminal and a functional trehalase domain, which includes the signature motifs 1 and 2. The mRNA expression of Hl-Tre was ubiquitously detected in all selected tissues, with the highest level being detected in the intestine. By in situ hybridization (ISH), the positive Hl-Tre signals were observed in the brush borders of the intestinal mucosa. In embryonic and larval stages, the transcript levels of Hl-Tre decreased during embryonic development and increased after the pentactula stage. After a challenge of starvation, the intestinal Hl-Tre mRNA levels were observed to be first decreased and partially recovered thereafter. Overall, our study provided the first evidence for trehalase in echinoderms and showed that this enzyme was potentially linked to a trehalose metabolic pathway in sea cucumbers.
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Biotechnical production of trehalose through the trehalose synthase pathway: current status and future prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2965-2976. [PMID: 29460000 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose (α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 1)-α-D-glucopyranoside) is a non-reducing disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules linked by an α,α-1,1-glycosidic bond. It possesses physicochemical properties, which account for its biological roles in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and invertebrates. Intensive studies of trehalose gradually uncovered its functions, and its applications in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals have increased every year. Currently, trehalose is industrially produced by the two-enzyme method, which was first developed in 1995 using maltooligosyltrehalose synthase (EC 5.4.99.15) and subsequently using maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.141), with starch as the substrate. This biotechnical method has lowered the price of trehalose and expanded its applications. However, when trehalose synthase (EC 5.4.99.16) was later discovered, this method for trehalose production using maltose as the substrate soon became a popular topic because of its simplicity and potential in industrial production. Since then, many trehalose synthases have been studied. This review summarizes the sources and characteristics of reported trehalose synthases, and the most recent advances on structural analysis of trehalose synthase, catalytic mechanism, molecular modification, and usage in industrial production processes.
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