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Jardim LL, Franco MB, de Oliveira NR, de Carvalho BN, Basques F, Ribeiro DD, Lisman T, Pereira LS, Rezende SM. Hypocoagulability in severe yellow fever infection is associated with bleeding: results from a cohort study. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102427. [PMID: 38817949 PMCID: PMC11137573 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Severe yellow fever infection (YFI) may be complicated by a hemorrhagic diathesis. However, the hemostasis profile of YFI has rarely been reported. Objectives The aim of this study was to characterize the hemostatic features of YFI by using a rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM). Methods We evaluated clinical, laboratory, and ROTEM parameters in adults with severe YFI and their correlation with hemostatic variables according to bleeding and death. Results A total of 35 patients were included (median age, 49 years). ROTEM was performed in 22 patients, of whom 21 (96%) presented bleeding and 4 (18%) died. All patients who died had major bleeding. Patients who died presented prolonged clotting time (CT; median, 2326 seconds; IQR, 1898-2986 seconds) and reduced alpha angle (median, 12°; IQR, 12°-15°) in comparison with patients who had minor (median CT, 644 seconds; IQR, 552-845 seconds and alpha angle, 47°; IQR, 28°-65°) and major (median CT, 719 seconds; IQR, 368-1114 seconds and alpha angle, 43°; IQR, 32°-64°) bleeding who survived. In patients who had bleeding, CT showed a strong negative correlation with factor (F)V (r = -.68), FIX (r = -.84), and FX (r = -.63) as well as alpha angle showed a strong negative correlation with FIX (r = -.92). In patients who died, the correlations were even stronger. A total of 19/21 (90%) patients presented hypocoagulability assessed by ROTEM. Conclusion Hypocoagulabitity is the hallmark of the bleeding diathesis of severe YFI. Abnormal CT and alpha angle associated with death and could be used as potential predictors of adverse outcome in severe YFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Lemos Jardim
- Instituto René Rachou (Fiocruz Minas), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Brandão Franco
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Neimy Ramos de Oliveira
- Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Nogueira de Carvalho
- Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Estado de Minas Gerais (HEMOMINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Basques
- Fundação Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Estado de Minas Gerais (HEMOMINAS), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Dias Ribeiro
- Hematology Unit, University Hospital, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ton Lisman
- Surgical Research Laboratory and Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Soares Pereira
- Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Suely Meireles Rezende
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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2
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Mwanga EP, Mchola IS, Makala FE, Mshani IH, Siria DJ, Mwinyi SH, Abbasi S, Seleman G, Mgaya JN, Jiménez MG, Wynne K, Sikulu-Lord MT, Selvaraj P, Okumu FO, Baldini F, Babayan SA. Rapid assessment of the blood-feeding histories of wild-caught malaria mosquitoes using mid-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning. Malar J 2024; 23:86. [PMID: 38532415 PMCID: PMC10964711 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The degree to which Anopheles mosquitoes prefer biting humans over other vertebrate hosts, i.e. the human blood index (HBI), is a crucial parameter for assessing malaria transmission risk. However, existing techniques for identifying mosquito blood meals are demanding in terms of time and effort, involve costly reagents, and are prone to inaccuracies due to factors such as cross-reactivity with other antigens or partially digested blood meals in the mosquito gut. This study demonstrates the first field application of mid-infrared spectroscopy and machine learning (MIRS-ML), to rapidly assess the blood-feeding histories of malaria vectors, with direct comparison to PCR assays. METHODS AND RESULTS Female Anopheles funestus mosquitoes (N = 1854) were collected from rural Tanzania and desiccated then scanned with an attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer. Blood meals were confirmed by PCR, establishing the 'ground truth' for machine learning algorithms. Logistic regression and multi-layer perceptron classifiers were employed to identify blood meal sources, achieving accuracies of 88%-90%, respectively, as well as HBI estimates aligning well with the PCR-based standard HBI. CONCLUSIONS This research provides evidence of MIRS-ML effectiveness in classifying blood meals in wild Anopheles funestus, as a potential complementary surveillance tool in settings where conventional molecular techniques are impractical. The cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and scalability of MIRS-ML, along with its generalizability, outweigh minor gaps in HBI estimation. Since this approach has already been demonstrated for measuring other entomological and parasitological indicators of malaria, the validation in this study broadens its range of use cases, positioning it as an integrated system for estimating pathogen transmission risk and evaluating the impact of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel P Mwanga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Idrisa S Mchola
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Faraja E Makala
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Issa H Mshani
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Doreen J Siria
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Sophia H Mwinyi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Said Abbasi
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Godian Seleman
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jacqueline N Mgaya
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | - Klaas Wynne
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Maggy T Sikulu-Lord
- Faculty of Science, School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Prashanth Selvaraj
- Institute for Disease Modelling, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, The Nelson Mandela African, Institution of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Francesco Baldini
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Simon A Babayan
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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3
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Bonney JHK, Sanders T, Pratt D, Agbodzi B, Laryea D, Agyeman NKF, Kumordjie S, Attiku K, Adams PL, Boateng GA, Ohene SA, Tamal C, Mawuli G, Yeboah C, Dadzie S, Kubio C, Asiedu-Bekoe F, Odoom JK. Molecular Characterization of Circulating Yellow Fever Viruses from Outbreak in Ghana, 2021-2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1818-1826. [PMID: 37610174 PMCID: PMC10461649 DOI: 10.3201/eid2909.221671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever virus, transmitted by infected Aedes spp. mosquitoes, causes an acute viral hemorrhagic disease. During October 2021-February 2022, a yellow fever outbreak in some communities in Ghana resulted in 70 confirmed cases with 35 deaths (case-fatality rate 50%). The outbreak started in a predominantly unvaccinated nomadic community in the Savannah region, from which 65% of the cases came. The molecular amplification methods we used for diagnosis produced full-length DNA sequences from 3 confirmed cases. Phylogenetic analysis characterized the 3 sequences within West Africa genotype II; strains shared a close homology with sequences from Cote d'Ivoire and Senegal. We deployed more sensitive advanced molecular diagnostic techniques, which enabled earlier detection, helped control spread, and improved case management. We urge increased efforts from health authorities to vaccinate vulnerable groups in difficult-to-access areas and to educate the population about potential risks for yellow fever infections.
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4
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Lambrechts L. Does arbovirus emergence in humans require adaptation to domestic mosquitoes? Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101315. [PMID: 36996522 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, several mosquito-borne arboviruses of zoonotic origin have established large-scale epidemic transmission cycles in the human population. It is often considered that arbovirus emergence is driven by adaptive evolution, such as virus adaptation for transmission by 'domestic' mosquito vector species that live in close association with humans. Here, I argue that although arbovirus adaptation to domestic mosquito vectors has been observed for several emerging arboviruses, it was generally not directly responsible for their initial emergence. Secondary adaptation to domestic mosquitoes often amplified epidemic transmission, however, this was more likely a consequence than a cause of arbovirus emergence. Considering that emerging arboviruses are generally 'preadapted' for transmission by domestic mosquito vectors may help to enhance preparedness toward future arbovirus emergence events.
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Faggioni G, De Santis R, Moramarco F, Di Donato M, De Domenico A, Molinari F, Petralito G, Fortuna C, Venturi G, Rezza G, Lista F. Pan-Yellow Fever Virus Detection and Lineage Assignment by Real-Time RT-PCR and Amplicon Sequencing. J Virol Methods 2023; 316:114717. [PMID: 36972832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Yellow fever disease is a viral zoonosis that may result in a severe hemorrhagic disease. A safe and effective vaccine used in mass immunization campaigns has allowed control and mitigation against explosive outbreaks in endemic areas. Since the 1960's, re-emergent of the yellow fever virus has been observed. The timely implementation of control measures, to avoid or contain an ongoing outbreak requires rapid specific viral detection methods. Here a novel molecular assay, expected to detect all known yellow fever virus strains, is described. The method has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity in real-time RT-PCR as well as in an endpoint RT-PCR set-up. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis reveal that the amplicon resulting from the novel method covers a genomic region whose mutational profile is completely associated to the yellow fever viral lineages. Therefore, sequencing analysis of this amplicon allows for assignment of the viral lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudia Fortuna
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulietta Venturi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Health Prevention Directorate, Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy.
| | - Florigio Lista
- Army Medical Center, Scientific Department, Rome, Italy.
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6
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Evolution and emergence of mosquito-borne viruses of medical importance: towards a routine metagenomic surveillance approach. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467423000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
During the last two decades, the world has witnessed the emergence and re-emergence of arthropod-borne viruses, better known as arboviruses. The close contact between sylvatic, rural and peri-urban vector species and humans has been mainly determined by the environment-modifying human activity. The resulting interactions have led to multiple dead-end host infections and have allowed sylvatic arboviruses to eventually adapt to new vectors and hosts, contributing to the establishment of urban transmission cycles of some viruses with enormous epidemiologic impact. The metagenomic next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach has allowed obtaining unbiased sequence information of millions of DNA and RNA molecules from clinical and environmental samples. Robust bioinformatics tools have enabled the assembly of individual sequence reads into contigs and scaffolds partially or completely representing the genomes of the microorganisms and viruses being present in biological samples of clinical relevance. In this review, we describe the different ecological scenarios for the emergence of viral diseases, the virus adaptation process required for the establishment of a new transmission cycle and the usefulness of NGS and computational methods for the discovery and routine genomic surveillance of mosquito-borne viruses in their ecosystems.
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7
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de Miranda RM, Ferreira-de-Brito A, Silva JDS, Xavier ADS, Freitas Silva SO, Alencar J, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Mosquito Fauna and Spatial Distribution in an Atlantic Forest Area in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, Reveal a High Risk of Transmission of Yellow Fever and Other Arboviruses. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7120410. [PMID: 36548665 PMCID: PMC9786010 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2017-2019, Brazil recorded its most severe outbreak of yellow fever due to the spread of the virus (YFV) in the country's southeast. Here, we investigated mosquito fauna and the spatial distribution of species in a primatology center in the Atlantic Forest bioregion in Rio de Janeiro state to evaluate the risk of YFV transmission in distinct environments. Fortnightly mosquito collections were performed from December 2018 to December 2019 at 12 sites along a disturbance gradient from a modified environment to 400 m inside the forest. We used ovitraps, BG-Sentinel, and protected human attraction (PHA). A total of 9349 mosquitoes of 21 species were collected. The collection method strongly influenced the captured fauna, with species such as Anopheles cruzii, Psorophora ferox, Runchomyia cerqueirai, Wyeomyia incaudata, Wy. theobaldi, Sabethes chloropterus, and Sa. albiprivus only collected via PHA. Collections with ovitraps resulted in low diversity and richness, with Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Hg. janthinomys/capricornii predominating. The diverse local fauna and the abundance and ubiquity of the latter species, which are the primary vectors of YFV, indicated that this area was highly vulnerable to arbovirus transmission, especially yellow fever, highlighting the need for improved surveillance and vaccination coverage in human and captive endangered non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaella Moraes de Miranda
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoário, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Diptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Anielly Ferreira-de-Brito
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoário, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Júlia dos Santos Silva
- Laboratório de Diptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre da Silva Xavier
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoário, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Jeronimo Alencar
- Laboratório de Diptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (R.L.-d.-O.)
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoário, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (J.A.); (R.L.-d.-O.)
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8
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Tuells J, Henao-Martínez AF, Franco-Paredes C. The Perennial Threat of Yellow Fever. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:649-657. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mishra B, Aduri R. The RNA Secondary Structure Analysis Reveals Potential for Emergence of Pathogenic Flaviviruses. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2022; 14:10-29. [PMID: 34694573 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus is divided into four groups: Mosquito-borne flaviviruses, Tick-borne flaviviruses, no-known vector flaviviruses, and Insect specific flaviviruses. Millions of people are affected worldwide every year due to the flaviviral infections. The 5' UTR of the RNA genome plays a critical role in the biology of flaviviruses. To explore any correlation between the topology of the 5' UTR and pathogenesis, a global scale study of the RNA secondary structure of different groups of flaviviruses has been conducted. We found that most of the pathogenic flaviviruses, irrespective of their mode of transmission, tend to form a Y shaped topology in the Stem loop A of the 5' UTR. Some of the current non-pathogenic flaviviruses were also observed to form Y shaped structure. Based on this study, it has been proposed that the flaviviruses having the Y shaped topology in their 5' UTR regions may have the potential to become pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhudutta Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K K Birla Goa campus, Zuarinagar, South Goa, 403726, India
- Department of Zoology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar Campus, Khurda, Jatni, 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Raviprasad Aduri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K K Birla Goa campus, Zuarinagar, South Goa, 403726, India.
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10
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Gabiane G, Yen P, Failloux A. Aedes mosquitoes in the emerging threat of urban yellow fever transmission. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2333. [PMID: 35124859 PMCID: PMC9541788 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This last decade has seen a resurgence of yellow fever (YF) in historical endemic regions and repeated attempts of YF introduction in YF‐free countries such as the Asia‐Pacific region and the Caribbean. Infected travellers are the main entry routes in these regions where competent mosquito vectors proliferate in appropriate environmental conditions. With the discovery of the 17D vaccine, it was thought that YF would be eradicated. Unfortunately, it was not the case and, contrary to dengue, chikungunya and Zika, factors that cotribute to YF transmission remain under investigation. Today, all the signals are red and it is very likely that YF will be the next pandemic in the YF‐free regions where millions of people are immunologically naïve. Unlike COVID‐19, YF is associated with a high case‐fatality rate and a high number of deaths are expected. This review gives an overview of global YF situation, including the non‐endemic Asia‐Pacific region and the Caribbean where Aedes aegypti is abundantly distributed, and also proposes different hypotheses on why YF outbreaks have not yet occurred despite high records of travellers importing YF into these regions and what role Aedes mosquitoes play in the emergence of urban YF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Gabiane
- Institut Pasteur Université de Paris, Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Paris France
- Université des Antilles, Campus de Schoelcher Schoelcher Martinique
| | - Pei‐Shi Yen
- Institut Pasteur Université de Paris, Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Paris France
| | - Anna‐Bella Failloux
- Institut Pasteur Université de Paris, Unit of Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Paris France
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11
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The xenophobia virus and the COVID-19 pandemic. ETHIQUE & SANTE 2021; 18:102-106. [PMID: 36568643 PMCID: PMC9760352 DOI: 10.1016/j.etiqe.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The text addresses the risks involving xenophobia against the Chinese on the internet, and social networks, from the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to demonstrating how irrational this manifestation is, especially the idea of virus creation in a laboratory. For this purpose, historical examples of how xenophobic prejudice is meaningless and have damaged humanity's trajectory in all world regions are addressed. Finally, I warn about the need to use science to confront the new coronavirus and abandon conspiracy theories.
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12
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Figueiredo GG, Coronel OA, Trabuco AC, Bazán DE, Russo RR, Alvarenga NL, Aquino VH. Steroidal saponins from the roots of Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (Solanaceae) have inhibitory activity against dengue virus and yellow fever virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e10240. [PMID: 34008751 PMCID: PMC8130103 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2020e10240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is the most important arthropod-borne viral disease worldwide. Infection with any of the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes can be asymptomatic or lead to disease with clinical symptoms ranging from undifferentiated and self-limiting fever to severe dengue disease, which can be fatal in some cases. Currently, no specific antiviral compound is available for treating DENV. The aim of this study was to identify compounds in plants from Paraguayan folk medicine with inhibitory effects against DENV. We found high virucidal activity (50% maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of 24.97 µg/mL) against DENV-2 in the ethanolic extract of the roots of Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (Solanaceae) without an evident cytotoxic effect on Vero E6 cells. Three saponins isolated from the root extract showed virucidal effects (EC50 values ranging from 24.9 to 35.1 µg/mL) against DENV-2. Additionally, the saponins showed inhibitory activity against yellow fever virus (EC50 values ranging from 126 to 302.6 µg/mL), the prototype virus of the Flavivirus genus, suggesting that they may also be effective against other members of this genus. Consequently, these saponins may be lead compounds for the development of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - O A Coronel
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - A C Trabuco
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - D E Bazán
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - R R Russo
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - N L Alvarenga
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - V H Aquino
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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13
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Pereima RR, Bonatti R, Crotti F, Furtado JM, Lopes MH, Yamamoto JH, Kreuz AC. Ocular Adverse Events following Yellow Fever Vaccination: A Case Series. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2021; 30:1425-1429. [PMID: 33826478 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2021.1887279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To describe four cases of ocular adverse events resembling intraocular inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions following yellow fever vaccination (YFV) during a recent yellow fever (YF) outbreak in Brazil.Methods: Charts of patients diagnosed with ocular adverse events after YFV between January 2017 and January 2019 at two tertiary referral centers in Brazil.Results: Four patients (two adults and two children) are reported. Case 1 presented with typical findings of central serous chorioretinopathy which resolved spontaneously; case 2 was diagnosed with acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease; cases 3 and 4 had bilateral diffuse retinal vasculitis. In the absence of infectious and noninfectious disorders, the temporal association between stand-alone YFV and onset of ocular symptoms within 15 days was interpreted as evidence of causation.Conclusions: Clinicians should be aware of the wide spectrum of possible ocular adverse reactions to stand-alone YFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Rodrigues Pereima
- Department of Ophthalmology-LIM33, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Bonatti
- Department of Ophthalmology-LIM33, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Crotti
- Division of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Marcello Furtado
- Division of Ophthalmology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marta Heloísa Lopes
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Disease, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joyce Hisae Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology-LIM33, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Carvalho Kreuz
- Department of Ophthalmology-LIM33, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Athni TS, Shocket MS, Couper LI, Nova N, Caldwell IR, Caldwell JM, Childress JN, Childs ML, De Leo GA, Kirk DG, MacDonald AJ, Olivarius K, Pickel DG, Roberts SO, Winokur OC, Young HS, Cheng J, Grant EA, Kurzner PM, Kyaw S, Lin BJ, López RC, Massihpour DS, Olsen EC, Roache M, Ruiz A, Schultz EA, Shafat M, Spencer RL, Bharti N, Mordecai EA. The influence of vector-borne disease on human history: socio-ecological mechanisms. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:829-846. [PMID: 33501751 PMCID: PMC7969392 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are embedded within complex socio-ecological systems. While research has traditionally focused on the direct effects of VBDs on human morbidity and mortality, it is increasingly clear that their impacts are much more pervasive. VBDs are dynamically linked to feedbacks between environmental conditions, vector ecology, disease burden, and societal responses that drive transmission. As a result, VBDs have had profound influence on human history. Mechanisms include: (1) killing or debilitating large numbers of people, with demographic and population-level impacts; (2) differentially affecting populations based on prior history of disease exposure, immunity, and resistance; (3) being weaponised to promote or justify hierarchies of power, colonialism, racism, classism and sexism; (4) catalysing changes in ideas, institutions, infrastructure, technologies and social practices in efforts to control disease outbreaks; and (5) changing human relationships with the land and environment. We use historical and archaeological evidence interpreted through an ecological lens to illustrate how VBDs have shaped society and culture, focusing on case studies from four pertinent VBDs: plague, malaria, yellow fever and trypanosomiasis. By comparing across diseases, time periods and geographies, we highlight the enormous scope and variety of mechanisms by which VBDs have influenced human history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas S. Athni
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marta S. Shocket
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa I. Couper
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Nova
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Iain R. Caldwell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie M. Caldwell
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jasmine N. Childress
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Marissa L. Childs
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Giulio A. De Leo
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Devin G. Kirk
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew J. MacDonald
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - David G. Pickel
- Department of Classics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Olivia C. Winokur
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hillary S. Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Julian Cheng
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Saw Kyaw
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bradford J. Lin
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Erica C. Olsen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maggie Roache
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Angie Ruiz
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Muskan Shafat
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Nita Bharti
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
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15
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Abstract
Urbanization, pollution and the modification of natural landscapes are characteristics of modern society, where the change in human relations with the environment and the impact on biodiversity are environmental determinants that affect the health-disease relationship. The skin is an organ that has a strong interface with the environment and, therefore, the prevalence patterns of dermatoses may reflect these environmental changes. In this article, aspects related to deforestation, fires, urbanization, large-scale agriculture, extensive livestock farming, pollution and climatic changes are discussed regarding their influence on the epidemiology of skin diseases. It is important that dermatologists be aware of their social responsibility in order to promote sustainable practices in their community, in addition to identifying the impacts of environmental imbalances on different dermatoses, which is essential for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
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16
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Kuno G. The Absence of Yellow Fever in Asia: History, Hypotheses, Vector Dispersal, Possibility of YF in Asia, and Other Enigmas. Viruses 2020; 12:E1349. [PMID: 33255615 PMCID: PMC7759908 DOI: 10.3390/v12121349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the recent epidemics of yellow fever in Angola and Brazil as well as the importation of cases to China in 2016, there has been an increased interest in the century-old enigma, absence of yellow fever in Asia. Although this topic has been repeatedly reviewed before, the history of human intervention has never been considered a critical factor. A two-stage literature search online for this review, however, yielded a rich history indispensable for the debate over this medical enigma. As we combat the pandemic of COVID-19 coronavirus worldwide today, we can learn invaluable lessons from the historical events in Asia. In this review, I explore the history first and then critically examine in depth major hypotheses proposed in light of accumulated data, global dispersal of the principal vector, patterns of YF transmission, persistence of urban transmission, and the possibility of YF in Asia. Through this process of re-examination of the current knowledge, the subjects for research that should be conducted are identified. This review also reveals the importance of holistic approach incorporating ecological and human factors for many unresolved subjects, such as the enigma of YF absence in Asia, vector competence, vector dispersal, spillback, viral persistence and transmission mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Kuno
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Formerly Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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17
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Miguel E, Grosbois V, Caron A, Pople D, Roche B, Donnelly CA. A systemic approach to assess the potential and risks of wildlife culling for infectious disease control. Commun Biol 2020; 3:353. [PMID: 32636525 PMCID: PMC7340795 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of infectious diseases requires a sufficient number of susceptible hosts. Host culling is a potential control strategy for animal diseases. However, the reduction in biodiversity and increasing public concerns regarding the involved ethical issues have progressively challenged the use of wildlife culling. Here, we assess the potential of wildlife culling as an epidemiologically sound management tool, by examining the host ecology, pathogen characteristics, eco-sociological contexts, and field work constraints. We also discuss alternative solutions and make recommendations for the appropriate implementation of culling for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Miguel
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- MIVEGEC (Infectious Diseases and Vectors: Ecology, Genetics, Evolution and Control), IRD (Research Institute for Sustainable Development), CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- CREES Centre for Research on the Ecology and Evolution of Disease, Montpellier, France.
| | - Vladimir Grosbois
- ASTRE (Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems), CIRAD (Agricultural Research for Development), Univ. Montpellier, INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Caron
- ASTRE (Animal, Health, Territories, Risks, Ecosystems), CIRAD (Agricultural Research for Development), Univ. Montpellier, INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Montpellier, France
| | - Diane Pople
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Roche
- MIVEGEC (Infectious Diseases and Vectors: Ecology, Genetics, Evolution and Control), IRD (Research Institute for Sustainable Development), CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UMMISCO (Unité Mixte Internationnale de Modélisation Mathématique et Informatiques des Systèmes Complèxes, IRD/Sorbonne Université, Bondy, France
- Departamento de Etología, Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Laboratorio, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de, México, México
| | - Christl A Donnelly
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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18
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Danbaba UA, Garba SM. Stability Analysis and Optimal Control for Yellow Fever Model with Vertical Transmission. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED AND COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS 2020; 6:105. [PMID: 32835032 PMCID: PMC7336115 DOI: 10.1007/s40819-020-00860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of yellow fever (YF) in a human-mosquito setting in the presence of control measures is constructed and rigorously analyzed. In addition to horizontal transmissions, vertical transmission within mosquito population is incorporated. Analysis of the mosquito-only component of the model shows that the reduced model has a mosquito-extinction equilibrium, which is globally-asymptotically stable whenever the basic offspring number ( N 0 ) is less than unity. The vaccinated and type reproduction numbers of the full-model are computed. Condition for global-asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium of the model whenN 0 > 1 is presented. It is shown that, fractional dosing of YF vaccine does not meet YF vaccination requirements. Optimal control theory is applied to the model to characterize the controls parameters. Using Pontryagin's maximum principle and modified forward-backward sweep technique, the necessary conditions for existence of solutions to the optimal control problem is determined. Numerical simulations of the models to assess the effect of fractional vaccine dosing on the disease dynamics and global sensitivity analysis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- UA Danbaba
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
| | - SM Garba
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
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19
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Habitat and Seasonality Affect Mosquito Community Composition in the West Region of Cameroon. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11050312. [PMID: 32429075 PMCID: PMC7291174 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To identify potential sylvatic, urban and bridge-vectors that can be involved in current or future virus spillover from wild to more urbanised areas, entomological field surveys were conducted in rural, peri-urban and urban areas spanning the rainy and dry seasons in western Cameroon. A total of 2650 mosquitoes belonging to 37 species and eight genera were collected. Mosquito species richness was significantly influenced by the specific combination of the habitat type and the season. The highest species richness was found in the peri-urban area (S = 30, Chao1 = 121 ± 50.63, ACE = 51.97 ± 3.88) during the dry season (S = 28, Chao1 = 64 ± 25.7, ACE = 38.33 ± 3.1). Aedes (Ae.) africanus and Culex (Cx.) moucheti were only found in the rural and peri-urban areas, while Cx. pipiens s.l. and Ae. aegypti were only found in the urban area. Cx. (Culiciomyia) spp., Cx. duttoni and Ae. albopictus were caught in the three habitat types. Importantly, approximately 52% of the mosquito species collected in this study have been implicated in the transmission of diverse arboviruses. This entomological survey provides a catalogue of the different mosquito species that may be involved in the transmission of arboviruses. Further investigations are needed to study the vectorial capacity of each mosquito species in arbovirus transmission.
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20
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The Effects of Pre-Existing Antibodies on Live-Attenuated Viral Vaccines. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050520. [PMID: 32397218 PMCID: PMC7290594 DOI: 10.3390/v12050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) have achieved remarkable successes in controlling virus spread, as well as for other applications such as cancer immunotherapy. However, with rapid increases in international travel, globalization, geographic spread of viral vectors, and widespread use of vaccines, there is an increasing need to consider how pre-exposure to viruses which share similar antigenic regions can impact vaccine efficacy. Pre-existing antibodies, derived from either from maternal–fetal transmission, or by previous infection or vaccination, have been demonstrated to interfere with vaccine immunogenicity of measles, adenovirus, and influenza LAVs. Immune interference of LAVs can be caused by the formation of virus–antibody complexes that neutralize virus infection in antigen-presenting cells, or by the cross-linking of the B-cell receptor with the inhibitory receptor, FcγRIIB. On the other hand, pre-existing antibodies can augment flaviviral LAV efficacy such as that of dengue and yellow fever virus, especially when pre-existing antibodies are present at sub-neutralizing levels. The increased vaccine immunogenicity can be facilitated by antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection, enhancing virus uptake in antigen-presenting cells, and robust induction of innate immune responses that promote vaccine immunogenicity. This review examines the literature on this topic and examines the circumstances where pre-existing antibodies can inhibit or enhance LAV efficacy. A better knowledge of the underlying mechanisms involved could allow us to better manage immunization in seropositive individuals and even identify possibilities that could allow us to exploit pre-existing antibodies to boost vaccine-induced responses for improved vaccine efficacy.
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21
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Reno E, Quan NG, Franco-Paredes C, Chastain DB, Chauhan L, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Henao-Martínez AF. Prevention of yellow fever in travellers: an update. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:e129-e137. [PMID: 32386609 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For centuries, yellow fever virus infection generated substantial fear among explorers, tourist travellers, workers, military personnel, and others entering areas of transmission. Currently, there is transmission only in some areas of tropical South America and sub-Saharan Africa. When symptomatic, yellow fever infection causes severe liver dysfunction and coagulopathy with elevated mortality rates. Since there is no effective treatment, vaccination against yellow fever, available since 1937, represents an important preventive intervention in endemic areas. Every year, an increasing number of individuals are travelling to yellow fever endemic areas, many of whom have complex medical conditions. Travel health practitioners should do individualised assessments of the risks and benefits of yellow fever vaccination to identify potential contraindications. The most relevant contraindications include a history of thymoma or thymus dysfunction, AIDS, and individuals receiving immunosuppressive drugs including biological therapies or chemotherapy. We briefly review strategies to prevent yellow fever infection in travellers with the use of yellow fever vaccination and the use of personal protection measures to avoid mosquito bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Reno
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicolas G Quan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; Instituto Nacional de Salud, Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel B Chastain
- Department of Clinical and Administrative Pharmacy, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Albany, GA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia.
| | - Andrés F Henao-Martínez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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22
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Lemos FDO, França A, Lima Filho ACM, Florentino RM, Santos ML, Missiaggia DG, Rodrigues GOL, Dias FF, Souza Passos IB, Teixeira MM, Andrade AMDF, Lima CX, Vidigal PVT, Costa VV, Fonseca MC, Nathanson MH, Leite MF. Molecular Mechanism for Protection Against Liver Failure in Human Yellow Fever Infection. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:657-669. [PMID: 32363317 PMCID: PMC7193135 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yellow fever (YF) is a viral hemorrhagic fever that typically involves the liver. Brazil recently experienced its largest recorded YF outbreak, and the disease was fatal in more than a third of affected individuals, mostly because of acute liver failure. Affected individuals are generally treated only supportively, but during the recent Brazilian outbreak, selected patients were treated with liver transplant. We took advantage of this clinical experience to better characterize the clinical and pathological features of YF-induced liver failure and to examine the mechanism of hepatocellular injury in YF, to identify targets that would be amenable to therapeutic intervention in preventing progression to liver failure and death. Patients with YF liver failure rapidly developed massive transaminase elevations, with jaundice, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, and usually hepatic encephalopathy, along with pathological findings that included microvesicular steatosis and lytic necrosis. Hepatocytes began to express the type 3 isoform of the inositol trisphosphate receptor (ITPR3), an intracellular calcium (Ca2+) channel that is not normally expressed in hepatocytes. Experiments in an animal model, isolated hepatocytes, and liver-derived cell lines showed that this new expression of ITPR3 was associated with increased nuclear Ca2+ signaling and hepatocyte proliferation, and reduced steatosis and cell death induced by the YF virus. Conclusion: Yellow fever often induces liver failure characterized by massive hepatocellular damage plus steatosis. New expression of ITPR3 also occurs in YF-infected hepatocytes, which may represent an endogenous protective mechanism that could suggest approaches to treat affected individuals before they progress to liver failure, thereby decreasing the mortality of this disease in a way that does not rely on the costly and limited resource of liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andressa França
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | | | - Rodrigo M. Florentino
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Marcone Loiola Santos
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Dabny G. Missiaggia
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | | | - Felipe Ferraz Dias
- Center of MicroscopyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | | | - Mauro M. Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and ImmunologyUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | | | - Cristiano Xavier Lima
- Hepatic Transplant ServiceHospital Felício RochoBelo HorizonteBrazil
- SurgeryUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | | | | | - Matheus Castro Fonseca
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio)Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and MaterialsRua Giuseppe Máximo ScolfaroCampinasBrazil
| | - Michael H. Nathanson
- Section of Digestive DiseasesDepartment of Internal MedicineYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
| | - M. Fatima Leite
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
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23
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Ferreguetti AC, de Oliveira ABM, Pereira BC, Santori RT, Geise L, Bergallo HG. Encounter rate and behavior of Alouatta guariba clamitans in the Ilha Grande State Park, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. ZOOLOGIA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.37.e36846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Alouatta guariba clamitans Cabrera, 1940 is an endemic species of the Atlantic Forest that occurs from south Bahia, Brazil, extending south to the province of Misiones, Argentina. In Rio de Janeiro state, the species was classified as threatened, indicating that attention is needed for the conservation of this taxon. Additionally, an outbreak of yellow fever spread throughout the southeastern states of Brazil from January 2017 until March 2018 seriously threatening Rio de Janeiro populations of the species. Herein, we aimed to provide the first estimates of A. g. clamitans encounter rate, density, and population size in the Ilha Grande State Park (PEIG), which is part of the Atlantic Forest biome of Brazil. Data were collected in two different periods, the first between December 2003 and May 2005, and the second from August 2009 to May 2010, and information on encounter rates and behavior was collected to better understand aspects of species' ecology. The estimated encounter rate in the first period through the distance sampling method was 0.04 ± 0.01 individuals per kilometer. Nine groups were recorded in the second period of the study, with 47 individuals along 3 km. Our estimates of encounter rate, density and population size were low and reinforces the need to initiate species monitoring and assess the impact that yellow fever outbreaks may have on PEIG populations. The results presented here can be a starting point to support future strategic actions for the species, to measure impacts and to the management of the species, and for a conservation program.
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24
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Iannetta M, Di Caro A, Nicastri E, Vairo F, Masanja H, Kobinger G, Mirazimi A, Ntoumi F, Zumla A, Ippolito G. Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Other than Ebola and Lassa. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2020; 33:977-1002. [PMID: 31668201 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers represent a group of diseases caused by enveloped RNA viruses. The epidemiology is broadly variable, ranging from geographically localized to more diffuse infections. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are classified as category A bioweapon agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hemorrhagic fevers are severe febrile illnesses with hemorrhagic phenomena. Laboratory diagnosis takes place in highly specialized reference laboratories. Treatment is essentially supportive. In this article, we focus the attention on yellow fever and viral hemorrhagic fevers other than Ebola and Lassa virus diseases that have been described elsewhere in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Iannetta
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Francesco Vairo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Honorati Masanja
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Kiko Avenue, Plot N 463, Mikocheni, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, 2325 Rue de l'Université, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Alle 8 Plan 7, Stockholm 14183, Sweden
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Université Marien NGouabi, Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Villa D6, Campus OMS//AFRO Djoué, Brazzaville, Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, Royal Free Campus 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, Rome 00149, Italy.
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25
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Zika Virus Surveillance at the Human-Animal Interface in West-Central Brazil, 2017-2018. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121164. [PMID: 31888285 PMCID: PMC6950091 DOI: 10.3390/v11121164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) was first discovered in 1947 in Uganda but was not considered a public health threat until 2007 when it found to be the source of epidemic activity in Asia. Epidemic activity spread to Brazil in 2014 and continued to spread throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. Despite ZIKV being zoonotic in origin, information about transmission, or even exposure of non-human vertebrates and mosquitoes to ZIKV in the Americas, is lacking. Accordingly, from February 2017 to March 2018, we sought evidence of sylvatic ZIKV transmission by sampling whole blood from approximately 2000 domestic and wild vertebrates of over 100 species in West-Central Brazil within the active human ZIKV transmission area. In addition, we collected over 24,300 mosquitoes of at least 17 genera and 62 species. We screened whole blood samples and mosquito pools for ZIKV RNA using pan-flavivirus primers in a real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in a SYBR Green platform. Positives were confirmed using ZIKV-specific envelope gene real-time RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing. Of the 2068 vertebrates tested, none were ZIKV positive. Of the 23,315 non-engorged mosquitoes consolidated into 1503 pools tested, 22 (1.5%) with full data available showed some degree of homology to insect-specific flaviviruses. To identify previous exposure to ZIKV, 1498 plasma samples representing 62 species of domestic and sylvatic vertebrates were tested for ZIKV-neutralizing antibodies by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT90). From these, 23 (1.5%) of seven species were seropositive for ZIKV and negative for dengue virus serotype 2, yellow fever virus, and West Nile virus, suggesting potential monotypic reaction for ZIKV. Results presented here suggest no active transmission of ZIKV in non-human vertebrate populations or in alternative vector candidates, but suggest that vertebrates around human populations have indeed been exposed to ZIKV in West-Central Brazil.
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Yellow Fever Virus Reemergence and Spread in Southeast Brazil, 2016-2019. J Virol 2019; 94:JVI.01623-19. [PMID: 31597773 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01623-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent reemergence of yellow fever virus (YFV) in Brazil has raised serious concerns due to the rapid dissemination of the virus in the southeastern region. To better understand YFV genetic diversity and dynamics during the recent outbreak in southeastern Brazil, we generated 18 complete and nearly complete genomes from the peak of the epidemic curve from nonhuman primates (NHPs) and human infected cases across the Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states. Genomic sequencing of 18 YFV genomes revealed the estimated timing, source, and likely routes of yellow fever virus transmission and dispersion during one of the largest outbreaks ever registered in Brazil. We showed that during the recent epidemic, YFV was reintroduced from Minas Gerais to the Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states multiple times between 2016 and 2019. The analysis of data from portable sequencing could identify the corridor of spread of YFV. These findings reinforce the idea that continued genomic surveillance strategies can provide information on virus genetic diversity and transmission dynamics that might assist in understanding arbovirus epidemics.IMPORTANCE Arbovirus infections in Brazil, including yellow fever, dengue, zika, and chikungunya, result in considerable morbidity and mortality and are pressing public health concerns. However, our understanding of these outbreaks is hampered by the limited availability of genomic data. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity and spatial distribution of YFV during the current outbreak by analyzing genomic data from areas in southeastern Brazil not covered by other previous studies. To gain insights into the routes of YFV introduction and dispersion, we tracked the virus by sequencing YFV genomes sampled from nonhuman primates and infected patients from the southeastern region. Our study provides an understanding of how YFV initiates transmission in new Brazilian regions and illustrates that genomics in the field can augment traditional approaches to infectious disease surveillance and control.
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Nyaruaba R, Mwaliko C, Mwau M, Mousa S, Wei H. Arboviruses in the East African Community partner states: a review of medically important mosquito-borne Arboviruses. Pathog Glob Health 2019; 113:209-228. [PMID: 31664886 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2019.1678939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases, including arbovirus-related diseases, make up a large proportion of infectious disease cases worldwide, causing a serious global public health burden with over 700,000 deaths annually. Mosquito-borne arbovirus outbreaks can range from global to regional. In the East African Community (EAC) region, these viruses have caused a series of emerging and reemerging infectious disease outbreaks. Member states in the EAC share a lot in common including regional trade and transport, some of the factors highlighted to be the cause of mosquito-borne arbovirus disease outbreaks worldwide. In this review, characteristics of 24 mosquito-borne arboviruses indigenous to the EAC are reviewed, including lesser or poorly understood viruses, like Batai virus (BATV) and Ndumu virus (NDUV), which may escape their origins under perfect conditions to establish a foothold in new geographical locations. Factors that may influence the future spread of these viruses within the EAC are addressed. With the continued development observed in the EAC, strategies should be developed by the Community in improving mosquito and mosquito-borne arbovirus surveillance to prevent future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Nyaruaba
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,International college, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caroline Mwaliko
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,International college, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Matilu Mwau
- Center for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Busia, Kenya
| | - Samar Mousa
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,International college, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongping Wei
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Reisen WK, Wheeler SS. Overwintering of West Nile Virus in the United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1498-1507. [PMID: 31549726 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of a tropical virus such as West Nile (WNV; Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) within the temperate latitudes of the continental United States was unexpected and perhaps contingent, in part, upon the ability of this invasive virus to persist during winter when temperatures become too cold for replication and vector mosquito gonotrophic activity. Our Forum article reviews research examining possible overwintering mechanisms that include consistent reintroduction and local persistence in vector mosquitoes and avian hosts, mostly using examples from research conducted in California. We conclude that the transmission of WNV involves so many vectors and hosts within different landscapes that multiple overwintering pathways are possible and collectively may be necessary to allow this virus to overwinter consistently within the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Reisen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Sarah S Wheeler
- Sacramento-Yolo Mosquito and Vector Control District, Elk Grove, CA
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A peridomestic Aedes malayensis population in Singapore can transmit yellow fever virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007783. [PMID: 31589616 PMCID: PMC6797215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The case-fatality rate of yellow fever virus (YFV) is one of the highest among arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Although historically, the Asia-Pacific region has remained free of YFV, the risk of introduction has never been higher due to the increasing influx of people from endemic regions and the recent outbreaks in Africa and South America. Singapore is a global hub for trade and tourism and therefore at high risk for YFV introduction. Effective control of the main domestic mosquito vector Aedes aegypti in Singapore has failed to prevent re-emergence of dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses in the last two decades, raising suspicions that peridomestic mosquito species untargeted by domestic vector control measures may contribute to arbovirus transmission. Here, we provide empirical evidence that the peridomestic mosquito Aedes malayensis found in Singapore can transmit YFV. Our laboratory mosquito colony recently derived from wild Ae. malayensis in Singapore was experimentally competent for YFV to a similar level as Ae. aegypti controls. In addition, we captured Ae. malayensis females in one human-baited trap during three days of collection, providing preliminary evidence that host-vector contact may occur in field conditions. Finally, we detected Ae. malayensis eggs in traps deployed in high-rise building areas of Singapore. We conclude that Ae. malayensis is a competent vector of YFV and re-emphasize that vector control methods should be extended to target peridomestic vector species. Yellow fever is a dreadful disease caused by a mosquito-borne virus circulating in Africa and South America. Historically, the Asia-Pacific region has remained free of yellow fever but the ever increasing influx of travelers puts places such as Singapore at unprecedented risk of yellow fever virus introduction. The present study characterized the potential contribution of a mosquito species called Aedes malayensis to yellow fever virus transmission in Singapore. Aedes malayensis breeds in urban parks of Singapore and is suspected to have participated in the resurgence of other mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue because it is not targeted by current mosquito control measures. Not only was Ae. malayensis able to experimentally acquire and transmit yellow fever virus, but it was also found to engage in contact with humans in a field situation. This empirical evidence indicates that Ae. malayensis is a competent vector of yellow fever virus and should be targeted by mosquito control programs.
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Beard CB, Visser SN, Petersen LR. The Need for a National Strategy to Address Vector-Borne Disease Threats in the United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1199-1203. [PMID: 31505668 PMCID: PMC7058377 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) cause significant morbidity and mortality each year in the United States. Over the last 14 yr, over 700,000 cases of diseases carried by ticks, mosquitoes, and fleas have been reported from U.S. states and territories to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The number of reported cases has been increasing annually with two major trends: a steady increase in tick-borne diseases and increasing intermittent outbreaks of mosquito-borne arboviruses. The factors that are driving VBD introduction and emergence vary among diseases but are not likely to disappear, indicating that current trends will continue and probably worsen in the absence of effective prevention and control tools and implementation capacity. There are a number of challenges to preventing VBDs, including the lack of vaccines and effective vector control tools, insecticide resistance, and eroding technical capacities in public health entomology at federal, state, and local levels. For these reasons, a national strategy is needed to address VBD threats and to reverse the alarming trend in morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases.
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31
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Faddy HM, Fryk JJ, Hall RA, Young PR, Reichenberg S, Tolksdorf F, Sumian C, Gravemann U, Seltsam A, Marks DC. Inactivation of yellow fever virus in plasma after treatment with methylene blue and visible light and in platelet concentrates following treatment with ultraviolet C light. Transfusion 2019; 59:2223-2227. [PMID: 31050821 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow fever virus (YFV) is endemic to tropical and subtropical areas in South America and Africa, and is currently a major public health threat in Brazil. Transfusion transmission of the yellow fever vaccine virus has been demonstrated, which is indicative of the potential for viral transfusion transmission. An approach to manage the potential YFV transfusion transmission risk is the use of pathogen inactivation (PI) technology systems, such as THERAFLEX MB-Plasma and THERAFLEX UV-Platelets (Macopharma). We aimed to investigate the efficacy of these PI technology systems to inactivate YFV in plasma or platelet concentrates (PCs). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS YFV spiked plasma units were treated using THERAFLEX MB-Plasma system (visible light doses: 20, 40, 60, and 120 [standard] J/cm2 ) in the presence of methylene blue (approx. 0.8 μmol/L) and spiked PCs were treated using THERAFLEX UV-Platelets system (ultraviolet C doses: 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 [standard] J/cm2 ). Samples were taken before the first and after each illumination dose and tested for residual virus using a modified plaque assay. RESULTS YFV infectivity was reduced by an average of 4.77 log or greater in plasma treated with the THERAFLEX MB-Plasma system and by 4.8 log or greater in PCs treated with THERAFLEX UV-Platelets system. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests the THERAFLEX MB-Plasma and the THERAFLEX UV-Platelets systems can efficiently inactivate YFV in plasma or PCs to a similar degree as that for other arboviruses. Given the reduction levels observed in this study, these PI technology systems could be an effective option for managing YFV transfusion-transmission risk in plasma and PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Faddy
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jesse J Fryk
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Ute Gravemann
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Springe, Germany
| | - Axel Seltsam
- German Red Cross Blood Service NSTOB, Springe, Germany
| | - Denese C Marks
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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32
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Esser HJ, Mögling R, Cleton NB, van der Jeugd H, Sprong H, Stroo A, Koopmans MPG, de Boer WF, Reusken CBEM. Risk factors associated with sustained circulation of six zoonotic arboviruses: a systematic review for selection of surveillance sites in non-endemic areas. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:265. [PMID: 31133059 PMCID: PMC6537422 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses represent a significant burden to public health and local economies due to their ability to cause unpredictable and widespread epidemics. To maximize early detection of arbovirus emergence in non-endemic areas, surveillance efforts should target areas where circulation is most likely. However, identifying such hotspots of potential emergence is a major challenge. The ecological conditions leading to arbovirus outbreaks are shaped by complex interactions between the virus, its vertebrate hosts, arthropod vector, and abiotic environment that are often poorly understood. Here, we systematically review the ecological risk factors associated with the circulation of six arboviruses that are of considerable concern to northwestern Europe. These include three mosquito-borne viruses (Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Rift Valley fever virus) and three tick-borne viruses (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and louping-ill virus). We consider both intrinsic (e.g. vector and reservoir host competence) and extrinsic (e.g. temperature, precipitation, host densities, land use) risk factors, identify current knowledge gaps, and discuss future directions. Our systematic review provides baseline information for the identification of regions and habitats that have suitable ecological conditions for endemic circulation, and therefore may be used to target early warning surveillance programs aimed at detecting multi-virus and/or arbovirus emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Esser
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ramona Mögling
- Department of Viroscience, WHO CC for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever reference and research, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie B Cleton
- Department of Viroscience, WHO CC for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever reference and research, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Henk van der Jeugd
- Vogeltrekstation-Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Sprong
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Stroo
- Centre for Monitoring of Vectors (CMV), National Reference Centre (NRC), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Ministry of Economic Affairs, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, WHO CC for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever reference and research, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem F de Boer
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal B E M Reusken
- Department of Viroscience, WHO CC for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever reference and research, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Casadio LVB, Salles APM, Malta FDM, Leite GF, Ho YL, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Malbouisson LMS, Levin AS, de Azevedo Neto RS, Carrilho FJ, Nastri ACSS, Pinho JRR. Lipase and factor V (but not viral load) are prognostic factors for the evolution of severe yellow fever cases. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e190033. [PMID: 31116245 PMCID: PMC6528381 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a highly efficacious vaccine, yellow fever (YF) is still a major threat in developing countries and a cause of outbreaks. In 2018, the Brazilian state of São Paulo witnessed a new YF outbreak in areas where the virus has not been detected before. OBJECTIVE The aim is to describe the clinical and laboratorial characteristics of severe cases of YF, evaluate viral to determine markers associated with fatal outcome. METHODS Acute severe YF cases (n = 62) were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of a reference hospital and submitted to routine laboratorial evaluation on admission. YFV-RNA was detected in serum and urine by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and then sequenced. Patients were classified in two groups: survival or death. FINDINGS In the univariate analysis the following variables were associated with outcome: alanin aminotransferase (ALT), aspartat aminotransferase (AST), AST/ALT ratio, total bilirubin (TB), chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI), ammonia, lipase, factor V, international normalised ratio (INR), lactate and bicarbonate. Logistic regression model showed two independent variables associated with death: lipase [odds ratio (OR) 1.018, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.007 to 1.030, p = 0.002], and factor V (OR -0.955, 95% CI 0.929 to 0.982, p = 0.001). The estimated lipase and factor V cut-off values that maximised sensitivity and specificity for death prediction were 147.5 U/L [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.879], and 56.5% (AUC = 0.913). MAIN CONCLUSIONS YF acute severe cases show a generalised involvement of different organs (liver, spleen, heart, kidneys, intestines and pancreas), and different parameters were related to outcome. Factor V and lipase are independent variables associated with death, reinforcing the importance of hemorrhagic events due to fulminant liver failure and pointing to pancreatitis as a relevant event in the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Vilas Boas Casadio
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Laboratório de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Tropical - LIM/07, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Moreira Salles
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Laboratório de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Tropical - LIM/07, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Fernanda de Mello Malta
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Laboratório de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Tropical - LIM/07, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Gabriel Fialkovitz Leite
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Yeh-Li Ho
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Michele Soares Gomes-Gouvêa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Laboratório de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Tropical - LIM/07, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Luiz Marcelo Sá Malbouisson
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Anna S Levin
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Flair José Carrilho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Laboratório de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Tropical - LIM/07, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Ana Catharina Seixas Santos Nastri
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Laboratório de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Tropical - LIM/07, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina da São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Laboratório de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia Tropical - LIM/07, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein Medicina Diagnóstica, Laboratório de Técnicas Especiais, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Epizootics due to Yellow Fever Virus in São Paulo State, Brazil: viral dissemination to new areas (2016-2017). Sci Rep 2019; 9:5474. [PMID: 30940867 PMCID: PMC6445104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Beginning in late 2016 Brazil faced the worst outbreak of Yellow Fever in recent decades, mainly located in southeastern rural regions of the country. In the present study we characterize the Yellow Fever Virus (YFV) associated with this outbreak in São Paulo State, Brazil. Blood or tissues collected from 430 dead monkeys and 1030 pools containing a total of 5,518 mosquitoes were tested for YFV by quantitative RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and indirect immunofluorescence. A total of 67 monkeys were YFV-positive and 3 pools yielded YFV following culture in a C6/36 cell line. Analysis of five nearly full length genomes of YFV from collected samples was consistent with evidence that the virus associated with the São Paulo outbreak originated in Minas Gerais. The phylogenetic analysis also showed that strains involved in the 2016–2017 outbreak in distinct Brazilian states (i.e., Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo) intermingled in maximum-likelihood and Bayesian trees. Conversely, the strains detected in São Paulo formed a monophyletic cluster, suggesting that they were local-adapted. The finding of YFV by RT-PCR in five Callithrix monkeys who were all YFV-negative by histopathology or immunohistochemistry suggests that this YFV lineage circulating in Sao Paulo is associated with different outcomes in Callithrix when compared to other monkeys.
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de Abreu FVS, Gomes LR, Mello ARL, Bianco-Júnior C, de Pina-Costa A, Dos Santos E, Teixeira DS, Brasil P, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz M. Frozen blood clots can be used for the diagnosis of distinct Plasmodium species in man and non-human primates from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Malar J 2018; 17:338. [PMID: 30249260 PMCID: PMC6154902 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic infections with epidemic potential, as non-human primate malaria and yellow fever (YF), can overlap geographically. Optimizing a small blood sample for diagnosis and surveillance is of great importance. Blood are routinely collected for YF diagnosis and blood clots usually discarded after serum obtention. Aiming to take sample advantage, the sensitivity of a PCR using extracted DNA from long-term frozen clots from human and non-human primates for detection of Plasmodium spp. in low parasitaemia conditions was assayed. RESULTS Malaria diagnosis with DNA extracted from blood clots generated results in agreement with samples obtained with whole blood, including mixed Plasmodium vivax/simium and Plasmodium malariae/brasilianum infections. CONCLUSION Blood clots from human and non-human primates may be an important and low cost source of DNA for malaria surveillance in the Atlantic Forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais Campus Salinas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Gomes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Rosa Lavigne Mello
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cesare Bianco-Júnior
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anielle de Pina-Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO), Teresópolis/RJ, 25964-004, Brazil
| | - Edmilson Dos Santos
- Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Secretaria de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Maria de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Possas C, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Tauil PL, Pinheiro FDP, Pissinatti A, da Cunha RV, Freire M, Martins RM, Homma A. Yellow fever outbreak in Brazil: the puzzle of rapid viral spread and challenges for immunisation. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e180278. [PMID: 30427974 PMCID: PMC6135548 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We discuss the complex eco-social factors involved in the puzzle of the unexpected rapid viral spread in the ongoing Brazilian yellow fever (YF) outbreak, which has increased the reurbanisation risk of a disease without urban cases in Brazil since 1942. Indeed, this rapid spatial viral dissemination to the Southeast and South regions, now circulating in the Atlantic Forest fragments close to peri-urban areas of the main Brazilian megalopolises (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) has led to an exponential increase in the number of yellow fever cases. In less than 18 months, 1,833 confirmed cases and 578 deaths were recorded most of them reported in the Southeast region (99,9%). Large epizooties in monkeys and other non-human primates (NHPs) were communicated in the country with 732 YF virus (YFV) laboratory confirmed events only in the 2017/2018 monitoring period. We also discuss the peculiarities and similarities of the current outbreak when compared with previous great epidemics, examining several hypotheses to explain the recent unexpected acceleration of epizootic waves in the sylvatic cycle of the YFV together with the role of human, NHPs and mosquito mobility with respect to viral spread. We conclude that the most feasible hypothesis to explain this rapidity would be related to human behavior combined with ecological changes that promoted a significant increase in mosquito and NHP densities and their contacts with humans. We emphasize the urgent need for an adequate response to this outbreak such as extending immunisation coverage to the whole Brazilian population and developing novel strategies for immunisation of NHPs confined in selected reserve areas and zoos. Finally, we stress the urgent need to improve the quality of response in order to prevent future outbreaks and a catastrophic reurbanisation of the disease in Brazil and other South American countries. Continuous monitoring of YFV receptivity and vulnerability conditions with effective control of the urban vector Aedes aegypti and significant investments in YF vaccine production capacity and research and development for reduction of adverse effects are of the highest priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Possas
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Pedro Luiz Tauil
- Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | | | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto Estadual do Ambiente, Guapimirim, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Marcos Freire
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Akira Homma
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Bio-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Fernandes NCCDA, Cunha MS, Guerra JM, Réssio RA, Cirqueira CDS, Iglezias SD, de Carvalho J, Araujo ELL, Catão-Dias JL, Díaz-Delgado J. Outbreak of Yellow Fever among Nonhuman Primates, Espirito Santo, Brazil, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:2038-2041. [PMID: 29148378 PMCID: PMC5708241 DOI: 10.3201/eid2312.170685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In January 2017, a yellow fever outbreak occurred in Espirito Santo, Brazil, where human immunization coverage is low. Histologic, immunohistologic, and PCR examinations were performed for 22 deceased nonhuman New World primates; typical yellow fever features were found in 21. Diagnosis in nonhuman primates prompted early public health response.
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Klitting R, Gould EA, Paupy C, de Lamballerie X. What Does the Future Hold for Yellow Fever Virus? (I). Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E291. [PMID: 29890711 PMCID: PMC6027470 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent resurgence of yellow fever virus (YFV) activity in the tropical regions of Africa and South America has sparked renewed interest in this infamous arboviral disease. Yellow fever virus had been a human plague for centuries prior to the identification of its urban transmission vector, the Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) mosquito species, and the development of an efficient live-attenuated vaccine, the YF-17D strain. The combination of vector-control measures and vaccination campaigns drastically reduced YFV incidence in humans on many occasions, but the virus never ceased to circulate in the forest, through its sylvatic invertebrate vector(s) and vertebrate host(s). Outbreaks recently reported in Central Africa (2015⁻2016) and Brazil (since late 2016), reached considerable proportions in terms of spatial distribution and total numbers of cases, with multiple exports, including to China. In turn, questions about the likeliness of occurrence of large urban YFV outbreaks in the Americas or of a successful import of YFV to Asia are currently resurfacing. This two-part review describes the current state of knowledge and gaps regarding the molecular biology and transmission dynamics of YFV, along with an overview of the tools that can be used to manage the disease at individual, local and global levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Klitting
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
| | - Ernest A Gould
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
| | - Christophe Paupy
- UMR Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique Évolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC: IRD, CNRS, Université Montpellier), 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Université, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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Agarwal A, Parida M, Dash PK. Impact of transmission cycles and vector competence on global expansion and emergence of arboviruses. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27:e1941. [PMID: 28857363 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Arboviruses are transmitted between arthropod vectors and vertebrate host. Arboviral infection in mosquitoes is initiated when a mosquito feeds on a viremic host. Following ingestion of a viremic blood meal by mosquitoes, virus enters midgut along with the blood, infects and replicates in midgut epithelial cells, and then escapes to the hemocoel, from where it disseminates to various secondary organs including salivary glands. Subsequently, when mosquito bites another host, a new transmission cycle is initiated. The midgut and salivary glands act as anatomical barriers to virus infection and escape. These complex interactions between the virus and vector dictate the vector competence. Thus, vector competence reflects the success in overcoming different barriers within the vector. Along with these, other intrinsic factors like midgut microbiota and immune responses, extrinsic factors like temperature and humidity, and genetic factors like vector genotype and viral genotype have been discussed in this review. Recent advancement on novel molecular tools to study vector competence is also included. Different modes of arboviral transmission like horizontal, vertical, and venereal and how these play role in sustenance and emergence of arboviruses in nature are also discussed. These factors can be exploited to reduce the susceptibility of vectors for the viruses, so as to control arboviral diseases to certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Agarwal
- Division of Virology, Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manmohan Parida
- Division of Virology, Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Paban Kumar Dash
- Division of Virology, Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
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40
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Amraoui F, Vazeille M, Failloux AB. French Aedes albopictus are able to transmit yellow fever virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30361. [PMID: 27719755 PMCID: PMC5069433 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.39.30361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the ability of a French population of Aedes albopictus to transmit yellow fever virus (YFV). Batches of 30 to 40 female mosquitoes were analysed at 7, 14 and 21 days post-exposure (dpe). Bodies, heads and saliva were screened for YFV. Infectious viral particles were detected in bodies and heads at 7, 14 and 21 dpe whereas the virus was found in saliva only from 14 dpe. Our results showed that Ae. albopictus can potentially transmit YFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadila Amraoui
- Institut Pasteur, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Department of Virology, Paris, France
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Z Goldani
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Secção de Doenças Infecciosas, Porto Alegre, MG, Brazil.
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42
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Tabachnick WJ. Climate Change and the Arboviruses: Lessons from the Evolution of the Dengue and Yellow Fever Viruses. Annu Rev Virol 2016; 3:125-145. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-110615-035630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J. Tabachnick
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida 32962;
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43
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Wang L, Zhou P, Fu X, Zheng Y, Huang S, Fang B, Zhang G, Jia K, Li S. Yellow fever virus: Increasing imported cases in China. J Infect 2016; 73:377-80. [PMID: 27422700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Pet, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Pet, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingliang Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Pet, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - San Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Pet, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Pet, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Pet, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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44
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Meyer Steiger DB, Ritchie SA, Laurance SGW. Mosquito communities and disease risk influenced by land use change and seasonality in the Australian tropics. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:387. [PMID: 27388293 PMCID: PMC4936001 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anthropogenic land use changes have contributed considerably to the rise of emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases. These diseases appear to be increasing as a result of the novel juxtapositions of habitats and species that can result in new interchanges of vectors, diseases and hosts. We studied whether the mosquito community structure varied between habitats and seasons and whether known disease vectors displayed habitat preferences in tropical Australia. Methods Using CDC model 512 traps, adult mosquitoes were sampled across an anthropogenic disturbance gradient of grassland, rainforest edge and rainforest interior habitats, in both the wet and dry seasons. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordinations were applied to examine major gradients in the composition of mosquito and vector communities. Results We captured ~13,000 mosquitoes from 288 trap nights across four study sites. A community analysis identified 29 species from 7 genera. Even though mosquito abundance and richness were similar between the three habitats, the community composition varied significantly in response to habitat type. The mosquito community in rainforest interiors was distinctly different to the community in grasslands, whereas forest edges acted as an ecotone with shared communities from both forest interiors and grasslands. We found two community patterns that will influence disease risk at out study sites, first, that disease vectoring mosquito species occurred all year round. Secondly, that anthropogenic grasslands adjacent to rainforests may increase the probability of novel disease transmission through changes to the vector community on rainforest edges, as most disease transmitting species predominantly occurred in grasslands. Conclusion Our results indicate that the strong influence of anthropogenic land use change on mosquito communities could have potential implications for pathogen transmission to humans and wildlife. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1675-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar B Meyer Steiger
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Studies (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, 4870, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitative Sciences, James Cook University, 4870, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan G W Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Studies (TESS) and College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, 4870, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
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45
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Su S, Qiu X, Zhou J. Spread of ZIKV and YFV to China: Potential implications. J Infect 2016; 73:289-91. [PMID: 27321115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Su
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangguo Qiu
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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46
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The Attenuated Live Yellow Fever Virus 17D Infects the Thymus and Induces Thymic Transcriptional Modifications of Immunomodulatory Genes in C57BL/6 and BALB/C Mice. Autoimmune Dis 2015; 2015:503087. [PMID: 26457200 PMCID: PMC4589579 DOI: 10.1155/2015/503087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus is involved in induction of self-tolerance in T lymphocytes, particularly due to Aire activity. In peripheral tissues, Treg cells and immunomodulatory molecules, like the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib molecules, are essential for maintenance of autotolerance during immune responses. Viral infections can trigger autoimmunity and modify thymic function, and YFV17D immunization has been associated with the onset of autoimmunity, being contraindicated in patients with thymic disorders. Aiming to study the influence of YFV17D immunization on the transcriptional profiles of immunomodulatory genes in thymus, we evaluated the gene expression of AIRE, FOXP3, H2-Q7 (Qa-2/HLA-G), H2-T23 (Qa-1/HLA-E), H2-Q10, and H2-K1 following immunization with 10,000 LD50 of YFV17D in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. The YFV17D virus replicated in thymus and induced the expression of H2-Q7 (Qa-2/HLA-G) and H2-T23 (Qa-1/HLA-E) transcripts and repressed the expression of AIRE and FOXP3. Transcriptional expression varied according to tissue and mouse strain analyzed. Expression of H2-T23 (Qa-1/HLA-E) and FOXP3 was induced in thymus and liver of C57BL/6 mice, which exhibited defective control of viral load, suggesting a higher susceptibility to YFV17D infection. Since the immunization with YFV17D modulated thymus gene expression in genetically predisposed individuals, the vaccine may be related to the onset of autoimmunity disorders.
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Higgs
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, 1041 Pat Robert Hall, Manhattan, Kansas, USA Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Mosier Hall, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Mosier Hall, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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48
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Huang YJS, Higgs S, Horne KM, Vanlandingham DL. Flavivirus-mosquito interactions. Viruses 2014; 6:4703-30. [PMID: 25421894 PMCID: PMC4246245 DOI: 10.3390/v6114703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus is in the family Flaviviridae and is comprised of more than 70 viruses. These viruses have a broad geographic range, circulating on every continent except Antarctica. Mosquito-borne flaviviruses, such as yellow fever virus, dengue virus serotypes 1-4, Japanese encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus are responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality in affected regions. This review focuses on what is known about flavivirus-mosquito interactions and presents key data collected from the field and laboratory-based molecular and ultrastructural evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jang S Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Kate McElroy Horne
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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49
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Walter KS, Brown JE, Powell JR. Microhabitat partitioning of Aedes simpsoni (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:596-604. [PMID: 24897852 PMCID: PMC4119429 DOI: 10.1603/me13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus is a reemerging infection responsible for widespread, sporadic outbreaks across Africa. Although Aedes aegypti (L.) is the most important vector globally, in East Africa, epidemics may be vectored by Aedes bromeliae (Theobald), a member of the Aedes simpsoni (Theobald) species complex. The Ae. simpsoni complex contains 10 subspecies, of which Ae. bromeliae alone has been incriminated as a vector of yellow fever virus. However, morphological markers cannot distinguish Ae. bromeliae from conspecifics, including the sympatric and non-anthropophilic Aedes lilii (Theobald). Here, we used three sequenced nuclear markers to examine the population structure of Ae. simpsoni complex mosquitoes collected from diverse habitats in Rabai, Kenya. Gene trees consistently show strong support for the existence of two clades in Rabai, with segregation by habitat. Domestic mosquitoes segregate separately from forest-collected mosquitoes, providing evidence of habitat partitioning on a small spatial scale (< 5 km). Although speculative, these likely represent what have been described as Ae. bromeliae and Ae. lilii, respectively. The observation of high levels of diversity within Rabai indicates that this species complex may exhibit significant genetic differentiation across East Africa. The genetic structure, ecology, and range of this important disease vector are surprisingly understudied and need to be further characterized.
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Diallo D, Sall AA, Diagne CT, Faye O, Hanley KA, Buenemann M, Ba Y, Faye O, Weaver SC, Diallo M. Patterns of a sylvatic yellow fever virus amplification in southeastern Senegal, 2010. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 90:1003-13. [PMID: 24615140 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
During the wet season of 2010, yellow fever virus (YFV) was detected in field-collected mosquitoes in the Kédougou region in southeastern Senegal. During this outbreak, we studied the association of the abundance of YFV-infected mosquitoes and land cover features to try and understand the dynamics of YFV transmission within the region. In total, 41,234 mosquito females were collected and tested for virus infection in 5,152 pools. YFV was detected in 67 pools; species including Aedes furcifer (52.2% of the infected pools), Ae. luteocephalus (31.3% of the infected pools), Ae. taylori (6.0% of the infected pools) and six other species (10.4% of the infected pools) captured in September (13.4%), October (70.1%), and November (16.4%). Spatially, YFV was detected from mosquitoes collected in all land cover classes but mainly, forest canopies (49.2%). Human infection is likely mediated by Ae. furcifer, the only species found infected with YFV within villages. Villages containing YFV-infected mosquitoes were significantly closer to large forests (> 2 ha) than villages in which no infected mosquitoes were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diawo Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Amadou A Sall
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Cheikh T Diagne
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Oumar Faye
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Michaela Buenemann
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yamar Ba
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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