1
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Owen B, Thota K, Krüger T. Numerical investigation of heterogeneous soft particle pairs in inertial microfluidics. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:887-899. [PMID: 38175527 PMCID: PMC10807000 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01120h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The formation of pairs of particles or cells of different types in microfluidic channels can be desired or detrimental in healthcare applications. It is still unclear what role softness heterogeneity plays in the formation of these particle pairs. We use an in-house lattice-Boltzmann-immersed-boundary-finite-element solver to simulate a pair of particles with different softness flowing through a straight channel with a rectangular cross-section under initial conditions representative of a dilute suspension. We find that softness heterogeneity significantly affects the pair dynamics, determining whether a pair will form or not, and determining the lateral and inter-particle equilibrium behaviour in the pair. We also observe close matches between the transient deformation of particles in a linear pair and single particles in isolation. These results further our understanding of pair behaviour, providing a foundation for understanding particle train formation, and open up the potential to develop reduced-order models for particle pair formation based upon the behaviour of single particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Owen
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK.
| | - Krishnaveni Thota
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK.
| | - Timm Krüger
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK.
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2
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Magazzù A, Marcuello C. Investigation of Soft Matter Nanomechanics by Atomic Force Microscopy and Optical Tweezers: A Comprehensive Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13060963. [PMID: 36985857 PMCID: PMC10053849 DOI: 10.3390/nano13060963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Soft matter exhibits a multitude of intrinsic physico-chemical attributes. Their mechanical properties are crucial characteristics to define their performance. In this context, the rigidity of these systems under exerted load forces is covered by the field of biomechanics. Moreover, cellular transduction processes which are involved in health and disease conditions are significantly affected by exogenous biomechanical actions. In this framework, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and optical tweezers (OT) can play an important role to determine the biomechanical parameters of the investigated systems at the single-molecule level. This review aims to fully comprehend the interplay between mechanical forces and soft matter systems. In particular, we outline the capabilities of AFM and OT compared to other classical bulk techniques to determine nanomechanical parameters such as Young's modulus. We also provide some recent examples of nanomechanical measurements performed using AFM and OT in hydrogels, biopolymers and cellular systems, among others. We expect the present manuscript will aid potential readers and stakeholders to fully understand the potential applications of AFM and OT to soft matter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Magazzù
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, 98158 Mesina, Italy
- NLHT-Lab, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Carlos Marcuello
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-876555357
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3
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Deshmukh SS, Byaruhanga O, Tumwebaze P, Akin D, Greenhouse B, Egan ES, Demirci U. Automated Recognition of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites from Portable Blood Levitation Imaging. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105396. [PMID: 35957519 PMCID: PMC9534981 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In many malaria-endemic regions, current detection tools are inadequate in diagnostic accuracy and accessibility. To meet the need for direct, phenotypic, and automated malaria parasite detection in field settings, a portable platform to process, image, and analyze whole blood to detect Plasmodium falciparum parasites, is developed. The liberated parasites from lysed red blood cells suspended in a magnetic field are accurately detected using this cellphone-interfaced, battery-operated imaging platform. A validation study is conducted at Ugandan clinics, processing 45 malaria-negative and 36 malaria-positive clinical samples without external infrastructure. Texture and morphology features are extracted from the sample images, and a random forest classifier is trained to assess infection status, achieving 100% sensitivity and 91% specificity against gold-standard measurements (microscopy and polymerase chain reaction), and limit of detection of 31 parasites per µL. This rapid and user-friendly platform enables portable parasite detection and can support malaria diagnostics, surveillance, and research in resource-constrained environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya S. Deshmukh
- Department of BioengineeringStanford University Schools of Engineering and MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
- Canary Center for Early Cancer DetectionBioacoustic MEMS in Medicine LabDepartment of RadiologyStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCA94305USA
| | | | | | - Demir Akin
- Canary Center for Early Cancer DetectionBioacoustic MEMS in Medicine LabDepartment of RadiologyStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCA94305USA
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCA94110USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Egan
- Department of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center for Early Cancer DetectionBioacoustic MEMS in Medicine LabDepartment of RadiologyStanford University School of MedicinePalo AltoCA94305USA
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4
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Matthews K, Lamoureux ES, Myrand-Lapierre ME, Duffy SP, Ma H. Technologies for measuring red blood cell deformability. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1254-1274. [PMID: 35266475 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human red blood cells (RBCs) are approximately 8 μm in diameter, but must repeatedly deform through capillaries as small as 2 μm in order to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The loss of this capability is associated with the pathology of many diseases, and is therefore a potential biomarker for disease status and treatment efficacy. Measuring RBC deformability is a difficult problem because of the minute forces (∼pN) that must be exerted on these cells, as well as the requirements for throughput and multiplexing. The development of technologies for measuring RBC deformability date back to the 1960s with the development of micropipette aspiration, ektacytometry, and the cell transit analyzer. In the past 10 years, significant progress has been made using microfluidics by leveraging the ability to precisely control fluid flow through microstructures at the size scale of individual RBCs. These technologies have now surpassed traditional methods in terms of sensitivity, throughput, consistency, and ease of use. As a result, these efforts are beginning to move beyond feasibility studies and into applications to enable biomedical discoveries. In this review, we provide an overview of both traditional and microfluidic techniques for measuring RBC deformability. We discuss the capabilities of each technique and compare their sensitivity, throughput, and robustness in measuring bulk and single-cell RBC deformability. Finally, we discuss how these tools could be used to measure changes in RBC deformability in the context of various applications including pathologies caused by malaria and hemoglobinopathies, as well as degradation during storage in blood bags prior to blood transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerryn Matthews
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erik S Lamoureux
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Myrand-Lapierre
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Simon P Duffy
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Institute of Technology, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hongshen Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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5
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Cruz V, Cruz-Pantoja O, Tremblay R, Acevedo M. Animal trait variation at the within-individual level: erythrocyte size variation and malaria infection in a tropical lizard. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12761. [PMID: 35228904 PMCID: PMC8881909 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High levels of within-individual variation (WIV) in reiterative components in plants such as leaves, flowers, and fruits have been shown to increase individual fitness by multiple mechanisms including mediating interactions with natural enemies. This relationship between WIV and fitness has been studied almost exclusively in plant systems. While animals do not exhibit conspicuous reiterative components, they have traits that can vary at the individual level such as erythrocyte size. It is currently unknown if WIV in animals can influence individual fitness by mediating the outcome of interactions with natural enemies as it has been shown in plants. To address this issue, we tested for a relationship between WIV in erythrocyte size, hemoparasite infection status, and body condition (a proxy for fitness) in a Caribbean anole lizard. We quantified the coefficient of variation of adult erythrocytes size in $n = 95$ infected and $n = 107$ non-infected lizards. We found higher degrees of erythrocyte size variation in infected lizards than in non-infected individuals. However, we found no significant relationship between infection status or erythrocyte size variation, and lizard body condition. These results suggest that higher WIV in erythrocyte size in infected lizards is not necessarily adaptive but likely a consequence of the host response to infection. Many hemoparasites destroy their host cells as part of their life cycle. To compensate, the host lizard may respond by increasing production of erythrocytes resulting in higher WIV. Our results emphasize the need to better understand the role of within-animal variation as a neglected driver or consequence of ecological and evolutionary interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virnaliz Cruz
- School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America,Department of Environmental Science, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Rio Pidras, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Omar Cruz-Pantoja
- Department of Computer Science, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Rio Pidras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Raymond Tremblay
- Department of Biology, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Humacao, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Miguel Acevedo
- School of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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6
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Siddiqui G, Proellochs NI, Cooke BM. Identification of essential exported
Plasmodium falciparum
protein kinases in malaria‐infected red blood cells. Br J Haematol 2019; 188:774-783. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ghizal Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Nicholas I. Proellochs
- Department of Microbiology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
- Department of Medical Microbiology Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen the Netherlands
| | - Brian M. Cooke
- Department of Microbiology Biomedicine Discovery Institute Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine James Cook University Cairns Queensland Australia
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7
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Kwon S, Lee DH, Han SJ, Yang W, Quan FS, Kim KS. Biomechanical properties of red blood cells infected by Plasmodium berghei ANKA. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:20546-20553. [PMID: 30989677 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a pathogenic disease in mammal species and typically causes destruction of red blood cells (RBCs). The malaria-infected RBCs undergoes alterations in morphology and its rheological properties, and the altered rheological properties of RBCs have a significant impact on disease pathophysiology. In this study, we investigated detailed topological and biomechanical properties of RBCs infected with malaria Plasmodium berghei ANKA using atomic force microscopy. Mouse (BALB/c) RBCs were obtained on Days 4, 10, and 14 after infection. We found that malaria-infected RBCs changed significantly in shape. The RBCs maintained a biconcave disk shape until Day 4 after infection and then became lopsided on Day 7 after infection. The central region of RBCs began to swell beginning on Day 10 after infection. More schizont stages were present on Days 10 and 14 compared with on Day 4. The malaria-infected RBCs also showed changes in mechanical properties and the cytoskeleton. The stiffness of infected RBCs increased 4.4-4.6-fold and their cytoskeletal F-actin level increased 18.99-67.85% compared with the control cells. The increase in F-actin depending on infection time was in good agreement with the increased stiffness of infected RBCs. Because more schizont stages were found at a late period of infection at Days 10 and 14, the significant changes in biomechanical properties might contribute to the destruction of RBCs, possibly resulting in the release of merozoites into the blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Kwon
- Department of Physics, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jik Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woochul Yang
- Department of Physics, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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8
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Alkandahri MY, Berbudi A, Vicahyani Utami N, Subarnas A. Antimalarial activity of extract and fractions of Castanopsis costata (Blume) A.DC. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2019; 9:474-481. [PMID: 31516861 PMCID: PMC6727430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the biggest health problems in the world, which occurs in more than 90 countries, is the spread of malaria. Cep-cepan leaves (Castanopsis costata), was empirically used as an antimalarial herb in North Sumatra. Since its use has not been scientifically studied, we investigated the antimalarial activity of extract and fractions of C. costata against Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) in a mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS This experimental study was conducted using 32 male Balb/C mice. PbA inoculation was performed intraperitoneally with 106 parasites/mouse. Immediately after parasitemia reach >2% (day 0), the mice were treated orally with daily artesunate (36.4 mg/kg/day) (positive control), ethanolic extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day), and the fractions of water, ethyl acetate and n-hexane (108 mg/kg/day each) for 5 consecutive days (from day 0 to 4). Parasitemia inhibition was observed to determine the antimalarial activity of each type of C. costata extract and fractions. RESULTS The administration of C. costata leaves ethanolic extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the growth of PbA in Balb/C mice (42.66%, 66.2 1% and 80.99 % inhibition, respectively) (p<0.05). Similarly, all C. costata fractions also produced antimalarial activity against PbA with administration of the ethyl acetate fraction presenting the highest activity (79.85 % inhibition). CONCLUSION The C. costata leaves showed antimalarial activity against P bA. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this effect and the active compounds involved. Our current study revealed that C.costata could be a potential candidate to be used as a new antimalarial drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia.,Equal first author
| | - Afiat Berbudi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Parasitology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.,Equal first author,Corresponding Author: Tel: +62 82297033616,
| | - Novi Vicahyani Utami
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pharmacology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.
| | - Anas Subarnas
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia.
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9
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Miyazawa N, Hakamada M, Mabuchi M. Antimicrobial mechanisms due to hyperpolarisation induced by nanoporous Au. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3870. [PMID: 29497139 PMCID: PMC5832825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials such as nanoparticles exhibit remarkable antimicrobial activities. Nanoparticles directly disturb the cell membrane or cytoplasmic proteins because they pass through the cell wall. Nanoporous Au (NPG) is another antimicrobial nanomaterial, which cannot pass through the cell wall of bacteria but can still kill bacteria, utilising interactions between the surface of NPG and cell wall of bacteria. The origins of antimicrobial activities without direct interactions are unknown. It is necessary to elucidate these mechanisms to ensure safe usage. Here we show that the antimicrobial mechanism of NPG consists of two interactions: between the surface of NPG and cell wall, and between the cell wall and cell membrane. Fluorescent experiments showed that the cell wall was negatively hyperpolarised by NPG, and molecular dynamics simulations and first-principles calculations suggested that the hyperpolarisation of the cell wall leads to delicate structural changes in the membrane proteins, rendering them bactericidal. Thus, the hyperpolarisation induced by NPG plays a critical role in both interactions. The combination of molecular dynamics simulations and first-principles calculations allows a deeper understanding of the interactions between metallic surfaces and biomolecules, because charge transfer and exchange interactions are calculated exactly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Miyazawa
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Masataka Hakamada
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mamoru Mabuchi
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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10
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Ye T, Shi H, Phan-Thien N, Lim CT, Li Y. Relationship between transit time and mechanical properties of a cell through a stenosed microchannel. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:533-545. [PMID: 29308825 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01891f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The changes in the mechanical properties of a cell are not only the cause of some diseases, but can also be a biomarker for some disease states. In recent times, microfluidic devices with built-in constrictions have been widely used to measure these changes. The transit time in such devices, defined as the time that a cell takes to pass through a constriction, has been found to be a crucial factor associated with the cell mechanical properties. Here, we use smoothed dissipative particle dynamics (SDPD), a particle-based numerical method, to explore the relationship between the transit time and mechanical properties of a cell. Three expressions of the transit time are developed from our simulation data, with respect to the stenosed size of constrictions, the shear modulus and bending modulus of cells, respectively. We show that a convergent constriction (the inlet is wider than the outlet), and a sharp-corner constriction (the constriction outlet is narrow) are better in identifying the differences in the transit time of cells. Moreover, the transit time increases and gradually approaches a constant as the shear modulus of cells increases, but increases first and then decreases as the bending modulus increases. These results suggest that the mechanical properties of cells can indeed be measured by analyzing their transit time, based on the recommended microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Jilin University, China.
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11
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Kumar V, Kaur J, Singh AP, Singh V, Bisht A, Panda JJ, Mishra PC, Hora R. PHIST
c protein family members localize to different subcellular organelles and bind
Plasmodium falciparum
major virulence factor
Pf
EMP
‐1. FEBS J 2017; 285:294-312. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar India
| | - Jasweer Kaur
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar India
| | - Amrit P. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research New Delhi India
| | - Anjali Bisht
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology Mohali India
| | | | - Prakash C. Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar India
| | - Rachna Hora
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar India
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12
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Yan B, Ren J, Liu Y, Huang H, Zheng X, Zou Q. Study of Cholesterol Repletion Effect on Nanomechanical Properties of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell Via Rapid Broadband Atomic Force Microscopy. J Biomech Eng 2017; 139:2588202. [PMID: 27893051 DOI: 10.1115/1.4035260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities of blood cholesterol concentration are associated with increased risks for vascular disease, especially heart attacks and strokes. As one of the main lipid components of plasma membrane in all mammalian cells, cholesterol has a major impact on the mechanical properties of the membrane of endothelial cells. Although the effect of cholesterol depletion on cell mechanical properties has been studied, no results yet have been reported on quantitative investigation of cholesterol repletion effect. In this study, the cholesterol repletion effect on the nanomechanical properties of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (EA.hy926) was studied using a control-based atomic force microscope (AFM) nanomechanical measurement protocol. The viscoelasticity of EA.hy926 cells were measured over a large frequency range (0.1-100 Hz) using both constant-rate excitation force with different loading rates and a broadband excitation force. The viscoelasticity oscillation of the cell membranes under the cholesterol effect was also monitored in real-time. The experiment results showed that under the effect of cholesterol repletion, both the Young's modulus and the complex modulus of EA.hy926 cell were increased over 30%, respectively, and moreover, the amplitudes of both the elasticity oscillation and the viscosity oscillation at a period of around 200 s were increased over 70%, respectively. Therefore, this work is among the first to investigate the mechanical properties, particularly, the broadband viscoelasticity variations of EA.hy926 cells under cholesterol repletion treatment. The results revealed that cholesterol repletion may reinforce the coupling of F-actin to plasma membrane by increasing actin stability, and the cholesterol might have modified the submembrane cytoskeletal organization of EA.hy926 cell by causing the involvement of the motor protein nonmuscle myosin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yan
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of Electrical Science and Engineering, Chengdu 60054, China
| | - Juan Ren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Huarong Huang
- Allan H. Conney Laboratory, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Department of Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Qingze Zou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 e-mail:
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13
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Factors Diminishing Cytoadhesion of Red Blood Cells Infected by Plasmodium falciparum in Arterioles. Biophys J 2017; 113:1163-1172. [PMID: 28877497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoadhesion of red blood cells infected by Plasmodium falciparum (Pf-IRBCs) is predominantly found in postcapillary venules, rather than in arterioles. However, factors influencing this phenomenon remain unclear. Here, we conduct a systematic study using a numerical model coupling the fluid and solid mechanics of the cells and cellular environment with the biochemical ligand-receptor interaction. Our results show that, once a Pf-IRBC adheres to the vascular wall, the Pf-IRBC can withstand even arteriole shear stresses, and exhibits either rolling or firm adhesion. We also perform a simulation of the multistep process of cytoadhesion, consisting of flow, margination, capture, and rolling or firm adhesion. This multistep simulation suggests that a lower probability of contact with the vascular wall at high shear rates may diminish adherent Pf-IRBCs in the arterioles.
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14
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Charnaud SC, Dixon MWA, Nie CQ, Chappell L, Sanders PR, Nebl T, Hanssen E, Berriman M, Chan JA, Blanch AJ, Beeson JG, Rayner JC, Przyborski JM, Tilley L, Crabb BS, Gilson PR. The exported chaperone Hsp70-x supports virulence functions for Plasmodium falciparum blood stage parasites. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181656. [PMID: 28732045 PMCID: PMC5521827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by five different Plasmodium spp. in humans each of which modifies the host erythrocyte to survive and replicate. The two main causes of malaria, P. falciparum and P. vivax, differ in their ability to cause severe disease, mainly due to differences in the cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes (IE) in the microvasculature. Cytoadhesion of P. falciparum in the brain leads to a large number of deaths each year and is a consequence of exported parasite proteins, some of which modify the erythrocyte cytoskeleton while others such as PfEMP1 project onto the erythrocyte surface where they bind to endothelial cells. Here we investigate the effects of knocking out an exported Hsp70-type chaperone termed Hsp70-x that is present in P. falciparum but not P. vivax. Although the growth of Δhsp70-x parasites was unaffected, the export of PfEMP1 cytoadherence proteins was delayed and Δhsp70-x IE had reduced adhesion. The Δhsp70-x IE were also more rigid than wild-type controls indicating changes in the way the parasites modified their host erythrocyte. To investigate the cause of this, transcriptional and translational changes in exported and chaperone proteins were monitored and some changes were observed. We propose that PfHsp70-x is not essential for survival in vitro, but may be required for the efficient export and functioning of some P. falciparum exported proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W. A. Dixon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Lia Chappell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Nebl
- Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Hanssen
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Berriman
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jo-Anne Chan
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam J. Blanch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Julian C. Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan S. Crabb
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Mokbel M, Mokbel D, Mietke A, Träber N, Girardo S, Otto O, Guck J, Aland S. Numerical Simulation of Real-Time Deformability Cytometry To Extract Cell Mechanical Properties. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2962-2973. [PMID: 33418716 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of cell stiffness is an important part of biological research with diverse applications in biology, biotechnology and medicine. Real-time deformability cytometry (RT-DC) is a new method to probe cell stiffness at high throughput by flushing cells through a microfluidic channel where cell deformation provides an indicator for cell stiffness (Otto et al. Real-time deformability cytometry: on-the-fly cell 725 mechanical phenotyping. Nat. Methods 2015, 12, 199-202). Here, we propose a full numerical model for single cells in a flow channel to quantitatively relate cell deformation to mechanical parameters. Thereby the cell is modeled as a viscoelastic material surrounded by a thin shell cortex, subject to bending stiffness and cortical surface tension. For small deformations our results show good agreement with a previously developed analytical model that neglects the influence of cell deformation on the fluid flow (Mietke et al. Extracting Cell Stiffness from Real-Time Deformability Cytometry: 728 Theory and Experiment. Biophys. J. 2015, 109, 2023-2036). Including linear elasticity as well as neo-Hookean hyperelasticity, our model is valid in a wide range of cell deformations and allows to extract cell stiffness for largely deformed cells. We introduce a new measure for cell deformation that is capable to distinguish between deformation effects stemming from cell cortex and cell bulk elasticity. Finally, we demonstrate the potential of the method to simultaneously quantify multiple mechanical cell parameters by RT-DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mokbel
- Institute of Scientific Computing, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 12-14, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - D Mokbel
- Institute of Scientific Computing, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 12-14, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - A Mietke
- Max-Planck-Institute for Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - N Träber
- Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - S Girardo
- Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - O Otto
- Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Center for Innovation Competence, University of Greifswald, Fleischmannstrasse 42-44, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Guck
- Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - S Aland
- Institute of Scientific Computing, TU Dresden, Zellescher Weg 12-14, 01069 Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Informatics/Mathematics, HTW Dresden, Friedrich-List-Platz 1, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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16
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The Rheopathobiology of Plasmodium vivax and Other Important Primate Malaria Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2016; 33:321-334. [PMID: 28040374 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our current understanding of how malaria parasites remodel their host red blood cells (RBCs) and ultimately cause disease is largely based on studies of Plasmodium falciparum. In this review, we expand our knowledge to include what is currently known about pathophysiological changes to RBCs that are infected by non-falciparum malaria parasites. We highlight the potential folly of making generalizations about the rheology of malaria infection, and emphasize the need for more systematic studies into the erythrocytic biology of non-falciparum malaria parasites. We propose that a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the changes to RBCs induced by malaria parasites other than P. falciparum may be highly informative for the development of therapeutics that specifically disrupt the altered rheological profile of RBCs infected with either sexual- or asexual-stage parasites, resulting in drugs that block transmission, reduce disease severity, and help delay the onset of resistance to current and future anti-malaria drugs.
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17
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Polwaththe-Gallage HN, Saha SC, Sauret E, Flower R, Senadeera W, Gu Y. SPH-DEM approach to numerically simulate the deformation of three-dimensional RBCs in non-uniform capillaries. Biomed Eng Online 2016; 15:161. [PMID: 28155717 PMCID: PMC5260140 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-016-0256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood continuously flows through the blood vessels in the human body. When blood flows through the smallest blood vessels, red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood exhibit various types of motion and deformed shapes. Computational modelling techniques can be used to successfully predict the behaviour of the RBCs in capillaries. In this study, we report the application of a meshfree particle approach to model and predict the motion and deformation of three-dimensional RBCs in capillaries. Methods An elastic spring network based on the discrete element method (DEM) is employed to model the three-dimensional RBC membrane. The haemoglobin in the RBC and the plasma in the blood are modelled as smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) particles. For validation purposes, the behaviour of a single RBC in a simple shear flow is examined and compared against experimental results. Then simulations are carried out to predict the behaviour of RBCs in a capillary; (i) the motion of five identical RBCs in a uniform capillary, (ii) the motion of five identical RBCs with different bending stiffness (Kb) values in a stenosed capillary, (iii) the motion of three RBCs in a narrow capillary. Finally five identical RBCs are employed to determine the critical diameter of a stenosed capillary. Results Validation results showed a good agreement with less than 10% difference. From the above simulations, the following results are obtained; (i) RBCs exhibit different deformation behaviours due to the hydrodynamic interaction between them. (ii) Asymmetrical deformation behaviours of the RBCs are clearly observed when the bending stiffness (Kb) of the RBCs is changed. (iii) The model predicts the ability of the RBCs to squeeze through smaller blood vessels. Finally, from the simulations, the critical diameter of the stenosed section to stop the motion of blood flow is predicted. Conclusions A three-dimensional spring network model based on DEM in combination with the SPH method is successfully used to model the motion and deformation of RBCs in capillaries. Simulation results reveal that the condition of blood flow stopping depends on the pressure gradient of the capillary and the severity of stenosis of the capillary. In addition, this model is capable of predicting the critical diameter which prevents motion of RBCs for different blood pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasitha-Nayanajith Polwaththe-Gallage
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2-George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Suvash C Saha
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2-George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Emilie Sauret
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2-George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Robert Flower
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Wijitha Senadeera
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2-George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - YuanTong Gu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2-George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.
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18
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He X, Nguyen CV, Pratap M, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Nisbet DR, Williams RJ, Rug M, Maier AG, Lee WM. Automated Fourier space region-recognition filtering for off-axis digital holographic microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3111-23. [PMID: 27570702 PMCID: PMC4986818 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Automated label-free quantitative imaging of biological samples can greatly benefit high throughput diseases diagnosis. Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a powerful quantitative label-free imaging tool that retrieves structural details of cellular samples non-invasively. In off-axis DHM, a proper spatial filtering window in Fourier space is crucial to the quality of reconstructed phase image. Here we describe a region-recognition approach that combines shape recognition with an iterative thresholding method to extracts the optimal shape of frequency components. The region recognition technique offers fully automated adaptive filtering that can operate with a variety of samples and imaging conditions. When imaging through optically scattering biological hydrogel matrix, the technique surpasses previous histogram thresholding techniques without requiring any manual intervention. Finally, we automate the extraction of the statistical difference of optical height between malaria parasite infected and uninfected red blood cells. The method described here paves way to greater autonomy in automated DHM imaging for imaging live cell in thick cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei He
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Chuong Vinh Nguyen
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Robotics Vision, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mrinalini Pratap
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yujie Zheng
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yi Wang
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David R Nisbet
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Richard J Williams
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering and the Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melanie Rug
- Centre for Advanced Microscopy, ANU College of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Alexander G Maier
- Research School of Biology, College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Woei Ming Lee
- Research School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia; Australia Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Australia;
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19
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Kasetsirikul S, Buranapong J, Srituravanich W, Kaewthamasorn M, Pimpin A. The development of malaria diagnostic techniques: a review of the approaches with focus on dielectrophoretic and magnetophoretic methods. Malar J 2016; 15:358. [PMID: 27405995 PMCID: PMC4942956 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The large number of deaths caused by malaria each year has increased interest in the development of effective malaria diagnoses. At the early-stage of infection, patients show non-specific symptoms or are asymptomatic, which makes it difficult for clinical diagnosis, especially in non-endemic areas. Alternative diagnostic methods that are timely and effective are required to identify infections, particularly in field settings. This article reviews conventional malaria diagnostic methods together with recently developed techniques for both malaria detection and infected erythrocyte separation. Although many alternative techniques have recently been proposed and studied, dielectrophoretic and magnetophoretic approaches are among the promising new techniques due to their high specificity for malaria parasite-infected red blood cells. The two approaches are discussed in detail, including their principles, types, applications and limitations. In addition, other recently developed techniques, such as cell deformability and morphology, are also overviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surasak Kasetsirikul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Jirayut Buranapong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Werayut Srituravanich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Morakot Kaewthamasorn
- Animal Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, The Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Pimpin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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20
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Bertin GI, Sabbagh A, Argy N, Salnot V, Ezinmegnon S, Agbota G, Ladipo Y, Alao JM, Sagbo G, Guillonneau F, Deloron P. Proteomic analysis of Plasmodium falciparum parasites from patients with cerebral and uncomplicated malaria. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26773. [PMID: 27245217 PMCID: PMC4887788 DOI: 10.1038/srep26773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is responsible of severe malaria, including cerebral malaria (CM). During its intra-erythrocytic maturation, parasite-derived proteins are expressed, exported and presented at the infected erythrocyte membrane. To identify new CM-specific parasite membrane proteins, we conducted a mass spectrometry-based proteomic study and compared the protein expression profiles between 9 CM and 10 uncomplicated malaria (UM) samples. Among the 1097 Plasmodium proteins identified, we focused on the 499 membrane-associated and hypothetical proteins for comparative analysis. Filter-based feature selection methods combined with supervised data analysis identified a subset of 29 proteins distinguishing CM and UM samples with high classification accuracy. A hierarchical clustering analysis of these 29 proteins based on the similarity of their expression profiles revealed two clusters of 15 and 14 proteins, respectively under- and over-expressed in CM. Among the over-expressed proteins, the MESA protein is expressed at the erythrocyte membrane, involved in proteins trafficking and in the export of variant surface antigens (VSAs), but without antigenic function. Antigen 332 protein is exported at the erythrocyte, also involved in protein trafficking and in VSAs export, and exposed to the immune system. Our proteomics data demonstrate an association of selected proteins in the pathophysiology of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwladys I Bertin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR216 - MERIT, Paris, France.,COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75006, France
| | - Audrey Sabbagh
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR216 - MERIT, Paris, France.,COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75006, France
| | - Nicolas Argy
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR216 - MERIT, Paris, France.,COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75006, France.,Parasitology laboratory, Bichat-Claude Bernard hospital, Paris 75018, France.,French national reference center of malaria laboratory, Bichat-Claude Bernard hospital, Paris 75018, France
| | - Virginie Salnot
- COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75006, France.,3P5 Proteomics facility, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Sem Ezinmegnon
- Centre d'Étude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Gino Agbota
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR216 - MERIT, Paris, France.,COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75006, France.,Centre d'Étude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et l'Enfance (CERPAGE), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Yélé Ladipo
- Paediatric Department, Mother and child hospital (HOMEL), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Jules M Alao
- Paediatric Department, Mother and child hospital (HOMEL), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Gratien Sagbo
- Paediatric Department, Centre National Hospitalo-Universitaire (CNHU), Cotonou, Benin
| | - François Guillonneau
- COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75006, France.,3P5 Proteomics facility, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Deloron
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR216 - MERIT, Paris, France.,COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75006, France
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21
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Soni R, Sharma D, Bhatt TK. Plasmodium falciparum Secretome in Erythrocyte and Beyond. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:194. [PMID: 26925057 PMCID: PMC4759260 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of deadly malaria disease. It is an intracellular eukaryote and completes its multi-stage life cycle spanning the two hosts viz, mosquito and human. In order to habituate within host environment, parasite conform several strategies to evade host immune responses such as surface antigen polymorphism or modulation of host immune system and it is mediated by secretion of proteins from parasite to the host erythrocyte and beyond, collectively known as, malaria secretome. In this review, we will discuss about the deployment of parasitic secretory protein in mechanism implicated for immune evasion, protein trafficking, providing virulence, changing permeability and cyto-adherence of infected erythrocyte. We will be covering the possibilities of developing malaria secretome as a drug/vaccine target. This gathered information will be worthwhile in depicting a well-organized picture for host-pathogen interplay during the malaria infection and may also provide some clues for the development of novel anti-malarial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Soni
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Rajasthan, India
| | - Drista Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Rajasthan, India
| | - Tarun K Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan Rajasthan, India
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22
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Malaria Parasite Proteins and Their Role in Alteration of the Structure and Function of Red Blood Cells. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2015; 91:1-86. [PMID: 27015947 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium spp., continues to be a major threat to human health and a significant cause of socioeconomic hardship in many countries. Almost half of the world's population live in malaria-endemic regions and many of them suffer one or more, often life-threatening episodes of malaria every year, the symptoms of which are attributable to replication of the parasite within red blood cells (RBCs). In the case of Plasmodium falciparum, the species responsible for most malaria-related deaths, parasite replication within RBCs is accompanied by striking alterations to the morphological, biochemical and biophysical properties of the host cell that are essential for the parasites' survival. To achieve this, the parasite establishes a unique and extensive protein export network in the infected RBC, dedicating at least 6% of its genome to the process. Understanding the full gamut of proteins involved in this process and the mechanisms by which P. falciparum alters the structure and function of RBCs is important both for a more complete understanding of the pathogenesis of malaria and for development of new therapeutic strategies to prevent or treat this devastating disease. This review focuses on what is currently known about exported parasite proteins, their interactions with the RBC and their likely pathophysiological consequences.
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23
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Santoso AT, Deng X, Lee JH, Matthews K, Duffy SP, Islamzada E, McFaul SM, Myrand-Lapierre ME, Ma H. Microfluidic cell-phoresis enabling high-throughput analysis of red blood cell deformability and biophysical screening of antimalarial drugs. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4451-4460. [PMID: 26477590 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00945f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Changes in red blood cell (RBC) deformability are associated with the pathology of many diseases and could potentially be used to evaluate disease status and treatment efficacy. We developed a simple, sensitive, and multiplexed RBC deformability assay based on the spatial dispersion of single cells in structured microchannels. This mechanism is analogous to gel electrophoresis, but instead of transporting molecules through nano-structured material to measure their length, RBCs are transported through micro-structured material to measure their deformability. After transport, the spatial distribution of cells provides a readout similar to intensity bands in gel electrophoresis, enabling simultaneous measurement on multiple samples. We used this approach to study the biophysical signatures of falciparum malaria, for which we demonstrate label-free and calibration-free detection of ring-stage infection, as well as in vitro assessment of antimalarial drug efficacy. We show that clinical antimalarial drugs universally reduce the deformability of RBCs infected by Plasmodium falciparum and that recently discovered PfATP4 inhibitors, known to induce host-mediated parasite clearance, display a distinct biophysical signature. Our process captures key advantages from gel electrophoresis, including image-based readout and multiplexing, to provide a functional screen for new antimalarials and adjunctive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline T Santoso
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada.
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada.
| | - Jeong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada.
| | - Kerryn Matthews
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada.
| | - Simon P Duffy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada.
| | - Emel Islamzada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada.
| | - Sarah M McFaul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada.
| | - Marie-Eve Myrand-Lapierre
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada.
| | - Hongshen Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4 Canada. and Department of Urologic Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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24
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Suresh S, Spatz J, Mills JP, Micoulet A, Dao M, Lim CT, Beil M, Seufferlein T. Reprint of: Connections between single-cell biomechanics and human disease states: gastrointestinal cancer and malaria. Acta Biomater 2015; 23 Suppl:S3-15. [PMID: 26235344 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigate connections between single-cell mechanical properties and subcellular structural reorganization from biochemical factors in the context of two distinctly different human diseases: gastrointestinal tumor and malaria. Although the cell lineages and the biochemical links to pathogenesis are vastly different in these two cases, we compare and contrast chemomechanical pathways whereby intracellular structural rearrangements lead to global changes in mechanical deformability of the cell. This single-cell biomechanical response, in turn, seems to mediate cell mobility and thereby facilitates disease progression in situations where the elastic modulus increases or decreases due to membrane or cytoskeleton reorganization. We first present new experiments on elastic response and energy dissipation under repeated tensile loading of epithelial pancreatic cancer cells in force- or displacement-control. Energy dissipation from repeated stretching significantly increases and the cell's elastic modulus decreases after treatment of Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells with sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), a bioactive lipid that influences cancer metastasis. When the cell is treated instead with lysophosphatidic acid, which facilitates actin stress fiber formation, neither energy dissipation nor modulus is noticeably affected. Integrating recent studies with our new observations, we ascribe these trends to possible SPC-induced reorganization primarily of keratin network to perinuclear region of cell; the intermediate filament fraction of the cytoskeleton thus appears to dominate deformability of the epithelial cell. Possible consequences of these results to cell mobility and cancer metastasis are postulated. We then turn attention to progressive changes in mechanical properties of the human red blood cell (RBC) infected with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We present, for the first time, continuous force-displacement curves obtained from in-vitro deformation of RBC with optical tweezers for different intracellular developmental stages of parasite. The shear modulus of RBC is found to increase up to 10-fold during parasite development, which is a noticeably greater effect than that from prior estimates. By integrating our new experimental results with published literature on deformability of Plasmodium-harbouring RBC, we examine the biochemical conditions mediating increases or decreases in modulus, and their implications for disease progression. Some general perspectives on connections among structure, single-cell mechanical properties and biological responses associated with pathogenic processes are also provided in the context of the two diseases considered in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suresh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Division of Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 8-309, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA; Division of Biological Engineering and Affiliated Faculty of the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.
| | - J Spatz
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, INF 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J P Mills
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Division of Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 8-309, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - A Micoulet
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, INF 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Division of Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 8-309, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - C T Lim
- Division of Bioengineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - M Beil
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Ulm, 89071 Ulm, Germany
| | - T Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Ulm, 89071 Ulm, Germany
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Dahl JB, Lin JMG, Muller SJ, Kumar S. Microfluidic Strategies for Understanding the Mechanics of Cells and Cell-Mimetic Systems. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2015; 6:293-317. [PMID: 26134738 PMCID: PMC5217707 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061114-123407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic systems are attracting increasing interest for the high-throughput measurement of cellular biophysical properties and for the creation of engineered cellular microenvironments. Here we review recent applications of microfluidic technologies to the mechanics of living cells and synthetic cell-mimetic systems. We begin by discussing the use of microfluidic devices to dissect the mechanics of cellular mimics, such as capsules and vesicles. We then explore applications to circulating cells, including erythrocytes and other normal blood cells, and rare populations with potential disease diagnostic value, such as circulating tumor cells. We conclude by discussing how microfluidic devices have been used to investigate the mechanics, chemotaxis, and invasive migration of adherent cells. In these ways, microfluidic technologies represent an increasingly important toolbox for investigating cellular mechanics and motility at high throughput and in a format that lends itself to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna B. Dahl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jung-Ming G. Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, UC-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- The UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Susan J. Muller
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, UC-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
- The UC Berkeley/UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA 94720
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26
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Kats LM, Proellocks NI, Buckingham DW, Blanc L, Hale J, Guo X, Pei X, Herrmann S, Hanssen EG, Coppel RL, Mohandas N, An X, Cooke BM. Interactions between Plasmodium falciparum skeleton-binding protein 1 and the membrane skeleton of malaria-infected red blood cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2015; 1848:1619-1628. [PMID: 25883090 PMCID: PMC4638388 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During development inside red blood cells (RBCs), Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites export proteins that associate with the RBC membrane skeleton. These interactions cause profound changes to the biophysical properties of RBCs that underpin the often severe and fatal clinical manifestations of falciparum malaria. P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is one such exported parasite protein that plays a major role in malaria pathogenesis since its exposure on the parasitised RBC surface mediates their adhesion to vascular endothelium and placental syncytioblasts. En route to the RBC membrane skeleton, PfEMP1 transiently associates with Maurer's clefts (MCs), parasite-derived membranous structures in the RBC cytoplasm. We have previously shown that a resident MC protein, skeleton-binding protein 1 (SBP1), is essential for the placement of PfEMP1 onto the RBC surface and hypothesised that the function of SBP1 may be to target MCs to the RBC membrane. Since this would require additional protein interactions, we set out to identify binding partners for SBP1. Using a combination of approaches, we have defined the region of SBP1 that binds specifically to defined sub-domains of two major components of the RBC membrane skeleton, protein 4.1R and spectrin. We show that these interactions serve as one mechanism to anchor MCs to the RBC membrane skeleton, however, while they appear to be necessary, they are not sufficient for the translocation of PfEMP1 onto the RBC surface. The N-terminal domain of SBP1 that resides within the lumen of MCs clearly plays an essential, but presently unknown role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev M. Kats
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | | | | | - John Hale
- New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Xinhua Guo
- New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Xinhong Pei
- New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Susann Herrmann
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Eric G. Hanssen
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ross L. Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | - Xiuli An
- New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Brian M. Cooke
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Immunoprofiling of the tryptophan-rich antigen family in Plasmodium vivax. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3083-95. [PMID: 25987709 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03067-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan-rich antigens (TRAgs) are an antigen family that has been identified in human and rodent malaria parasites. TRAgs have been proposed as candidate antigens for potential vaccines. The Plasmodium vivax TRAg (PvTRAg) family includes 36 members. Each PvTRAg contains a tryptophan-rich (TR) domain in the C-terminal region. In this study, we recombinantly expressed all 36 PvTRAgs using a cell-free expression system, and, for the first time, profiled the IgG antibody responses against all PvTRAgs in the sera from 96 vivax malaria patients and 40 healthy individuals using protein microarray technology. The mean seropositive rate for all PvTRAgs was 60.3%. Among them, nine PvTRAgs were newly identified in this study and showed a seropositive rate of >50%. Five of them, PvTRAg_13, PvTRAg_15, PvTRAg_16, PvTRAg_26, and PvTRAg_29, produced higher levels of IgG antibody, even in low-endemicity countries. In addition, the results of an immunofluorescence analysis suggest that PvTRAgs are, at least in part, associated with caveola-vesicle complexes, a unique structure of P. vivax-infected erythrocytes. The mechanism of formation and the function of these abundant membrane structures are not known. Further investigation aimed at determining the functions of these proteins would lead to a better understanding of the blood-stage biology of P. vivax.
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28
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Tibúrcio M, Sauerwein R, Lavazec C, Alano P. Erythrocyte remodeling by Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in the human host interplay. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:270-8. [PMID: 25824624 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The spread of malaria critically relies on the presence of Plasmodium transmission stages - the gametocytes - circulating in the blood of an infected individual, which are taken up by Anopheles mosquitoes. A striking feature of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes is their long development inside the erythrocytes while sequestered in the internal organs of the human host. Recent studies of the molecular and cellular remodeling of the host erythrocyte induced by P. falciparum during gametocyte maturation are shedding light on how these may affect the establishment and maintenance of sequestration of the immature transmission stages and the subsequent release and circulation of mature gametocytes in the peripheral bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tibúrcio
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena n.299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Robert Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Nijmegen HB 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Lavazec
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75270 Paris, France
| | - Pietro Alano
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena n.299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Defects in Erythrocyte Membrane Skeletal Architecture. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 842:41-59. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11280-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Geislinger TM, Chan S, Moll K, Wixforth A, Wahlgren M, Franke T. Label-free microfluidic enrichment of ring-stage Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells using non-inertial hydrodynamic lift. Malar J 2014; 13:375. [PMID: 25238792 PMCID: PMC4179788 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding of malaria pathogenesis caused by Plasmodium falciparum has been greatly deepened since the introduction of in vitro culture system, but the lack of a method to enrich ring-stage parasites remains a technical challenge. Here, a novel way to enrich red blood cells containing parasites in the early ring stage is described and demonstrated. METHODS A simple, straight polydimethylsiloxane microchannel connected to two syringe pumps for sample injection and two height reservoirs for sample collection is used to enrich red blood cells containing parasites in the early ring stage (8-10 h p.i.). The separation is based on the non-inertial hydrodynamic lift effect, a repulsive cell-wall interaction that enables continuous and label-free separation with deformability as intrinsic marker. RESULTS The possibility to enrich red blood cells containing P. falciparum parasites at ring stage with a throughput of ~12,000 cells per hour and an average enrichment factor of 4.3 ± 0.5 is demonstrated. CONCLUSION The method allows for the enrichment of red blood cells early after the invasion by P. falciparum parasites continuously and without any need to label the cells. The approach promises new possibilities to increase the sensitivity of downstream analyses like genomic- or diagnostic tests. The device can be produced as a cheap, disposable chip with mass production technologies and works without expensive peripheral equipment. This makes the approach interesting for the development of new devices for field use in resource poor settings and environments, e.g. with the aim to increase the sensitivity of microscope malaria diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Geislinger
- />Experimental Physics I, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
- />Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- />Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Sherwin Chan
- />Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsten Moll
- />Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Achim Wixforth
- />Experimental Physics I, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
- />Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Mats Wahlgren
- />Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 280, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Franke
- />Experimental Physics I, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
- />Nanosystems Initiative Munich, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
- />Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Avenue, G12 8LT Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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31
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Export of virulence proteins by malaria-infected erythrocytes involves remodeling of host actin cytoskeleton. Blood 2014; 124:3459-68. [PMID: 25139348 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-06-583054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Following invasion of human red blood cells (RBCs) by the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, a remarkable process of remodeling occurs in the host cell mediated by trafficking of several hundred effector proteins to the RBC compartment. The exported virulence protein, P falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), is responsible for cytoadherence of infected cells to host endothelial receptors. Maurer clefts are organelles essential for protein trafficking, sorting, and assembly of protein complexes. Here we demonstrate that disruption of PfEMP1 trafficking protein 1 (PfPTP1) function leads to severe alterations in the architecture of Maurer's clefts. Furthermore, 2 major surface antigen families, PfEMP1 and STEVOR, are no longer displayed on the host cell surface leading to ablation of cytoadherence to host receptors. PfPTP1 functions in a large complex of proteins and is required for linking of Maurer's clefts to the host actin cytoskeleton.
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32
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Maturation of Plasmodium falciparum in multiply infected erythrocytes and the potential role in malaria pathogenesis. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:4045-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4073-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Oberli A, Slater LM, Cutts E, Brand F, Mundwiler-Pachlatko E, Rusch S, Masik MFG, Erat MC, Beck HP, Vakonakis I. A Plasmodium falciparum PHIST protein binds the virulence factor PfEMP1 and comigrates to knobs on the host cell surface. FASEB J 2014; 28:4420-33. [PMID: 24983468 PMCID: PMC4202109 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-256057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Uniquely among malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (iRBCs) develop membrane protrusions, known as knobs, where the parasite adhesion receptor P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) clusters. Knob formation and the associated iRBC adherence to host endothelium are directly linked to the severity of malaria and are functional manifestations of protein export from the parasite to the iRBC. A family of exported proteins featuring Plasmodium helical interspersed subtelomeric (PHIST) domains has attracted attention, with members being implicated in host-parasite protein interactions and differentially regulated in severe disease and among parasite isolates. Here, we show that PHIST member PFE1605w binds the PfEMP1 intracellular segment directly with Kd = 5 ± 0.6 μM, comigrates with PfEMP1 during export, and locates in knobs. PHIST variants that do not locate in knobs (MAL8P1.4) or bind PfEMP1 30 times more weakly (PFI1780w) used as controls did not display the same pattern. We resolved the first crystallographic structure of a PHIST protein and derived a partial model of the PHIST-PfEMP1 interaction from nuclear magnetic resonance. We propose that PFE1605w reinforces the PfEMP1-cytoskeletal connection in knobs and discuss the possible role of PHIST proteins as interaction hubs in the parasite exportome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Oberli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Leanne M Slater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erin Cutts
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Françoise Brand
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Esther Mundwiler-Pachlatko
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Sebastian Rusch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
| | | | - Michèle C Erat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hans-Peter Beck
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and
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Rigat-Brugarolas LG, Elizalde-Torrent A, Bernabeu M, De Niz M, Martin-Jaular L, Fernandez-Becerra C, Homs-Corbera A, Samitier J, del Portillo HA. A functional microengineered model of the human splenon-on-a-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1715-1724. [PMID: 24663955 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51449h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ specialized in the filtration of senescent, damaged, or infected red blood cells. This unique filtering capacity is largely due to blood microcirculation through filtration beds of the splenic red pulp in an open-slow microcirculation compartment where the hematocrit increases, facilitating the recognition and destruction of unhealthy red blood cells by specialized macrophages. Moreover, in sinusal spleens such as those of humans, blood in the open-slow microcirculation compartment has a unidirectional passage through interendothelial slits before reaching the venous system. This further physical constraint represents a second stringent test for erythrocytes ensuring elimination of those cells lacking deformability. With the aim of replicating the filtering function of the spleen on a chip, we have designed a novel microengineered device mimicking the hydrodynamic forces and the physical properties of the splenon, the minimal functional unit of the red pulp able to maintain filtering functions. In this biomimetic platform, we have evaluated the mechanical and physiological responses of the splenon using human red blood cells and malaria-infected cells. This novel device should facilitate future functional studies of the spleen in relation to malaria and other hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Rigat-Brugarolas
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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35
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Proellocks NI, Herrmann S, Buckingham DW, Hanssen E, Hodges EK, Elsworth B, Morahan BJ, Coppel RL, Cooke BM. A lysine-rich membrane-associated PHISTb protein involved in alteration of the cytoadhesive properties of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells. FASEB J 2014; 28:3103-13. [PMID: 24706359 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-250399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The genomes of malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) contain a family of genes encoding proteins with a Plasmodium helical interspersed subtelomeric (PHIST) domain, most of which are predicted to be exported into the parasite-infected human red blood cell (iRBC). Here, using transgenic parasites and a combination of cellular, biochemical, and biophysical assays, we have characterized and determined the function of a novel member of the PHIST protein family in Plasmodium falciparum, termed lysine-rich membrane-associated PHISTb (LyMP). LyMP was shown to associate directly with the cytoskeleton of iRBCs where it plays a role in their abnormal ability to adhere to a protein expressed on vascular endothelial cells, resulting in sequestration. Deletion of LyMP dramatically reduced adhesion of iRBCs to CD36 by 55%, which was completely restored to wild-type levels on complementation. Intriguingly, in the absence of LyMP, formation of RBC membrane knobs and the level of surface exposure of the parasites' major cytoadhesive ligand, PfEMP1, were identical to those for the parental parasite line, demonstrating for the first time an additional mechanism that enhances cytoadherence of iRBCs beyond those already recognized. Our findings identify LyMP as a previously unknown RBC cytoskeletal-binding protein that is likely to be of major significance in the complex pathophysiology of falciparum malaria.-Proellocks, N. I., Herrmann, S., Buckingham, D. W., Hanssen, E., Hodges, E. K., Elsworth, B., Morahan, B. J., Coppel, R. L., Cooke, B. M. A lysine-rich membrane-associated PHISTb protein involved in alteration of the cytoadhesive properties of Plasmodium falciparum infected red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susann Herrmann
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Eric Hanssen
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma K Hodges
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Brendan Elsworth
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Belinda J Morahan
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Ross L Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Brian M Cooke
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; and
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Kats LM, Fernandez KM, Glenister FK, Herrmann S, Buckingham DW, Siddiqui G, Sharma L, Bamert R, Lucet I, Guillotte M, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Cooke BM. An exported kinase (FIKK4.2) that mediates virulence-associated changes in Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:319-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Thompson C, Baravalle ME, Valentini B, Mangold A, Torioni de Echaide S, Ruybal P, Farber M, Echaide I. Typification of virulent and low virulence Babesia bigemina clones by 18S rRNA and rap-1c. Exp Parasitol 2014; 141:98-105. [PMID: 24681200 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The population structure of original Babesia bigemina isolates and reference strains with a defined phenotypic profile was assessed using 18S rRNA and rap-1c genes. Two reference strains, BbiS2P-c (virulent) and BbiS1A-c (low virulence), were biologically cloned in vitro. The virulence profile of the strains and clones was assessed in vivo. One fully virulent and one low-virulence clone were mixed in identical proportions to evaluate their growth efficiency in vitro. Each clone was differentiated by two microsatellites and the gene gp45. The 18S rRNA and rap-1c genes sequences from B. bigemina biological clones and their parental strains, multiplied exclusively in vivo or in vitro, were compared with strain JG-29. The virulence of clones derived from the BbiS2P-c strain was variable. Virulent clone Bbi9P1 grew more efficiently in vitro than did the low-virulence clone Bbi2A1. The haplotypes generated by the nucleotide polymorphism, localized in the V4 region of the 18S rRNA, allowed the identification of three genotypes. The rap-1c haplotypes allowed defining four genotypes. Parental and original strains were defined by multiple haplotypes identified in both genes. The rap-1c gene, analyzed by high-resolution melting (HRM), allowed discrimination between two genotypes according to their phenotype, and both were different from JG-29. B. bigemina biological clones made it possible to define the population structure of isolates and strains. The polymorphic regions of the 18S rRNA and rap-1c genes allowed the identification of different subpopulations within original B. bigemina isolates by the definition of several haplotypes and the differentiation of fully virulent from low virulence clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thompson
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - M E Baravalle
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - B Valentini
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A Mangold
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - S Torioni de Echaide
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - P Ruybal
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Castelar, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas, CP 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Farber
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Castelar, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas, CP 1712 Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I Echaide
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, Ruta 34 km 227, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Liao Q, Shen J, Liu J, Sun X, Zhao G, Chang Y, Xu L, Li X, Zhao Y, Zheng H, Zhao Y, Wu Z. Genome-wide identification and functional annotation of Plasmodium falciparum long noncoding RNAs from RNA-seq data. Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1269-81. [PMID: 24522451 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum is very complex, with an erythrocytic stage that involves the invasion of red blood cells and the survival and growth of the parasite within the host. Over the past several decades, numbers of studies have shown that proteins exported by P. falciparum to the surface of infected red blood cells play a critical role in recognition and interaction with host receptors and are thus essential for the completion of the life cycle of P. falciparum. However, little is known about long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). In this study, we designed a computational pipeline to identify new lncRNAs of P. falciparum from published RNA-seq data and analyzed their sequences and expression features. As a result, 164 novel lncRNAs were found. The sequences and expression features of P. falciparum lncRNAs were similar to those of humans and mice: there was a lack of sequence conservation, low expression levels, and high expression coefficient of variance and co-expression with nearby coding sequences in the genome. Next, a coding/noncoding gene co-expression network for P. falciparum was constructed to further annotate the functions of novel and known lncRNAs. In total, the functions of 69 lncRNAs, including 44 novel lncRNAs, were annotated. The main functions of the lncRNAs included metabolic processes, biosynthetic processes, regulation of biological processes, establishment of localization, catabolic processes, cellular component organization, and interspecies interactions between organisms. Our results will provide clues to further the investigation of interactions between human hosts and parasites and the mechanisms of P. falciparum infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria, completely remodels the infected human erythrocyte to acquire nutrients and to evade the immune system. For this process, the parasite exports more than 10% of all its proteins into the host cell cytosol, including the major virulence factor PfEMP1 (P. falciparum erythrocyte surface protein 1). This unusual protein trafficking system involves long-known parasite-derived membranous structures in the host cell cytosol, called Maurer's clefts. However, the genesis, role, and function of Maurer's clefts remain elusive. Similarly unclear is how proteins are sorted and how they are transported to and from these structures. Recent years have seen a large increase of knowledge but, as yet, no functional model has been established. In this perspective we review the most important findings and conclude with potential possibilities to shed light into the enigma of Maurer's clefts. Understanding the mechanism and function of these structures, as well as their involvement in protein export in P. falciparum, might lead to innovative control strategies and might give us a handle with which to help to eliminate this deadly parasite.
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Ren J, Yu S, Gao N, Zou Q. Indentation quantification for in-liquid nanomechanical measurement of soft material using an atomic force microscope: rate-dependent elastic modulus of live cells. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:052711. [PMID: 24329300 PMCID: PMC4172360 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.052711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a control-based approach to replace the conventional method to achieve accurate indentation quantification is proposed for nanomechanical measurement of live cells using atomic force microscope. Accurate indentation quantification is central to probe-based nanomechanical property measurement. The conventional method for in-liquid nanomechanical measurement of live cells, however, fails to accurately quantify the indentation as effects of the relative probe acceleration and the hydrodynamic force are not addressed. As a result, significant errors and uncertainties are induced in the nanomechanical properties measured. In this paper, a control-based approach is proposed to account for these adverse effects by tracking the same excitation force profile on both a live cell and a hard reference sample through the use of an advanced control technique, and by quantifying the indentation from the difference of the cantilever base displacement in these two measurements. The proposed control-based approach not only eliminates the relative probe acceleration effect with no need to calibrate the parameters involved, but it also reduces the hydrodynamic force effect significantly when the force load rate becomes high. We further hypothesize that, by using the proposed control-based approach, the rate-dependent elastic modulus of live human epithelial cells under different stress conditions can be reliably quantified to predict the elasticity evolution of cell membranes, and hence can be used to predict cellular behaviors. By implementing the proposed approach, the elastic modulus of HeLa cells before and after the stress process were quantified as the force load rate was changed over three orders of magnitude from 0.1 to 100 Hz, where the amplitude of the applied force and the indentation were at 0.4-2 nN and 250-450 nm, respectively. The measured elastic modulus of HeLa cells showed a clear power-law dependence on the load rate, both before and after the stress process. Moreover, the elastic modulus of HeLa cells was substantially reduced by two to five times due to the stress process. Thus, our measurements demonstrate that the control-based protocol is effective in quantifying and characterizing the evolution of nanomechanical properties during the stress process of live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ren
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
| | - Qingze Zou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Interaction of Plasmodium falciparum knob-associated histidine-rich protein (KAHRP) with erythrocyte ankyrin R is required for its attachment to the erythrocyte membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:185-92. [PMID: 24090929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum exports a large number of proteins into the erythrocyte cytoplasm during the asexual intraerythrocytic stage of its life cycle. A subset of these proteins interacts with erythrocyte membrane skeletal proteins and grossly alters the structure and function of the membrane. Several of the exported proteins, such as PfEMP1, PfEMP3, RESA and KAHRP, interact with the preponderant erythrocyte skeleton protein, spectrin. Here we have searched for possible interaction of these four malaria proteins with another major erythrocyte skeleton protein, ankyrin R. We have shown that KAHRP, but none of the other three, binds to ankyrin R. We have mapped the binding site for ankyrin R to a 79-residue segment of the KAHRP sequence, and the reciprocal binding site for KAHRP in ankyrin R to a subdomain (D3) of the 89kDa ankyrin R membrane-binding domain. Interaction of intact ankyrin R with KAHRP was inhibited by the free D3 subdomain. When, moreover, red cells loaded with the soluble D3 subdomain were infected with P. falciparum, KAHRP secreted by the intraerythrocytic parasite no longer migrated to the host cell membrane, but remained diffusely distributed throughout the cytosol. Our findings suggest a potentially important role for interaction of KAHRP with red cell membrane skeleton in promoting the adhesion of malaria-infected red cells to endothelial surfaces, a central element in the pathophysiology of malaria.
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van Ooij C, Withers-Martinez C, Ringel A, Cockcroft S, Haldar K, Blackman MJ. Identification of a Plasmodium falciparum phospholipid transfer protein. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31971-83. [PMID: 24043620 PMCID: PMC3814793 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.474189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of erythrocytes by the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum results in dramatic modifications to the host cell, including changes to its antigenic and transport properties and the de novo formation of membranous compartments within the erythrocyte cytosol. These parasite-induced structures are implicated in the transport of nutrients, metabolic products, and parasite proteins, as well as in parasite virulence. However, very few of the parasite effector proteins that underlie remodeling of the host erythrocyte are functionally characterized. Using bioinformatic examination and modeling, we have found that the exported P. falciparum protein PFA0210c belongs to the START domain family, members of which mediate transfer of phospholipids, ceramide, or fatty acids between membranes. In vitro phospholipid transfer assays using recombinant PFA0210 confirmed that it can transfer phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelin between phospholipid vesicles. Furthermore, assays using HL60 cells containing radiolabeled phospholipids indicated that orthologs of PFA0210c can also transfer phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochemical and immunochemical analysis showed that PFA0210c associates with membranes in infected erythrocytes at mature stages of intracellular parasite growth. Localization studies in live parasites revealed that the protein is present in the parasitophorous vacuole during growth and is later recruited to organelles in the parasite. Together these data suggest that PFA0210c plays a role in the formation of the membranous structures and nutrient phospholipid transfer in the malaria-parasitized erythrocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan van Ooij
- From the Division of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
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Bertin GI, Sabbagh A, Guillonneau F, Jafari-Guemouri S, Ezinmegnon S, Federici C, Hounkpatin B, Fievet N, Deloron P. Differential Protein Expression Profiles Between Plasmodium falciparum Parasites Isolated From Subjects Presenting With Pregnancy-Associated Malaria and Uncomplicated Malaria in Benin. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1987-97. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Valle-Delgado JJ, Urbán P, Fernàndez-Busquets X. Demonstration of specific binding of heparin to Plasmodium falciparum-infected vs. non-infected red blood cells by single-molecule force spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:3673-3680. [PMID: 23306548 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32821f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play an important role in the sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (pRBCs) in the microvascular endothelium of different tissues, as well as in the formation of small clusters (rosettes) between infected and non-infected red blood cells (RBCs). Both sequestration and rosetting have been recognized as characteristic events in severe malaria. Here we have used heparin and pRBCs infected by the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum as a model to study GAG-pRBC interactions. Fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence-assisted cell sorting assays have shown that exogenously added heparin has binding specificity for pRBCs (preferentially for those infected with late forms of the parasite) vs. RBCs. Heparin-pRBC adhesion has been probed by single-molecule force spectroscopy, obtaining an average binding force ranging between 28 and 46 pN depending on the loading rate. No significant binding of heparin to non-infected RBCs has been observed in control experiments. This work represents the first approach to quantitatively evaluate GAG-pRBC molecular interactions at the individual molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, Barcelona E08028, Spain
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Cytoadherence of erythrocytes invaded by Plasmodium falciparum: quantitative contact-probing of a human malaria receptor. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:6349-59. [PMID: 23376131 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytoadherence of red blood cells (RBCs) invaded by Plasmodium falciparum parasites is an important contributor to the sequestration of RBCs, causing reduced microcirculatory flow associated with fatal malaria syndromes. The phenomenon involves a parasite-derived variant antigen, the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), and several human host receptors, such as chondroitin sulfate A (CSA), which has been explicitly implicated in placental malaria. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cytoadherence requires quantitative evaluation, under physiologically relevant conditions, of the specific receptor-ligand interactions associated with pathological states of cell-cell adhesion. Such quantitative studies have not been reported thus far for P. falciparum malaria under conditions of febrile temperatures that accompany malarial infections. In this study, single RBCs infected with P. falciparum parasites (CSA binding phenotype) in the trophozoite stage were engaged in mechanical contact with the surface of surrogate cells specifically expressing CSA, so as to quantify cytoadherence to human syncytiotrophoblasts in a controlled manner. From these measurements, a mean rupture force of 43pN was estimated for the CSA-PfEMP1 complex at 37°C. Experiments carried out at febrile temperature showed a noticeable decrease in CSA-PfEMP1 rupture force (by about 23% at 41°C and about 20% after a 40°C heat treatment), in association with an increased binding frequency. The decrease in rupture force points to a weakened receptor-ligand complex after exposure to febrile temperature, while the rise in binding frequency suggests an additional display of nonspecific binding molecules on the RBC surface. The present work establishes a robust experimental method for the quantitative assessment of cytoadherence of diseased cells with specific molecule-mediated binding.
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Shi H, Liu Z, Li A, Yin J, Chong AGL, Tan KSW, Zhang Y, Lim CT. Life cycle-dependent cytoskeletal modifications in Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61170. [PMID: 23585879 PMCID: PMC3621960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum infection of human erythrocytes is known to result in the modification of the host cell cytoskeleton by parasite-coded proteins. However, such modifications and corresponding implications in malaria pathogenesis have not been fully explored. Here, we probed the gradual modification of infected erythrocyte cytoskeleton with advancing stages of infection using atomic force microscopy (AFM). We reported a novel strategy to derive accurate and quantitative information on the knob structures and their connections with the spectrin network by performing AFM-based imaging analysis of the cytoplasmic surface of infected erythrocytes. Significant changes on the red cell cytoskeleton were observed from the expansion of spectrin network mesh size, extension of spectrin tetramers and the decrease of spectrin abundance with advancing stages of infection. The spectrin network appeared to aggregate around knobs but also appeared sparser at non-knob areas as the parasite matured. This dramatic modification of the erythrocyte skeleton during the advancing stage of malaria infection could contribute to the loss of deformability of the infected erythrocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Nano Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhuo Liu
- Infrastructure System Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ang Li
- Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Yin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alvin G. L. Chong
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin S. W. Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Zhang
- Nano Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Nano Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Karimi A, Navidbakhsh M, Motevalli Haghi A, Faghihi S. An innovative shape equation to quantify the morphological characteristics of parasitized red blood cells by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2013; 227:428-37. [PMID: 23637218 DOI: 10.1177/0954411912474611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of red blood cells is affected significantly during maturation of malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. A novel shape equation is presented that defines shape of parasitized red blood cells by P. falciparum (Pf-red blood cells) and P. vivax (Pv-red blood cells) at four stages of infection. The Giemsa-stained thin blood films are prepared using blood samples collected from healthy donors, patients having P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria. The diameter and thickness of healthy red blood cells plus Pf-red blood cells and Pv-red blood cells at each stage of infection are measured from their optical images using Olysia and Scanning Probe Image Processor softwares, respectively. Using diameters and thicknesses of parasitized red blood cells, a shape equation is fitted and relative two-dimensional shapes are plotted using MATHEMATICA. The shape of Pf-red blood cell drastically changes at ring stage as its thickness increases by 82%, while Pv-red blood cell remains biconcave (30% increase in thickness). By trophozoite and subsequent schizont stage, the Pf-red blood cell entirely loses its biconcave shape and becomes near spherical (diameter and thickness of ~8 µm). The Pv-red blood cell remains biconcave throughout the parasite development even though its volume increases. These results could have practical use for faster diagnosis, prediction, and treatment of human malaria and sickle-cell diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Karimi
- Division of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Wang B. Mechanical characteristics of human red blood cell membrane change due to C60 nanoparticle infiltration. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:2473-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42850d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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49
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Kumar S, Yokoyama N, Kim JY, Bork-Mimm S, Inoue N, Xuan X, Igarashi I, Sugimoto C. Theileria equi merozoite antigen-2 interacts with actin molecule of equine erythrocyte during their asexual development. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:508-12. [PMID: 23047133 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Theileria equi is a tick-transmitted intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite in equids. Equine merozoite antigen (EMA)-1 and EMA-2 of T. equi have been identified as immunodominant proteins co-expressed on the surface of extra-erythrocytic merozoites. Additionally, only the EMA-2 is shed into the cytoplasm of infected erythrocyte or inside the erythrocytic membrane during their early developmental stage. In this study, we initially performed West-Western blot analysis on Triton X-100-insoluble erythrocytic skeleton collected from a healthy horse, using a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-tagged recombinant EMA-1t or EMA-2t of T. equi. The results indicated positive interactions of actin and band 4.1 molecules in the equine erythrocytic skeleton only with the recombinant EMA-2t. Subsequently, we carried out GST pull-down assay using the recombinant antigens (as above) against solubilized lysate of equine erythrocytic skeleton, and confirmed the co-precipitation of actin molecule with EMA-2t, but not with the EMA-1t. The interaction of EMA-2 with host erythrocytic actin indicated its role in the pathobiology of T. equi infection within host erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar 125 001, Haryana, India
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50
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Alizadehrad D, Imai Y, Nakaaki K, Ishikawa T, Yamaguchi T. Quantification of red blood cell deformation at high-hematocrit blood flow in microvessels. J Biomech 2012; 45:2684-9. [PMID: 22981440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The deformation of red blood cells in microvessels was investigated numerically for various vessel diameters, hematocrits, and shear rates. We simulated blood flow in circular channels with diameters ranging from 9 to 50 μm, hematocrits from 20% to 45%, and shear rates from 20 to 150 s(-1) using a particle-based model with parallel computing. The apparent viscosity predicted by the simulation was in good agreement with previous experimental results. We quantified the deformation of red blood cells as a function of radial position. The numerical results demonstrated that because of the shape transition in response to local shear stress and the wall effect, the radial variation of red blood cell deformation in relatively large microvessels could be classified into three different regions: near-center, middle, and near-wall regions. Effects of the local shear stress and wall varied with vessel diameter, hematocrit, and shear rate.
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