1
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Halder T, Saha B, Dhas N, Acharya S, Acharya N. Development and evaluation of multi-functionalized sialic acid conjugated asiatic acid nanoconstruct to mitigate cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Drug Dev Res 2024; 85:e22146. [PMID: 38349270 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Sialic acid (SA) serves a critical role in neuronal repair and cognitive functions. SA is a nine-carbon carboxylated sugar with a glycoconjugate cap that acts as a ligand and surface decoration with SA facilitates delivery to the target site. The present research aimed to develop SA surface modified AA nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) with carbodiimide conjugation method. Sterylamine, poloxamer 188 and tween 80 were used as surfactants and several characterization studies including, differential scanning calorimetry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray photon spectroscopy were analyzed. Further, in vitro, neuroprotective efficiency was evaluated in SH-SY5Y cells and hCMEC/D3 cells and found significant potential effects with the treatments of developed NLCs. Pharmacodynamics studies were also assessed in beta-amyloid-injected rats following quantification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) hallmarks like, Aβ(1-42), tau-protein, glycogen synthase kinase-3β levels, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α for neuroinflammatory responses. Characterization studies revealed the conjugation on developed NLCs. The in vitro and in vivo results showed significant effects of SA decorated NLCs in reversing the damage by toxicant which was further characterized by the levels of neurotransmitters like acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase. The results revealed significant (p < .05) refurbishment of cholinergic functions after 28 days of treatment of developed NLCs. These preclinical findings support the use of SA as a ligand to deliver the AA at targeted site as well as to mitigate the cognitive deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Halder
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Bijit Saha
- Department of Research and Development, Jodas Expoim Pvt Ltd, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Namdev Dhas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjeev Acharya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat, India
| | - Niyati Acharya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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2
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Savardi A, Patricelli Malizia A, De Vivo M, Cancedda L, Borgogno M. Preclinical Development of the Na-K-2Cl Co-transporter-1 (NKCC1) Inhibitor ARN23746 for the Treatment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1-11. [PMID: 36654749 PMCID: PMC9841778 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the expression of the Cl- importer Na-K-2Cl co-transporter-1 (NKCC1) and the exporter K-Cl co-transporter 2 (KCC2) lead to impaired intracellular chloride concentration in neurons and imbalanced excitation/inhibition in the brain. These alterations have been observed in several neurological disorders (e.g., Down syndrome and autism). Recently, we have reported the discovery of the selective NKCC1 inhibitor "compound ARN23746" for the treatment of Down syndrome and autism in mouse models. Here, we report on an extensive preclinical characterization of ARN23746 toward its development as a clinical candidate. ARN23746 shows an overall excellent metabolism profile and good brain penetration. Moreover, ARN23746 is effective in rescuing cognitive impairment in Down syndrome mice upon per os administration, in line with oral treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders. Notably, ARN23746 does not present signs of toxicity or diuresis even if administered up to 50 times the effective dose. These results further support ARN23746 as a solid candidate for clinical trial-enabling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco De Vivo
- IAMA
Therapeutics, via Filippo
Turati 2/9, 16128 Genoa, Italy
- Molecular
Modeling & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Cancedda
- IAMA
Therapeutics, via Filippo
Turati 2/9, 16128 Genoa, Italy
- Brain
Development & Disease Laboratory, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Borgogno
- IAMA
Therapeutics, via Filippo
Turati 2/9, 16128 Genoa, Italy
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3
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Discovery of azaspirocyclic 1H-3,4,5-Trisubstitued pyrazoles as novel G2019S-LRRK2 selective kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114693. [PMID: 36049274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the Leucine Rich Repeat Protein Kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) are genetic predispositions for Parkinson's Disease, of which the G2019S (GS) missense mutation is the most common. GS-LRRK2 has a hyperactive kinase, and although numerous drug discovery programs have targeted the LRRK2 kinase, few have reached clinical trials. We recently reported on the discovery of a novel LRRK2 kinase inhibitor chemotype, 1H-pyrazole biaryl sulfonamides. Although both potent and selective GS-LRRK2 inhibitors, 1H-pyrazole biaryl sulfonamides are incapable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. Retaining the core 1H-pyrazole and focusing our efforts on a phenylsulfonamide bioisosteric replacement, we report the discovery and preliminary development of azaspirocyclic 1H-3,4,5-trisubstituted pyrazoles as potent and selective (>2000-fold) GS-LRRK2 kinase inhibitors capable of entering rodent brain. The compounds disclosed here present an excellent starting point for the development of more brain penetrant compounds.
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4
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Backer BS, Meek EC, Ross MK, Chambers JE. Pharmacokinetics of three novel pyridinium aldoxime acetylcholinesterase reactivators in female rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 446:116046. [PMID: 35550885 PMCID: PMC9374181 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A platform of novel lipophilic substituted phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes was invented to reactivate organophosphate-inhibited acetylcholinesterase. This platform has provided superior efficacy in rats to the current standard of care, 2-PAM, for survival of lethal doses of nerve agent surrogates as well as evidence of brain penetration and neuroprotection. The pharmacokinetics of three of these novel oximes in female rats was studied for comparison to previous data in male rats. Compared to the published half-life of 2-PAM (less than 2 h), the lead novel oxime, Oxime 20, displayed a plasma half-life of about 5 h in both sexes of rats following intramuscular administration. Very few sex differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were apparent. Oxime 20 displayed an increase in brain concentration to plasma concentration over the initial 2 h following intramuscular administration in male rats, with a plateau at 1 h; there were no differences in brain concentrations between the sexes at 2 h. Hepatic metabolism of Oxime 20 was higher in rat microsomes than in human microsomes. The relatively long plasma half-life is likely an important factor in both the enhanced survival and the neuroprotection previously observed for Oxime 20. The metabolism data suggest that the clearance of Oxime 20 could be slower in humans than was observed in rats, which might allow less frequent administration than 2-PAM for therapy of organophosphate acute toxicity. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic data combined with our earlier efficacy data suggest that Oxime 20 has potential as a superior therapeutic for nerve agent poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Backer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Edward C Meek
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Matthew K Ross
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America
| | - Janice E Chambers
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States of America.
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5
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Tuhin MTH, Liang D, Liu F, Aldawod H, Amin TU, Ho JS, Emara R, Patel AD, Felmlee MA, Park MS, Uchizono JA, Alhamadsheh MM. Peripherally restricted transthyretin-based delivery system for probes and therapeutics avoiding opioid-related side effects. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3590. [PMID: 35739116 PMCID: PMC9226319 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Several investigations into the sites of action of opioid analgesics have utilized peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonists (PAMORAs), which have been incorrectly assumed to possess limited permeability across the blood-brain barrier. Unfortunately, the poor pharmacokinetic properties of current PAMORAs have resulted in misunderstandings of the role of central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract in precipitating side effects such as opioid-induced constipation. Here, we develop a drug delivery approach for restricting the passage of small molecules across the blood-brain barrier. This allows us to develop naloxone- and oxycodone-based conjugates that display superior potency, peripheral selectivity, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy in rats compared to other clinically used PAMORAs. These probes allow us to demonstrate that the mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system have a fundamental role in precipitating opioid-induced constipation. Therefore, our conjugates have immediate use as pharmacological probes and potential therapeutic agents for treating constipation and other opioid-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Tariqul Haque Tuhin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, US
| | - Dengpan Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, US
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, US
| | - Hala Aldawod
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, US
| | - Toufiq Ul Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, US
| | - Joshua S Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, US
| | - Rasha Emara
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, US
| | - Arjun D Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, US
| | - Melanie A Felmlee
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, US
| | - Miki S Park
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, US
| | - James A Uchizono
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, US
| | - Mamoun M Alhamadsheh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Medicinal Chemistry, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, 95211, US.
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6
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Patel NC, Feng B, Hou X, West MA, Trapa PE, Sciabola S, Verhoest P, Liras JL, Maurer TS, Wager TT. Harnessing Preclinical Data as a Predictive Tool for Human Brain Tissue Targeting. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1007-1017. [PMID: 33651587 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the objectives within the medicinal chemistry discipline is to design tissue targeting molecules. The objective of tissue specificity can be either to gain drug access to the compartment of interest (e.g., the CNS) for Neuroscience targets or to restrict drug access to the CNS for all other therapeutic areas. Both neuroscience and non-neuroscience therapeutic areas have struggled to quantitatively estimate brain penetration or the lack thereof with compounds that are substrates of efflux transport proteins such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistant protein (BCRP) that are key components of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It has been well established that drug candidates with high efflux ratios (ER) of these transporters have poor penetration into brain tissue. In the current work, we outline a parallel analysis to previously published models for the prediction of brain penetration that utilize an alternate MDR1-MDCK cell line as a better predictor of brain penetration and whether a correlation between in vitro, rodent data, non-human primate (NHP), and human in vivo brain penetration data could be established. Analysis of structural and physicochemical properties in conjunction with in vitro parameters and preclinical in vivo data has been highlighted in this manuscript as a continuation of the previously published work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini C. Patel
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bo Feng
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Xinjun Hou
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mark A. West
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Patrick E. Trapa
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Simone Sciabola
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick Verhoest
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Liras
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tristan S. Maurer
- Medicine Design, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, & Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Travis T. Wager
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Wold EA, Garcia EJ, Wild CT, Miszkiel JM, Soto CA, Chen J, Pazdrak K, Fox RG, Anastasio NC, Cunningham KA, Zhou J. Discovery of 4-Phenylpiperidine-2-Carboxamide Analogues as Serotonin 5-HT 2C Receptor-Positive Allosteric Modulators with Enhanced Drug-like Properties. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7529-7544. [PMID: 32567857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the serotonin (5-HT) 5-HT2C receptor (5-HT2CR) allosteric site to potentiate endogenous 5-HT tone may provide novel therapeutics to alleviate the impact of costly, chronic diseases such as obesity and substance use disorders. Expanding upon our recently described 5-HT2CR-positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) based on the 4-alkylpiperidine-2-carboxamide scaffold, we optimized the undecyl moiety at the 4-position with variations of cyclohexyl- or phenyl-containing fragments to reduce rotatable bonds and lipophilicity. Compound 12 (CTW0415) was discovered as a 5-HT2CR PAM with improved pharmacokinetics and reduced off-target interactions relative to our previous series of molecules. The in vivo efficacy of compound 12 to potentiate the effects of a selective 5-HT2CR agonist was established in a drug discrimination assay. Thus, 12 is reported as a 5-HT2CR PAM with characteristics suitable for in vivo pharmacological studies to further probe the biological and behavioral mechanisms of allosteric modulation of a receptor important in several chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Wold
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Chemical Biology Program and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Erik J Garcia
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Christopher T Wild
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Chemical Biology Program and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Joanna M Miszkiel
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Claudia A Soto
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jianping Chen
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Chemical Biology Program and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Konrad Pazdrak
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Robert G Fox
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Noelle C Anastasio
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Chemical Biology Program and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Chemical Biology Program and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States.,Chemical Biology Program and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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8
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Shaffer CL, Dutra JK, Tseng WC, Weber ML, Bogart LJ, Hales K, Pang J, Volfson D, Am Ende CW, Green ME, Buhl DL. Pharmacological evaluation of clinically relevant concentrations of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine. Neuropharmacology 2019; 153:73-81. [PMID: 31015046 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is a rapid-onset antidepressant whose efficacy long outlasts its pharmacokinetics. Multiple studies suggest ketamine's antidepressant effects require increased α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-dependent currents, which have recently been exclusively attributed to its N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-inactive metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine ((2R,6R)-HNK). To investigate this AMPAR-activation claim further, we estimated and evaluated preclinically and clinically relevant unbound brain HNK concentrations (Cb,u). (2S,6S)-HNK and (2R,6R)-HNK were novelly synthesized, and their neuropharmacokinetic profiles were determined to project relevant Cb,u. Using concentrations (0.01-10 μM) bracketing the pertinent cross-species Cb,u, both compounds' AMPAR modulation was assessed in vitro by electrophysiological recordings and GluA1 surface expression. Neither (2S,6S)-HNK nor (2R,6R)-HNK bound orthosterically to or directly functionally activated AMPARs. (2R,6R)-HNK failed to evoke AMPAR-centric changes in any electrophysiological endpoint from adult rodent hippocampal slices. Conversely, time- and concentration-dependent increases in GluA1 expression occurred only with (2R,6R)-HNK (≥0.1 μM at ≥90 min). The (2R,6R)-HNK concentrations that increased GluA1 expression are consistent with its maximal Cb,u (0.92-4.84 μM) at reportedly efficacious doses of ketamine or (2R,6R)-HNK in mouse depression models, but ≥3-fold above its projected maximal human Cb,u (≤37.8 ± 14.3 nM) following ketamine's clinically antidepressant infusion. These findings provide insight into the observed AMPAR-affecting (2R,6R)-HNK concentrations versus its exposures attained clinically at an antidepressant ketamine dose. To optimize any clinical study with (2R,6R)-HNK to fully assess its translational pharmacology, future preclinical work should test (2R,6R)-HNK concentrations and/or Cb,u of 0.01-0.1 μM to parallel its projected human Cb,u at a clinically antidepressant ketamine dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Shaffer
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States.
| | - Jason K Dutra
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, United States
| | - Wei Chou Tseng
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Mark L Weber
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Luke J Bogart
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Katherine Hales
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Jincheng Pang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Dmitri Volfson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Christopher W Am Ende
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, United States
| | - Michael E Green
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States
| | - Derek L Buhl
- Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, United States.
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9
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Feng B, Doran AC, Di L, West MA, Osgood SM, Mancuso JY, Shaffer CL, Tremaine L, Liras J. Prediction of Human Brain Penetration of P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Substrates Using In Vitro Transporter Studies and Animal Models. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2225-2235. [PMID: 29608887 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Four P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) substrates with human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations and preclinical neuropharmacokinetics were used to assess in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of brain penetration in preclinical species and the ability to predict human brain penetration. Unbound brain (Cb,u), unbound plasma (Cp,u), and CSF compound concentrations (CCSF) were measured in rats and nonhuman primates (NHPs), and the unbound partition coefficients (Cb,u/Cp,u and CCSF/Cp,u) were used to assess brain penetration. The results indicated that for P-gp and BCRP dual substrates, brain penetration was severally impaired in all species. In comparison, for P-gp substrates that are weak or non-BCRP substrates, improved brain penetration was observed in NHPs and humans than in rats. Overall, NHP appears to be more predictive of human brain penetration for P-gp substrates with weak or no interaction with BCRP than rat. Although CCSF does not quantitatively correspond to Cb,u for efflux transporter substrates, it is mostly within 3-fold higher of Cb,u in rat and NHP, suggesting that CCSF can be used as a surrogate for Cb,u. Taken together, a holistic approach including both in vitro transporter and in vivo neuropharmacokinetics data enables a better estimation of human brain penetration of P-gp/BCRP substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Feng
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340.
| | - Angela C Doran
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Mark A West
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Sarah M Osgood
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Jessica Y Mancuso
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Christopher L Shaffer
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Larry Tremaine
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Jennifer Liras
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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10
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Cioffi CL, Liu S, Wolf MA, Guzzo PR, Sadalapure K, Parthasarathy V, Loong DTJ, Maeng JH, Carulli E, Fang X, Karunakaran K, Matta L, Choo SH, Panduga S, Buckle RN, Davis RN, Sakwa SA, Gupta P, Sargent BJ, Moore NA, Luche MM, Carr GJ, Khmelnitsky YL, Ismail J, Chung M, Bai M, Leong WY, Sachdev N, Swaminathan S, Mhyre AJ. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N-((1-(4-(Sulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)cycloalkyl)methyl)benzamide Inhibitors of Glycine Transporter-1. J Med Chem 2016; 59:8473-94. [PMID: 27559615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously disclosed the discovery of rationally designed N-((1-(4-(propylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)cycloalkyl)methyl)benzamide inhibitors of glycine transporter-1 (GlyT-1), represented by analogues 10 and 11. We describe herein further structure-activity relationship exploration of this series via an optimization strategy that primarily focused on the sulfonamide and benzamide appendages of the scaffold. These efforts led to the identification of advanced leads possessing a desirable balance of excellent in vitro GlyT-1 potency and selectivity, favorable ADME and in vitro pharmacological profiles, and suitable pharmacokinetic and safety characteristics. Representative analogue (+)-67 exhibited robust in vivo activity in the cerebral spinal fluid glycine biomarker model in both rodents and nonhuman primates. Furthermore, rodent microdialysis experiments also demonstrated that oral administration of (+)-67 significantly elevated extracellular glycine levels within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Cioffi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI , East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI , East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Mark A Wolf
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI , East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Peter R Guzzo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI , East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Kashinath Sadalapure
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Visweswaran Parthasarathy
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - David T J Loong
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Jun-Ho Maeng
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Edmund Carulli
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Xiao Fang
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Kalesh Karunakaran
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Lakshman Matta
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Sok Hui Choo
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Shailijia Panduga
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Ronald N Buckle
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI , East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Randall N Davis
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI , East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Samuel A Sakwa
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI , East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Priya Gupta
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Bruce J Sargent
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI , East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Nicholas A Moore
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AMRI , East Campus, 3 University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Michele M Luche
- Bothell Research Center, AMRI , 22215 26th Ave SE, Bothell, Washington 98021-4425, United States
| | - Grant J Carr
- Bothell Research Center, AMRI , 22215 26th Ave SE, Bothell, Washington 98021-4425, United States
| | - Yuri L Khmelnitsky
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AMRI , East Campus, 17 University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Jiffry Ismail
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AMRI , East Campus, 17 University Place, Rensselaer, New York 12144, United States
| | - Mark Chung
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Mei Bai
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Wei Yee Leong
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Nidhi Sachdev
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Srividya Swaminathan
- Discovery Research and Development Chemistry, Singapore Research Center, AMRI , 61 Science Park Road, Science Park III, 117525, Singapore
| | - Andrew J Mhyre
- Bothell Research Center, AMRI , 22215 26th Ave SE, Bothell, Washington 98021-4425, United States
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12
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Pearse DD, Hughes ZA. PDE4B as a microglia target to reduce neuroinflammation. Glia 2016; 64:1698-709. [PMID: 27038323 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The importance of microglia in immune homeostasis within the brain is undisputed. Their role in a diversity of neurological and psychiatric diseases as well as CNS injury is the subject of much investigation. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) is a critical regulator of microglia homeostasis; as the predominant negative modulator of cyclic AMP signaling within microglia, phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) represents a promising target for modulating immune function. PDE4 expression is regulated by inflammation, and in turn, PDE4 inhibition can alter microglia reactivity. As the prototypic PDE4 inhibitor, rolipram, was tested clinically in the 1980s, drug discovery and clinical development of PDE4 inhibitors have been severely hampered by tolerability issues involving nausea and emesis. The two PDE4 inhibitors approved for peripheral inflammatory disorders (roflumilast and apremilast) lack brain penetration and are dose-limited by side effects making them unsuitable for modulating microglial function. Subtype selective inhibitors targeting PDE4B are of high interest given the critical role PDE4B plays in immune function versus the association of PDE4D with nausea and emesis. The challenges and requirements for successful development of a novel brain-penetrant PDE4B inhibitor are discussed in the context of early clinical development strategies. Furthermore, the challenges of monitoring the state of microglia in vivo are highlighted, including a description of the currently available tools and their limitations. Continued drug discovery efforts to identify safe and well-tolerated, brain-penetrant PDE4 inhibitors are a reflection of the confidence in the rationale for modulation of this target to produce meaningful therapeutic benefit in a wide range of neurological conditions and injury. GLIA 2016;64:1698-1709.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien D Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, Florida
| | - Zoë A Hughes
- Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Akkerman S, Blokland A, van Goethem NP, Cremers P, Shaffer CL, Osgood SM, Steinbusch HWM, Prickaerts J. PDE5 inhibition improves acquisition processes after learning via a central mechanism. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:233-9. [PMID: 26027948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, we have shown that phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is) can improve early consolidation of object memory. These conclusions were based on the timing of drug administration relative to the learning trial (i.e. before or after). However, there are very little pharmacological data available about the pharmacokinetic profile of orally administered PDE5-Is in the rat. Furthermore, there is still debate whether these effects are achieved via central or peripheral mechanisms and if acquisition processes are improved. In the current study, we tested the effects of the PDE5-I vardenafil in a cholinergic-deficit model and compared the effects after intracerebroventricular (ICV) versus oral (PO) administration. We found that PO vardenafil restored a scopolamine-induced memory impairment when dosed within 2 min after the learning trial while ICV vardenafil was able to restore memory when injected within 4 min after learning. Because the test trial was within 10 min after the learning trial, this suggests that these effects on object memory are related to acquisition processes that may still be ongoing in a time window after the learning trial. To further elucidate the extent of this acquisition window, we investigated the pharmacokinetic profile of vardenafil after PO administration where it was detected within 4 min post-dose. Taken together, our data suggest that PDE5 is involved in acquisition processes, which may linger for at least 4-6 min after learning. Further studies are needed to exclude that these effects could also be explained on basis of an effect on early consolidation processes. Additionally, the effectiveness of ICV-administered vardenafil provides further experimental evidence that PDE5-Is improve memory via a central mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akkerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, European School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A Blokland
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, European School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - N P van Goethem
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, European School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P Cremers
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, European School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - C L Shaffer
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - S M Osgood
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - H W M Steinbusch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, European School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - J Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, European School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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The use of EEG parameters as predictors of drug effects on cognition. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:163-8. [PMID: 25823806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown to be difficult to predict whether cognition-enhancing effects of drugs in animal studies have the same effect in humans. Various issues in translating findings from animal to human studies can be identified. Here we discuss whether EEG could be considered as a possible tool to translate the effects of cognition enhancers across species. Three different aspects of EEG measures are evaluated: frequency bands, event-related potentials, and coherence analysis. On basis of the comparison of these measures between species, and effects of drugs that improve or impair memory performance (mainly cholinergic drugs), it appears that event-related potentials and coherence analyses could be considered as potential translational tools to study cognition-enhancing drug effects in rodents and animals.
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Zhang L, Drummond E, Brodney MA, Cianfrogna J, Drozda SE, Grimwood S, Vanase-Frawley MA, Villalobos A. Design, synthesis and evaluation of [(3)H]PF-7191, a highly specific nociceptin opioid peptide (NOP) receptor radiotracer for in vivo receptor occupancy (RO) studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5219-23. [PMID: 25442316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the identification of (+)-N-(2-((1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-((1R,3r,5S)-6'-fluoro-8-azaspiro[bicyclo[3.2.1]octane-3,1'-isochroman]-8-yl)propyl)-N-[(3)H]-methylacetamide {[(3)H]PF-7191 [(+)-11]} as a promising radiotracer for the nociceptin opioid peptide (NOP) receptor. (+)-11 demonstrated high NOP binding affinity (Ki = 0.1 nM), excellent selectivity over other opioid receptors (>1000×) and good brain permeability in rats (C(b,u)/C(p,u) = 0.29). Subsequent characterization of [(3)H](+)-11 showed a high level of specific binding and a brain bio-distribution pattern consistent with known NOP receptor expression. Furthermore, the in vivo brain binding of [(3)H](+)-11 in rats was inhibited by a selective NOP receptor antagonist in a dose-responsive manner. This overall favorable profile indicated that [(3)H](+)-11 is a robust radiotracer for pre-clinical in vivo receptor occupancy (RO) measurements and a possible substrate for carbon-11 labeling for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in higher species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Elena Drummond
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael A Brodney
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Julie Cianfrogna
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Susan E Drozda
- Neuroscience Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Sarah Grimwood
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Mechanistic Understanding of Brain Drug Disposition to Optimize the Selection of Potential Neurotherapeutics in Drug Discovery. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2203-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1319-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Shaffer CL, Osgood SM, Mancuso JY, Doran AC. Diphenhydramine has similar interspecies net active influx at the blood-brain barrier. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1557-62. [PMID: 24633923 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In rats, oxycodone, diphenhydramine, and [4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methylamine (CE-157119) undergo net active influx at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) based on significantly greater interstitial fluid compound concentrations (CISF ) than unbound plasma compound concentrations (Cp,u ). Oxycodone and diphenhydramine have CISF :Cp,u of 3.0 and 5.5, respectively, while CE-157119 has an unbound brain compound concentration (Cb,u ):Cp,u of 3.90; Cb,u is a high-confidence CISF surrogate. However, only CE-157119 has published dog and nonhuman primate (nhp) neuropharmacokinetics, which show similar Cb,u :Cp,u (4.61 and 2.04, respectively) as rats. Thus, diphenhydramine underwent identical interspecies neuropharmacokinetics studies to determine if its net active BBB influx in rats replicated in dogs and/or nhp. The single-dose-derived rat Cb,u :Cp,u (3.90) was consistent with prior steady-state-derived CISF :Cp,u and similar to those in dogs (4.88) and nhp (4.51-5.00). All large animal interneurocompartmental ratios were ≤1.8-fold different than their rat values, implying that diphenhydramine has constant and substantial Cb,u -favoring disequilibria in these mammals. Accordingly, the applied Cb,u -forecasting methodology accurately predicted [estimated mean (95% confidence interval) of 0.84 (0.68, 1.05)] Cb,u from each measured Cp,u in large animals. The collective datasets suggest these Cb,u -preferring asymmetries are mediated by a species-independent BBB active uptake system whose identification, full characterization, and structure-activity relationships should be prioritized for potential exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Shaffer
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, 06340
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Shaffer CL, Hurst RS, Scialis RJ, Osgood SM, Bryce DK, Hoffmann WE, Lazzaro JT, Hanks AN, Lotarski S, Weber ML, Liu J, Menniti FS, Schmidt CJ, Hajós M. Positive allosteric modulation of AMPA receptors from efficacy to toxicity: the interspecies exposure-response continuum of the novel potentiator PF-4778574. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:212-24. [PMID: 23899905 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.204735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) positive allosteric modulation (i.e., "potentiation") has been proposed to overcome cognitive impairments in schizophrenia, but AMPAR overstimulation can be excitotoxic. Thus, it is critical to define carefully a potentiator's mechanism-based therapeutic index (TI) and to determine confidently its translatability from rodents to higher-order species. Accordingly, the novel AMPAR potentiator N-{(3R,4S)-3-[4-(5-cyano-2-thienyl)phenyl]tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl}propane-2-sulfonamide (PF-4778574) was characterized in a series of in vitro assays and single-dose animal studies evaluating AMPAR-mediated activities related to cognition and safety to afford an unbound brain compound concentration (Cb,u)-normalized interspecies exposure-response relationship. Because it is unknown which AMPAR subtype(s) may be selectively potentiated for an optimal TI, PF-4778574 binding affinity and functional potency were determined in rodent tissues expected to express a native mixture of AMPAR subunits and their associated proteins to afford composite pharmacological values. Functional activity was also quantified in recombinant cell lines stably expressing human GluA2 flip or flop homotetramers. Procognitive effects of PF-4778574 were evaluated in both rat electrophysiological and nonhuman primate (nhp) behavioral models of pharmacologically induced N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunction. Safety studies assessed cerebellum-based AMPAR activation (mouse) and motor coordination disruptions (mouse, dog, and nhp), as well as convulsion (mouse, rat, and dog). The resulting empirically derived exposure-response continuum for PF-4778574 defines a single-dose-based TI of 8- to 16-fold for self-limiting tremor, a readily monitorable clinical adverse event. Importantly, the Cb,u mediating each physiological effect were highly consistent across species, with efficacy and convulsion occurring at just fractions of the in vitro-derived pharmacological values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Shaffer
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism (C.L.S., R.J.S., S.M.O., J.L.) and the Neuroscience Research Unit (R.S.H., D.K.B., W.E.H., J.T.L., A.N.H., S.L., M.L.W., F.S.M., C.J.S., M.H.), Worldwide Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
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Kiss T, Feng J, Hoffmann W, Shaffer C, Hajós M. Rhythmic theta and delta activity of cortical and hippocampal neuronal networks in genetically or pharmacologically induced N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor hypofunction under urethane anesthesia. Neuroscience 2013; 237:255-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Therapeutic doses of antidepressants are projected not to inhibit human α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuropharmacology 2013; 72:88-95. [PMID: 23639435 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of central α4β2 nAChRs by antidepressants, proposed to contribute to their clinical efficacy, was assessed for monoamine reuptake inhibitors (amitriptyline, nortriptyline, fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram) by comparing projected human unbound brain drug concentrations (Cu,b) at therapeutic doses with concentrations that inhibit human α4β2 nAChRs in vitro. Inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were determined by patch clamp and ranged from 0.8-3.2 μM, except for nortriptyline (IC50 = 100 nM). Cu,b values were calculated from human unbound plasma drug concentrations (Cu,p) and rat-derived brain-to-plasma and extracellular fluid-to-plasma ratios for the unbound drug, which are near unity, due to much higher brain tissue binding than plasma protein binding of these drugs. Accordingly in humans, antidepressant Cu,b are projected to essentially equal Cu,p, with average values from 3-87 nM, which are 30-to-250-fold below their IC50 concentrations. Based on our model, monoaminergic antidepressants minimally inhibit central nAChRs and it is unlikely that α4β2 nAChR antagonism contributes to their antidepressant activity. Nortriptyline is an exception with a Cu,b that is 2-fold below its IC50, which is comparable to the nAChR antagonist (±)-mecamylamine, for which Cu,b is 4-fold below its IC50; both drugs will inhibit a substantial fraction of α4β2 nAChRs. The Cu,b of the α4β2 nAChR partial agonist varenicline, which has antidepressant-like activity in a murine model, is higher than its IC50 and varenicline is projected to cause ~70% inhibition of α4β2 nAChRs. Taken together these data may help explain the negative outcome of recent antidepressant augmentation trials with mecamylamine and the partial agonist CP-601927.
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Cioffi CL, Wolf MA, Guzzo PR, Sadalapure K, Parthasarathy V, Dethe D, Maeng JH, Carulli E, Loong DT, Fang X, Hu M, Gupta P, Chung M, Bai M, Moore N, Luche M, Khmelnitsky Y, Love PL, Watson MA, Mhyre AJ, Liu S. Design, synthesis, and SAR of N-((1-(4-(propylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)cycloalkyl)methyl)benzamide inhibitors of glycine transporter-1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1257-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Uthayathas S, Shaffer CL, Menniti FS, Schmidt CJ, Papa SM. Assessment of adverse effects of neurotropic drugs in monkeys with the "drug effects on the nervous system" (DENS) scale. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 215:97-102. [PMID: 23419700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Research into therapeutics for neuropsychiatric disorders is increasingly focusing on drugs with new mechanisms of action, and such agents are often assessed in preclinical studies using nonhuman primates. However, researchers lack a standardised method to compare different drugs for common adverse effects on the nervous system. We have developed a new scale for this purpose, named "Drug Effects on the Nervous System" (DENS), and tested its utility in an analysis of the second-generation antipsychotic risperidone in monkeys. The behavioural effects of risperidone over a ten-fold clinically relevant exposure range were rated with the DENS scale and compared with a standard motor disability scale for primates. The ratings were correlated with projected D2 and 5-HT2A receptor occupancies over time. The DENS scale detected dose-dependent side effects of risperidone in addition to the motor effects detected with the motor disability scale, including cognitive, sensorimotor and autonomic functions. A consistent temporal association between the DENS scale changes and the projected D2 receptor occupancy was observed, and the DENS scale ratings demonstrated high inter-rater reliability. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the DENS scale as a highly sensitive, reliable and accurate method to identify common adverse effects of risperidone and potentially other neurotropics for translational studies in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Uthayathas
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Doran AC, Osgood SM, Mancuso JY, Shaffer CL. An Evaluation of Using Rat-Derived Single-Dose Neuropharmacokinetic Parameters to Project Accurately Large Animal Unbound Brain Drug Concentrations. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:2162-73. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.046391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Grimwood S, Lu Y, Schmidt AW, Vanase-Frawley MA, Sawant-Basak A, Miller E, McLean S, Freeman J, Wong S, McLaughlin JP, Verhoest PR. Pharmacological characterization of 2-methyl-N-((2'-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)propan-1-amine (PF-04455242), a high-affinity antagonist selective for κ-opioid receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339:555-66. [PMID: 21821697 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.185108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Methyl-N-((2'-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)propan-1-amine (PF-04455242) is a novel κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist with high affinity for human (3 nM), rat (21 nM), and mouse (22 nM) KOR, a ∼ 20-fold reduced affinity for human μ-opioid receptors (MORs; K(i) = 64 nM), and negligible affinity for δ-opioid receptors (K(i) > 4 μM). PF-04455242 also showed selectivity for KORs in vivo. In rats, PF-04455242 blocked KOR and MOR agonist-induced analgesia with ID(50) values of 1.5 and 9.8 mg/kg, respectively, and inhibited ex vivo [(3)H](2-(benzofuran-4-yl)-N-methyl-N-((5S,7R,8R)-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)acetamide ([(3)H]CI977) and [(3)H](2S)-2-[[2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]acetyl]-methylamino]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-phenylpropanamide ([(3)H]DAMGO) binding to KOR and MOR receptors with ID(50) values of 2.0 and 8.6 mg/kg, respectively. An in vivo binding assay was developed using (-)-4-[(3)H]methoxycarbonyl-2-[(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl]-1-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetyl]-piperidine ([(3)H]PF-04767135), a tritiated version of the KOR positron emission tomography ligand (-)-4-[(11)C]methoxycarbonyl-2-[(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl]-1-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetyl]-piperidine ([(11)C]GR103545) in which PF-04455242 had an ID(50) of 5.2 mg/kg. PF-04455242 demonstrated antidepressant-like efficacy (mouse forced-swim test), attenuated the behavioral effects of stress (mouse social defeat stress assay), and showed therapeutic potential in treating reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior (mouse conditioned place preference). KOR agonist-induced plasma prolactin was investigated as a translatable mechanism biomarker. Spiradoline (0.32 mg/kg) significantly increased rat plasma prolactin levels from 1.9 ± 0.4 to 41.9 ± 4.9 ng/ml. PF-04455242 dose-dependently reduced the elevation of spiradoline-induced plasma prolactin with an ID(50) of 2.3 ± 0.1 mg/kg, which aligned well with the ED(50) values obtained from the rat in vivo binding and efficacy assays. These data provide further evidence that KOR antagonists have potential for the treatment of depression and addiction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grimwood
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Weiss JM, Jimenez HN, Li G, April M, Uberti MA, Bacolod MD, Brodbeck RM, Doller D. 6-Aryl-3-pyrrolidinylpyridines as mGlu5 receptor negative allosteric modulators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4891-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wager TT, Villalobos A, Verhoest PR, Hou X, Shaffer CL. Strategies to optimize the brain availability of central nervous system drug candidates. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2011; 6:371-81. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2011.564158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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