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Ke Z, Ding Z, Zheng Y, Yang P, Liu S, Zhou X, Ding Y. Combined effect of cold plasma-activated oxygen (CPAO) and microwave on microbial decontamination and quality of milkshake powder. Food Chem 2024; 450:139276. [PMID: 38626711 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
This study presents a new method combining cold plasma-activated oxygen (CPAO) and microwave (MW) to decontaminate milkshake powder, exploring its effectiveness, mechanisms, and quality impact. CPAO (6 min) alone reduced bacterial load by 0.419 log CFU/g, and MW (3 min) by 0.030 log CFU/g. However, their co-application significantly amplified decontamination, achieving a 1.265 log CFU/g reduction. CPAO-MW co-treatment inflicted more oxidative damage on bacterial cell membranes and intracellular antioxidant defense system, leading to higher mortality. It also raised protein and lipid oxidation, while decreasing vitamin C and A levels in the powder. Specifically, CPAO (6 min)-MW (3 min) co-treatment increased the carbonyl content from 0.438 to 0.891 nmol/mg protein, malondialdehyde from 0.824 to 0.996 mg/kg, and lowered vitamin C from 162.151 to 137.640 mg/kg, and vitamin A from 2.05 to 1.38 mg/kg. This study shows CPAO-MW is effective for decontaminating powdered foods but highlights a need to reduce negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Ke
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Green, Low-carbon and Efficient Development of Marine Fishery Resources, Hangzhou 310014, China; National R&D Branch Center for Pelagic Aquatic Products Processing (Hangzhou), Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhe Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Green, Low-carbon and Efficient Development of Marine Fishery Resources, Hangzhou 310014, China; National R&D Branch Center for Pelagic Aquatic Products Processing (Hangzhou), Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yadan Zheng
- Zhejiang Hengmei Health Technology Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Zhejiang Hengmei Health Technology Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Shulai Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Green, Low-carbon and Efficient Development of Marine Fishery Resources, Hangzhou 310014, China; National R&D Branch Center for Pelagic Aquatic Products Processing (Hangzhou), Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xuxia Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Green, Low-carbon and Efficient Development of Marine Fishery Resources, Hangzhou 310014, China; National R&D Branch Center for Pelagic Aquatic Products Processing (Hangzhou), Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuting Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Green, Low-carbon and Efficient Development of Marine Fishery Resources, Hangzhou 310014, China; National R&D Branch Center for Pelagic Aquatic Products Processing (Hangzhou), Hangzhou 310014, China.
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2
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Interaction of membrane vesicles with the Pseudomonas functional amyloid protein FapC facilitates amyloid formation. BBA ADVANCES 2022; 2:100055. [PMID: 37082589 PMCID: PMC10074931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2022.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional amyloids (FA) are proteins which are evolutionarily optimized to form highly stable fibrillar structures that strengthen the bacterial biofilm matrix. FA such as CsgA (E. coli) and FapC (Pseudomonas) are secreted to the bacterial surface where they integrate into growing fibril structures projecting from the outer membrane. FA are exposed to membrane surfaces in this process, but it remains unclear how membranes can interact with FA and potentially affect the self-assembly. Here we report the effect of different vesicles (DOPG, DMPG, DOPS, DOPC and DMPC) on the kinetics and structural endpoints of FapC fibrillation using various biophysical techniques. Particularly anionic lipids such as DMPG trigger FapC fibrillation, and the protein's second repeat sequence (R2) appears to be important for this interaction. Vesicles formed from phospholipids extracted from three different Pseudomonas strains (Δfap, ΔFapC and pfap) induce FapC fibrillation by accelerating nucleation. The general aggregation inhibitor epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibits FapC fibrillation by blocking interactions between FapC and vesicles and redirecting FapC monomers to oligomer structures. Our work indicates that biological membranes can contribute significantly to the fibrillation of functional amyloid.
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3
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Li J, Song M, Wen H, Zhang Y, Li Y, Lyu L, Wang X, Qi X. Gonadal lipidomics profile of an ovoviviparity teleost, black rockfish, during gonadal development. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:811-828. [PMID: 33694040 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00936-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In order to study the variation of gonad lipidomics during reproductive cycle, black rockfish was employed as the research model in the present study. Using histology, lipidomics, and qPCR, the profile of gonad lipidomics and the expression levels of related genes during different developmental stages were detected and analyzed to show the potential regulatory network of lipid metabolism. Based on Ultra High-Performance Liquid Tandem Chromatography Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOFMS), four significant differential glycerophospholipid metabolic pathways including phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidic acid (PA) were enriched by KEGG. Pathway-related enzyme-coding genes, including phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (pisd), phosphatidylserine synthase (ptdss1, ptdss2), and phospholipase D (pld1, pld2) were identified from the whole genome data and confirmed by cloning. The expression profiles of these genes were tested by qPCR in the tissues and gonads in developmental stages, and we found that pisd, pld, and ptdss genes were all downregulated through the developmental process in the brain of male, and the latter two genes were upregulated in the liver and testis at stage IV, which were the opposite trend observed in the female. Thus, our findings would be helpful in further understanding the substance metabolism and regulation during gonad development in ovoviviparity teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Song
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Haishen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Likang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Guan Z, Goldfine H. Lipid diversity in clostridia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158966. [PMID: 33974975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the lipidomes of twenty-one species of clostridia have revealed considerable diversity. Even among those species now defined as Clostridium sensu stricto, which are related to Clostridium butyricum, the type species, lipid analysis has shown that a number of distinct clades have characteristic polar lipids. All species of Clostridium sensu stricto have phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin which are present as all acyl or alk-1'-enyl acyl (plasmalogen) species. In addition, almost every clade has specialized polar lipids. For example, the group closely related to Clostridium beijerinckii and several other solventogenic species has glycerol acetals of plasmenylethanolamine, which protects the membrane bilayer arrangement when the lipids are highly unsaturated or in the presence of solvents. The group related to Clostridium novyi has aminoacyl-phosphatidylglycerol, which protects these pathogens from cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) of innate immunity. Clostridium botulinum species, which fall into several groups, align with these clades, and have the same specific lipids. This review will present the current state of knowledge on clostridial lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States of America
| | - Howard Goldfine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States of America.
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5
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Moreira LG, Almeida AM, Nield T, Camacho SA, Aoki PHB. Modulating photochemical reactions in Langmuir monolayers of Escherichia coli lipid extract with the binding mechanisms of eosin decyl ester and toluidine blue-O photosensitizers. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 218:112173. [PMID: 33799010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic damage to the cell envelope can inactivate microorganisms and may be applied to combat super-resistance phenomenon, empowered by the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. Efficiency in microbial inactivation is dependent on the incorporation of photosensitizers (PS) into the bacterial membranes to trigger oxidation reactions under illumination. Herein, Langmuir monolayers of Escherichia coli lipid extract were built to determine the binding mechanisms and oxidation outcomes induced by eosin decyl ester (EosDEC) and toluidine blue-O (TBO) PSs. Surface-pressure isotherms of the E. coli monolayers were expanded upon EosDEC and TBO, suggesting incorporation of both PSs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) films reveled that the EosDEC and TBO binding mechanisms are dominated by electrostatic interactions with the anionic polar groups, with limited penetration into the chains. Light-irradiation reduced the relative area of E. coli monolayer on TBO, indicating an increased loss of material to the subphase owing to the chain cleavage, generated by contact-dependent reactions with excited states of TBO. In contrast, the increased relative area of E. coli monolayers containing EosDEC suggests lipid hydroperoxidation, which is PS contact-independent. Even considering a small chain penetration, the saturated EosDEC may have partitioned towards saturated reach domains, avoiding direct contact with membrane unsaturations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Moreira
- Saõ Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Assis, SP, 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Almeida
- Saõ Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Assis, SP, 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Tyler Nield
- Saõ Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Assis, SP, 19806-900, Brazil; Faculty of Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Sabrina A Camacho
- Saõ Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Assis, SP, 19806-900, Brazil; IFSC, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Pedro H B Aoki
- Saõ Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Assis, SP, 19806-900, Brazil.
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Trombik P, Cieślik-Boczula K. Influence of phenothiazine molecules on the interactions between positively charged poly-l-lysine and negatively charged DPPC/DPPG membranes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 227:117563. [PMID: 31689607 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenothiazines are very effective antipsychotic drugs, which also have anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Despite being used in human treatment, the molecular mechanism of the biological actions of these molecules is not yet understood in detail. The role of the interactions between phenothiazines and proteins or lipid membranes has been much discussed. Herein, fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies were used to investigate the effect of three phenothiazines: fluphenazine (FPh); chlorpromazine (ChP); and propionylpromazine (PP) on the structures of a positively charged poly-l-lysine (PLL) peptide, a negatively charged dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPC/DPPG) membrane, and on the mutual interactions between electrostatically associated PLL molecules and DPPC/DPPG membranes. Phenothiazine-induced alterations in the secondary structure of PLL, the conformational state (trans/gauche) of the hydrocarbon lipid chains, and the hydration of the DPPC/DPPG membrane interface were studied on the basis of amide I' vibrations, antisymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of the CH2 groups of the lipid hydrocarbon chains (νsCH2), and stretching vibrations of the lipid C=O groups (νC = O), respectively. It was shown that in the presence of negatively charged DPPC/DPPG membranes, the phenothiazines were able to modify the secondary structure of charged PLL molecules. Additionally, the effect of PLL on the structure of DPPC/DPPG membranes was also altered by the presence of the phenothiazine molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Trombik
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
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7
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Chamberlain CA, Hatch M, Garrett TJ. Metabolomic and lipidomic characterization of Oxalobacter formigenes strains HC1 and OxWR by UHPLC-HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4807-4818. [PMID: 30740635 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diseases of oxalate, such as nephrolithiasis and primary hyperoxaluria, affect a significant portion of the US population and have limited treatment options. Oxalobacter formigenes, an obligate oxalotrophic bacterium in the mammalian intestine, has generated great interest as a potential probiotic or therapeutic treatment for oxalate-related conditions due to its ability to degrade both exogenous (dietary) and endogenous (metabolic) oxalate, lowering the risk of hyperoxaluria/hyperoxalemia. Although all oxalotrophs degrade dietary oxalate, Oxalobacter formigenes is the only species shown to initiate intestinal oxalate secretion to draw upon endogenous, circulating oxalate for consumption. Evidence suggests that Oxalobacter regulates oxalate transport proteins in the intestinal epithelium using an unidentified secreted bioactive compound, but the mechanism of this function remains elusive. It is essential to gain an understanding of the biochemical relationship between Oxalobacter and the host intestinal epithelium for this microbe to progress as a potential remedy for oxalate diseases. This investigation includes the first profiling of the metabolome and lipidome of Oxalobacter formigenes, specifically the human strain HC1 and rat strain OxWR, the only two strains shown thus far to initiate net intestinal oxalate secretion across native gut epithelia. This study was performed using untargeted and targeted metabolomics and lipidomics methodologies utilizing ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We report our findings that the metabolic profiles of these strains, although largely conserved, show significant differences in their expression of many compounds. Several strain-specific features were also detected. Discussed are trends in the whole metabolic profile as well as in individual features, both identified and unidentified. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Chamberlain
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Marguerite Hatch
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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8
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Cieślik-Boczula K. Influence of resveratrol on interactions between negatively charged DPPC/DPPG membranes and positively charged poly-l-lysine. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 214:24-34. [PMID: 29842874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (Res), a natural polyphenol present in different plants and vegetables, exhibits potential therapeutic activity with cardioprotective, antineurodegenerative, antioxidant, and antitumor action. In this study, the effect of Res on the mutual interactions between positively charged poly-l-lysine (PLL) and negatively charged dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPC/DPPG) membranes was studied using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy supported by principal component analysis (PCA). The interactions between PLL and DPPC/DPPG membranes were strongly affected by the presence of Res molecules. Depending on the Res concentration and method of its supply (through the water or lipid phase) to the studied peptide-membrane systems, the membrane-induced transition of PLL from an α-helix to an extended left-handed polyproline II helix (PPII) occurred at different temperatures, with different cooperativity, or was even completely suppressed. The influence of PLL on the conformational (trans/gauche) state of the hydrocarbon chain region of the lipid membranes and the hydration state of the polar/apolar membrane interface was also modulated by Res, depending on the membrane phase state.
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9
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Strodtman KN, Stevenson SE, Waters JK, Mawhinney TP, Thelen JJ, Polacco JC, Emerich DW. The Bacteroid Periplasm in Soybean Nodules Is an Interkingdom Symbiotic Space. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:997-1008. [PMID: 29028412 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-16-0264-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The functional role of the periplasm of nitrogen-fixing bacteroids has not been determined. Proteins were isolated from the periplasm and cytoplasm of Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens bacteroids and were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry proteomics. Identification of bacteroid periplasmic proteins was aided by periplasm prediction programs. Approximately 40% of all the proteins identified as periplasmic in the B. diazoefficiens genome were found expressed in the bacteroid form of the bacteria, indicating the periplasm is a metabolically active symbiotic space. The bacteroid periplasm possesses many fatty acid metabolic enzymes, which was in contrast to the bacteroid cytoplasm. Amino acid analysis of the periplasm revealed an abundance of phosphoserine, phosphoethanolamine, and glycine, which are metabolites of phospholipid metabolism. These results suggest the periplasm is a unique space and not a continuum with the peribacteroid space. A number of plant proteins were found in the periplasm fraction, which suggested contamination. However, antibodies to two of the identified plant proteins, histone H2A and lipoxygenase, yielded immunogold labeling that demonstrated the plant proteins were specifically targeted to the bacteroids. This suggests that the periplasm is an interkingdom symbiotic space containing proteins from both the bacteroid and the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent N Strodtman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Severin E Stevenson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - James K Waters
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Thomas P Mawhinney
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Joseph C Polacco
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - David W Emerich
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
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10
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Furse S, Scott DJ. Three-Dimensional Distribution of Phospholipids in Gram Negative Bacteria. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4742-7. [PMID: 27509296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of the molecular structure of the bacterial cell envelope informs our understanding of its role in bacterial growth. This is crucial for research into both inhibiting and promoting bacterial growth as well as fundamental studies of cell cycle control. The spatial arrangement of the lipids in the cell envelope of Gram negative bacteria in particular has attracted considerable research attention in recent years. In this mini-review, we explore advances in understanding the spatial distribution of lipids in the model Gram negative prokaryote Escherichia coli. This includes the distribution of lipids in three dimensions, (a) lateral distribution within a monolayer, (b) asymmetry between bilayers and monolayers, and (c) distribution as a function of progress through membrane division (temporal shifts). We conclude that lipid distribution in E. coli and probably all bacteria is dynamic despite a narrow lipid profile and that the biophysical properties of the membrane are inhomogeneous as a result. Finally, we suggest that further work in this field may indicate how lipid distribution is controlled and what this means for bacterial growth and metabolism and even cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Furse
- MBI, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen , Thormøhlensgate 55, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - David J Scott
- National Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham , College Road, Sutton Bonington, Nottinghamshire LE12 5RD, U.K.,ISIS Spallation Neutron Source, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
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11
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Guan Z, Johnston NC, Raetz CRH, Johnson EA, Goldfine H. Lipid diversity among botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridia. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:2577-2584. [PMID: 22837302 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.060707-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum has been classified into four groupings (groups I to IV) based on physiological characteristics and 16S rRNA sequencing. We have examined the lipid compositions of 11 representative strains of C. botulinum and a strain of Clostridium sporogenes by 2D-TLC and by MS. All strains contained phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in both the all-acyl and the alk-1'-enyl (plasmalogen) forms. Five strains in proteolytic group I, which are related to C. sporogenes, contained varying amounts of an ethanolamine-phosphate derivative of N-acetylglucosaminyl-diradylglycerol, which is also present in C. sporogenes. Three strains in group II, which are related to Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium beijerinckii and Clostridium acetobutylicum, contained lipids characteristic of these saccharolytic species: a glycerol acetal and a PG acetal of the plasmalogen form of PE. Two group III strains, which are related to Clostridium novyi, contained amino-acyl derivatives of PG, which are also found in C. novyi. A strain in group IV had PE, PG and CL, but none of the distinguishing lipids. This work shows that the lipidome of C. botulinum is consistent with its classification by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Norah C Johnston
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christian R H Raetz
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eric A Johnson
- Department of Bacteriology, Botulinum Toxins Laboratory, Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Howard Goldfine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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12
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Lang C, Rastew E, Hermes B, Siegbrecht E, Ahrends R, Banerji S, Flieger A. Zinc metalloproteinase ProA directly activates Legionella pneumophila PlaC glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:23464-78. [PMID: 22582391 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.346387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes secreted by Legionella pneumophila, such as phospholipases A (PLAs) and glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferases (GCATs), may target host cell lipids and therefore contribute to the establishment of Legionnaires disease. L. pneumophila possesses three proteins, PlaA, PlaC, and PlaD, belonging to the GDSL family of lipases/acyltransferases. We have shown previously that PlaC is the major GCAT secreted by L. pneumophila and that the zinc metalloproteinase ProA is essential for GCAT activity. Here we characterized the mode of PlaC GCAT activation and determined that ProA directly processes PlaC. We further found that not only cholesterol but also ergosterol present in protozoa was palmitoylated by PlaC. Such ester formations were not induced by either PlaA or PlaD. PlaD was shown here to possess lysophospholipase A activity, and interestingly, all three GDSL enzymes transferred short chain fatty acids to sterols. The three single putative catalytic amino acids (Ser-37, Asp-398, and His-401) proved essential for all PlaC-associated PLA, lysophospholipase A, and GCAT activities. A further four cysteine residues are important for the PLA/GCAT activities as well as their oxidized state, and we therefore conclude that PlaC likely forms at least one disulfide loop. Analysis of cleavage site and loop deletion mutants suggested that for GCAT activation deletion of several amino acids within the loop is necessary rather than cleavage at a single site. Our data therefore suggest a novel enzyme inhibition/activation mechanism where a disulfide loop inhibits PlaC GCAT activity until the protein is exported to the external space where it is ProA-activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lang
- Division of Bacterial Infections, Robert Koch-Institut, Burgstrasse 37, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
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13
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Sanders CR, Mittendorf KF. Tolerance to changes in membrane lipid composition as a selected trait of membrane proteins. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7858-67. [PMID: 21848311 DOI: 10.1021/bi2011527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Membrane lipid composition can vary dramatically across the three domains of life and even within single organisms. Here we review evidence that the lipid-exposed surfaces of membrane proteins have generally evolved to maintain correct structure and function in the face of major changes in lipid composition. Such tolerance has allowed evolution to extensively remodel membrane lipid compositions during the emergence of new species without having to extensively remodel the associated membrane proteins. The tolerance of membrane proteins also permits single-cell organisms to vary their membrane lipid composition in response to their changing environments and allows dynamic and organelle-specific variations in the lipid compositions of eukaryotic cells. Membrane protein structural biology has greatly benefited from this seemingly intrinsic property of membrane proteins: the majority of structures determined to date have been characterized under model membrane conditions that little resemble those of native membranes. Nevertheless, with a few notable exceptions, most experimentally determined membrane protein structures appear, to a good approximation, to faithfully report on native structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Sanders
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8725, USA.
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Pond JL, Langworthy TA, Holzer G. Long-chain diols: a new class of membrane lipids from a thermophilic bacterium. Science 2010; 231:1134-6. [PMID: 17818542 DOI: 10.1126/science.231.4742.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol-derived membrane lipids are essentially absent in the thermophilic bacterium Thermomicrobium roseum. A series of straight chain and internally methyl-branched 1,2-diols of carbon numbers C(18) to C(23) were found to replace glycerolipids in this bacterium. Fatty acids were present but were ester-linked to the diols or amide-linked to polar heads groups and not to glycerol. This thermophile has evolved the integration of diols as a novel approach for the construction of its cytoplasmic membrane.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Alley SH, Ces O, Barahona M, Templer RH. X-ray diffraction measurement of the monolayer spontaneous curvature of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol. Chem Phys Lipids 2008; 154:64-7. [PMID: 18405663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is an anionic lipid commonly found in large proportions in the cell membranes of bacteria and plants and, to a lesser extent, in animal cells. PG plays an important role in the regulation and determination of the elastic properties of the membrane. Using small angle X-ray scattering experiments, we obtain that the monolayer spontaneous curvature of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) is -1/150+/-0.021 nm(-1) when measured in 150 mM NaCl. When the experiments are carried out in 150 mM NaCl and 20mM MgCl(2), the value obtained for the monolayer spontaneous curvature is -1/8.7+/-0.037 nm(-1). These values are of importance in modelling the effects of curvature elastic stress in membrane lipid homeostasis in the bacterium Acholeplasma laidlawii [Alley, S.H., Barahona, M., Ces, O., Templer, R.H., in press. Biophysical regulation of lipid biosynthesis in the plasma membrane. Biophys. J.] and indicate that divalent cations can play a significant role in altering curvature elastic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Alley
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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17
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Koga Y, Morii H. Biosynthesis of ether-type polar lipids in archaea and evolutionary considerations. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 71:97-120. [PMID: 17347520 PMCID: PMC1847378 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00033-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review deals with the in vitro biosynthesis of the characteristics of polar lipids in archaea along with preceding in vivo studies. Isoprenoid chains are synthesized through the classical mevalonate pathway, as in eucarya, with minor modifications in some archaeal species. Most enzymes involved in the pathway have been identified enzymatically and/or genomically. Three of the relevant enzymes are found in enzyme families different from the known enzymes. The order of reactions in the phospholipid synthesis pathway (glycerophosphate backbone formation, linking of glycerophosphate with two radyl chains, activation by CDP, and attachment of common polar head groups) is analogous to that of bacteria. sn-Glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase is responsible for the formation of the sn-glycerol-1-phosphate backbone of phospholipids in all archaea. After the formation of two ether bonds, CDP-archaeol acts as a common precursor of various archaeal phospholipid syntheses. Various phospholipid-synthesizing enzymes from archaea and bacteria belong to the same large CDP-alcohol phosphatidyltransferase family. In short, the first halves of the phospholipid synthesis pathways play a role in synthesis of the characteristic structures of archaeal and bacterial phospholipids, respectively. In the second halves of the pathways, the polar head group-attaching reactions and enzymes are homologous in both domains. These are regarded as revealing the hybrid nature of phospholipid biosynthesis. Precells proposed by Wächtershäuser are differentiated into archaea and bacteria by spontaneous segregation of enantiomeric phospholipid membranes (with sn-glycerol-1-phosphate and sn-glycerol-3-phosphate backbones) and the fusion and fission of precells. Considering the nature of the phospholipid synthesis pathways, we here propose that common phospholipid polar head groups were present in precells before the differentiation into archaea and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Koga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan.
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18
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Wessel M, Klüsener S, Gödeke J, Fritz C, Hacker S, Narberhaus F. Virulence ofAgrobacterium tumefaciensrequires phosphatidylcholine in the bacterial membrane. Mol Microbiol 2006; 62:906-15. [PMID: 17010159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC, lecithin) has long been considered a solely eukaryotic membrane lipid. Only a minority of all bacteria is able to synthesize PC. The plant-transforming bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens encodes two potential PC forming enzymes, a phospholipid N-methyltransferase (PmtA) and a PC synthase (Pcs). We show that PC biosynthesis and tumour formation on Kalanchoë plants was impaired in the double mutant. The virulence defect was due to a complete lack of the type IV secretion machinery in the Agrobacterium PC mutant. Our results strongly suggest that PC in bacterial membranes is an important determinant for the establishment of host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Wessel
- Lehrstuhl für Biologie der Mikroorganismen, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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19
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Timke M, Wang-Lieu NQ, Altendorf K, Lipski A. Fatty acid analysis and spoilage potential of biofilms from two breweries. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 99:1108-22. [PMID: 16238741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The microbial composition of biofilms from different locations of beer bottling plants were compared based on fatty acid profiles and correlated with the product-spoiling potential of these biofilms. METHODS AND RESULTS The whole cell fatty acid profiles of 78 biofilms from bottling plants of two breweries were analysed. About half of the lipid profiles were dominated by oleic and linoleic acid, which refer to a high proportion of yeasts. In addition, more than half of all samples contained dimethylacetals indicating the presence of strictly anaerobic bacteria. Typical fatty acids for potentially beer-spoiling genera were detected in three biofilms. The majority of the biofilms contained no beer-spoiling organisms, as shown by inoculation experiments in beer. CONCLUSIONS Biofilms from different locations of bottling plants were different with respect to their microbial composition. Potentially product-spoiling populations could be detected in a small number of samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Biofilms on industrial plants can be characterized by a fast and cultivation-independent method with respect to overall microbial composition and presence of potentially product-spoiling micro-organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Timke
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
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20
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Minder AC, De Rudder KEE, Narberhaus F, Fischer HM, Hennecke H, Geiger O. Phosphatidylcholine levels in Bradyrhizobium japonicum membranes are critical for an efficient symbiosis with the soybean host plant. Mol Microbiol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2001.02325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Winzer K, Hardie KR, Williams P. LuxS and autoinducer-2: their contribution to quorum sensing and metabolism in bacteria. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 53:291-396. [PMID: 14696323 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(03)53009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Winzer
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Queen's Medical Centre, C-Floor, West Block, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, U.K
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22
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Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria characteristically are surrounded by an additional membrane layer, the outer membrane. Although outer membrane components often play important roles in the interaction of symbiotic or pathogenic bacteria with their host organisms, the major role of this membrane must usually be to serve as a permeability barrier to prevent the entry of noxious compounds and at the same time to allow the influx of nutrient molecules. This review summarizes the development in the field since our previous review (H. Nikaido and M. Vaara, Microbiol. Rev. 49:1-32, 1985) was published. With the discovery of protein channels, structural knowledge enables us to understand in molecular detail how porins, specific channels, TonB-linked receptors, and other proteins function. We are now beginning to see how the export of large proteins occurs across the outer membrane. With our knowledge of the lipopolysaccharide-phospholipid asymmetric bilayer of the outer membrane, we are finally beginning to understand how this bilayer can retard the entry of lipophilic compounds, owing to our increasing knowledge about the chemistry of lipopolysaccharide from diverse organisms and the way in which lipopolysaccharide structure is modified by environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nikaido
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3202, USA.
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Molitor EJ, Paschal BM, Liu HW. Cyclopropane Fatty Acid Synthase from Escherichia coli: Enzyme Purification and Inhibition by Vinylfluorine and Epoxide-Containing Substrate Analogues. Chembiochem 2003; 4:1352-6. [PMID: 14661280 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erich J Molitor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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24
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Mandon K, Osterås M, Boncompagni E, Trinchant JC, Spennato G, Poggi MC, Le Rudulier D. The Sinorhizobium meliloti glycine betaine biosynthetic genes (betlCBA) are induced by choline and highly expressed in bacteroids. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:709-719. [PMID: 12906115 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.8.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti has the capacity to synthesize the osmoprotectant glycine betaine from choline-O-sulfate and choline. This pathway is encoded by the betICBA locus, which comprises a regulatory gene, betI, and three structural genes, betC (choline sulfatase), betB (betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase), and betA (choline dehydrogenase). Here, we report that betICBA genes constitute a single operon, despite the existence of intergenic regions containing mosaic elements between betI and betC, and betB and betA. The regulation of the bet operon was investigated by using transcriptional lacZ (beta-galactosidase) fusions and has revealed a strong induction by choline at concentrations as low as 25 microM and to a lesser extent by choline-O-sulfate and acetylcholine but not by osmotic stress or oxygen. BetI is a repressor of the bet transcription in the absence of choline, and a nucleotide sequence of dyad symmetry upstream of betI was identified as a putative betI box. Measurements of intracellular pools of choline, well correlated with beta-galactosidase activities, strongly suggested that BetI senses the endogenous choline pool that modulates the intensity of BetI repression. In contrast to Escherichia coli, BetI did not repress choline transport. During symbiosis with Medicago sativa, S. meliloti bet gene expression was observed within the infection threads, in young and in mature nodules. The existence of free choline in nodule cytosol, peribacteroid space, and bacteroids was demonstrated, and the data suggest that bet regulation in planta is mediated by BetI repression, as in free-living cells. Neither Nod nor Fix phenotypes were significantly impaired in a betI::omega mutant, indicating that glycine betaine biosynthesis from choline is not crucial for nodulation and nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Mandon
- Laboratoire de Biologie végétale et Microbiologie, CNRS FRE2294, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cédex 2, France
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25
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López-Lara IM, Sohlenkamp C, Geiger O. Membrane lipids in plant-associated bacteria: their biosyntheses and possible functions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2003; 16:567-579. [PMID: 12848422 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2003.16.7.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipids in most bacteria generally consist of the glycerophospholipids phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). A subset of bacteria also possesses the methylated derivatives of PE, monomethylphosphatidylethanolamine, dimethylphosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine (PC). In Sinorhizobium meliloti, which can form a nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis with Medicago spp., PC can be formed by two entirely different biosynthetic pathways, either the PE methylation pathway or the recently discovered PC synthase pathway. In the latter pathway, one of the building blocks for PC formation, choline, is obtained from the eukaryotic host. Under phosphorus-limiting conditions of growth, S. meliloti replaces its membrane phospholipids by membrane-forming lipids that do not contain phosphorus; namely, the sulfolipid sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol, ornithine-derived lipids, and diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine. Although none of these phosphorus-free lipids is essential for growth in culture media rich in phosphorus or for the symbiotic interaction with the legume host, they are expected to have major roles under free-living conditions in environments poor in accessible phosphorus. In contrast, sinorhizobial mutants deficient in PC show severe growth defects and are completely unable to form nodules on their host plants. Even bradyrhizobial mutants with reduced PC biosynthesis can form only root nodules displaying reduced rates of nitrogen fixation. Therefore, in the cases of these microsymbionts, the ability to form sufficient bacterial PC is crucial for a successful interplay with their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M López-Lara
- Centro de Investigación sobre Fijación de Nitrógeno, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Apdo. Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP62210, México
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26
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Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the major membrane-forming phospholipid in eukaryotes and can be synthesized by either of two pathways, the methylation pathway or the CDP-choline pathway. Many prokaryotes lack PC, but it can be found in significant amounts in membranes of rather diverse bacteria and based on genomic data, we estimate that more than 10% of all bacteria possess PC. Enzymatic methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine via the methylation pathway was thought to be the only biosynthetic pathway to yield PC in bacteria. However, a choline-dependent pathway for PC biosynthesis has been discovered in Sinorhizobium meliloti. In this pathway, PC synthase, condenses choline directly with CDP-diacylglyceride to form PC in one step. A number of symbiotic (Rhizobium leguminosarum, Mesorhizobium loti) and pathogenic (Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Brucella melitensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Borrelia burgdorferi and Legionella pneumophila) bacteria seem to possess the PC synthase pathway and we suggest that the respective eukaryotic host functions as the provider of choline for this pathway. Pathogens entering their hosts through epithelia (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae) require phosphocholine substitutions on their cell surface components that are biosynthetically also derived from choline supplied by the host. However, the incorporation of choline in these latter cases proceeds via choline phosphate and CDP-choline as intermediates. The occurrence of two intermediates in prokaryotes usually found as intermediates in the eukaryotic CDP-choline pathway for PC biosynthesis raises the question whether some bacteria might form PC via a CDP-choline pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sohlenkamp
- Centro de Investigación sobre Fijación de Nitrógeno, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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27
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Morii H, Koga Y. CDP-2,3-Di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycerol:L-serine O-archaetidyltransferase (archaetidylserine synthase) in the methanogenic archaeon Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:1181-9. [PMID: 12562787 PMCID: PMC142863 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.4.1181-1189.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CDP-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycerol:L-serine O-archaetidyltransferase (archaetidylserine synthase) activity in cell extracts of Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus cells was characterized. The enzyme catalyzed the formation of unsaturated archaetidylserine from CDP-unsaturated archaeol and L-serine. The identity of the reaction products was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography, fast atom bombardment-mass spectrum analysis, and chemical degradation. The enzyme showed maximal activity in the presence of 10 mM Mn2+ and 1% Triton X-100. Among various synthetic substrate analogs, both enantiomers of CDP-unsaturated archaeols with ether-linked geranylgeranyl chains and CDP-saturated archaeol with ether-linked phytanyl chains were similarly active toward the archaetidylserine synthase. The activity on the ester analog of the substrate was two to three times higher than that on the corresponding ether-type substrate. The activity of D-serine with the enzyme was 30% of that observed for L-serine. A trace amount of an acid-labile, unsaturated archaetidylserine intermediate was detected in the cells by a pulse-labeling experiment. A gene (MT1027) in M. thermautotrophicus genome annotated as the gene encoding phosphatidylserine synthase was found to be homologous to Bacillus subtilis pssA but not to Escherichia coli pssA. The substrate specificity of phosphatidylserine synthase from B. subtilis was quite similar to that observed for the M. thermautotrophicus archaetidylserine synthase, while the E. coli enzyme had a strong preference for CDP-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol. It was concluded that M. thermautotrophicus archaetidylserine synthase belongs to subclass II phosphatidylserine synthase (B. subtilis type) on the basis of not only homology but also substrate specificity and some enzymatic properties. The possibility that a gene encoding the subclass II phosphatidylserine synthase might be transferred from a bacterium to an ancestor of methanogens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Morii
- Department of Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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28
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Wilderman PJ, Vasil AI, Martin WE, Murphy RC, Vasil ML. Pseudomonas aeruginosa synthesizes phosphatidylcholine by use of the phosphatidylcholine synthase pathway. J Bacteriol 2002; 184:4792-9. [PMID: 12169604 PMCID: PMC135270 DOI: 10.1128/jb.184.17.4792-4799.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a ubiquitous membrane lipid in eukaryotes but has been found in only a limited number of prokaryotes. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes synthesize PC by methylating phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) by use of a phospholipid methyltransferase (Pmt). Eukaryotes can synthesize PC by the activation of choline to form choline phosphate and then CDP-choline. The CDP-choline then condenses with diacylglycerol (DAG) to form PC. In contrast, prokaryotes condense choline directly with CDP-DAG by use of the enzyme PC synthase (Pcs). PmtA was the first enzyme identified in prokaryotes that catalyzes the synthesis of PC, and Pcs in Sinorhizobium meliloti was characterized. The completed release of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 genomic sequence contains on open reading frame predicted to encode a protein that is highly homologous (35% identity, 54% similarity) to PmtA from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Moreover, the P. aeruginosa PAO1 genome encodes a protein with significant homology (39% amino acid identity) to Pcs of S. meliloti. Both the pcs and pmtA homologues were cloned from PAO1, and homologous sequences were found in almost all of the P. aeruginosa strains examined. Although the pathway for synthesizing PC by use of Pcs is functional in P. aeruginosa, it does not appear that this organism uses the PmtA pathway for PC synthesis. We demonstrate that the PC synthesized by P. aeruginosa PAO1 localized to both the inner and outer membranes, where it is readily accessible to its periplasmic, PC-specific phospholipase D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Wilderman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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29
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Heath RJ, Jackowski S, Rock CO. Chapter 3 Fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism in prokaryotes. BIOCHEMISTRY OF LIPIDS, LIPOPROTEINS AND MEMBRANES, 4TH EDITION 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(02)36005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Huijbregts RP. Topology and transport of membrane lipids in bacteria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1469:43-61. [PMID: 10692637 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4157(99)00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed a break-through in identifying and understanding the functions of both the proteins and lipids of bacterial membranes. This development was parallelled by increasing insights into the biogenesis, topology, transport and sorting of membrane proteins. However, progress in research on the membrane distribution and transport of lipids in bacteria has been slow in that period. The development of novel biochemical in vitro approaches and recent genetic studies have increased our understanding of these subjects. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the current knowledge of the distribution and transport of lipids in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Special attention is paid to recently obtained results, which are expected to inspire further research to finally unravel these poorly understood phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Huijbregts
- Department Biochemistry of Membranes, Center for Biomembranes and Lipid Enzymology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Mejía R, Gómez-Eichelmann MC, Fernández MS. Escherichia coli membrane fluidity as detected by excimerization of dipyrenylpropane: sensitivity to the bacterial fatty acid profile. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 368:156-60. [PMID: 10415123 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A coordinated study of membrane fluidity and fatty acid composition has been carried out in Escherichia coli W3110. The lipid acyl chain profile of the bacteria, altered by growing cells in steady state at 30, 37, 42, or 45 degrees C, was determined by gas chromatography of the fatty acid methyl esters. In parallel experiments, total membranes obtained from cells of the above-mentioned cultures were labeled with dipyrenylpropane and their relative fluidity was measured on the basis of the excimer to monomer fluorescence intensity ratio of the fluorophore. It has been found that, at constant assay temperature, fluidity determined with dipyrenylpropane decreases gradually with the growth temperature increment, from 30 to 45 degrees C. Interestingly, when fatty acid composition is taken into account, fluidity increases linearly in the range under study, with the proportion of unsaturated fatty acyl chains, both variables being highly correlated (0.924 </= r(2) </= 0.996). Our results show that dipyrenylpropane is a reliable and quantitative indicator of changes in membrane fluidity, driven by modifications in the acyl chain composition of bacterial lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mejía
- Department of Biochemistry, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, A.P. 14-740, 07000, México D.F
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Pollack JD, Williams MV, McElhaney RN. The comparative metabolism of the mollicutes (Mycoplasmas): the utility for taxonomic classification and the relationship of putative gene annotation and phylogeny to enzymatic function in the smallest free-living cells. Crit Rev Microbiol 1998; 23:269-354. [PMID: 9439886 DOI: 10.3109/10408419709115140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mollicutes or mycoplasmas are a class of wall-less bacteria descended from low G + C% Gram-positive bacteria. Some are exceedingly small, about 0.2 micron in diameter, and are examples of the smallest free-living cells known. Their genomes are equally small; the smallest in Mycoplasma genitalium is sequenced and is 0.58 mb with 475 ORFs, compared with 4.639 mb and 4288 ORFs for Escherichia coli. Because of their size and apparently limited metabolic potential, Mollicutes are models for describing the minimal metabolism necessary to sustain independent life. Mollicutes have no cytochromes or the TCA cycle except for malate dehydrogenase activity. Some uniquely require cholesterol for growth, some require urea and some are anaerobic. They fix CO2 in anaplerotic or replenishing reactions. Some require pyrophosphate not ATP as an energy source for reactions, including the rate-limiting step of glycolysis: 6-phosphofructokinase. They scavenge for nucleic acid precursors and apparently do not synthesize pyrimidines or purines de novo. Some genera uniquely lack dUTPase activity and some species also lack uracil-DNA glycosylase. The absence of the latter two reactions that limit the incorporation of uracil or remove it from DNA may be related to the marked mutability of the Mollicutes and their tachytelic or rapid evolution. Approximately 150 cytoplasmic activities have been identified in these organisms, 225 to 250 are presumed to be present. About 100 of the core reactions are graphically linked in a metabolic map, including glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, arginine dihydrolase pathway, transamination, and purine, pyrimidine, and lipid metabolism. Reaction sequences or loci of particular importance are also described: phosphofructokinases, NADH oxidase, thioredoxin complex, deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, and lactate, malate, and glutamate dehydrogenases. Enzymatic activities of the Mollicutes are grouped according to metabolic similarities that are taxonomically discriminating. The arrangements attempt to follow phylogenetic relationships. The relationships of putative gene assignments and enzymatic function in My. genitalium, My. pneumoniae, and My. capricolum subsp. capricolum are specially analyzed. The data are arranged in four tables. One associates gene annotations with congruent reports of the enzymatic activity in these same Mollicutes, and hence confirms the annotations. Another associates putative annotations with reports of the enzyme activity but from different Mollicutes. A third identifies the discrepancies represented by those enzymatic activities found in Mollicutes with sequenced genomes but without any similarly annotated ORF. This suggests that the gene sequence is significantly different from those already deposited in the databanks and putatively annotated with the same function. Another comparison lists those enzymatic activities that are both undetected in Mollicutes and not associated with any ORF. Evidence is presented supporting the theory that there are relatively small gene sequences that code for functional centers of multiple enzymatic activity. This property is seemingly advantageous for an organism with a small genome and perhaps under some coding restraint. The data suggest that a concept of "remnant" or "useless genes" or "useless enzymes" should be considered when examining the relationship of gene annotation and enzymatic function. It also suggests that genes in addition to representing what cells are doing or what they may do, may also identify what they once might have done and may never do again.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Pollack
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
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de Rudder KE, Thomas-Oates JE, Geiger O. Rhizobium meliloti mutants deficient in phospholipid N-methyltransferase still contain phosphatidylcholine. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:6921-8. [PMID: 9371435 PMCID: PMC179629 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.22.6921-6928.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the major membrane-forming phospholipid in eukaryotes. In addition to this structural function, PC is thought to play a major role in lipid turnover and signalling in eukaryotic systems. In prokaryotes, only some groups of bacteria, among them the members of the family Rhizobiaceae, contain PC. To understand the role of PC in bacteria, we have studied Rhizobium meliloti 1021, which is able to form nitrogen-fixing nodules on its legume host plants and therefore has a very complex phenotype. R. meliloti was mutagenized with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, and potential mutants defective in phospholipid N-methyltransferase were screened by using a colony autoradiography procedure. Filters carrying lysed replicas of mutagenized colonies were incubated with S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-14C]methionine. Enzymatic transfer of methyl groups to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) leads to the formation of PC and therefore to the incorporation of radiolabel into lipid material. Screening of 24,000 colonies for reduced incorporation of radiolabel into lipids led to the identification of seven mutants which have a much-reduced specific activity of phospholipid N-methyltransferase. In vivo labelling of mutant lipids with [14C]acetate showed that the methylated PC biosynthesis intermediates phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine and phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine are no longer detectable. This loss is combined with a corresponding increase in the potential methyl acceptor PE. These results indicate that PC biosynthesis via the methylation pathway is indeed blocked in the mutants isolated. However, mass spectrometric analysis of the lipids shows that PC was still present when the mutants had been grown on complex medium and that it was present in the mutants in wild-type amounts. In vivo labelling with [methyl-14C]methionine shows that in phospholipid N-methyltransferase-deficient mutants, the choline moiety of PC is not formed by methylation. These findings suggest the existence of a second pathway for PC biosynthesis in Rhizobium.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E de Rudder
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technical University of Berlin, Germany
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Badola P, Sanders CR. Escherichia coli diacylglycerol kinase is an evolutionarily optimized membrane enzyme and catalyzes direct phosphoryl transfer. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:24176-82. [PMID: 9305868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.39.24176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this contribution the kinetic mechanism and substrate specificity of Escherichia coli diacylglycerol kinase were examined. Steady state kinetic studies were carried out under mixed micellar conditions using a novel continuous coupled assay system. The kinetic data were consistent with a random equilibrium mechanism, implying that diacylglycerol kinase catalyzes direct phosphoryl transfer from MgATP to diacylglycerol. This was supported by failure to detect an enzyme-phosphate covalent intermediate and by the observation that the bisubstrate analog adenosine 5'-tetraphosphoryl-3-O-(1,2-dihexanoyl)-sn-glycerol inhibits the enzyme (Ki << Km,DAG). While diacylglycerol kinase's kcat/Km is modest compared with the efficiency of many water-soluble enzymes, the enzyme nevertheless appears to be an evolutionarily optimized biocatalyst in the sense that its chemical reaction rate approaches the substrate diffusion-controlled limit. The in vivo rate-limiting step of DAGK's reaction appears to be, in part, the transbilayer diffusion of diacylglycerol from the outer leaflet to the inner leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane where DAGK's active site is located. DAGK was observed to maintain a high nucleotide substrate specificity, with most of this specificity being expressed in the form of reductions in kcat for ATP analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Badola
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4970, USA
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Structure, biosynthesis, physical properties, and functions of the polar lipids of Clostridium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5245(97)80007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
We previously showed that motility plays several key roles in Campylobacter jejuni pathogenesis, including increasing the efficiency of C. jejuni attachment to host epithelial cells. To further characterize C. jejuni attachment, we first examined the role of carbohydrates. Experiments with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell mutants with defined defects in complex carbohydrate biosynthesis revealed that oligosaccharide sequences probably play a subordinate role in C. jejuni attachment to eukaryotic cells. Simple sugars such as mannose, fucose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, maltose, and galactose also did not significantly alter the binding of C. jejuni to CHO cells. Thin-layer chromatography overlay analysis with lipids extracted from CHO cells suggested that C. jejuni binds to lipids. Lipid binding was further investigated using a receptor-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hydrophobic interactions were determined to play a minor role in binding, since tetramethylurea, a strong inhibitor of hydrophobic interactions, did not significantly decrease binding between C. jejuni and lipids. The interaction was dissected further by comparing the binding of C. jejuni to lipids and their derivatives. The results showed that binding was greatest to the entire lipid structure and decreased in affinity when portions of the lipid were removed. Thin-layer chromatography overlay analysis showed that lipids with unsaturated fatty acids were bound with the highest affinity. Our results suggest that C. jejuni may interact with lipids in host cell membranes. However, lipids only partially inhibited C. jejuni binding to CHO cells, suggesting that multiple interactions occur between the bacteria and host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Szymanski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Lohner K. Is the high propensity of ethanolamine plasmalogens to form non-lamellar lipid structures manifested in the properties of biomembranes? Chem Phys Lipids 1996; 81:167-84. [PMID: 8810047 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(96)02580-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Plasmalogens are glycerophospholipids characterized by an alk-1'-enylether bond in position sn-1 and an acyl bond in position sn-2. These ubiquitous etherlipids exhibit a different molecular structure as compared to diacyl phospholipids. The most peculiar change is a perpendicular orientation of the sn-2 acyl chain at all segments to the membrane surface. This extended conformation results in an effectively longer aliphatic chain in plasmalogen than in the diacyl analog. Moreover, the lack of the carbonyl oxygen in position sn-1 affects the hydrophilicity of the headgroup and allows stronger intermolecular hydrogen-bonding between the headgroups of the lipid. These properties favour the formation of non-lamellar structures which are expressed in the high affinity of ethanolamine plasmalogen to adopt the inverse hexagonal phase. Such structures may be involved in membrane processes, either temporarily, like in membrane fusion or locally, e.g. to affect the activity of membrane-bound proteins. The predominant distribution of ethanolamine plasmalogens in some cellular membranes like nerve tissues or plasma membranes and their distinctly different properties in model membranes as compared to diacyl phospholipids impose the question, whether these differences are also manifested in the heterogeneous environment of biological membranes. The integration of biophysical studies and biochemical findings clearly indicated that the high propensity of ethanolamine plasmalogen to form non-lamellar structures is reflected in several physiological functions. So far it seems to be evident that ethanolamine plasmalogens play an important role in maintaining the balance between bilayer and non-lamellar phases which is crucial for proper cell function. Furthermore, they are the major phospholipid component of inverse hexagonal phase inclusions in native retina and are able to mediate membrane fusion as demonstrated between neurotransmitter vesicles and presynaptic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lohner
- Institut für Biophysik und Röntgenstrukturforschung, Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Graz, Austria.
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Morein S, Andersson A, Rilfors L, Lindblom G. Wild-type Escherichia coli cells regulate the membrane lipid composition in a "window" between gel and non-lamellar structures. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:6801-9. [PMID: 8636103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.12.6801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli strain K12 was grown at 17, 27, and 37 degrees C. The acyl chain composition of the membrane lipids varied with the growth temperature; the fraction of cis-vaccenoyl chains decreased, and the fraction of palmitoyl chains increased, when the growth temperature was increased. However, the polar head group composition did not change significantly. The equilibria between lamellar and reversed non-lamellar phases of lipids extracted from the inner membrane (IM), and from both the membranes (IOM), were studied with NMR and x-ray diffraction. At temperatures above the growth temperature the lipid extracts formed a reversed hexagonal phase, or a bicontinuous cubic phase, depending on the degree of hydration of the lipids. It was observed that: 1) at equal elevations above the growth temperature, IM lipid extracts, as well as IOM lipid extracts, have a nearly equal ability to form non-lamellar phases; 2) IM extracts have a stronger tendency than IOM extracts to form non-lamellar phases; 3) non-lamellar phases are formed under conditions that are relatively close to the physiological ones; the membrane lipid monolayers are thus "frustrated"; and 4) as a consequence of the change of the acyl chain structures, the temperature for the lamellar gel to liquid crystalline phase transition is changed simultaneously, and in the same direction, as the temperature for the lamellar to non-lamellar phase transition. With a too large fraction of saturated acyl chains the membrane lipids enter a gel state, and with a too large fraction of unsaturated acyl chains the lipids transform to non-lamellar phases. It is thus concluded that the regulation of the acyl chain composition in wild-type cells of E. coli is necessary for the organism to be able to grow in a "window" between a lamellar gel phase and reversed non-lamellar phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morein
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Dembitsky
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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40
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Cellular fatty acyl and alkenyl residues in Megasphaera and Pectinatus species: contrasting profiles and detection of beer spoilage. Microbiology (Reading) 1995; 141:1131-1137. [DOI: 10.1099/13500872-141-5-1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY
The strictly anaerobic Gram-negative beer spoilage bacteria Megasphaera cerevisiae, Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus and P. frisingensis were subjected to cellular fatty acid analysis, employing acid- and base-catalysed cleavage, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. M. cerevisiae contained 12:0, 16:0, 16:1, 18:1, 17:cyc, 19:cyc, 12:0(3OH), 14:0(3OH) as the main fatty acids, and alk-1-enyl chains instead of acyl chains were detected to a considerable extent (14% of total fatty acids), indicating the presence of plasmalogens. The fatty acid pattern of M. cerevisiae was almost identical to that of M. elsdenii, the only species previously assigned to this genus. P. cerevisiiphilus and P. frisingensis yielded fatty acids that were heavily dominated by odd-numbered chains; 11:0, 15:0, 17:1, 18:cyc and 13:0(3OH) were the main fatty acids detected in both species. Alk-1-enyl chains with similar chain lengths were also found. Both Pectinatus species contained six different 3-hydroxy fatty acids with chain lengths between 11 and 15 carbons, 13:0(3OH) being dominant and the others accounting for generally less than 1% of total fatty acids. Among the minor components, an unsaturated 3-hydroxy fatty acid was detected which was shown to be 13:1(30H). In addition, fatty acid analysis was shown to be applicable to detection of bacterial contamination of beer.
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Wang AY, Cronan JE. The growth phase-dependent synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids in Escherichia coli is the result of an RpoS(KatF)-dependent promoter plus enzyme instability. Mol Microbiol 1994; 11:1009-17. [PMID: 8022273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The formation of cyclopropane fatty acids (CFAs) in Escherichia coli is a post-synthetic modification of the phospholipid bilayer that occurs predominantly as cultures enter the stationary phase of growth. The mechanism of this growth phase-dependent regulation of CFA synthesis was unclear, since log-phase and stationary-phase cultures had been reported to contain similar levels of the enzyme catalysing the reaction (CFA synthase). We report that the timing of CFA synthesis can be explained by two unusual features. Fist, the gene encoding CFA synthase (cfa) was found to be transcribed from two promoters and the 5' ends of both transcripts were mapped by primer extension. One of the promoters was active only during the log-to-stationary phase transition and depended on the putative sigma factor encoded by the rpoS(katF) gene whereas the other promoter had a standard sigma 70 promoter consensus sequence and was expressed throughout the growth curve. Second, CFA synthase activity was shown to be unstable in vivo and a Cfa fusion protein was found to have a half life of < 5 min. The combination of these factors meant that, although CFA synthase was synthesized throughout the growth curve, a large increase in activity occurred during the log-to-stationary phase transition. As stationary phase progressed, the increased CFA synthase activity rapidly declined to the basal level. This transient increase in CFA synthase activity coupled with the cessation of net phospholipid synthesis in stationary phase provides an explanation for the unusual time course of CFA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Wang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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Gutberlet T, Milde K, Bradaczek H, Haas H, Möhwald H. Miscibility of lipoteichoic acid in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine studied by monofilm investigations and fluorescence microscopy. Chem Phys Lipids 1994; 69:151-9. [PMID: 8181104 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(94)90036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The miscibility of the bacterial amphiphile lipoteichoic acid, a constituent of the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria, in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine has been investigated by classic monofilm measurements and fluorescence microscopy at the air-water interface of monofilms obtained by spreading mixtures of both amphiphiles on a water subphase. The isotherms indicated miscibility of both lipids at concentrations up to 30 mol% lipoteichoic acid, whereas at higher concentrations immiscibility was detected. Increasing the lateral pressure over a certain value, lipoteichoic acid is squeezed out of the monofilm. By fluorescence microscopy the influence of lipoteichoic acid on the domain shape of condensed dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine phases has been studied. The balance between hydrophobic and hydrophilic forces in the mixtures of both amphiphiles is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gutberlet
- Institut für Kristallographie der Freien Universität Berlin, Germany
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43
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Brabetz W, Liebl W, Schleifer KH. Lactose permease of Escherichia coli catalyzes active beta-galactoside transport in a gram-positive bacterium. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:7488-91. [PMID: 8226697 PMCID: PMC206897 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.22.7488-7491.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The following several lines of evidence demonstrate that lactose permease (LacY) of Escherichia coli is assembled into the cytoplasmic membrane of gram-positive Corynebacterium glutamicum, expressing the lacY gene, as a functional carrier protein. (i) LacY was detected immunologically in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction of the heterologous host. (ii) Recombinant C. glutamicum cells bearing the lacY gene displayed an increased influx of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, which was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. (iii) Washed cells were capable of accumulating methyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside about 60-fold. (iv) The uptake of methyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside was energy dependent and could be inhibited by the addition of 10 microM carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone. LacY of E. coli was active in the recombinant C. glutamicum cells despite the different membrane lipid compositions of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Brabetz
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Germany
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44
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Abstract
Evidence is discussed for roles of cardiolipins in oxidative phosphorylation mechanisms that regulate State 4 respiration by returning ejected protons across and over bacterial and mitochondrial membrane phospholipids, and that regulate State 3 respiration through the relative contributions of proteins that transport protons, electrons and/or metabolites. The barrier properties of phospholipid bilayers support and regulate the slow proton leak that is the basis for State 4 respiration. Proton permeability is in the range 10(-3)-10(-4) cm s-1 in mitochondria and in protein-free membranes formed from extracted mitochondrial phospholipids or from stable synthetic phosphatidylcholines or phosphatidylethanolamines. The roles of cardiolipins in proton conductance in model phospholipid membrane systems need to be assessed in view of new findings by Hübner et al. [313]: saturated cardiolipins form bilayers whilst natural highly unsaturated cardiolipins form nonlamellar phases. Mitochondrial cardiolipins apparently participate in bilayers formed by phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines. It is not yet clear if cardiolipins themselves conduct protons back across the membrane according to their degree of fatty acyl saturation, and/or modulate proton conductance by phosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylethanolamines. Mitochondrial cardiolipins, especially those with high 18:2 acyl contents, strongly bind many carrier and enzyme proteins that are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, some of which contribute to regulation of State 3 respiration. The role of cardiolipins in biomembrane protein function has been examined by measuring retained phospholipids and phospholipid binding in purified proteins, and by reconstituting delipidated proteins. The reconstitution criterion for the significance of cardiolipin-protein interactions has been catalytical activity; proton-pumping and multiprotein interactions have yet to be correlated. Some proteins, e.g., cytochrome c oxidase are catalytically active when dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine replaces retained cardiolipins. Cardiolipin-protein interactions orient membrane proteins, matrix proteins, and on the outerface receptors, enzymes, and some leader peptides for import; activate enzymes or keep them inactive unless the inner membrane is disrupted; and modulate formation of nonbilayer HII-phases. The capacity of the proton-exchanging uncoupling protein to accelerate thermogenic respiration in brown adipose tissue mitochondria of cold-adapted animals is not apparently affected by the increased cardiolipin unsaturation; this protein seems to take over the protonophoric role of cardiolipins in other mitochondria. Many in vivo influences that affect proton leakage and carrier rates selectively alter cardiolipins in amount per mitochondrial phospholipids, in fatty acyl composition and perhaps in sidedness; other mitochondrial membrane phospholipids respond less or not at all.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Hoch
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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45
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Johnston NC, Goldfine H. Replacement of the aliphatic chains of Clostridium acetobutylicum by exogenous fatty acids: regulation of phospholipid and glycolipid composition. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:1848-53. [PMID: 1548233 PMCID: PMC205787 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.6.1848-1853.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane lipid aliphatic chains of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 4259 have been extensively modified by growth in biotin-free medium containing vitamin-free casein hydrolysate supplemented with either elaidic acid, oleic acid, or mixtures of palmitic and oleic acids. Growth with elaidic acid resulted in polar lipids containing 88.6% 18:1 acyl chains and 94.5% 18:1 ether-linked chains. Growth with oleic acid resulted in comparable levels of enrichment of the lipids with 18:1 chains and C19 chains containing cyclopropane rings. When cells were grown with mixtures of palmitic and oleic acids, the ether-linked chains of the plasmalogens were greater than or equal to 64% 18:1 plus C19 chains containing cyclopropane rings at all ratios of oleic to palmitic acid in the medium. The acyl chains reflected the palmitic acid content of the medium more closely. Marked changes were observed in both phospholipid and glycosyldiglyceride compositions as the lipid acyl and ether-linked chains became more enriched with unsaturated and cyclopropane chains. The ratio of the glycerol acetal of plasmenylethanolamine to phosphatidylethanolamine increased, the ratio of cardiolipin to phosphatidylglycerol decreased, and the ratio of diglycosyldiglyceride to monoglycosyldiglyceride increased. However, the monoglycosyldiglyceride/diglycosyldiglyceride ratio was lower for cells grown on 100% oleic acid than for cells grown on 60 or 80% oleic acid. In the membranes of cells grown on 100% oleic acid, the ratio of glycolipids to phospholipids was lower than that found in cells grown on 60% oleic acid. These results indicate that C. acetobutylicum regulates its polar lipid composition in a complex manner involving phospholipids and glycosyldiglycerides. These changes can affect the equilibria between those lipids that form bilayers and those lipids that tend to form nonlamellar phases when enriched with unsaturated aliphatic chains. Phosphoglycolipids of unknown structure were also observed in cells grown either with biotin or with fatty acids. The content of the most abundant phosphoglycolipid also varied with the degree of unsaturation of the cellular lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Johnston
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6076
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Doré J, Bryant MP. Lipid growth requirement and influence of lipid supplement on fatty acid and aldehyde composition of Syntrophococcus sucromutans. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:927-33. [PMID: 2729991 PMCID: PMC184226 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.4.927-933.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Results concerning the ruminal fluid growth requirement of the ruminal acetogen, Syntrophococcus sucromutans, indicate that octadecenoic acid isomers satisfy this essential requirement. Complex lipids, such as triglycerides and phospholipids, can also support growth. The cellular fatty acid and aldehyde composition closely reflects that of the lipid supplement provided to the cells. Up to 98% of the fatty acids and 80% of the fatty aldehydes are identical in chain length and degree of unsaturation to the octadecenoic acid supplement provided in the medium. S. sucromutans shows a tendency to have a greater proportion of the aldehyde form among its 18 carbon chains than it does with the shorter-chain simple lipids, which may be interpreted as a strategy to maintain membrane fluidity. 14C labeling showed that most of the oleic acid taken up from the medium was incorporated into the membrane fraction of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Doré
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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47
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Abstract
The adverse effects of ethanol on bacterial growth, viability, and metabolism are caused primarily by ethanol-induced leakage of the plasma membrane. This increase in membrane leakage is consistent with known biophysical properties of membranes and ethanolic solutions. The primary actions of ethanol result from colligative effects of the high molar concentrations rather than from specific interactions with receptors. The ethanol tolerance of growth in different microorganisms appears to result in large part from adaptive and evolutionary changes in cell membrane composition. Different cellular activities vary in their tolerance to ethanol. Therefore, it is essential that the aspect of cellular function under study be specifically defined and that comparisons of ethanol tolerance among systems share this common definition. Growth is typically one of the most sensitive cellular activities to inhibition by ethanol, followed by survival, or loss of reproductive ability. Glycolysis is the most resistant of these three activities. Since glycolysis is an exergonic process, a cell need not be able to grow or remain viable for glycolysis to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Ingram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville
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48
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Rengpipat S, Langworthy T, Zeikus J. Halobacteroides acetoethylicus sp. nov., a New Obligately Anaerobic Halophile Isolated from Deep Subsurface Hypersaline Environments. Syst Appl Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0723-2020(88)80045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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49
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Lakhdar-Ghazal F, Tocanne J. Modulation of the adsorption of alkaline cations to phosphatidylglycerol by a dimannosyldiacylgycerol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(88)90342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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50
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Goldfine H, Rosenthal JJ, Johnston NC. Lipid shape as a determinant of lipid composition in Clostridium butyricum. The effects of incorporation of various fatty acids on the ratios of the major ether lipids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 904:283-9. [PMID: 3663673 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(87)90377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The lipid composition of Clostridium butyricum is strongly influenced by the aliphatic chain compositions of the membrane lipids. Growth on cis-monounsaturated fatty acids in the absence of biotin was shown to affect the relative proportions of phosphatidylethanolamine, plasmenylethanolamine, and the glycerol acetal of plasmenylethanolamine most strongly, with smaller effects on the acidic lipids, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin. The ratio of the glycerol acetal of plasmenylethanolamine to total phosphatidylethanolamine in cells grown on a series of fatty acids is shown to decrease in the following order; cis-vaccenic acid greater than or equal to oleic acid = C19-cyclopropane fatty acid greater than linoleic acid greater than petroselinic acid greater than elaidic acid greater than 14-methylhexadecanoic acid (anteiso-C17) greater than 12-methyltridecanoic acid (iso-C14). All fatty acids were extensively incorporated into the lipid acyl, alkenyl, and alkyl chains. There was considerable chain-elongation of the iso-C14 to iso-C16. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the membrane lipid composition is strongly influenced by lipid shape and that the observed changes in lipid composition serve to stabilize the bilayer arrangement of the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Goldfine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6076
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