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Ndawula C, Tabor AE. Cocktail Anti-Tick Vaccines: The Unforeseen Constraints and Approaches toward Enhanced Efficacies. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E457. [PMID: 32824962 PMCID: PMC7564958 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are second to mosquitoes as vectors of disease. Ticks affect livestock industries in Asia, Africa and Australia at ~$1.13 billion USD per annum. For instance, 80% of the global cattle population is at risk of infestation by the Rhipicephalus microplus species-complex, which in 2016 was estimated to cause $22-30 billion USD annual losses. Although the management of tick populations mainly relies on the application of acaricides, this raises concerns due to tick resistance and accumulation of chemical residues in milk, meat, and the environment. To counteract acaricide-resistant tick populations, immunological tick control is regarded among the most promising sustainable strategies. Indeed, immense efforts have been devoted toward identifying tick vaccine antigens. Until now, Bm86-based vaccines have been the most effective under field conditions, but they have shown mixed success worldwide. Currently, of the two Bm86 vaccines commercialized in the 1990s (GavacTM in Cuba and TickGARDPLUSTM in Australia), only GavacTM is available. There is thus growing consensus that combining antigens could broaden the protection range and enhance the efficacies of tick vaccines. Yet, the anticipated outcomes have not been achieved under field conditions. Therefore, this review demystifies the potential limitations and proposes ways of sustaining enhanced cocktail tick vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ndawula
- Vaccinology Research program, National Livestock Resources Research Institute, P O. Box 5746, Nakyesasa 256, Uganda
| | - Ala E. Tabor
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, The University of Queensland Australia, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Muller JY. [Nobel prize and the history of blood transfusion]. Transfus Clin Biol 2019; 26:135-143. [PMID: 31256953 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2019.06.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Muller
- Société française de transfusion sanguine, CHU de Nantes, 30, allée de la Mare-Gabrielle, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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Abstract
The human cluster of differentiation (CD)1 system for antigen display is comprised of four types of antigen-presenting molecules, each with a distinct functional niche: CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d. Whereas CD1 proteins were thought solely to influence T-cell responses through display of amphipathic lipids, recent studies emphasize the role of direct contacts between the T-cell receptor and CD1 itself. Moving from molecules to diseases, new research approaches emphasize human CD1-transgenic mouse models and the study of human polyclonal T cells
in vivo or
ex vivo in disease states. Whereas the high genetic diversity of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded antigen-presenting molecules provides a major hurdle for designing antigens that activate T cells in all humans, the simple population genetics of the CD1 system offers the prospect of discovering or designing broadly acting immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Layre E, de Jong A, Moody DB. Human T cells use CD1 and MR1 to recognize lipids and small molecules. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 23:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Shaltiel S, Mozes E, Sela M. Multichain Polyproline Coated with Histidyl and Glutamyl Residues - A Potent Synthetic Immunogen. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.197200060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Edfors-Lilja I, Gahne B, Petersson H. Genetic influence on antibody response to two Escherichia coli antigens in pigs. J Anim Breed Genet 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1985.tb00700.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Radzikowski A, Meyer J, Buschmann H, Averdunk G, Blendl H, Osterkorn K. Zur Variation der Immunantwort bei mehreren Schweinerassen1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1974.tb01132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kräusslich H, Buschmann H, Osterkorn K, Meyer J, Radzikowski A. Antibody Production Studied by Means of the LHG Assay in two Inbred Strains of Mice and their Crosses1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0388.1971.tb01368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Vandiedonck C, Knight JC. The human Major Histocompatibility Complex as a paradigm in genomics research. BRIEFINGS IN FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2009; 8:379-94. [PMID: 19468039 PMCID: PMC2987720 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elp010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery more than 50 years ago, the human Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) on chromosome 6p21.3 has been at the forefront of human genetic research. Here, we review from a historical perspective the major advances in our understanding of the nature and consequences of genetic variation which have involved the MHC, as well as highlighting likely future directions. As a consequence of its particular genomic structure, its remarkable polymorphism and its early implication in numerous diseases, the MHC has been considered as a model region for genomics, being the first substantial region to be sequenced and establishing fundamental concepts of linkage disequilibrium, haplotypic structure and meiotic recombination. Recently, the MHC became the first genomic region to be entirely re-sequenced for common haplotypes, while studies mapping gene expression phenotypes across the genome have strongly implicated variation in the MHC. This review shows how the MHC continues to provide new insights and remains in the vanguard of contemporary research in human genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vandiedonck
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (WTCHG), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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10
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Abstract
CD1 proteins have been conserved throughout mammalian evolution and function to present lipid antigens to T cells. Crystal structures of CD1-lipid complexes show that CD1 antigen-binding grooves are composed of four pockets and two antigen entry portals. This structural information now provides a detailed understanding of how CD1-binding grooves capture a surprisingly diverse array of lipid ligands. CD1-expressing APCs are able to acquire lipid antigens from their own pool of lipids and from exogenous sources, including microbial pathogens, bystander cells, or even the systemic circulation. CD1 proteins bind to certain antigens using high stringency loading reactions within endosomes that involve low pH, glycosidases, and lipid transfer proteins. Other antigens can directly load onto CD1 proteins using low stringency mechanisms that are independent of cellular factors. New evidence from in vivo systems shows that CD1-restricted T cells influence outcomes in infectious, autoimmune, and allergic diseases. These studies lead to a broader view of the natural function of alphabeta T cells, which involves recognition of both cellular proteins and lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Morling N, Hellesen C, Jakobsen BK, Platz P, Ryder LP, Svejgaard A, Thomsen M. HLA-A, B, C, D, DR antigens and primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) defined DP-antigens in juvenile chronic arthritis. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2008; 17:433-41. [PMID: 7036404 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1981.tb00725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A total of 48 patients with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) were typed for HLA-A, -B, -C, -D and -DR antigens and 36 patients were also typed for HLA-D/DR associated "DR"-antigens with the primed lymphocyte typing technique. In the total group of patients, we found increased frequencies of HLA-B27, HLA-Dw/DP5 and HLA-Dw/DP8, and decreased frequencies of HLA-Dw/-DR/DP2. The increased frequencies of HLA-Dw/DP8 and the decreased frequencies of HLA-Dw/-DR/DP2 were primarily found among patients with persistent pauciarticular arthritis. The frequencies of HLA-Dw/-DR/DP4 were increased in patients with polyarticular arthritis. The frequencies of HLA-B27 and -Dw/DP5 were increased in both pauciarticular and polyarticular arthritis. The results indicate (i) that genetic factors controlled by HLA confer susceptibility and/or resistance to JCA, and (ii) that the clinical subdivision of JCA into pauciarticular and polyarticular JCA can be supported by the presence of different genetic markers (HLA-antigens) in the two groups of JCA-patients. If these data can be confirmed HLA-D, -DR or DP typing may be of value in the prognostic evaluation of patients with pauciarticular onset JCA.
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Pietsch MC, Morris PJ. An association of HL-A3 and HL-A7 with paralytic poliomyelitis. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2008; 4:50-5. [PMID: 4837313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1974.tb00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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13
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Jersild C, Svejgaard A, Fog T, Ammitzboll T. HL-A antigens and diseases. I. Multiple sclerosis. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2008; 3:243-50. [PMID: 4768397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1973.tb01002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bertrams J, Kuwert E, Böhme U, Reis HE, Gallmeier WM, Wetter O, Schmidt CG. HL-A antigens in Hodgkin's disease and multiple myeloma. Increased frequency of W18 in both diseases. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2008; 2:41-6. [PMID: 4116681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1972.tb00116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Thorsby E, Engeset A, Lie SO. HL-A antigens and susceptibility to diseases. A study of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Hodgkin's disease, and childhood asthma. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2008; 1:147-52. [PMID: 5292820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1971.tb00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Falk JA, Fleischman JL, Zabriskie JB, Falk RE. A study of HL-A antigen phenotype in rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease patients. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2008; 3:173-8. [PMID: 4771172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1973.tb00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Balner H, Toth EK. The histocompatibility complex of rhesus monkeys. II. A major locus controlling reactivity in mixed lymphocyte cultures. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2008; 3:273-90. [PMID: 4272109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1973.tb01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Klouda PT, Lawler SD, Till MM, Hardisty RM. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and HL-A: a prospective study. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2008; 4:262-5. [PMID: 4527637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1974.tb00250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Kreisler M, Arnaiz A, Perez B, Fernandez Cruz E, Bootello A. HL-A antigens in leprosy. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2008; 4:197-201. [PMID: 4136790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1974.tb00242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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23
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Boss JM. Controlling the Ir genes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 178:6675-6. [PMID: 17513709 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Benedict Cosimi
- Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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25
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26
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Stratmann T, Martin-Orozco N, Mallet-Designe V, Poirot L, McGavern D, Losyev G, Dobbs CM, Oldstone MBA, Yoshida K, Kikutani H, Mathis D, Benoist C, Haskins K, Teyton L. Susceptible MHC alleles, not background genes, select an autoimmune T cell reactivity. J Clin Invest 2003; 112:902-14. [PMID: 12975475 PMCID: PMC193666 DOI: 10.1172/jci18337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2003] [Accepted: 07/08/2003] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To detect and characterize autoreactive T cells in diabetes-prone NOD mice, we have developed a multimeric MHC reagent with high affinity for the BDC-2.5 T cell receptor, which is reactive against a pancreatic autoantigen. A distinct population of T cells is detected in NOD mice that recognizes the same MHC/peptide target. These T cells are positively selected in the thymus at a surprisingly high frequency and exported to the periphery. They are activated specifically in the pancreatic LNs, demonstrating an autoimmune specificity that recapitulates that of the BDC-2.5 cell. These phenomena are also observed in mouse lines that share with NOD the H-2g7 MHC haplotype but carry diabetes-resistance background genes. Thus, a susceptible haplotype at the MHC seems to be the only element required for the selection and emergence of autoreactive T cells, without requiring other diabetogenic loci from the NOD genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
A major advantage of synthetic peptide-based DNA delivery systems is its flexibility. By design, the composition of the final complex can be easily modified in response to experimental results in vitro and in vivo to take advantage of specific peptide sequences to overcome extra- and intracellular barriers to gene delivery. The extreme heterogeneity which greatly complicates both the kinetics of DNA-poly(L-lysine) interaction and the thermodynamic stability of the final DNA complexes is avoided. Other unique features include the absence of biohazards related to the viral genome as well as the production of the viral vector and the absence of limitations on the size of the therapeutic genes that can be inserted in the recombinant viral vector. In principle, if the gene can be cloned into an expression plasmid, it can be delivered as a synthetic DNA complex. Since these synthetic delivery systems are composed of small peptides which may be poorly antigenic, they hold the promise of repeated gene administration, a highly desirable feature which will be important for gene targeting in vivo to endothelial cells, monocytes, hepatocytes and tumor cells.
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Morris A, Hewitt C, Young S. The major histocompatibility complex: its genes and their roles in antigen presentation. Mol Aspects Med 1994; 15:377-503. [PMID: 7837935 DOI: 10.1016/0098-2997(94)90041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K
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29
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Cohen PL, Creech E, Nakul-Aquaronne D, McDaniel R, Ackler S, Rapoport RG, Sobel ES, Eisenberg RA. Antigen nonspecific effect of major histocompatibility complex haplotype on autoantibody levels in systemic lupus erythematosus-prone lpr mice. J Clin Invest 1993; 91:2761-8. [PMID: 7685774 PMCID: PMC443342 DOI: 10.1172/jci116517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
MHC-linked genes strongly influence susceptibility to autoimmune diseases and also regulate responses to exogenous antigens. To begin to understand the mechanism of this MHC effect on disease, we have investigated MHC-congenic mouse strains that develop spontaneous autoimmunity because of the lpr gene. C57BL6/lpr (B6/lpr) mice (H-2b) are known to have substantial levels of autoantibodies to chromatin, single stranded DNA (ssDNA3), and IgG of different murine subclasses (rheumatoid factor). We have crossed the H-2d and the H-2bm12 (la mutant) haplotypes onto the B6/lpr background. Surprisingly, levels of all the autoantibodies were markedly lower in B6/lpr.H-2d, but levels in B6/lpr.H-2bm12 were no different from those in B6/lpr mice. The downregulating influence of the H-2d allele was dominant, and there was no effect on autoantibody fine specificities. The genetics of the H-2d effect and its diffuse influence on multiple autoantibody specificities, in addition to the lack of effect of the bm12 mutation, which modifies the peptide-binding groove of I-A, together raise the question of whether MHC-linked genes other than classical (IR) genes may be responsible for MHC disease associations in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7280
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30
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Samina I, Brenner J, Peleg BA. Differences in protection between heavy and light breeds of chickens following vaccination with Newcastle disease vaccines-a survey of data, 1971 to 1990. Avian Pathol 1992; 21:693-7. [PMID: 18670988 DOI: 10.1080/03079459208418891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Data obtained over 20 years of Newcastle disease vaccine testing were statistically analyzed. The protection afforded heavy and light breeds of chickens was compared following challenge (efficacy) after vaccination with live and inactivated vaccines produced from different virus strains. Standard challenge virus was used throughout the period. The data show that the heavy breeds were significantly inferior in their protectability when compared with the light breeds. This inferiority was shown after vaccination with all types of vaccines. It is suggested that heavy and light breeds of chickens differ genetically in their acquired resistance to Newcastle disease virus, although difference in susceptibility to the virus as a pathogen cannot be ruled out entirely.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Samina
- State Laboratory for Vaccine Control, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet-Dagan, Israel
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Muszkat KA, Schechter B, Sela M. Structural origin of the immunological diversity of two closely related tetrapeptides: CIDNP study of TyrTyrGluGlu and TyrGluTyrGlu epitopes. Mol Immunol 1992; 29:1049-54. [PMID: 1379676 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(92)90036-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photoCIDNP) measurements, specific for exposed tyrosine residues, have been applied to elucidate conformational differences responsible for the immunological diversity of the synthetic multichain copolymers, Tyr1Tyr2Glu3Glu4-poly-DL-Ala-poly-Lys and Tyr1Glu2Tyr3Glu4-poly-DL-Ala-poly-LS. These two copolymers are essentially identical in their molecular weight, size, shape and composition, and differ only in the order of the two internal amino acid residues within the sequence of the tetrapeptide epitopes. Nonetheless, previous studies have shown that the two macromolecules behave differently, as evidenced by their immunological and immunogenic properties. As immunogens they act under different genetic control mechanisms, and differ in their interactions with antigen presenting cells, T cells and B cells. Antibodies elicited against these two antigens do not cross react. The photoCIDNP measurements of these two polymers, intended to elucidate discrete structural differences controlling immune recognition, showed that in the TyrTyrGluGlu polymer, Tyr1 and Tyr2 rings are free, non-interacting and undergo fast internal rotation. Computed minimum energy conformations confirm these conclusions and indicate that Tyr1 and Tyr2 point to different regions in space. In TyrGluTyrGlu, however, CIDNP measurements give rise to one broad tyrosine 3,5 proton signal, the result of a strong Tyr1-Tyr3 hydrophobic interaction. These two tyrosine residues are thus close in space, and undergo slow internal rotation. These results are in agreement with the computed minimum energy conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Muszkat
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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32
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Novello AC. The HIV/AIDS epidemic: a current picture. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:695-707. [PMID: 1515219 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A C Novello
- Surgeon General, Public Health Service, Washington, D.C. 20201
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33
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Giphart MJ, van der Poel JJ. Molecular biology of the HLA system and its relevance for immunohaematology. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY 1991; 4:975-1010. [PMID: 1790359 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-3536(06)80039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Genetic variations in disease resistance of farm animals can be observed at all levels of defence against infectious agents. In most cases susceptibility to infections has polygenic origins. In domestic animals only a few instances of a single genetic locus responsible for disease resistance are known. A well-examined example is the Mx1 gene product of certain mice strains conferring selective resistance to influenza virus infections. Attempts to improve disease resistance by gene transfer of different gene constructs into farm animals include the use of monoclonal antibody gene constructs, transgenes consisting of antisense RNA genes directed against viruses and Mx1 cDNA containing transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Müller
- Institut für Molekulare Tierzucht, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Federal Republic of Germany
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35
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Abel G, Szöllösi J, Fachet J. Phagocytosis of fluorescent latex microbeads by peritoneal macrophages in different strains of mice: a flow cytometric study. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 1991; 18:239-45. [PMID: 1764431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1991.tb00024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The phagocytosis of uniform fluorescent latex particles by resident and thioglycollate-elicited macrophages was analysed by flow cytometry. The percentage of phagocytosing macrophages and the number of internalized microspheres per cell was determined from cell size and fluorescence histograms. Results were corrected for the adherence of microbeads to the cells in the presence of sodium azide in the medium. Human C3b- or murine monoclonal IgG-coated microspheres were applied to assess receptor-mediated phagocytosis in different inbred strains of mice. Phagocytic activity of thioglycollate-elicited macrophages was consequently higher than that of resident macrophages. A decreasing gradient of C3b and Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis was established in the following order: B10.BR, B10, C3H/Di and C3H.SW strains. Our results indicate that the phagocytic function of murine macrophages is under control of both the somatic (non-H-2) and H-2 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Abel
- Institute of Pathophysiology, University Medical School of Debrecen, Hungary
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Yunis
- Division of Immunogenetics, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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37
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McMichael A, Bell J. HLA B27: a disease-associated immune response gene. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1991; 142:475-82. [PMID: 1754721 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2494(91)90050-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A McMichael
- Molecular Immunology Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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38
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Mili F, Flanders WD, Boring JR, Annest JL, Destefano F. The associations of race, cigarette smoking, and smoking cessation to measures of the immune system in middle-aged men. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1991; 59:187-200. [PMID: 2009639 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(91)90017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To estimate the association between the immunologic responses of the cell-mediated and humoral systems and race or tobacco smoking, we used data from the Vietnam Experience Study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control. That study, done from 1985 to 1986, was based on a random sample of 4462 male, Vietnam-era, U.S. veterans. Racial groups were white, black, Hispanic, Asian, and American Indian. We used linear regression to evaluate how (i) the race of the subjects, (ii) the number of pack-years of cigarettes the subjects smoked, and (iii) the smoking cessation of certain subjects were associated with their relative and absolute T, B, CD4, and CD8 lymphocyte counts and immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, and IgG levels. The results indicated that immune status was associated with race and smoking history and that, generally, the associations remained after adjustment for covariates. For example, the average IgA level and absolute CD8 lymphocyte count for blacks were, respectively, 19 and 16% higher than those for whites. On the other hand, smokers had lower immunoglobulin levels and relative CD8 cell counts and higher counts for other lymphocytes of the cell-mediated system than nonsmokers. For example, the average absolute B count of heavy smokers was 37% higher than that of nonsmokers. The pattern after cigarette smoking cessation was consistent with a reversible effect of smoking and a return toward immune levels of nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mili
- Centers for Disease Control, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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39
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Bignon JD, Bidwell JL. Combined use of RFLP and PCR-ASO typing for HLA-DR-Dw and DQw typing. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 1991; 18:125-38. [PMID: 1676910 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1991.tb00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to some limitations of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in HLA-DR-DQ typing, we present a combined use of RFLP and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) typing. This scheme consists in selectively amplifying the few RFLP ill-defined genes (DR1/DR'Br' and DR4-Dw subsets) using PCR with allele specific primers to avoid cross-hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Bignon
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Leuco-plaquettaire et d'Histocompatibilité 'France-Transplant', Nantes, France
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40
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Watson WC, Thompson JP, Terato K, Cremer MA, Kang AH. Human HLA-DR beta gene hypervariable region homology in the biobreeding BB rat: selection of the diabetic-resistant subline as a rheumatoid arthritis research tool to characterize the immunopathologic response to human type II collagen. J Exp Med 1990; 172:1331-9. [PMID: 1700052 PMCID: PMC2188682 DOI: 10.1084/jem.172.5.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen arthritis (CA), an autoimmune model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), has been studied in various animals. However, it has not been studied in an animal with a genetic background relevant to RA. We selected rats from a diabetic-resistant (DR) subline of the diabetic BB rat because they have an autoimmune disease-prone background, but not the immunodeficiencies of the diabetic BB rat, and the third hypervariable region (HVRIII) of the BB RT1.D beta gene appeared to encode a nucleotide sequence of the human HLA DR beta gene, which has been reported to be associated with susceptibility to RA. We synthesized oligonucleotide primers flanking the RT1.D beta HVRIII, cloned polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA into M13mp18, and confirmed the presence of the susceptibility sequence (SS) (RRRAA) by the dideoxy sequencing method in a colony of DR BB/Wor-UTM rats. When immunized with human type II collagen (CII) in incomplete Freunds adjuvant (IFA), arthritis developed rapidly by day 10 with 100% incidence. Light and electron microscopy revealed an unusually severe and aggressive, bidirectional pattern of cartilage resorption by synovial and subchondral mononuclear and multinucleated inflammatory cells. These findings coincided with a predominant humoral response to the cyanogen bromide (CB) 11 fragment of the human CII molecule by the pathogenic IgG2a isotype. This study provides further support to the role of CA as a relevant RA model, the specific roles of the CB11 fragment as a major site of arthritogenic epitopes, and of antibody mechanisms in the pathogenesis of CA. Furthermore, the identification of an RA SS in an immune response gene of the DR BB rat presents a novel opportunity to determine with an animal model the role of other antigens as well as this SS in RA.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/epidemiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Collagen/immunology
- DNA/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Epitopes/immunology
- Genetic Variation/genetics
- HLA-DR Antigens/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular/genetics
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular/physiology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Incidence
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred BB/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Watson
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38104
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41
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Binz K, Joller P, Froesch P, Binz H, Zapf J, Froesch ER. Repopulation of the atrophied thymus in diabetic rats by insulin-like growth factor I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:3690-4. [PMID: 2187189 PMCID: PMC53968 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.10.3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrophy of the thymus is one of the consequences of severe insulin deficiency. We describe here that the weight and the architecture of the thymus of diabetic rats is restored towards normal not only by insulin but also by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) treatment. In contrast to insulin, this effect of IGF-I occurs despite persisting hyperglycemia and adrenal hyperplasia. We also investigated the in vivo effect of IGF-I on replication and differentiation of thymocytes from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Thymocytes from diabetic rats incorporated less [3H]thymidine than did thymocytes from healthy rats. Insulin, as well as IGF-I treatment of diabetic rats increased [3H]thymidine incorporation by thymocytes. Flow cytometry of thymocytes labeled with monoclonal antibodies revealed a decreased expression of the Thy-1 antigen in diabetic rats compared with control rats. In addition, a major deficiency of thymocytes expressing simultaneously the W3/25 and the Ox8 antigens (corresponding to immature human CD4+/CD8+ thymocytes) was observed. These changes were restored towards normal by insulin as well as by IGF-I treatment. The antibody response to a T cell-dependent antigen (bovine serum albumin) was comparable in normal and diabetic rats. We conclude that IGF-I has important effects on the thymocyte number and the presence of CD4+/CD8+ immature cells in the thymus of diabetic rats despite persisting hyperglycemia. However, helper T-cell function for antibody production appears to be preserved even in the severely diabetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Binz
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
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42
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Mozzanica N, Rizzolo L, Veneroni G, Diotti R, Hepeisen S, Finzi AF. HLA-A, B, C and DR antigens in nickel contact sensitivity. Br J Dermatol 1990; 122:309-13. [PMID: 2322496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb08278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between HLA antigens (A, B, C and DR) and nickel contact sensitivity was examined in 54 patients with contact allergy, as confirmed by an unequivocal positive patch-test reaction only to nickel. A control group was 320 healthy blood donors from the same geographical area as the patients. The HLA-A, B, C and DR antigens were typed using standard serological methods. HLA typing revealed a significant increase of HLA-DRw6 antigen in the patient group (corrected P less than 0.025) and the relative risk for patients with DRw6 to develop nickel sensitivity was 3.32.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mozzanica
- Department of Dermatology, University of Milan, Italy
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43
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Loudovaris T, Brandon M, Fahey K. The major histocombatibility complex and genetic control of antibody response to synthetic antigens in chickens. Avian Pathol 1990; 19:101-17. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459008418660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
The toxicity and carcinogenicity of nickel compounds are considered in three broad categories: (1) systemic toxicology, (2) molecular toxicology, and (3) carcinogenicity. The systemic toxicity of nickel compounds is examined based upon human and animal studies. The major organs affected are discussed in three categories: (1) kidney, (2) immune system, and (3) other organs. The second area of concentration is molecular toxicology, which will include a discussion of the chemistry of nickel, its binding to small and large molecular weight ligands, and, finally, its cellular effects. The third major area involves a discussion of the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of nickel compounds. This section focuses on mechanisms, using studies conducted in vivo and in vitro. It also includes a discussion of the assessment of the carcinogenicity of nickel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Coogan
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York
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45
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Mahi-Brown CA, Yanagimachi R, Nelson ML, Yanagimachi H, Palumbo N. Ovarian histopathology of bitches immunized with porcine zonae pellucidae. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY : AJRIM 1988; 18:94-103. [PMID: 3223526 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1988.tb00242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ovarian histopathology of bitches immunized with crude (cPZP) or partially purified (pPZP) porcine zona pellucida proteins was examined in order to determine the cause of abnormal estrous cycles. The majority of immunized bitches had ovarian cytes. Those immunized with cPZP had follicular cysts lined with a thin layer of granulosa cells, while in those immunized with pPZP, the cysts were lined by a basement membrane with a clump of luteinized cells. In two bitches immunized with cPZP, oocytes were present only in primordial follicles. Similar abnormalities were not found in a bitch immunized with human serum albumin or in 12 untreated bitches. Oocytes flushed from the oviducts of mated, immunized bitches were degenerating, which may have been a primary cause of infertility in such bitches. Ovaries studied 2-6 weeks after immunization showed no loss of gap junctional communication between oocytes and granulosa cells, nor was any inflammatory reaction seen. IgG was bound to the zona as revealed by fluoresceinated protein A staining of frozen sections of those ovaries. Abnormal estrous cycles in PZP-immunized bitches appear to result from follicular dysgenesis or cyst formation, but the etiology of these conditions is unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Mahi-Brown
- Department of Anatomy and Reproductive Biology, School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu
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46
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Claverie JM, Kourilsky P, Langlade-Demoyen P, Chalufour-Prochnicka A, Dadaglio G, Tekaia F, Plata F, Bougueleret L. T-immunogenic peptides are constituted of rare sequence patterns. Use in the identification of T epitopes in the human immunodeficiency virus gag protein. Eur J Immunol 1988; 18:1547-53. [PMID: 2461306 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830181012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The sequences of a set of 63 peptides of demonstrated T immunogenicity have been analyzed and compared with two different randomly generated sets of sequences. This study indicates a statistically significant tendency of T immunogenic peptides to be constituted of clusters of rare tetrapeptides, as evaluated from the available sequence data banks. This result has been used to locate potential T epitopes in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gag protein. Four peptides corresponding to the best candidate T epitopes (chosen in regions of conserved sequence among different virus isolates) have been synthesized and found to be recognized by a HIV-1-specific, HLA-A2-restricted human cytotoxic T cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Claverie
- Unité d'Informatique Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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47
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48
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Sidman CL, Luther EA, Marshall JD, Nguyen KA, Roopenian DC, Worthen SM. Increased expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens on lymphocytes from aged mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:7624-8. [PMID: 3313400 PMCID: PMC299352 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.21.7624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have reported age-related changes in immune responses that could be due to alterations in lymphoid cell numbers or functions. Here we report the results of studies using immunofluorescent staining and in vitro assays of cellular function to compare the expression of cell surface antigens on lymphocytes from mice up to 2 years of age. No significant changes were observed in the frequencies of spleen cells bearing class I or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, surface immunoglobulin, or Thy-1, Ly-1, Ly-2, or L3T4 antigens. However, the densities (per cell) of both class I and class II MHC antigens were increased significantly on cells from aged as compared to young mice, whereas the densities of the other cell surface antigens studied were unchanged or slightly decreased. The increased levels of MHC antigen expression in old relative to young mice were shown to be functionally significant regarding immunological stimulation. These data suggest that T-cell clones silent in young individuals may be activated in comparable situations in older animals, leading to immunological alterations perhaps including increased autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Sidman
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
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49
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Unanue ER, Allen PM. The basis for the immunoregulatory role of macrophages and other accessory cells. Science 1987; 236:551-7. [PMID: 2437650 DOI: 10.1126/science.2437650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 805] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages handle extracellular proteins and secrete diverse bioactive molecules and, therefore, influence the physiology of many tissues. They also have an important immunoregulatory role. The immune response to proteins involves the activation of the T helper subset of lymphocytes. The T helper cell is activated only when it interacts with the protein displayed on the surface of a macrophage or other accessory cell. This interaction involves restrictive proteins encoded in the major histocompatibility gene complex as well as growth-differentiating proteins.
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50
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Hutchinson IV. Experimental Transplantation. Clin Transplant 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-3217-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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