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Mao Y, Wang Z, Yao C, Zeng Q, Cheng W, Zhang S, Chen S, Sheng C. The Food and Drug Administration-approved antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine, a calmodulin antagonist, inhibits viral replication through PERK-eIF2α axis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:979904. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-related diseases are seriously threatening human health, but there are currently only 10 viruses with clinically approved antiviral drugs available. As non-cellular organisms, viruses parasitize in living cells and rely on the protein synthesis mechanism of the host cells. In this study, we found that the antipsychotic drug trifluoperazine (TFP), a dual dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2)/calmodulin (CALM) antagonist, increases the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), a key factor in the regulation of protein synthesis and significantly inhibits vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication. CALM but not DRD2 is involved in the antiviral activity of TFP. By knockdown of protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) we found that the antiviral function of TFP is dependent on PERK, a stress response kinase that mediates eIF2α phosphorylation. Furthermore, the results of animal experiments showed that TFP protects mice from lethal VSV attacks, improving the survival rate and reducing lung injury. Taken together, these data suggests that TFP inhibits virus replication through PERK-eIF2α axis, and this broad-spectrum of mechanisms are worth further evaluation in clinical trials in the future.
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Espinoza LAT, Schumann KR, Luk YY, Israel BA, Abbott NL. Orientational behavior of thermotropic liquid crystals on surfaces presenting electrostatically bound vesicular stomatitis virus. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:2375-85. [PMID: 15835699 DOI: 10.1021/la035774i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the orientational behavior of nematic phases of 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) on cationic, anionic, and nonionic surfaces before and after contact of these surfaces with solutions containing the negatively charged vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The surfaces were prepared on evaporated films of gold by either adsorption of poly-L-lysine (cationic) or formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) from HS(CH2)2SO3- (anionic) or HS(CH2)11(OCH2CH2)4OH (nonionic). Prior to treatment with virus, we measured the initial orientation of 5CB (delta epsilon = epsilon(parallel) - epsilon(perpendicular) > 0) to be parallel to the cationic surfaces (planar anchoring) but perpendicular (homeotropic) after equilibration for 5 days. A similar transition from planar to homeotropic orientation of 5CB was observed on the anionic surfaces. Only planar orientations of 5CB were observed on the nonionic surfaces. Because N-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-4-butylaniline (MBBA, delta epsilon = epsilon(parallel) - epsilon(perpendicular) < 0) exhibited planar alignment on all surfaces, the time-dependent alignment of 5CB on the ionic surfaces is consistent with a dipolar coupling between the 5CB and electrical double layers formed at the ionic interfaces. Treatment ofpoly-L-lysine-coated gold films (cationic) with purified solutions of VSV containing 10(8)-10(10) plaque-forming units per milliliter (pfu/mL) led to the homeotropic alignment of 5CB immediately after contact of 5CB with the surface. In contrast, treatment of anionic surfaces and nonionic surfaces with solutions of VSV containing approximately 10(10) pfu/mL did not cause immediate homeotropic alignment of 5CB. These results and others suggest that homeotropic alignment of 5CB on cationic surfaces treated with VSV of titer > or = 10(8) pfu/mL reflects the presence of virus electrostatically bound to these surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Tercero Espinoza
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Afzelius B, Alberti G, Dallai R, Godula J, Witalinski W. Virus- and rickettsia-infected sperm cells in arthropods. J Invertebr Pathol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(89)90102-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Odenwald WF, Arnheiter H, Dubois-Dalcq M, Lazzarini RA. Stereo images of vesicular stomatitis virus assembly. J Virol 1986; 57:922-32. [PMID: 3005636 PMCID: PMC252823 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.57.3.922-932.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral assembly was studied by viewing platinum replicas of cytoplasmic and outer plasma membrane surfaces of baby hamster kidney cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus. Replicas of the cytoplasmic surface of the basilar plasma membrane revealed nucleocapsids forming bullet-shaped tight helical coils. The apex of each viral nose cone was anchored to the membrane and was free of uncoiled nucleocapsid, whereas tortuous nucleocapsid was attached to the base of tightly coiled structures. Using immunoelectron microscopy, we identified the nucleocapsid (N) viral protein as a component of both the tight-coil and tortuous nucleocapsids, whereas the matrix (M) protein was found only on tortuous nucleocapsids. The M protein was not found on the membrane. Using immunoreagents specific for the viral glycoprotein (G protein), we found that the amount of G protein per virion varied. The G protein was consistently localized at the apex of viral buds, whereas the density of G protein on the shaft was equivalent to that in the surrounding membrane. These observations suggest that G-protein interaction with the nucleocapsid via its cytoplasmic domain may be necessary for the initiation of viral assembly. Once contact is established, nucleocapsid coiling proceeds with nose cone formation followed by formation of the helical cylinder. M protein may function to induce a nucleocapsid conformation favorable for coiling or may cross-link adjacent turns in the tight coil or both.
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Consigli RA, Russell DL, Wilson ME. The biochemistry and molecular biology of the granulosis virus that infects Plodia interpunctella. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1986; 131:69-101. [PMID: 3545695 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-71589-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Horne R. The development and application of negative staining to the study of isolated virus particles and their components: A personal account. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0739-6260(86)90044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dal Canto MC, Rabinowitz SG. Experimental models of virus-induced demyelination of the central nervous system. Ann Neurol 1982; 11:109-27. [PMID: 6280582 PMCID: PMC7159566 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410110202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/1981] [Revised: 09/22/1981] [Accepted: 09/27/1981] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the arguments in favor of a viral pathogenesis for multiple sclerosis is the existence of several experimental and natural animal models of virus-induced primary demyelination. This review deals comprehensively with such models. Well-known examples of demyelinating viral infections in their natural host are JHM, Theiler, visna, and canine distemper encephalomyelitides. Recent reports of experimental murine infections with pathogens such as vesicular stomatitis, Chandipura, herpes simplex, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and Semliki Forest viruses are also discussed. The thrust of the review is to include viral models suspected of producing primary demyelination on an immunopathological basis.
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Cervera M, Dreyfuss G, Penman S. Messenger RNA is translated when associated with the cytoskeletal framework in normal and VSV-infected HeLa cells. Cell 1981; 23:113-20. [PMID: 6260369 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
When the cytoskeletal framework is prepared from suspension-grown HeLa by extraction with nonionic detergent, all the polyribosomes are associated with the framework while 80% of tRNA and the major portion of monoribosomes as well as 75% of the cell proteins are found in the soluble fraction. The mRNA of polyribosomes is bound to the cytoskeleton and these molecules remain attached even after polyribosomes are disassembled in vivo prior to extraction. Although all actively translating message molecules are attached to the framework, about one quarter of the poly(A)+ mRNA is free of the framework. The binding of message to the skeleton may be obligatory for translation. Upon infection with VSV, all the viral polyribosomes but not all the viral messages of the infected cell are associated with the cytoskeletal framework. Pulse-chase labeling shows that VSV messages initially associate with the framework and then later detach and cease translation. The mRNA for the viral glycoprotein (G), known to translate only on ribosomes bound to endoplasmic reticulum, is also retained by the detergent-extracted structure. It appears that the protein substructure of the endoplasmic reticulum which binds polyribosomes is a component of the cytoskeletal framework.
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Horne RW, Wildy P. An historical account of the development and applications of the negative staining technique to the electron microscopy of viruses. J Microsc 1979; 117:103-22. [PMID: 90730 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1979.tb00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A brief historical account of the development and applications of the negative staining techniques to the study of the structure of viruses and their components as observed in the electron microscope is presented. Although the basic method of surrounding or embedding specimens in opaque dyes was used in light microscopy dating from about 1884, the equivalent preparative techniques applied to electron microscopy were comparatively recent. The combination of experiments on a sophisticated bacterial virus and the installation of a high resolution electron microscope in the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, during 1954, subsequently led to the analysis of several important morphological features of animal, plant and bacterial viruses. The implications of the results from these early experiments on viruses and recent developments in negative staining methods for high resolution image analysis of electron micrographs are also discussed.
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Simpson RW, Obijeski JF, Morrongiello MP. Conditional lethal mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus. III. Host range properties, interfering capacity, and complementation patterns of specific hr mutants. Virology 1979; 93:493-505. [PMID: 222052 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90252-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Morrongiello MP, Simpson RW. Conditional lethal mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus. IV. RNA species detected in nonpermissive cells infected with host-restricted mutants. Virology 1979; 93:506-14. [PMID: 222053 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(79)90253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Peña CE. Viruslike particles in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: electron microscopical study of a case. Ann Neurol 1977; 1:290-7. [PMID: 889318 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410010318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Garrett RG, O'Loughlin GT. Broccoli necrotic yellows virus in cauliflower and in the aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. Virology 1977; 76:653-63. [PMID: 841850 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Moore NF, Patzer EJ, Wagner RR, Yeagle PL, Hutton WC, Martin RB. The structure of vesicular stomatitis virus membrane. A phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance approach. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 464:234-44. [PMID: 188470 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(77)90384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The proton decoupled 40.48 M Hz 31P NMR spectrum of intact and unperturbed membrane-enclosed vesicular stomatitis virus (sterotype Indiana) exhibited two distinct maxima. These can be resolved into a narrow, symmetric line and a broad asymmetric line. The 31P NMR spectrum of a multilamellar (unsonicated) preparation of the extracted viral lipids exhibited a line shape similar to that of the intact virus. A sonicated vesicle preparation of the extracted viral lipids exhibited a narrow symmetric line. The narrow component in the intact virus spectrum may be attributed to small membrane fragments. Phospholipase C digestion of the intact virus resulted in substantial reduction in intensity of both components which suggests that much of the contribution to both peaks is due to phosphate in the phospholipid polar head groups. The phospholipid phosphates in both sonicated and unsonicated preparations of the extracted viral lipids exhibited substantially longer relaxation times than did those in the intact virus. The short relaxation time emanating from the intact virus preparation is caused by immobilization of the phospholipid head groups which could be due to lipid-protein interactions. Trypsin treatment of vesicular stomatitis virions, which results in complete removal of the exterior hydrophilic segment of the membrane glycoprotein, increased the 31P relaxation time to a value similar to that observed in the protein-free total lipid extracts; this finding provides supporting evidence for the role of virus glycoprotein in shortened relaxation times. A reversible temperature-dependent change in apparent line width and absence of an effect of cholesterol on the 31P phospholipid spectrum were also demonstrated.
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David AE. Assembly of the vesicular stomatitis virus envelope: transfer of viral polypeptides from polysomes to cellular membranes. Virology 1977; 76:98-108. [PMID: 189501 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Murphy FA, Harrison AK, Bauer SP. Experimental vesicular stomatitis virus infection: ultrastructural pathology. Exp Mol Pathol 1975; 23:426-40. [PMID: 172368 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(75)90035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Takehara M. Polykaryocytosis induced by vesicular stomatitis virus infection in BHK-21 cells. Arch Virol 1975; 49:297-306. [PMID: 174526 DOI: 10.1007/bf01318238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytopathological effects by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection were studied in several cell lines. Marked polykaryocyte formation was observed in monolayers of certain strains of BHK-21 cells infected with VSV. The BHK-21-KB cells were found to be the most susceptible to virus-induced cell fusion. This type of cell fusion was related to intracellular growth of the viruses, and strong cytolytic changes were found to occur following the development of large multinucleated giant cells. The cell-fusing activity was associated with the infectivity of VSV and was neutralized by anti-VSV immune serum. The viruses irradiated for 20 minutes or heated at 60 degrees C for 10 minutes lost completely both infectivity and cell-fusing activity. These experimental results indicate that virus replication was responsible for fusion of BHK cells.
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Lazzarini RA, Weber GH, Johnson LD, Stamminger GM. Covalently linked message and anti-message (genomic) RNA from a defective vesicular stomatitis virus particle. J Mol Biol 1975; 97:289-307. [PMID: 171415 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Blough HA, Tiffany JM. Theoretical aspects of structure and assembly of viral envelops. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1975; 70:1-30. [PMID: 808396 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66101-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Murphy MF, Lazzarini RA. Synthesis of viral mRNA and polyadenylate by a ribonucleoprotein complex from extracts of VSV-infected cells. Cell 1974; 3:77-84. [PMID: 4370425 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(74)90043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Simpson RW, Obijeski JF. Conditional lethal mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus. I. Phenotypic characterization of single and double mutants exhibiting host restriction and temperature sensitivity. Virology 1974; 57:357-68. [PMID: 4361452 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
The structural protein, NS, of purified vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a phosphoprotein. In infected cells phosphorylated NS is found both free in the cytoplasm and as part of the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex containing both the 42S RNA and the structural proteins L, N, and NS, indicating that phosphorylation occurs as an early event in viral maturation. VSV contains an endogenous protein kinase activity, probably of host region, which catalyzes the in vitro phosphorylation of the viral proteins NS, M, and L, but not of N or G. The phosphorylated sites on NS appear to be different in the in vivo and in vitro reactions, and are differentially sensitive to alkaline phosphatase. After removal of the membrane components of purified VSV with a dextran-polyethylene glycol two-phase separation, the kinase activity remains tightly associated with the viral RNP. However, viral RNP isolated from infected cells shows only a small amount of kinase activity. The protein kinase enzyme appears to be a cellular contaminant of purified VSV because an activity from the uninfected cell extract can phosphorylate in vitro the dissociated viral proteins NS and M. The virion-associated activity may be derived either from the cytoplasm or the plasma membrane of the host cell since both of these cellular components contain protein kinase activity similar to that found in purified VSV.
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The Cell Surface, Virus Modification, and Virus Transformation. VIRUSES, EVOLUTION AND CANCER BASIC CONSIDERATIONS 1974. [PMCID: PMC7155569 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-429760-9.50019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of viruses in nature. Viral transduction of structural and regulatory genes provides a means for information to leave the body of an organism other than through the germ cells. Natural selection acts upon the cell–virus nucleic acid coupling and the rate and direction of the evolution of any species depends upon the number of associated viruses and the extent to and speed with which they allow information to be cycled through the total gene pool of that population. There are three mechanisms by which gene material can be transferred from cell to cell: (1) transformation, (2) transduction, and (3) sexual conjugation. Transformation is the most random and inefficient process; it requires the laws of diffusion and the existing chemistry of the cell membrane, modified in contemporary cells by the development of transport systems, which facilitate membrane penetration. Transduction requires the development of genes for capsomere proteins to encapsidate nucleic acid and a sophistication of the process of membrane evagination to package nucleic acid into free particles, These are relatively modest genetic adaptations. However, true sexual union as it occurs in modern eukaryotes, requires such a high degree of cytological organization that it is inconceivable that it could have operated efficiently during the first billion or so years of cell evolution.
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Kelly RK, Loh PC. Some properties of an established fish cell line from Xiphophorus helleri (red swordtail). IN VITRO 1973; 9:73-80. [PMID: 4760587 DOI: 10.1007/bf02616003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Francki RI, Randles JW. Some properties of lettuce necrotic yellows virus RNA and its in vitro transcription by virion-associated transcriptase. Virology 1973; 54:359-68. [PMID: 4725630 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Thottappilly G, Sinha RC. Serological analysis of wheat striate mosaic virus and its soluble antigen. Virology 1973; 53:312-8. [PMID: 4197220 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Behncken GM. Evidence of multiplication of sowthistle yellow vein virus in an inefficient aphid vector, Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Virology 1973; 53:405-12. [PMID: 4712389 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Nowakowski M, Feldman JD, Kano S, Bloom BR. The production of vesicular stomatitis virus by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes and continuous lymphoblastoid lines. J Exp Med 1973; 137:1042-59. [PMID: 4348276 PMCID: PMC2139232 DOI: 10.1084/jem.137.4.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of lymphoid cell populations were examined in terms of their ability to replicate vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a lytic, RNA-containing virus maturing at the cell surface. The number of cells capable of producing VSV was estimated in terms of infectious centers by the virus plaque assay (VPA), and morphologically by electron microscopy (EM). The lymphoid cells examined in this study included: (a) lymph node cells from delayed hypersensitive guinea pigs stimulated by specific antigen, (b) mouse spleen cells activated by selective bone marrow-derived (B) cell and thymus derived (T) cell mitogens, and (c) cells of human and murine continuous lymphoblastoid or lymphoma lines. In unstimulated cultures of guinea pig lymph node cells there is a background of approximately 1 in 1,000 cells which produces VSV; in purified protein derivative (PPD)-stimulated cultures the number of cells producing virus was 1.6% in the VPA and 1.9% by EM. These cells were large lymphocytes with some morphological features of transformed lymphocytes but were not typical blast cells. A few macrophages were associated with virus in both stimulated and control cultures. These observations indicate that (a) cells responsive to antigens, as detected by a marker virus, were lymphocytes; (b) cells other than lymphocytes (macrophages) were capable of replicating VSV even without antigenic stimulation; and (c) the correlation of results obtained by VPA and morphologic examination was usually quite good. Of the total number of mouse spleen cells stimulated with concanavalin (Con A), a T cell mitogen, 4.5 (EM)-5.7% (VPA) were associated with VSV. These were characteristic transformed lymphocytes, similar to phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human lymphocytes. In contrast Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mouse spleen cultures contained lower numbers of virus plaque-forming cells. The majority of such cells associated with virus displayed extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum. Two cultured murine lymphomas containing lymphocytes with the theta surface marker (L5178Y and EL-4) showed a 15-100-fold higher incidence of virus-producing cells than leukemias (L1210 and C57Bl/6) which did not carry this marker. Similarly, the L2C guinea pig leukemia, a known B cell leukemia, yielded a low percent of virus plaque-forming cells (<2%). However, MOPC-104, a plasma cell tumor presumed to be of B cell origin, was found to be an efficient virus producer. There was a wide variation in the efficiency of VSV replication among human lymphoblastoid lines. One line, Wil-2, produced 80% infectious centers after 24 h of exposure to VSV, and all cells were associated with virus at the EM level. The relationship between the virus-producing cells and different lymphocyte subpopulations as well as the efficiency of the two assays for studying virus-producing lymphocytes is discussed.
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Printz P. Relationship of Sigma Virus to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. Adv Virus Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Vernon SK, Neurath AR, Rubin BA. Electron microscopic studies on the structure of rabies virus. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1972; 41:29-42. [PMID: 4561658 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(72)90036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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38
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Farmilo AJ, Stanners CP. Mutant of vesicular stomatitis virus which allows deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and division in cells synthesizing viral ribonucleic acid. J Virol 1972; 10:605-13. [PMID: 4343543 PMCID: PMC356510 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.10.4.605-613.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Some temperature-sensitive mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus were tested for their ability to block the initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and division in serum-stimulated hamster embryo fibroblasts at the nonpermissive temperature. Although the parental strain blocked these processes, one particular mutant allowed essentially normal DNA synthesis and division. By autoradiography, it was shown that individual cells infected with this mutant could synthesize viral ribonucleic acid and at the same time initiate DNA synthesis and divide. Cells infected with such conditional defective mutants appear to be suitable for studies on the effects of persistent viral infections on molecular and cellular functions in proliferating cell populations.
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Söderlund H, Kääriänen L, Von Bonsdorff CH, Weckström P. Properties of Semliki forest virus nucleocapsid. II. An irreversible contraction by acid pH. Virology 1972; 47:753-60. [PMID: 4111057 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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