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Immune Gene Rearrangements: Unique Signatures for Tracing Physiological Lymphocytes and Leukemic Cells. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12070979. [PMID: 34198966 PMCID: PMC8329920 DOI: 10.3390/genes12070979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tremendous diversity of the human immune repertoire, fundamental for the defense against highly heterogeneous pathogens, is based on the ingenious mechanism of immune gene rearrangements. Rearranged immune genes encoding the immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors and thus determining each lymphocyte's antigen specificity are very valuable molecular markers for tracing malignant or physiological lymphocytes. One of their most significant applications is tracking residual leukemic cells in patients with lymphoid malignancies. This so called 'minimal residual disease' (MRD) has been shown to be the most important prognostic factor across various leukemia subtypes and has therefore been given enormous attention. Despite the current rapid development of the molecular methods, the classical real-time PCR based approach is still being regarded as the standard method for molecular MRD detection due to the cumbersome standardization of the novel approaches currently in progress within the EuroMRD and EuroClonality NGS Consortia. Each of the molecular methods, however, poses certain benefits and it is therefore expectable that none of the methods for MRD detection will clearly prevail over the others in the near future.
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Grassi F. The P2X7 Receptor as Regulator of T Cell Development and Function. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1179. [PMID: 32587592 PMCID: PMC7297980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique structural features characterize the P2X7 receptor with respect to other P2X family members. Dual gating by eATP and regulated expression of P2X7 can imprint distinct outcomes to the T cell depending on the metabolic fitness and/or developmental stage. In the thymus, signaling by P2X7 contributes to γδ T cell lineage choice. In secondary lymphoid organs, P2X7 stimulation promotes Th1/Th17 polarization of CD4+ naïve cells, Tregs conversion to Th17 cells and cell death of Tfh cells that are not stimulated by cognate antigen. Moreover, P2X7 stimulation in eATP rich microenvironments, such as damaged and/or inflamed tissues as well as tumors, induces cell death of various T cell effector subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grassi
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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3
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Hwang S, Lee C, Park K, Oh S, Jeon S, Kang B, Kim Y, Oh J, Jeon SH, Satake M, Taniuchi I, Lee H, Seong RH. Twist2 promotes CD8 + T-cell differentiation by repressing ThPOK expression. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:3053-3064. [PMID: 32424141 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4/CD8 T-cell lineage differentiation is a key process in immune system development; however, a defined regulator(s) that converts the signal from T-cell receptor and co-receptor complexes into lineage differentiation remains unclear. Here, we show that Twist2 is a critical factor in CD4/CD8 thymocyte differentiation. Twist2 expression is differentially regulated by T-cell receptor signaling, leading to differentiation into the CD4 or CD8 lineage. Forced Twist2 expression perturbed CD4+ thymocyte differentiation while enhancing CD8+ thymocyte differentiation. Furthermore, Twist2 expression produced mature CD8+ thymocytes in B2m-/- mice, while its deficiency significantly impaired CD8+ cells in MHC class-II-/- and TCR transgenic mice, favoring CD8 T-cell differentiation. During CD8 lineage differentiation, Twist2 interacted with Runx3 to bind to the silencer region of the ThPOK locus, thereby blocking ThPOK expression. These findings indicate that Twist2 is a part of the transcription factor network controlling CD8 lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunsook Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changjin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Hugel, Inc., Chuncheon-si, Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sangwook Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shin Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byeonggeun Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yehyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaehak Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Masanobu Satake
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ichiro Taniuchi
- Laboratory for Transcriptional Regulation, RCAI, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ho Lee
- Cancer Experimental Resources Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Rho Hyun Seong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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Patel SJ, Yamauchi T, Ito F. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2019; 28:489-504. [PMID: 31079802 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy for solid malignancies is limited because obtaining sufficient numbers of less-differentiated tumor-specific T cells is difficult. This roadblock can be theoretically overcome by the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which self-renew and provide unlimited numbers of autologous less-differentiated T cells. iPSCs can generate less-differentiated antigen-specific T cells that harbor long telomeres and increased proliferative capacity, and exhibit potent antitumor efficacy. Although this strategy holds great promise for adoptive T cell therapy, highly reproducible and robust differentiation protocols are required before the translation of iPSC technology into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny J Patel
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 Fifteen Street, Augusta, GA 30912-3600, USA
| | - Takayoshi Yamauchi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Enzymology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan; Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Fumito Ito
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, CCC-539, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Department of Surgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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6
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Gonçalves P, Ferrarini M, Molina-Paris C, Lythe G, Vasseur F, Lim A, Rocha B, Azogui O. A new mechanism shapes the naïve CD8 + T cell repertoire: the selection for full diversity. Mol Immunol 2017; 85:66-80. [PMID: 28212502 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During thymic T cell differentiation, TCR repertoires are shaped by negative, positive and agonist selection. In the thymus and in the periphery, repertoires are also shaped by strong inter-clonal and intra-clonal competition to survive death by neglect. Understanding the impact of these events on the T cell repertoire requires direct evaluation of TCR expression in peripheral naïve T cells. Several studies have evaluated TCR diversity, with contradictory results. Some of these studies had intrinsic technical limitations since they used material obtained from T cell pools, preventing the direct evaluation of clonal sizes. Indeed with these approaches, identical TCRs may correspond to different cells expressing the same receptor, or to several amplicons from the same T cell. We here overcame this limitation by evaluating TCRB expression in individual naïve CD8+ T cells. Of the 2269 Tcrb sequences we obtained from 13 mice, 99% were unique. Mathematical analysis of the data showed that the average number of naïve peripheral CD8+ T cells expressing the same TCRB is 1.1 cell. Since TCRA co-expression studies could only increase repertoire diversity, these results reveal that the number of naïve T cells with unique TCRs approaches the number of naïve cells. Since thymocytes undergo multiple rounds of divisions after TCRB rearrangement and 3-5% of thymocytes survive thymic selection events the number of cells expressing the same TCRB was expected to be much higher. Thus, these results suggest a new repertoire selection mechanism, which strongly selects for full TCRB diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gonçalves
- Lymphocyte Population Biology Unit, CNRS URA 196, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM, U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
| | - Marco Ferrarini
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK
| | | | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK
| | - Florence Vasseur
- Lymphocyte Population Biology Unit, CNRS URA 196, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM, U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Annik Lim
- Lymphocyte Population Biology Unit, CNRS URA 196, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Benedita Rocha
- Lymphocyte Population Biology Unit, CNRS URA 196, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; INSERM, U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
| | - Orly Azogui
- INSERM, U1151, CNRS, UMR8253, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Liao FH, Hsiao WY, Lin YC, Chan YC, Huang CY. T cell proliferation and adaptive immune responses are critically regulated by protein phosphatase 4. Cell Cycle 2017; 15:1073-83. [PMID: 26940341 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1156267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The clonal expansion of activated T cells is pivotal for the induction of protective immunity. Protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine phosphatase with reported functions in thymocyte development and DNA damage responses. However, the role of PP4 in T cell immunity has not been thoroughly investigated. In this report, our data showed that T cell-specific ablation of PP4 resulted in defective adaptive immunity, impaired T cell homeostatic expansion, and inefficient T cell proliferation. This hypo-proliferation was associated with a partial G1-S cell cycle arrest, enhanced transcriptions of CDK inhibitors and elevated activation of AMPK. In addition, resveratrol, a known AMPK activator, induced similar G1-S arrests, while lentivirally-transduced WT or constitutively-active AMPKα1 retarded the proliferation of WT T cells. Further investigations showed that PP4 co-immunoprecipitated with AMPKα1, and the over-expression of PP4 inhibited AMPK phosphorylation, thereby implicating PP4 for the negative regulation of AMPK. In summary, our results indicate that PP4 is an essential modulator for T cell proliferation and immune responses; they further suggest a potential link between PP4 functions, AMPK activation and G1-S arrest in activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Hsuean Liao
- a Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan , Miaoli County , Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yi Hsiao
- a Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan , Miaoli County , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- a Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan , Miaoli County , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiao Chan
- a Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan , Miaoli County , Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Huang
- a Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes , Zhunan , Miaoli County , Taiwan
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Li Q, Liu P, Xuan X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Gao F, Zhang Q, Du Y. CCR9 AND CCR7 are overexpressed in CD4 - CD8 - thymocytes of myasthenia gravis patients. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:84-90. [PMID: 26616645 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemokine CC motif receptors 9 and 7 (CCR9 and CCR7) play a major role in the migration of T-cell precursors to the thymus to initiate T thymopoiesis. However, their role in development of T-cells in myasthenia gravis (MG) patients has not been fully elucidated. METHODS Expression and distribution of CCR9+ and CCR7+ cells were detected by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to check the adhesion molecules on CD4- CD8- double-negative (DN) thymocytes. RESULTS CCR9 and CCR7 expression by DN thymocytes increased in the MG thymus; the levels of CCR9, CCR7, interleukin-7R mRNA increased, and CXCR4 levels decreased compared with levels in the non-MG thymus. More CCR7 and CCR9 double-positive (DP) thymocytes were gathered near the subcapsular region in MG thymus. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced expression of CCR9 and CCR7 may complicate the differentiation of DP thymocytes from the DN stage in MG thymus. Muscle Nerve, 2016 Muscle Nerve 55: 84-90, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Li
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, No.100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, No.100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Xuan
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, No.100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, No.100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Zhengkun Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, No.100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- Henan Institute of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Qingyong Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Ying Du
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, No.100 of Science Road, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan Province, PR China
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Nitta T, Suzuki H. Thymic stromal cell subsets for T cell development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1021-37. [PMID: 26825337 PMCID: PMC11108406 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The thymus provides a specialized microenvironment in which a variety of stromal cells of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin regulate development and repertoire selection of T cells. Recent studies have been unraveling the inter- and intracellular signals and transcriptional networks for spatiotemporal regulation of development of thymic stromal cells, mainly thymic epithelial cells (TECs), and the molecular mechanisms of how different TEC subsets control T cell development and selection. TECs are classified into two functionally different subsets: cortical TECs (cTECs) and medullary TECs (mTECs). cTECs induce positive selection of diverse and functionally distinct T cells by virtue of unique antigen-processing systems, while mTECs are essential for establishing T cell tolerance via ectopic expression of peripheral tissue-restricted antigens and cooperation with dendritic cells. In addition to reviewing the role of the thymic stroma in conventional T cell development, we will discuss recently discovered novel functions of TECs in the development of unconventional T cells, such as natural killer T cells and γδT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nitta
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, 272-8516, Japan.
| | - Harumi Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, 272-8516, Japan.
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Regelin M, Blume J, Pommerencke J, Vakilzadeh R, Witzlau K, Łyszkiewicz M, Ziętara N, Saran N, Schambach A, Krueger A. Responsiveness of Developing T Cells to IL-7 Signals Is Sustained by miR-17∼92. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4832-40. [PMID: 26475928 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs regulate a large variety of developmental processes including development of the immune system. T cell development is tightly controlled through the interplay of transcriptional programs and cytokine-mediated signals. However, the role of individual miRNAs in this process remains largely elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that hematopoietic cell-specific loss of miR-17∼92, a cluster of six miRNAs implicated in B and T lineage leukemogenesis, resulted in profound defects in T cell development both at the level of prethymic T cell progenitors as well as intrathymically. We identified reduced surface expression of IL-7R and concomitant limited responsiveness to IL-7 signals as a common mechanism resulting in reduced cell survival of common lymphoid progenitors and thymocytes at the double-negative to double-positive transition. In conclusion, we identified miR-17∼92 as a critical modulator of multiple stages of T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Regelin
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jonas Blume
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Pommerencke
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ramin Vakilzadeh
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Witzlau
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcin Łyszkiewicz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalia Ziętara
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Namita Saran
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
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Jurberg AD, Vasconcelos-Fontes L, Cotta-de-Almeida V. A Tale from TGF-β Superfamily for Thymus Ontogeny and Function. Front Immunol 2015; 6:442. [PMID: 26441956 PMCID: PMC4564722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple signaling pathways control every aspect of cell behavior, organ formation, and tissue homeostasis throughout the lifespan of any individual. This review takes an ontogenetic view focused on the large superfamily of TGF-β/bone morphogenetic protein ligands to address thymus morphogenesis and function in T cell differentiation. Recent findings on a role of GDF11 for reversing aging-related phenotypes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Dias Jurberg
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ; Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Larissa Vasconcelos-Fontes
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Vinícius Cotta-de-Almeida
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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Hirano M. Evolution of vertebrate adaptive immunity: immune cells and tissues, and AID/APOBEC cytidine deaminases. Bioessays 2015. [PMID: 26212221 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
All surviving jawed vertebrate representatives achieve diversity in immunoglobulin-based B and T cell receptors for antigen recognition through recombinatorial rearrangement of V(D)J segments. However, the extant jawless vertebrates, lampreys and hagfish, instead generate three types of variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) through a template-mediated combinatorial assembly of different leucine-rich repeat (LRR) sequences. The clonally diverse VLRB receptors are expressed by B-like lymphocytes, while the VLRA and VLRC receptors are expressed by lymphocyte lineages that resemble αβ and γδ T lymphocytes, respectively. These findings suggest that three basic types of lymphocytes, one B-like and two T-like, are an essential feature of vertebrate adaptive immunity. Around 500 million years ago, a common ancestor of jawed and jawless vertebrates evolved a genetic program for the development of prototypic lymphoid cells as a foundation for an adaptive immune system. This acquisition preceded the convergent evolution of alternative types of clonally diverse receptors for antigens in all vertebrates, as reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Hirano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Miyazaki M, Miyazaki K, Chen S, Chandra V, Wagatsuma K, Agata Y, Rodewald HR, Saito R, Chang AN, Varki N, Kawamoto H, Murre C. The E-Id protein axis modulates the activities of the PI3K-AKT-mTORC1-Hif1a and c-myc/p19Arf pathways to suppress innate variant TFH cell development, thymocyte expansion, and lymphomagenesis. Genes Dev 2015; 29:409-25. [PMID: 25691468 PMCID: PMC4335296 DOI: 10.1101/gad.255331.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Miyazaki et al. show that Id2 and Id3 suppress the development and expansion of innate variant TFH cells by acting upstream of the Hif1a/Foxo/AKT/mTORC1 pathway as well as the c-myc/p19Arf module. Mice depleted for Id2 and Id3 expression developed colitis and αβ T-cell lymphomas, and the transcription signatures of Id2- and Id3-depleted lymphomas revealed similarities to genetic deficiencies associated with Burkitt lymphoma. It is now well established that the E and Id protein axis regulates multiple steps in lymphocyte development. However, it remains unknown how E and Id proteins mechanistically enforce and maintain the naïve T-cell fate. Here we show that Id2 and Id3 suppressed the development and expansion of innate variant follicular helper T (TFH) cells. Innate variant TFH cells required major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like signaling and were associated with germinal center B cells. We found that Id2 and Id3 induced Foxo1 and Foxp1 expression to antagonize the activation of a TFH transcription signature. We show that Id2 and Id3 acted upstream of the Hif1a/Foxo/AKT/mTORC1 pathway as well as the c-myc/p19Arf module to control cellular expansion. We found that mice depleted for Id2 and Id3 expression developed colitis and αβ T-cell lymphomas. Lymphomas depleted for Id2 and Id3 expression displayed elevated levels of c-myc, whereas p19Arf abundance declined. Transcription signatures of Id2- and Id3-depleted lymphomas revealed similarities to genetic deficiencies associated with Burkitt lymphoma. We propose that, in response to antigen receptor and/or cytokine signaling, the E–Id protein axis modulates the activities of the PI3K–AKT–mTORC1–Hif1a and c-myc/p19Arf pathways to control cellular expansion and homeostatic proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Miyazaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Kazuko Miyazaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Shuwen Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Vivek Chandra
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Keisuke Wagatsuma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical School, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Agata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical School, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hans-Reimer Rodewald
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rintaro Saito
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Aaron N Chang
- Center for Computational Biology, Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Nissi Varki
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kawamoto
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Cornelis Murre
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA;
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Abstract
Abstract
The development of neutralizing antibodies against factor VIII (FVIII inhibitors) and factor IX (FIX inhibitors) is the major complication in hemophilia care today. The antibodies neutralize the biological activity of FVIII and FIX and render replacement therapies ineffective. Antibodies are generated as a result of a cascade of tightly regulated interactions between different cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system located in distinct compartments. Any event that modulates the repertoire of specific B or T cells, the activation state of the innate and adaptive immune system, or the migration pattern of immune cells will therefore potentially influence the risk for patients to develop inhibitors. This chapter reviews our current understanding of different pathways of antibody development that result in different qualities of antibodies. Potential differences in differentiation pathways leading to high-affinity neutralizing or low-affinity non-neutralizing antibodies and the potential influence of gene polymorphisms such as HLA haplotype, FVIII haplotype, and polymorphisms of immunoregulatory genes are discussed.
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Reipert BM. Risky business of inhibitors: HLA haplotypes, gene polymorphisms, and immune responses. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2014; 2014:372-378. [PMID: 25696881 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2014.1.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The development of neutralizing antibodies against factor VIII (FVIII inhibitors) and factor IX (FIX inhibitors) is the major complication in hemophilia care today. The antibodies neutralize the biological activity of FVIII and FIX and render replacement therapies ineffective. Antibodies are generated as a result of a cascade of tightly regulated interactions between different cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system located in distinct compartments. Any event that modulates the repertoire of specific B or T cells, the activation state of the innate and adaptive immune system, or the migration pattern of immune cells will therefore potentially influence the risk for patients to develop inhibitors. This chapter reviews our current understanding of different pathways of antibody development that result in different qualities of antibodies. Potential differences in differentiation pathways leading to high-affinity neutralizing or low-affinity non-neutralizing antibodies and the potential influence of gene polymorphisms such as HLA haplotype, FVIII haplotype, and polymorphisms of immunoregulatory genes are discussed.
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Rupp LJ, Brady BL, Carpenter AC, De Obaldia ME, Bhandoola A, Bosselut R, Muljo SA, Bassing CH. The microRNA biogenesis machinery modulates lineage commitment during αβ T cell development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:4032-42. [PMID: 25217159 PMCID: PMC4185242 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of CD4(+) helper and CD8(+) cytotoxic αβ T cells from CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes involves upregulation of lineage-specifying transcription factors and transcriptional silencing of CD8 or CD4 coreceptors, respectively, in MHC class II or I (MHCII or I)-restricted thymocytes. In this study, we demonstrate that inactivation of the Dicer RNA endonuclease in murine thymocytes impairs initiation of Cd4 and Cd8 silencing, leading to development of positively selected MHCI- and MHCII-restricted mature CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes. Expression of the antiapoptotic BCL2 protein or inactivation of the p53 proapoptotic protein rescues these thymocytes from apoptosis, increasing their frequency and permitting accumulation of CD4(+)CD8(+) αβ T cells in the periphery. Dicer-deficient MHCI-restricted αβ T cells fail to normally silence Cd4 and display impaired induction of the CD8 lineage-specifying transcription factor Runx3, whereas Dicer-deficient MHCII-restricted αβ T cells show impaired Cd8 silencing and impaired induction of the CD4 lineage-specifying transcription factor Thpok. Finally, we show that the Drosha RNA endonuclease, which functions upstream of Dicer in microRNA biogenesis, also regulates Cd4 and Cd8 silencing. Our data demonstrate a previously dismissed function for the microRNA biogenesis machinery in regulating expression of lineage-specifying transcription factors and silencing of Cd4 and Cd8 during αβ T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi J Rupp
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Brenna L Brady
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Integrative Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Andrea C Carpenter
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Maria Elena De Obaldia
- Immunology Graduate Group, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- Immunology Graduate Group, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Remy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Stefan A Muljo
- Integrative Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Craig H Bassing
- Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Immunology Graduate Group, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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17
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Radojević K, Rakin A, Pilipović I, Kosec D, Djikić J, Bufan B, Vujnović I, Leposavić G. Effects of catecholamines on thymocyte apoptosis and proliferation depend on thymocyte microenvironment. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 272:16-28. [PMID: 24837703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study, through quantification of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and catecholamine (CA) content in the presence and in the absence of α-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT), a TH inhibitor, in adult thymic organ (ATOC) and thymocyte culture, demonstrated that thymic cells produce CAs. In addition, in ATOC an increase in β2-adrenoceptor (AR) mRNA expression and β2-AR thymocyte surface density was registered. Furthermore, AMPT (10(-4)M), as propranolol (10(-4)M), augmented thymocyte apoptosis and diminished thymocyte proliferation in ATOC. Propranolol exerted these effects acting on CD3(high) thymocytes. However, in thymocyte cultures, propranolol (10(-6)M) acting on the same thymocyte subset exerted the opposing effect on thymocyte apoptosis and ConA-stimulated proliferation. This suggested that, depending on thymocyte microenvironment, differential effects can be induced through the same type of AR. Additionally, arterenol (10(-8) to 10(-6)M), similar to propranolol, diminished apoptosis, but increased ConA-stimulated thymocyte proliferation in thymocyte culture. However, differently from propranolol, arterenol affected manly CD3- thymocyte subset, which harbors majority of α1-AR+thymocytes. Additionally, arterenol showed a dose-dependent decrease in efficiency of thymocyte apoptosis and proliferation modulation with the rise in its concentration. Considering greater affinity of arterenol for α1-ARs than for β2-ARs, the previous findings could be attributable to increased engagement of β2-ARs with the rise of arterenol concentration. Consistently, in the presence of propranolol (10(-6)M), a β-AR blocker, the arterenol (10(-8)M) effects on thymocytes were augmented. In conclusion, thymic endogenous CAs, acting through distinct AR types and, possible, the same AR type (but in different cell microenvironment) may exert the opposing effects on thymocyte apoptosis/proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Radojević
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Rakin
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Duško Kosec
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Djikić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bufan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Vujnović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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18
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Vanoaica L, Richman L, Jaworski M, Darshan D, Luther SA, Kühn LC. Conditional deletion of ferritin h in mice reduces B and T lymphocyte populations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89270. [PMID: 24586648 PMCID: PMC3931725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system and iron availability are intimately linked as appropriate iron supply is needed for cell proliferation, while excess iron, as observed in hemochromatosis, may reduce subsets of lymphocytes. We have tested the effects of a ferritin H gene deletion on lymphocytes. Mx-Cre mediated conditional deletion of ferritin H in bone marrow reduced the number of mature B cells and peripheral T cells in all lymphoid organs. FACS analysis showed an increase in the labile iron pool, enhanced reactive oxygen species formation and mitochondrial depolarization. The findings were confirmed by a B-cell specific deletion using Fthlox/lox; CD19-Cre mice. Mature B cells were strongly under-represented in bone marrow and spleen of the deleted mice, whereas pre-B and immature B cells were not affected. Bone marrow B cells showed increased proliferation as judged by the number of cells in S and G2/M phase as well as BrdU incorporation. Upon in vitro culture with B-cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF), ferritin H-deleted spleen B cells showed lower survival rates than wild type cells. This was partially reversed with iron-chelator deferiprone. The loss of T cells was also confirmed by a T cell-specific deletion in Fthlox/lox;CD4-Cre mice. Our data show that ferritin H is required for B and T cell survival by actively reducing the labile iron pool. They further suggest that natural B and T cell maturation is influenced by intracellular iron levels and possibly deregulated in iron excess or deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liviu Vanoaica
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Sciences de la Vie (SV), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Larry Richman
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Sciences de la Vie (SV), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maike Jaworski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Deepak Darshan
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sanjiv A. Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Lukas C. Kühn
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Sciences de la Vie (SV), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Minagawa A, Kaneko S. Rise of iPSCs as a cell source for adoptive immunotherapy. Hum Cell 2014; 27:47-50. [PMID: 24510519 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-014-0089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell transfer is a potentially effective strategy for treating cancer and viral infections. However, previous studies of cancer immunotherapy have shown that T cells expanded in vitro fall into an exhausted state and, consequently, have limited therapeutic effect. One way to overcome this obstacle is to use induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a cell source for making effector T cells. In recent years, there have been several reports on generating effector T cells suitable for adoptive immunotherapy. The reported findings suggest that using iPSC technology, it may be possible to stably derive large numbers of juvenile memory T cells targeted to cancers or viruses. In this review, we describe a strategy for applying iPSC technology to immunotherapy and the characteristics of T cells derived from iPSCs. We also discuss how these technologies can be applied clinically in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsutaka Minagawa
- Shin Kaneko Laboratory, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center of iPS cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kawaharacho 53, Shogoin, Sakyouku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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20
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Pilipović I, Radojević K, Kosec D, Perišić Nanut M, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Arsenović-Ranin N, Leposavić G. Gonadal hormone dependent developmental plasticity of catecholamine:β2-adrenoceptor signaling complex in male rat thymus: Putative implications for thymopoiesis. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 265:20-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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21
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Nishimura T, Kaneko S, Kawana-Tachikawa A, Tajima Y, Goto H, Zhu D, Nakayama-Hosoya K, Iriguchi S, Uemura Y, Shimizu T, Takayama N, Yamada D, Nishimura K, Ohtaka M, Watanabe N, Takahashi S, Iwamoto A, Koseki H, Nakanishi M, Eto K, Nakauchi H. Generation of rejuvenated antigen-specific T cells by reprogramming to pluripotency and redifferentiation. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 12:114-26. [PMID: 23290140 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with functional T cells is potentially an effective therapeutic strategy for combating many types of cancer and viral infection. However, exhaustion of antigen-specific T cells represents a major challenge to this type of approach. In an effort to overcome this problem, we reprogrammed clonally expanded antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells from an HIV-1-infected patient to pluripotency. The T cell-derived induced pluripotent stem cells were then redifferentiated into CD8(+) T cells that had a high proliferative capacity and elongated telomeres. These "rejuvenated" cells possessed antigen-specific killing activity and exhibited T cell receptor gene-rearrangement patterns identical to those of the original T cell clone from the patient. We also found that this method can be effective for generating specific T cells for other pathology-associated antigens. Thus, this type of approach may have broad applications in the field of adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Nishimura
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Mingueneau M, Kreslavsky T, Gray D, Heng T, Cruse R, Ericson J, Bendall S, Spitzer MH, Nolan GP, Kobayashi K, von Boehmer H, Mathis D, Benoist C, Best AJ, Knell J, Goldrath A, Joic V, Koller D, Shay T, Regev A, Cohen N, Brennan P, Brenner M, Kim F, Nageswara Rao T, Wagers A, Heng T, Ericson J, Rothamel K, Ortiz-Lopez A, Mathis D, Benoist C, Bezman NA, Sun JC, Min-Oo G, Kim CC, Lanier LL, Miller J, Brown B, Merad M, Gautier EL, Jakubzick C, Randolph GJ, Monach P, Blair DA, Dustin ML, Shinton SA, Hardy RR, Laidlaw D, Collins J, Gazit R, Rossi DJ, Malhotra N, Sylvia K, Kang J, Kreslavsky T, Fletcher A, Elpek K, Bellemare-Pelletier A, Malhotra D, Turley S. The transcriptional landscape of αβ T cell differentiation. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:619-32. [PMID: 23644507 PMCID: PMC3660436 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
αβT cell differentiation from thymic precursors is a complex process, explored here with the breadth of ImmGen expression datasets, analyzing how differentiation of thymic precursors gives rise to transcriptomes. After surprisingly gradual changes though early T commitment, transit through the CD4+CD8+ stage involves a shutdown or rare breadth, and correlating tightly with MYC. MHC-driven selection promotes a large-scale transcriptional reactivation. We identify distinct signatures that mark cells destined for positive selection versus apoptotic deletion. Differential expression of surprisingly few genes accompany CD4 or CD8 commitment, a similarity that carries through to peripheral T cells and their activation, revealed by mass cytometry phosphoproteomics. The novel transcripts identified as candidate mediators of key transitions help define the “known unknown” of thymocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mingueneau
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Coquet JM, Ribot JC, Bąbała N, Middendorp S, van der Horst G, Xiao Y, Neves JF, Fonseca-Pereira D, Jacobs H, Pennington DJ, Silva-Santos B, Borst J. Epithelial and dendritic cells in the thymic medulla promote CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell development via the CD27-CD70 pathway. J Exp Med 2013; 210:715-28. [PMID: 23547099 PMCID: PMC3620350 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are largely autoreactive yet escape clonal deletion in the thymus. We demonstrate here that CD27-CD70 co-stimulation in the thymus rescues developing Treg cells from apoptosis and thereby promotes Treg cell generation. Genetic ablation of CD27 or its ligand CD70 reduced Treg cell numbers in the thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs, whereas it did not alter conventional CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cell numbers. The CD27-CD70 pathway was not required for pre-Treg cell generation, Foxp3 induction, or mature Treg cell function. Rather, CD27 signaling enhanced positive selection of Treg cells within the thymus in a cell-intrinsic manner. CD27 signals promoted the survival of thymic Treg cells by inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. CD70 was expressed on Aire(-) and Aire(+) medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and on dendritic cells (DCs) in the thymic medulla. CD70 on both mTECs and DCs contributed to Treg cell development as shown in BM chimera experiments with CD70-deficient mice. In vitro experiments indicated that CD70 on the CD8α(+) subset of thymic DCs promoted Treg cell development. Our data suggest that mTECs and DCs form dedicated niches in the thymic medulla, in which CD27-CD70 co-stimulation rescues developing Treg cells from apoptosis, subsequent to Foxp3 induction by TCR and CD28 signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Coquet
- Division of Immunology and Division of Biological Stress Responses, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Julie C. Ribot
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nikolina Bąbała
- Division of Immunology and Division of Biological Stress Responses, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sabine Middendorp
- Division of Immunology and Division of Biological Stress Responses, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerda van der Horst
- Division of Immunology and Division of Biological Stress Responses, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yanling Xiao
- Division of Immunology and Division of Biological Stress Responses, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joana F. Neves
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, England, UK
- Programa Doutoral de Biologia Experimental e Biomedicina, Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-214 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo Fonseca-Pereira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Heinz Jacobs
- Division of Immunology and Division of Biological Stress Responses, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniel J. Pennington
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, England, UK
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jannie Borst
- Division of Immunology and Division of Biological Stress Responses, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Brady BL, Rupp LJ, Bassing CH. Requirement for dicer in survival of proliferating thymocytes experiencing DNA double-strand breaks. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3256-66. [PMID: 23427252 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Dicer nuclease generates small RNAs that regulate diverse biological processes through posttranscriptional gene repression and epigenetic silencing of transcription and recombination. Dicer-deficient cells exhibit impaired differentiation, activity, proliferation, and survival. Dicer inactivation in developing mouse lymphocytes impairs their proliferation and survival and alters Ag receptor gene repertoires for largely undefined reasons. To elucidate functions of Dicer in lymphocyte development and Ag receptor locus transcription and recombination, we analyzed mice with conditional Dicer deletion in thymocytes containing unrearranged or prerearranged TCRβ loci. Expression of either a preassembled functional TCRβ gene (Vβ1(NT)) or the prosurvival BCL2 protein inhibited death and partially rescued proliferative expansion of Dicer-deficient thymocytes. Notably, combined expression of Vβ1(NT) and BCL2 completely rescued proliferative expansion of Dicer-deficient thymocytes and revealed that Dicer promotes survival of cells attempting TCRβ recombination. Finally, inclusion of an endogenous preassembled DJβ complex that enhances Vβ recombination increased death and impaired proliferative expansion of Dicer-deficient thymocytes. These data demonstrate a critical role for Dicer in promoting survival of thymocytes experiencing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during TCRβ recombination. Because DSBs are common and ubiquitous in cells, our findings indicate that impaired cellular survival in response to DSBs should be considered when interpreting Dicer-deficient phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna L Brady
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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26
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Saint-Remy JM, Reipert BM, Monroe DM. Models for assessing immunogenicity and efficacy of new therapeutics for the treatment of haemophilia. Haemophilia 2012; 18 Suppl 4:43-7. [PMID: 22726082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2012.02828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitor development remains a challenge to appropriate haemophilia treatment. This challenge is being addressed, in part, by an expanding knowledge of the mechanisms that drive inhibitor development including how elements of the innate immune response play a role in inhibitor development. There are promising therapies that may suppress an active immune response. Models to assess the immune responses are becoming ever more sophisticated. Newer models can be used at the preclinical level to evaluate the role of MHC-class II presentation of antigens in both in vitro cell culture studies and in vivo in transgenic mice that express either the protein to be studied or that express human MHC-class II proteins. Parallel to work designed to reduce or reverse inhibitors is development of improved therapies including bypassing agents to treat patients with inhibitors. With these new treatment modalities comes the problem of assessing efficacy at the preclinical level. Models to evaluate bleeding are being developed that may give a more subtle assessment of bypassing agents. These models represent in part an attempt to incorporate the role of ongoing bleeding into the evaluation. Overall, these newer models have great potential in preclinical studies to evaluate the risk of inhibitor development of new therapeutics and to assess the functionality of these new therapeutics.
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27
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Leposavic G, Perisic M, Pilipovic I. Role of gonadal hormones in programming developmental changes in thymopoietic efficiency and sexual diergism in thymopoiesis. Immunol Res 2012; 52:7-19. [PMID: 22407539 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence indicating the important role of the neonatal steroid milieu in programming sexually diergic changes in thymopoietic efficiency, which in rodents occur around puberty and lead to a substantial phenotypic and functional remodeling of the peripheral T-cell compartment. This in turn leads to an alteration in the susceptibility to infection and various immunologically mediated pathologies. Our laboratory has explored interdependence in the programming and development of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and thymus using experimental model of neonatal androgenization. We have outlined critical points in the complex process of T-cell development depending on neonatal androgen imprinting and the peripheral outcome of these changes and have pointed to underlying mechanisms. Our research has particularly contributed to an understanding of the putative role of changes in catecholamine-mediated communications in the thymopoietic alterations in adult neonatally androgenized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Leposavic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 450 Vojvode Stepe, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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28
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Pilipović I, Radojević K, Perišić M, Leposavić G. Glucocorticoid-catecholamine interplay within the composite thymopoietic regulatory network. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1261:34-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Martins VC, Ruggiero E, Schlenner SM, Madan V, Schmidt M, Fink PJ, von Kalle C, Rodewald HR. Thymus-autonomous T cell development in the absence of progenitor import. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1409-17. [PMID: 22778389 PMCID: PMC3420332 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To be added Thymus function is thought to depend on a steady supply of T cell progenitors from the bone marrow. The notion that the thymus lacks progenitors with self-renewal capacity is based on thymus transplantation experiments in which host-derived thymocytes replaced thymus-resident cells within 4 wk. Thymus grafting into T cell–deficient mice resulted in a wave of T cell export from the thymus, followed by colonization of the thymus by host-derived progenitors, and cessation of T cell development. Compound Rag2−/−γc−/−KitW/Wv mutants lack competitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and are devoid of T cell progenitors. In this study, using this strain as recipients for wild-type thymus grafts, we noticed thymus-autonomous T cell development lasting several months. However, we found no evidence for export of donor HSCs from thymus to bone marrow. A diverse T cell antigen receptor repertoire in progenitor-deprived thymus grafts implied that many thymocytes were capable of self-renewal. Although the process was most efficient in Rag2−/−γc−/−KitW/Wv hosts, γc-mediated signals alone played a key role in the competition between thymus-resident and bone marrow–derived progenitors. Hence, the turnover of each generation of thymocytes is not only based on short life span but is also driven via expulsion of resident thymocytes by fresh progenitors entering the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera C Martins
- Institute for Immunology, University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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30
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Yin B, Lee BS, Yang-Iott KS, Sleckman BP, Bassing CH. Redundant and nonredundant functions of ATM and H2AX in αβ T-lineage lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1372-9. [PMID: 22730535 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and H2AX histone tumor suppressor proteins are each critical for maintenance of cellular genomic stability and suppression of lymphomas harboring clonal translocations. ATM is the predominant kinase that phosphorylates H2AX in chromatin around DNA double-strand breaks, including along lymphocyte Ag receptor loci cleaved during V(D)J recombination. However, combined germline inactivation of Atm and H2ax in mice causes early embryonic lethality associated with substantial cellular genomic instability, indicating that ATM and H2AX exhibit nonredundant functions in embryonic cells. To evaluate potential nonredundant roles of ATM and H2AX in somatic cells, we generated and analyzed Atm-deficient mice with conditional deletion of H2ax in αβ T-lineage lymphocytes. Combined Atm/H2ax inactivation starting in early-stage CD4(-)/CD8(-) thymocytes resulted in lower numbers of later-stage CD4(+)/CD8(+) thymocytes, but led to no discernible V(D)J recombination defect in G1 phase cells beyond that observed in Atm-deficient cells. H2ax deletion in Atm-deficient thymocytes also did not affect the incidence or mortality of mice from thymic lymphomas with clonal chromosome 14 (TCRα/δ) translocations. Yet, in vitro-stimulated Atm/H2ax-deficient splenic αβ T cells exhibited a higher frequency of genomic instability, including radial chromosome translocations and TCRβ translocations, compared with cells lacking Atm or H2ax. Collectively, our data demonstrate that both redundant and nonredundant functions of ATM and H2AX are required for normal recombination of TCR loci, proliferative expansion of developing thymocytes, and maintenance of genomic stability in cycling αβ T-lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu Yin
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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31
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Hess I, Boehm T. Intravital imaging of thymopoiesis reveals dynamic lympho-epithelial interactions. Immunity 2012; 36:298-309. [PMID: 22342843 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T cell development occurs in the thymus. The thymic microenvironment attracts hematopoietic progenitors, specifies them toward the T cell lineage, and orchestrates their differentiation and egress into the periphery. The anatomical location of the thymus and the intrauterine development of mouse embryos have so far precluded a direct visualization of the initial steps of thymopoiesis. Here, we describe transgenic zebrafish lines enabling the in vivo observation of thymopoiesis. The cell-autonomous proliferation of thymic epithelial cells, their morphological transformation into a reticular meshwork upon contact with hematopoietic cells, and the multiple migration routes of thymus-settling cells could be directly visualized. The unexpectedly dynamic thymus homing process is chemokine driven and independent of blood circulation. Thymocyte development appears to be completed in less than 4 days. Our work establishes a versatile model for the in vivo observation and manipulation of thymopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Hess
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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32
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Steinitz KN, van Helden PM, Binder B, Wraith DC, Unterthurner S, Hermann C, Schuster M, Ahmad RU, Weiller M, Lubich C, de la Rosa M, Schwarz HP, Reipert BM. CD4+ T-cell epitopes associated with antibody responses after intravenously and subcutaneously applied human FVIII in humanized hemophilic E17 HLA-DRB1*1501 mice. Blood 2012; 119:4073-82. [PMID: 22394599 PMCID: PMC3986681 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-08-374645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Today it is generally accepted that B cells require cognate interactions with CD4(+) T cells to develop high-affinity antibodies against proteins. CD4(+) T cells recognize peptides (epitopes) presented by MHC class II molecules that are expressed on antigen-presenting cells. Structural features of both the MHC class II molecule and the peptide determine the specificity of CD4(+) T cells that can bind to the MHC class II-peptide complex. We used a new humanized hemophilic mouse model to identify FVIII peptides presented by HLA-DRB1*1501. This model carries a knockout of all murine MHC class II molecules and expresses a chimeric murine-human MHC class II complex that contains the peptide-binding sites of the human HLA-DRB1*1501. When mice were treated with human FVIII, the proportion of mice that developed antibodies depended on the application route of FVIII and the activation state of the innate immune system. We identified 8 FVIII peptide regions that contained CD4(+) T-cell epitopes presented by HLA-DRB1*1501 to CD4(+) T cells during immune responses against FVIII. CD4(+) T-cell responses after intravenous and subcutaneous application of FVIII involved the same immunodominant FVIII epitopes. Interestingly, most of the 8 peptide regions contained promiscuous epitopes that bound to several different HLA-DR proteins in in vitro binding assays.
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33
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Stone JL, McMillan RE, Skaar DA, Bradshaw JM, Jirtle RL, Sikes ML. DNA double-strand breaks relieve USF-mediated repression of Dβ2 germline transcription in developing thymocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2266-75. [PMID: 22287717 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activation of germline promoters is central to V(D)J recombinational accessibility, driving chromatin remodeling, nucleosome repositioning, and transcriptional read-through of associated DNA. We have previously shown that of the two TCRβ locus (Tcrb) D segments, Dβ1 is flanked by an upstream promoter that directs its transcription and recombinational accessibility. In contrast, transcription within the DJβ2 segment cluster is initially restricted to the J segments and only redirected upstream of Dβ2 after D-to-J joining. The repression of upstream promoter activity prior to Tcrb assembly correlates with evidence that suggests DJβ2 recombination is less efficient than that of DJβ1. Because inefficient DJβ2 assembly offers the potential for V-to-DJβ2 recombination to rescue frameshifted V-to-DJβ1 joints, we wished to determine how Dβ2 promoter activity is modulated upon Tcrb recombination. In this study, we show that repression of the otherwise transcriptionally primed 5'Dβ2 promoter requires binding of upstream stimulatory factor (USF)-1 to a noncanonical E-box within the Dβ2 12-recombination signal sequence spacer prior to Tcrb recombination. USF binding is lost from both rearranged and germline Dβ2 sites in DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit-competent thymocytes. Finally, genotoxic dsDNA breaks lead to rapid loss of USF binding and gain of transcriptionally primed 5'Dβ2 promoter activity in a DNA-dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit-dependent manner. Together, these data suggest a mechanism by which V(D)J recombination may feed back to regulate local Dβ2 recombinational accessibility during thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Stone
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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34
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Shen S, Manser T. Direct reduction of antigen receptor expression in polyclonal B cell populations developing in vivo results in light chain receptor editing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:47-56. [PMID: 22131331 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Secondary Ab V region gene segment rearrangement, termed receptor editing, is a major mechanism contributing to B lymphocyte self-tolerance. However, the parameters that determine whether a B cell undergoes editing are a current subject of debate. We tested the role that the level of BCR expression plays in the regulation of receptor editing in a polyclonal population of B cells differentiating in vivo. Expression of a short hairpin RNA for κ L chain RNA in B cells resulted in reduction in levels of this RNA and surface BCRs. Strikingly, fully mature and functional B cells that developed in vivo and efficiently expressed the short hairpin RNA predominantly expressed BCRs containing λ light chains. This shift in L chain repertoire was accompanied by inhibition of development, increased Rag gene expression, and increased λ V gene segment-cleavage events at the immature B cell stage. These data demonstrated that reducing the translation of BCRs that are members of the natural repertoire at the immature B cell stage is sufficient to promote editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixue Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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35
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Bailey AR, Hou H, Obregon DF, Tian J, Zhu Y, Zou Q, Nikolic WV, Bengtson M, Mori T, Murphy T, Tan J. Aberrant T-lymphocyte development and function in mice overexpressing human soluble amyloid precursor protein-α: implications for autism. FASEB J 2011; 26:1040-51. [PMID: 22085641 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-195438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in T-lymphocyte populations and function are observed in autism. Soluble amyloid precursor protein α (sAPP-α) is elevated in some patients with autism and is known to be produced by immune cells. In light of the well-established role of sAPP-α in proliferation, growth, and survival of neurons, we hypothesized an analogous role in the immune system. Thus, we explored whether sAPP-α could modulate immune development and function, especially aspects of the pinnacle cell of the adaptive arm of the immune system: the T cell. To do this, we generated mice overexpressing human sAPP-α and characterized elements of T-cell development, signal transduction, cytokine production, and innate/adaptive immune functions. Here, we report that transgenic sAPP-α-overexpressing (TgsAPP-α) mice displayed increased proportions of CD8(+) T cells, while effector memory T cells were decreased in the thymus. Overall apoptotic signal transduction was decreased in the thymus, an effect that correlated with dramatic elevations in Notch1 activation; while active-caspase-3/total-caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 ratios were decreased. Greater levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 were observed after ex vivo challenge of TgsAPP-α mouse splenocytes with T-cell mitogen. Finally, after immunization, splenocytes from TgsAPP-α mice displayed decreased levels IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4, as well as suppressed ZAP70 activation, after recall antigen stimulation. Given elevated levels of circulating sAPP-α in some patients with autism, sAPP-α could potentially drive aspects of immune dysfunction observed in these patients, including dysregulated T-cell apoptosis, aberrant PI3K/AKT signaling, cytokine alterations, and impaired T-cell recall stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette R Bailey
- Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3515 E. Fletcher Ave. Tampa, FL 33613, USA
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36
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Abstract
The skin, the body's largest organ, helps to secure the integrity of the host and, at the same time, allows the individual to communicate with the outside world. This finely tuned balance between protection from harmful pathogens (mostly microorganisms) and bidirectional signal exchange is provided by a network of structural, cellular, and molecular elements that are collectively referred to as the skin barrier. This "gateway" has a physical, chemical, and immunologic component. The role of the latter is to elicit a powerful defense reaction in the case of danger and, at the same time, to prevent such a reaction against innocuous substances. Immune responses originating in the skin are mounted and executed by cells and molecules of the innate or the adaptive immune system. Innate reactions are typically rapid, poorly discriminating, and do not exhibit memory. Adaptive responses, in contrast, show a high degree of specificity as well as memory but need a protracted time for their development. As a consequence, innate and adaptive responses are consecutive events influencing each other. In fact, we now know that the type and magnitude of the innate reactions govern and often determine the quality and quantity of adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bangert
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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37
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Nonoverlapping functions for Notch1 and Notch3 during murine steady-state thymic lymphopoiesis. Blood 2011; 118:2511-9. [PMID: 21768299 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-04-346726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch1 signaling is absolutely essential for steady-state thymic lymphopoiesis, but the role of other Notch receptors, and their potential overlap with the function of Notch1, remains unclear. Here we show that like Notch1, Notch3 is differentially expressed by progenitor thymocytes, peaking at the DN3 progenitor stage. Using mice carrying a gene-trapped allele, we show that thymic cellularity is slightly reduced in the absence of Notch3, although progression through the defined sequence of TCR-αβ development is normal, as are NKT and TCRγδ cell production. The absence of a profound effect from Notch3 deletion is not explained by residual function of the gene-trapped allele because insertion mapping suggests that the targeted allele would not encode functional signaling domains. We also show that although Notch1 and Notch3 are coexpressed on some early intrathymic progenitors, the relatively mild phenotype seen after Notch3 deletion does not result from the compensatory function of Notch1, nor does Notch3 function explain the likewise mild phenotype seen after conditional (intrathymic) deletion of Notch1. Our studies indicate that Notch1 and Notch3 carry out nonoverlapping functions during thymocyte differentiation, and that while Notch1 is absolutely required early in the lymphopoietic process, neither receptor is essential at later stages.
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38
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Merck E, Lees RK, Voyle RB, Held W, MacDonald HR. Ly49D-mediated ITAM signaling in immature thymocytes impairs development by bypassing the pre-TCR checkpoint. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:110-7. [PMID: 21632721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activating and inhibitory NK receptors regulate the development and effector functions of NK cells via their ITAM and ITIM motifs, which recruit protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, respectively. In the T cell lineage, inhibitory Ly49 receptors are expressed by a subset of activated T cells and by CD1d-restricted NKT cells, but virtually no expression of activating Ly49 receptors is observed. Using mice transgenic for the activating receptor Ly49D and its associated ITAM signaling DAP12 chain, we show in this article that Ly49D-mediated ITAM signaling in immature thymocytes impairs development due to a block in maturation from the double negative (DN) to double positive (DP) stages. A large proportion of Ly49D/DAP12 transgenic thymocytes were able to bypass the pre-TCR checkpoint at the DN3 stage, leading to the appearance of unusual populations of DN4 and DP cells that lacked expression of intracellular (ic) TCRβ-chain. High levels of CD5 were expressed on ic TCRβ(-) DN and DP thymocytes from Ly49D/DAP12 transgenic mice, further suggesting that Ly49D-mediated ITAM signaling mimics physiological ITAM signaling via the pre-TCR. We also observed unusual ic TCRβ(-) single positive thymocytes with an immature CD24(high) phenotype that were not found in the periphery. Importantly, thymocyte development was completely rescued by expression of an Ly49A transgene in Ly49D/DAP12 transgenic mice, indicating that Ly49A-mediated ITIM signaling can fully counteract ITAM signaling via Ly49D/DAP12. Collectively, our data indicate that inappropriate ITAM signaling by activating NK receptors on immature thymocytes can subvert T cell development by bypassing the pre-TCR checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Merck
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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39
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Guo D, Teng Q, Ji C. NOTCH and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in T-cell development and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:1200-10. [PMID: 21463127 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.564696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in NOTCH1 consitute the most prominent genetic abnormality in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). However, most T-ALL cell lines with NOTCH1 mutations are resistant to treatment with γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs). The spotlight is now shifting to the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway as another key potential target. These two signaling routes are deregulated in many types of cancer. In this review we discuss these two pathways with respect to their signaling mechanisms, functions during T-cell development, and their mutual roles in the development of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Guo
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Taian, Taian, Shandong, P R China.
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40
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Abstract
Approximately 500 million years ago, two types of recombinatorial adaptive immune systems (AISs) arose in vertebrates. The jawed vertebrates diversify their repertoire of immunoglobulin domain-based T and B cell antigen receptors mainly through the rearrangement of V(D)J gene segments and somatic hypermutation, but none of the fundamental AIS recognition elements in jawed vertebrates have been found in jawless vertebrates. Instead, the AIS of jawless vertebrates is based on variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) that are generated through recombinatorial usage of a large panel of highly diverse leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) sequences. Whereas the appearance of transposon-like, recombination-activating genes contributed uniquely to the origin of the AIS in jawed vertebrates, the use of activation-induced cytidine deaminase for receptor diversification is common to both the jawed and jawless vertebrates. Despite these differences in anticipatory receptor construction, the basic AIS design featuring two interactive T and B lymphocyte arms apparently evolved in an ancestor of jawed and jawless vertebrates within the context of preexisting innate immunity and has been maintained since as a consequence of powerful and enduring selection, most probably for pathogen defense purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Hirano
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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41
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Cellular context-dependent effects of H2ax and p53 deletion on the development of thymic lymphoma. Blood 2010; 117:175-85. [PMID: 20947684 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-03-273045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H2AX and Artemis each cooperate with p53 to suppress lymphoma. Germline H2ax(-/-)p53(-/-) mice die of T-cell receptor-β(-) (TCR-β(-)) thymic lymphomas with translocations and other lesions characteristic of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here, we demonstrate that mice with inactivation of H2ax and p53 in thymocytes die at later ages to TCR-β(-) or TCR-β(+) thymic lymphomas containing a similar pattern of translocations as H2ax(-/-)p53(-/-) tumors. Germline Artemis(-/-) p53(-/-) mice die of lymphomas with antigen receptor locus translocations, whereas Artemis(-/-)H2ax(-/-)p53(-/-) mice die at earlier ages from multiple malignancies. We show here that Artemis(-/-) mice with p53 deletion in thymocytes die of TCR-β(-) tumors containing Tcrα/δ translocations, other clonal translocations, or aneuploidy, as well as Notch1 mutations. Strikingly, Artemis(-/-) mice with H2ax and p53 deletion in thymocytes exhibited a lower rate of mortality from TCR-β(-) tumors, which harbored significantly elevated levels of genomic instability. Our data reveal that the cellular origin of H2ax and p53 loss impacts the rate of mortality from and developmental stage of thymic lymphomas, and suggest that conditional deletion of tumor suppressor genes may provide more physiologic models for human lymphoid malignancies than germline inactivation.
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Sikes ML, McMillan RE, Bradshaw JM. The center of accessibility: Dβ control of V(D)J recombination. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2010; 58:427-33. [PMID: 20890731 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-010-0101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Developmental patterning of antigen receptor gene assembly in lymphocyte precursors correlates with decondensation of the chromatin surrounding individual gene segments. Ongoing V(D)J recombination is associated with hyperacetylation of histones H3 and H4 and the expression of sterile germline transcripts across the region of recombinational accessibility. Likewise, histone acetyltransferase and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes each appear to be required for recombination, and the PHD-finger of RAG-2 preferentially associates with recombination signal sequence (RSS) chromatin that contains H3 trimethylated on lysine 4. However, the regulatory mechanisms that direct chromatin alteration and rearrangement have proven elusive, due in large part to the interdependency of individual stages in gene activation, our limited understanding of functional significance of changes to the histone code, and the difficulty of modeling recombinational accessibility in existing experimental systems. Examining Tcrb assembly in developing thymocytes, we review the central roles of RSS elements and germline promoters as foci for epigenetic reorganization of recombinationally accessible gene segments in light of recent findings and persistent questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Sikes
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, 100 Derieux Place, Campus Box 7615, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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43
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Brady BL, Oropallo MA, Yang-Iott KS, Serwold T, Hochedlinger K, Jaenisch R, Weissman IL, Bassing CH. Position-dependent silencing of germline Vß segments on TCRß alleles containing preassembled VßDJßCß1 genes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3564-73. [PMID: 20709953 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The genomic organization of TCRbeta loci enables Vbeta-to-DJbeta2 rearrangements on alleles with assembled VbetaDJbetaCbeta1 genes, which could have deleterious physiologic consequences. To determine whether such Vbeta rearrangements occur and, if so, how they might be regulated, we analyzed mice with TCRbeta alleles containing preassembled functional VbetaDJbetaCbeta1 genes. Vbeta10 segments were transcribed, rearranged, and expressed in thymocytes when located immediately upstream of a Vbeta1DJbetaCbeta1 gene, but not on alleles with a Vbeta14DJbetaCbeta1 gene. Germline Vbeta10 transcription was silenced in mature alphabeta T cells. This allele-dependent and developmental stage-specific silencing of Vbeta10 correlated with increased CpG methylation and decreased histone acetylation over the Vbeta10 promoter and coding region. Transcription, rearrangement, and expression of the Vbeta4 and Vbeta16 segments located upstream of Vbeta10 were silenced on alleles containing either VbetaDJbetaCbeta1 gene; sequences within Vbeta4, Vbeta16, and the Vbeta4/Vbeta16-Vbeta10 intergenic region exhibited constitutive high CpG methylation and low histone acetylation. Collectively, our data indicate that the position of Vbeta segments relative to assembled VbetaDJbetaCbeta1 genes influences their rearrangement and suggest that DNA sequences between Vbeta segments may form boundaries between active and inactive Vbeta chromatin domains upstream of VbetaDJbetaCbeta genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna L Brady
- Immunology Graduate Group, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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44
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Kreslavsky T, von Boehmer H. gammadeltaTCR ligands and lineage commitment. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:214-21. [PMID: 20447836 PMCID: PMC2912151 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two major T lymphocyte lineages--alphabeta and gammadelta T cells--develop in the thymus from common precursors. Differentiation of both lineages requires signals coming from TCRs. Development of alphabeta T cells is driven at early stages by signaling from the pre-TCR, most likely in a ligand-independent fashion, and later--by signals delivered by alphabetaTCRs binding to their ligands--classical or non-classical MHC molecules. gammadelta lineage cells likewise require TCR signaling for their differentiation. Recent work from several groups suggests that TCR signaling not only ensures the developmental progression towards alphabeta and gammadelta lineages but that signal strength instructs lineage fate: weaker TCR signal results in alphabeta and stronger--in gammadelta lineage commitment. However, as most gammadeltaTCRs remain orphan receptors, it is still debated whether strong signals from gammadeltaTCRs in development are generated in a ligand-dependent manner (as in the case of alphabetaTCRs), ligand-independent manner (as for pre-TCR) or both. Here we summarize evidence supporting a possible role for ligands in gammadelta T cell lineage commitment and the generation of gammadelta sublineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Kreslavsky
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Smith 736, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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45
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Abstract
The development and function of lymphocytes depend upon their precise migration in response to chemoattractant cytokines, or chemokines. Two recent reports suggest that, during thymic beta-selection, the binding of the chemokine CXCL12 to the receptor CXCR4 on thymocytes provides not only directional but also developmental cues.
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46
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Zha S, Bassing CH, Sanda T, Brush JW, Patel H, Goff PH, Murphy MM, Tepsuporn S, Gatti RA, Look AT, Alt FW. ATM-deficient thymic lymphoma is associated with aberrant tcrd rearrangement and gene amplification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1369-80. [PMID: 20566716 PMCID: PMC2901073 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) deficiency predisposes humans and mice to T lineage lymphomas with recurrent chromosome 14 translocations involving the T cell receptor alpha/delta (Tcra/d) locus. Such translocations have been thought to result from aberrant repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during Tcra locus V(D)J recombination, and to require the Tcra enhancer (Ealpha) for Tcra rearrangement or expression of the translocated oncogene. We now show that, in addition to the known chromosome 14 translocation, ATM-deficient mouse thymic lymphomas routinely contain a centromeric fragment of chromosome 14 that spans up to the 5' boundary of the Tcra/d locus, at which position a 500-kb or larger region centromeric to Tcra/d is routinely amplified. In addition, they routinely contain a large deletion of the telomeric end of one copy of chromosome 12. In contrast to prior expectations, the recurrent translocations and amplifications involve V(D)J recombination-initiated breaks in the Tcrd locus, as opposed to the Tcra locus, and arise independently of the Ealpha. Overall, our studies reveal previously unexpected mechanisms that contribute to the oncogenic transformation of ATM-deficient T lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, Immune Disease Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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47
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Steinel NC, Brady BL, Carpenter AC, Yang-Iott KS, Bassing CH. Posttranscriptional silencing of VbetaDJbetaCbeta genes contributes to TCRbeta allelic exclusion in mammalian lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1055-62. [PMID: 20562258 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Feedback inhibition of V(D)J recombination enforces Ag receptor allelic exclusion in mammalian lymphocytes. Yet, in-frame VbetaDJbeta exons can assemble on both alleles in human and mouse alphabeta T lineage cells. To elucidate mechanisms that enforce TCRbeta allelic exclusion in such cells, we analyzed Vbeta expression and rearrangement in mice containing a functional Vbeta14DJbeta1.5Cbeta1 gene (Vbeta14(NT)) and/or Vbeta8.2DJbeta1.1Cbeta1 transgene (Vbeta8(Tg)). The majority of Vbeta14(NT) and Vbeta8(Tg) alphabeta T lineage cells expressed only Vbeta14(+) or Vbeta8(+) TCRbeta-chains, respectively, and lacked Vbeta rearrangements on wild-type TCRbeta loci. However, endogenous Vbeta rearrangements and alphabeta T lineage cells expressing endogenous Vbetas from wild-type alleles alone or with the prerearranged Vbeta in cell surface TCRbeta-chains were observed in Vbeta14(NT) and Vbeta8(Tg) mice. Although nearly all Vbeta8(Tg):Vbeta14(NT) thymocytes and splenic alphabeta T cells expressed Vbeta8(+) TCRbeta-chains, only half of these lymphocytes expressed Vbeta14(+) TCRbeta-chains, even though similar steady-state levels of Vbeta14(NT) mRNA were expressed in Vbeta8(+)Vbeta14(+) and Vbeta8(+)Vbeta14(-) populations. Our data demonstrated that posttranscriptional silencing of functionally assembled endogenous VbetaDJbetaCbeta genes can enforce TCRbeta allelic exclusion and reveal another mechanism that contributes to the development of lymphocytes with monospecific Ag receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Steinel
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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48
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Cooper MD. 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: evolution of adaptive immunity in vertebrates. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 160:58-61. [PMID: 20415852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity has been defined, principally through studies of avian and mammalian species, as the ability to mount specific immune responses to a virtually unlimited variety of antigens. A key feature of an adaptive immune system is the ability to remember previous encounters with antigens and to achieve a more rapid, heightened response on secondary encounter. Adaptive immune systems featuring an enormous anticipatory receptor diversity and specific memory have been defined only in vertebrates. Surprisingly, the adaptive immune systems in jawless and jawed vertebrates employ very different types of antigen receptors. This evolutionary inventiveness suggests that adaptive immunity provided additional fitness value over the previously existing innate immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Cooper
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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49
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Yang-Iott KS, Carpenter AC, Rowh MAW, Steinel N, Brady BL, Hochedlinger K, Jaenisch R, Bassing CH. TCR beta feedback signals inhibit the coupling of recombinationally accessible V beta 14 segments with DJ beta complexes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:1369-78. [PMID: 20042591 PMCID: PMC2873682 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ag receptor allelic exclusion is thought to occur through monoallelic initiation and subsequent feedback inhibition of recombinational accessibility. However, our previous analysis of mice containing a V(D)J recombination reporter inserted into Vbeta14 (Vbeta14(Rep)) indicated that Vbeta14 chromatin accessibility is biallelic. To determine whether Vbeta14 recombinational accessibility is subject to feedback inhibition, we analyzed TCRbeta rearrangements in Vbeta14(Rep) mice containing a preassembled in-frame transgenic Vbeta8.2Dbeta1Jbeta1.1 or an endogenous Vbeta14Dbeta1Jbeta1.4 rearrangement on the homologous chromosome. Expression of either preassembled VbetaDJbetaC beta-chain accelerated thymocyte development because of enhanced cellular selection, demonstrating that the rate-limiting step in early alphabeta T cell development is the assembly of an in-frame VbetaDJbeta rearrangement. Expression of these preassembled VbetaDJbeta rearrangements inhibited endogenous Vbeta14-to-DJbeta rearrangements as expected. However, in contrast to results predicted by the accepted model of TCRbeta feedback inhibition, we found that expression of these preassembled TCR beta-chains did not downregulate recombinational accessibility of Vbeta14 chromatin. Our findings suggest that TCRbeta-mediated feedback inhibition of Vbeta14 rearrangements depends on inherent properties of Vbeta14, Dbeta, and Jbeta recombination signal sequences.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibody Diversity/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Chromatin/physiology
- Feedback, Physiological/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Genes, Reporter/immunology
- Germ-Line Mutation/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Loss of Heterozygosity/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Yang-Iott
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrea C. Carpenter
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Marta A. W. Rowh
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Natalie Steinel
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Brenna L. Brady
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Konrad Hochedlinger
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Craig H. Bassing
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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50
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Abstract
Antigen receptor-controlled checkpoints in B lymphocyte development are crucial for the prevention of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Checkpoints at the stage of pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) and BCR expression can eliminate certain autoreactive BCRs either by deletion of or anergy induction in cells expressing autoreactive BCRs or by receptor editing. For T cells, the picture is more complex because there are regulatory T (T(reg)) cells that mediate dominant tolerance, which differs from the recessive tolerance mediated by deletion and anergy. Negative selection of thymocytes may be as essential as T(reg) cell generation in preventing autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, but supporting evidence is scarce. Here we discuss several scenarios in which failures at developmental checkpoints result in autoimmunity.
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