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Danziger M, Xu F, Noble H, Yang P, Roque DM. Tubulin Complexity in Cancer and Metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1452:21-35. [PMID: 38805123 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58311-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Tubulin plays a fundamental role in cellular function and as the subject for microtubule-active agents in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Microtubule-binding proteins (e.g., tau, MAP1/2/4, EB1, CLIP, TOG, survivin, stathmin) and posttranslational modifications (e.g., tyrosination, deglutamylation, acetylation, glycation, phosphorylation, polyamination) further diversify tubulin functionality and may permit additional opportunities to understand microtubule behavior in disease and to develop microtubule-modifying approaches to combat ovarian cancer. Tubulin-based structures that project from suspended ovarian cancer cells known as microtentacles may contribute to metastatic potential of ovarian cancer cells and could represent an exciting novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Danziger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fuhua Xu
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helen Noble
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dana M Roque
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Ahmed MB, Islam SU, Alghamdi AAA, Kamran M, Ahsan H, Lee YS. Phytochemicals as Chemo-Preventive Agents and Signaling Molecule Modulators: Current Role in Cancer Therapeutics and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15765. [PMID: 36555406 PMCID: PMC9779495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the deadliest non communicable diseases. Numerous anticancer medications have been developed to target the molecular pathways driving cancer. However, there has been no discernible increase in the overall survival rate in cancer patients. Therefore, innovative chemo-preventive techniques and agents are required to supplement standard cancer treatments and boost their efficacy. Fruits and vegetables should be tapped into as a source of compounds that can serve as cancer therapy. Phytochemicals play an important role as sources of new medication in cancer treatment. Some synthetic and natural chemicals are effective for cancer chemoprevention, i.e., the use of exogenous medicine to inhibit or impede tumor development. They help regulate molecular pathways linked to the development and spread of cancer. They can enhance antioxidant status, inactivating carcinogens, suppressing proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest and death, and regulating the immune system. While focusing on four main categories of plant-based anticancer agents, i.e., epipodophyllotoxin, camptothecin derivatives, taxane diterpenoids, and vinca alkaloids and their mode of action, we review the anticancer effects of phytochemicals, like quercetin, curcumin, piperine, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and gingerol. We examine the different signaling pathways associated with cancer and how inflammation as a key mechanism is linked to cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal Ahmed
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Salman Ul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Cecos University, Peshawar, Street 1, Sector F 5 Phase 6 Hayatabad, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Kamran
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, M310, 35 Stirling Hwy, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Haseeb Ahsan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Young Sup Lee
- BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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3
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Batman U, Deretic J, Firat-Karalar EN. The ciliopathy protein CCDC66 controls mitotic progression and cytokinesis by promoting microtubule nucleation and organization. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001708. [PMID: 35849559 PMCID: PMC9333452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise spatiotemporal control of microtubule nucleation and organization is critical for faithful segregation of cytoplasmic and genetic material during cell division and signaling via the primary cilium in quiescent cells. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) govern assembly, maintenance, and remodeling of diverse microtubule arrays. While a set of conserved MAPs are only active during cell division, an emerging group of MAPs acts as dual regulators in dividing and nondividing cells. Here, we elucidated the nonciliary functions and molecular mechanism of action of the ciliopathy-linked protein CCDC66, which we previously characterized as a regulator of ciliogenesis in quiescent cells. We showed that CCDC66 dynamically localizes to the centrosomes, the bipolar spindle, the spindle midzone, the central spindle, and the midbody in dividing cells and interacts with the core machinery of centrosome maturation and MAPs involved in cell division. Loss-of-function experiments revealed its functions during mitotic progression and cytokinesis. Specifically, CCDC66 depletion resulted in defective spindle assembly and orientation, kinetochore fiber stability, chromosome alignment in metaphase as well as central spindle and midbody assembly and organization in anaphase and cytokinesis. Notably, CCDC66 regulates mitotic microtubule nucleation via noncentrosomal and centrosomal pathways via recruitment of gamma-tubulin to the centrosomes and the spindle. Additionally, CCDC66 bundles microtubules in vitro and in cells by its C-terminal microtubule-binding domain. Phenotypic rescue experiments showed that the microtubule and centrosome-associated pools of CCDC66 individually or cooperatively mediate its mitotic and cytokinetic functions. Collectively, our findings identify CCDC66 as a multifaceted regulator of the nucleation and organization of the diverse mitotic and cytokinetic microtubule arrays and provide new insight into nonciliary defects that underlie ciliopathies. The ciliopathy-linked protein CCDC66 is only known for its ciliary functions. This study reveals that CCDC66 also has extensive non-ciliary functions, localizing to the spindle poles, spindle midzone, central spindle and midbody throughout cell division, where it regulates mitosis and cytokinesis by promoting microtubule nucleation and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Batman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jovana Deretic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Nur Firat-Karalar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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4
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Yunes SA, Willoughby JLS, Kwan JH, Biagi JM, Pokharel N, Chin HG, York EA, Su KC, George K, Shah JV, Emili A, Schaus SE, Hansen U. Factor quinolinone inhibitors disrupt spindles and multiple LSF (TFCP2)-protein interactions in mitosis, including with microtubule-associated proteins. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268857. [PMID: 35704642 PMCID: PMC9200292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Factor quinolinone inhibitors (FQIs), a first-in-class set of small molecule inhibitors targeted to the transcription factor LSF (TFCP2), exhibit promising cancer chemotherapeutic properties. FQI1, the initial lead compound identified, unexpectedly induced a concentration-dependent delay in mitotic progression. Here, we show that FQI1 can rapidly and reversibly lead to mitotic arrest, even when added directly to mitotic cells, implying that FQI1-mediated mitotic defects are not transcriptionally based. Furthermore, treatment with FQIs resulted in a striking, concentration-dependent diminishment of spindle microtubules, accompanied by a concentration-dependent increase in multi-aster formation. Aberrant γ-tubulin localization was also observed. These phenotypes suggest that perturbation of spindle microtubules is the primary event leading to the mitotic delays upon FQI1 treatment. Previously, FQIs were shown to specifically inhibit not only LSF DNA-binding activity, which requires LSF oligomerization to tetramers, but also other specific LSF-protein interactions. Other transcription factors participate in mitosis through non-transcriptional means, and we recently reported that LSF directly binds α-tubulin and is present in purified cellular tubulin preparations. Consistent with a microtubule role for LSF, here we show that LSF enhanced the rate of tubulin polymerization in vitro, and FQI1 inhibited such polymerization. To probe whether the FQI1-mediated spindle abnormalities could result from inhibition of mitotic LSF-protein interactions, mass spectrometry was performed using as bait an inducible, tagged form of LSF that is biotinylated by endogenous enzymes. The global proteomics analysis yielded expected associations for a transcription factor, notably with RNA processing machinery, but also to nontranscriptional components. In particular, and consistent with spindle disruption due to FQI treatment, mitotic, FQI1-sensitive interactions were identified between the biotinylated LSF and microtubule-associated proteins that regulate spindle assembly, positioning, and dynamics, as well as centrosome-associated proteins. Probing the mitotic LSF interactome using small molecule inhibitors therefore supported a non-transcriptional role for LSF in mediating progression through mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Yunes
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. S. Willoughby
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julian H. Kwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica M. Biagi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Niranjana Pokharel
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hang Gyeong Chin
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily A. York
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kuan-Chung Su
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kelly George
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jagesh V. Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew Emili
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Schaus
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ulla Hansen
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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5
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Maiato H. Mitosis under the macroscope. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 117:1-5. [PMID: 34172396 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
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6
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Minagawa M, Shirato M, Toya M, Sato M. Dual Impact of a Benzimidazole Resistant β-Tubulin on Microtubule Behavior in Fission Yeast. Cells 2021; 10:1042. [PMID: 33925026 PMCID: PMC8145593 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoskeleton microtubule consists of polymerized αβ-tubulin dimers and plays essential roles in many cellular events. Reagents that inhibit microtubule behaviors have been developed as antifungal, antiparasitic, and anticancer drugs. Benzimidazole compounds, including thiabendazole (TBZ), carbendazim (MBC), and nocodazole, are prevailing microtubule poisons that target β-tubulin and inhibit microtubule polymerization. The molecular basis, however, as to how the drug acts on β-tubulin remains controversial. Here, we characterize the S. pombe β-tubulin mutant nda3-TB101, which was previously isolated as a mutant resistance to benzimidazole. The mutation site tyrosine at position 50 is located in the interface of two lateral β-tubulin proteins and at the gate of a putative binging pocket for benzimidazole. Our observation revealed two properties of the mutant tubulin. First, the dynamics of cellular microtubules comprising the mutant β-tubulin were stabilized in the absence of benzimidazole. Second, the mutant protein reduced the affinity to benzimidazole in vitro. We therefore conclude that the mutant β-tubulin Nda3-TB101 exerts a dual effect on microtubule behaviors: the mutant β-tubulin stabilizes microtubules and is insensitive to benzimidazole drugs. This notion fine-tunes the current elusive molecular model regarding binding of benzimidazole to β-tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamika Minagawa
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (M.M.); (M.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Minamo Shirato
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (M.M.); (M.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Mika Toya
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (M.M.); (M.S.); (M.T.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Global Center for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Sato
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (M.M.); (M.S.); (M.T.)
- Institute for Advanced Research of Biosystem Dynamics, Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Institute for Medical-Oriented Structural Biology, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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7
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Mosca L, Ilari A, Fazi F, Assaraf YG, Colotti G. Taxanes in cancer treatment: Activity, chemoresistance and its overcoming. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 54:100742. [PMID: 33429249 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since 1984, when paclitaxel was approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma, taxanes have been widely used as microtubule-targeting antitumor agents. However, their historic classification as antimitotics does not describe all their functions. Indeed, taxanes act in a complex manner, altering multiple cellular oncogenic processes including mitosis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, inflammatory response, and ROS production. On the one hand, identification of the diverse effects of taxanes on oncogenic signaling pathways provides opportunities to apply these cytotoxic drugs in a more rational manner. On the other hand, this may facilitate the development of novel treatment modalities to surmount anticancer drug resistance. In the latter respect, chemoresistance remains a major impediment which limits the efficacy of antitumor chemotherapy. Taxanes have shown impact on key molecular mechanisms including disruption of mitotic spindle, mitosis slippage and inhibition of angiogenesis. Furthermore, there is an emerging contribution of cellular processes including autophagy, oxidative stress, epigenetic alterations and microRNAs deregulation to the acquisition of taxane resistance. Hence, these two lines of findings are currently promoting a more rational and efficacious taxane application as well as development of novel molecular strategies to enhance the efficacy of taxane-based cancer treatment while overcoming drug resistance. This review provides a general and comprehensive picture on the use of taxanes in cancer treatment. In particular, we describe the history of application of taxanes in anticancer therapeutics, the synthesis of the different drugs belonging to this class of cytotoxic compounds, their features and the differences between them. We further dissect the molecular mechanisms of action of taxanes and the molecular basis underlying the onset of taxane resistance. We further delineate the possible modalities to overcome chemoresistance to taxanes, such as increasing drug solubility, delivery and pharmacokinetics, overcoming microtubule alterations or mitotic slippage, inhibiting drug efflux pumps or drug metabolism, targeting redox metabolism, immune response, and other cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Mosca
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Fazi
- Dept. Anatomical, Histological, Forensic & Orthopedic Sciences, Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University, Via A. Scarpa 14-16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Lab, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Italian National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), c/o Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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8
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Lopes D, Maiato H. The Tubulin Code in Mitosis and Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112356. [PMID: 33114575 PMCID: PMC7692294 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The “tubulin code” combines different α/β-tubulin isotypes with several post-translational modifications (PTMs) to generate microtubule diversity in cells. During cell division, specific microtubule populations in the mitotic spindle are differentially modified, but only recently, the functional significance of the tubulin code, with particular emphasis on the role specified by tubulin PTMs, started to be elucidated. This is the case of α-tubulin detyrosination, which was shown to guide chromosomes during congression to the metaphase plate and allow the discrimination of mitotic errors, whose correction is required to prevent chromosomal instability—a hallmark of human cancers implicated in tumor evolution and metastasis. Although alterations in the expression of certain tubulin isotypes and associated PTMs have been reported in human cancers, it remains unclear whether and how the tubulin code has any functional implications for cancer cell properties. Here, we review the role of the tubulin code in chromosome segregation during mitosis and how it impacts cancer cell properties. In this context, we discuss the existence of an emerging “cancer tubulin code” and the respective implications for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Lopes
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Chromosome Instability & Dynamics Group, i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-22-040-8800
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9
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Girão H, Okada N, Rodrigues TA, Silva AO, Figueiredo AC, Garcia Z, Moutinho-Santos T, Hayashi I, Azevedo JE, Macedo-Ribeiro S, Maiato H. CLASP2 binding to curved microtubule tips promotes flux and stabilizes kinetochore attachments. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:jcb.201905080. [PMID: 31757788 PMCID: PMC7041679 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Girão et al. use structure-guided functional mutants of CLASP2 to show that recognition of growing microtubule plus-ends through EB–protein interaction and the ability to associate with curved microtubule protofilaments through TOG2 and TOG3 domains promote growth and stabilization of kinetochore–microtubules required for poleward flux. CLASPs are conserved microtubule plus-end–tracking proteins that suppress microtubule catastrophes and independently localize to kinetochores during mitosis. Thus, CLASPs are ideally positioned to regulate kinetochore–microtubule dynamics required for chromosome segregation fidelity, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we found that human CLASP2 exists predominantly as a monomer in solution, but it can self-associate through its C-terminal kinetochore-binding domain. Kinetochore localization was independent of self-association, and driving monomeric CLASP2 to kinetochores fully rescued normal kinetochore–microtubule dynamics, while partially sustaining mitosis. CLASP2 kinetochore localization, recognition of growing microtubule plus-ends through EB–protein interaction, and the ability to associate with curved microtubule protofilaments through TOG2 and TOG3 domains independently sustained normal spindle length, timely spindle assembly checkpoint satisfaction, chromosome congression, and faithful segregation. Measurements of kinetochore–microtubule half-life and poleward flux revealed that CLASP2 regulates kinetochore–microtubule dynamics by integrating distinctive microtubule-binding properties at the kinetochore–microtubule interface. We propose that kinetochore CLASP2 suppresses microtubule depolymerization and detachment by binding to curved protofilaments at microtubule plus-ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Girão
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Naoyuki Okada
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tony A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra O Silva
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C Figueiredo
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Zaira Garcia
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Moutinho-Santos
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ikuko Hayashi
- International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jorge E Azevedo
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Macedo-Ribeiro
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder Maiato
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Cell Division Group, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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10
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AimB Is a Small Protein Regulator of Cell Size and MreB Assembly. Biophys J 2020; 119:593-604. [PMID: 32416080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The MreB actin-like cytoskeleton assembles into dynamic polymers that coordinate cell shape in many bacteria. In contrast to most other cytoskeleton systems, few MreB-interacting proteins have been well characterized. Here, we identify a small protein from Caulobacter crescentus, an assembly inhibitor of MreB (AimB). AimB overexpression mimics inhibition of MreB polymerization, leading to increased cell width and MreB delocalization. Furthermore, aimB appears to be essential, and its depletion results in decreased cell width and increased resistance to A22, a small-molecule inhibitor of MreB assembly. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that AimB binds MreB at its monomer-monomer protofilament interaction cleft and that this interaction is favored for C. crescentus MreB over Escherichia coli MreB because of a closer match in the degree of opening with AimB size, suggesting coevolution of AimB with MreB conformational dynamics in C. crescentus. We support this model through functional analysis of point mutants in both AimB and MreB, photo-cross-linking studies with site-specific unnatural amino acids, and species-specific activity of AimB. Together, our findings are consistent with AimB promoting MreB dynamics by inhibiting monomer-monomer assembly interactions, representing a new mechanism for regulating actin-like polymers and the first identification of a non-toxin MreB assembly inhibitor. Because AimB has only 104 amino acids and small proteins are often poorly characterized, our work suggests the possibility of more bacterial cytoskeletal regulators to be found in this class. Thus, like FtsZ and eukaryotic actin, MreB may have a rich repertoire of regulators to tune its precise assembly and dynamics.
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11
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Zhou Q, Lee KJ, Kurasawa Y, Hu H, An T, Li Z. Faithful chromosome segregation in Trypanosoma brucei requires a cohort of divergent spindle-associated proteins with distinct functions. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:8216-8231. [PMID: 29931198 PMCID: PMC6144804 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful chromosome segregation depends on correct spindle microtubule-kinetochore attachment and requires certain spindle-associated proteins (SAPs) involved in regulating spindle dynamics and chromosome segregation. Little is known about the spindle-associated proteome in the early divergent Trypanosoma brucei and its roles in chromosome segregation. Here we report the identification of a cohort of divergent SAPs through localization-based screening and proximity-dependent biotin identification. We identified seven new SAPs and seventeen new nucleolar proteins that associate with the spindle, and demonstrated that the kinetochore protein KKIP4 also associates with the spindle. These SAPs localize to distinct subdomains of the spindle during mitosis, and all but one localize to nucleus during interphase and post-mitotic phases. Functional analyses of three nucleus- and spindle-associated proteins (NuSAPs) revealed distinct functions in chromosome segregation. NuSAP1 is a kinetoplastid-specific protein required for equal chromosome segregation and for maintaining the stability of the kinetochore proteins KKIP1 and KKT1. NuSAP2 is a highly divergent ASE1/PRC1/MAP65 homolog playing an essential role in promoting the G2/M transition. NuSAP3 is a kinetoplastid-specific Kif13-1-binding protein maintaining Kif13-1 protein stability and regulating the G2/M transition. Together, our work suggests that chromosome segregation in T. brucei requires a cohort of kinetoplastid-specific and divergent SAPs with distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kyu Joon Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Kurasawa
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huiqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tai An
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ziyin Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Ilan-Ber T, Ilan Y. The role of microtubules in the immune system and as potential targets for gut-based immunotherapy. Mol Immunol 2019; 111:73-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Endo Y, Takeda K, Mohan N, Shen Y, Jiang J, Rotstein D, Wu WJ. Payload of T-DM1 binds to cell surface cytoskeleton-associated protein 5 to mediate cytotoxicity of hepatocytes. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37200-37215. [PMID: 30647854 PMCID: PMC6324681 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Off-target toxicity is a major cause of dose-limiting toxicity for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), mechanisms of which remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that cytoskeleton-associated protein 5 (CKAP5) serves as a cell surface target for T-DM1 and that binding of T-DM1 to CKAP5 is mediated by payload (DM1). This study introduces a novel molecular mechanism of ADC payload-mediated interaction with cell surface molecules to induce cytotoxicity. Upon binding to CKAP5, T-DM1 causes cell membrane damage and leads to calcium influx into the cells, resulting in disorganized microtubule network and apoptosis. While binding of T-DM1 with HER2 is critical for killing HER2-positive tumor cells, our data suggest that cytotoxicity induced by T-DM1 interaction with CKAP5 may preferentially damage normal cells/tissues where HER2 expression is low or missing to cause off-target toxicity. This study provides molecular basis of ADC-induced off-target cytotoxicity and opens a new avenue for developing next generation of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Endo
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nishant Mohan
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yi Shen
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jiangsong Jiang
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - David Rotstein
- Division of Compliance, Office of Surveillance and Compliance, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Derwood, MD, USA
| | - Wen Jin Wu
- Division of Biotechnology Review and Research I, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, MD, USA
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14
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Rossi G, Redaelli V, Contiero P, Fabiano S, Tagliabue G, Perego P, Benussi L, Bruni AC, Filippini G, Farinotti M, Giaccone G, Buiatiotis S, Manzoni C, Ferrari R, Tagliavini F. Tau Mutations Serve as a Novel Risk Factor for Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3731-3739. [PMID: 29794074 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its well-recognized role in neurodegeneration, tau participates in maintenance of genome stability and chromosome integrity. In particular, peripheral cells from patients affected by frontotemporal lobar degeneration carrying a mutation in tau gene (genetic tauopathies), as well as cells from animal models, show chromosome numerical and structural aberrations, chromatin anomalies, and a propensity toward abnormal recombination. As genome instability is tightly linked to cancer development, we hypothesized that mutated tau may be a susceptibility factor for cancer. Here we conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing cancer incidence in families affected by genetic tauopathies to control families. In addition, we carried out a bioinformatics analysis to highlight pathways associated with the tau protein interactome. We report that the risk of developing cancer is significantly higher in families affected by genetic tauopathies, and a high proportion of tau protein interactors are involved in cellular processes particularly relevant to cancer. These findings disclose a novel role of tau as a risk factor for cancer, providing new insights in the various pathologic roles of mutated tau.Significance: This study reveals a novel role for tau as a risk factor for cancer, providing new insights beyond its role in neurodegeneration. Cancer Res; 78(13); 3731-9. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomina Rossi
- Unit of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy.
| | - Veronica Redaelli
- Unit of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Contiero
- Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Fabiano
- Cancer Registry Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tagliabue
- Cancer Registry Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Perego
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Luisa Benussi
- NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Amalia C Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Graziella Filippini
- Scientific Directorate, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Mariangela Farinotti
- Neuroepidemiology - Scientific Directorate, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giaccone
- Unit of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Manzoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Scientific Directorate, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
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15
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Balboula AZ, Blengini CS, Gentilello AS, Takahashi M, Schindler K. Maternal RNA regulates Aurora C kinase during mouse oocyte maturation in a translation-independent fashion. Biol Reprod 2018; 96:1197-1209. [PMID: 28575288 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During oocyte meiotic maturation, Aurora kinase C (AURKC) is required to accomplish many critical functions including destabilizing erroneous kinetochore-microtubule (K-MT)attachments and regulating bipolar spindle assembly. How localized activity of AURKC is regulated in mammalian oocytes, however, is not fully understood. Female gametes from many species, including mouse, contain stores of maternal transcripts that are required for downstream developmental events. We show here that depletion of maternal RNA in mouse oocytes resulted in impaired meiotic progression, increased incidence of chromosome misalignment and abnormal spindle formation at metaphase I (Met I), and cytokinesis defects. Importantly, depletion of maternal RNA perturbed the localization and activity of AURKC within the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC). These perturbations were not observed when translation was inhibited by cycloheximide (CHX) treatment. These results demonstrate a translation-independent function of maternal RNA to regulate AURKC-CPC function in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Z Balboula
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Animal Science, Graduate school of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Cecilia S Blengini
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Amanda S Gentilello
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate school of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Karen Schindler
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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16
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Stepp WL, Merck G, Mueller-Planitz F, Ökten Z. Kinesin-2 motors adapt their stepping behavior for processive transport on axonemes and microtubules. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:1947-1956. [PMID: 28887322 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two structurally distinct filamentous tracks, namely singlet microtubules in the cytoplasm and axonemes in the cilium, serve as railroads for long-range transport processes in vivo In all organisms studied so far, the kinesin-2 family is essential for long-range transport on axonemes. Intriguingly, in higher eukaryotes, kinesin-2 has been adapted to work on microtubules in the cytoplasm as well. Here, we show that heterodimeric kinesin-2 motors distinguish between axonemes and microtubules. Unlike canonical kinesin-1, kinesin-2 takes directional, off-axis steps on microtubules, but it resumes a straight path when walking on the axonemes. The inherent ability of kinesin-2 to side-track on the microtubule lattice restricts the motor to one side of the doublet microtubule in axonemes. The mechanistic features revealed here provide a molecular explanation for the previously observed partitioning of oppositely moving intraflagellar transport trains to the A- and B-tubules of the same doublet microtubule. Our results offer first mechanistic insights into why nature may have co-evolved the heterodimeric kinesin-2 with the ciliary machinery to work on the specialized axonemal surface for two-way traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi L Stepp
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Georg Merck
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Mueller-Planitz
- Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Zeynep Ökten
- Physik Department E22, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany .,Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science, Munich, Germany
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17
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Using human artificial chromosomes to study centromere assembly and function. Chromosoma 2017; 126:559-575. [DOI: 10.1007/s00412-017-0633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Ayanlaja AA, Xiong Y, Gao Y, Ji G, Tang C, Abdikani Abdullah Z, Gao D. Distinct Features of Doublecortin as a Marker of Neuronal Migration and Its Implications in Cancer Cell Mobility. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:199. [PMID: 28701917 PMCID: PMC5487455 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a critical process in the development of the nervous system. Defects in the migration of the neurons are associated with diseases like lissencephaly, subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), and pachygyria. Doublecortin (DCX) is an essential factor in neurogenesis and mutations in this protein impairs neuronal migration leading to several pathological conditions. Although, DCX is capable of modulating and stabilizing microtubules (MTs) to ensure effective migration, the mechanisms involved in executing these functions remain poorly understood. Meanwhile, there are existing gaps regarding the processes that underlie tumor initiation and progression into cancer as well as the ability to migrate and invade normal cells. Several studies suggest that DCX is involved in cancer metastasis. Unstable interactions between DCX and MTs destabilizes cytoskeletal organization leading to disorganized movements of cells, a process which may be implicated in the uncontrolled migration of cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism is complex and require further clarification. Therefore, exploring the importance and features known up to date about this molecule will broaden our understanding and shed light on potential therapeutic approaches for the associated neurological diseases. This review summarizes current knowledge about DCX, its features, functions, and relationships with other proteins. We also present an overview of its role in cancer cells and highlight the importance of studying its gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiola A Ayanlaja
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Ye Xiong
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - GuangQuan Ji
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Chuanxi Tang
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Zamzam Abdikani Abdullah
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - DianShuai Gao
- Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
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19
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Mechanisms of Chromosome Congression during Mitosis. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6010013. [PMID: 28218637 PMCID: PMC5372006 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome congression during prometaphase culminates with the establishment of a metaphase plate, a hallmark of mitosis in metazoans. Classical views resulting from more than 100 years of research on this topic have attempted to explain chromosome congression based on the balance between opposing pulling and/or pushing forces that reach an equilibrium near the spindle equator. However, in mammalian cells, chromosome bi-orientation and force balance at kinetochores are not required for chromosome congression, whereas the mechanisms of chromosome congression are not necessarily involved in the maintenance of chromosome alignment after congression. Thus, chromosome congression and maintenance of alignment are determined by different principles. Moreover, it is now clear that not all chromosomes use the same mechanism for congressing to the spindle equator. Those chromosomes that are favorably positioned between both poles when the nuclear envelope breaks down use the so-called "direct congression" pathway in which chromosomes align after bi-orientation and the establishment of end-on kinetochore-microtubule attachments. This favors the balanced action of kinetochore pulling forces and polar ejection forces along chromosome arms that drive chromosome oscillatory movements during and after congression. The other pathway, which we call "peripheral congression", is independent of end-on kinetochore microtubule-attachments and relies on the dominant and coordinated action of the kinetochore motors Dynein and Centromere Protein E (CENP-E) that mediate the lateral transport of peripheral chromosomes along microtubules, first towards the poles and subsequently towards the equator. How the opposite polarities of kinetochore motors are regulated in space and time to drive congression of peripheral chromosomes only now starts to be understood. This appears to be regulated by position-dependent phosphorylation of both Dynein and CENP-E and by spindle microtubule diversity by means of tubulin post-translational modifications. This so-called "tubulin code" might work as a navigation system that selectively guides kinetochore motors with opposite polarities along specific spindle microtubule populations, ultimately leading to the congression of peripheral chromosomes. We propose an integrated model of chromosome congression in mammalian cells that depends essentially on the following parameters: (1) chromosome position relative to the spindle poles after nuclear envelope breakdown; (2) establishment of stable end-on kinetochore-microtubule attachments and bi-orientation; (3) coordination between kinetochore- and arm-associated motors; and (4) spatial signatures associated with post-translational modifications of specific spindle microtubule populations. The physiological consequences of abnormal chromosome congression, as well as the therapeutic potential of inhibiting chromosome congression are also discussed.
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20
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Zhu P, Ye W, Li J, Zhang Y, Huang W, Cheng M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Liu H, Zuo J. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives as potential antitumor candidate. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:443-455. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Panhu Zhu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei China
| | - Wenfeng Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei China
| | - Yanchun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei China
| | - Weijun Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei China
| | - Mohan Cheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei China
| | - Huicai Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei China
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei China
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21
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Chu X, Chen X, Wan Q, Zheng Z, Du Q. Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus (NuMA) Interacts with and Regulates Astrin at the Mitotic Spindle. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20055-67. [PMID: 27462074 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.724831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The large nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) protein is an essential player in mitotic spindle assembly and maintenance. We report here the identification of Astrin, a spindle- and kinetochore-associated protein, as a novel interactor of NuMA. We show that the C-terminal tail of NuMA can directly bind to the C terminus of Astrin and that this interaction helps to recruit Astrin to microtubules. Knockdown of NuMA by RNA interference dramatically impaired Astrin recruitment to the mitotic spindle. Overexpression of the N terminus of mammalian homologue of Drosophila Pins (LGN), which blocks the microtubule binding of NuMA and competes with Astrin for NuMA binding, also led to similar results. Furthermore, we found that cytoplasmic dynein is required for the spindle pole accumulation of Astrin, and dynein-mediated transport is important for balanced distribution of Astrin between spindle poles and kinetochores. On the other hand, if Astrin levels are reduced, then NuMA could not efficiently concentrate at the spindle poles. Our findings reveal a direct physical link between two important regulators of mitotic progression and demonstrate the critical role of the NuMA-Astrin interaction for accurate cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Chu
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Xuanyu Chen
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Qingwen Wan
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Zhen Zheng
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Quansheng Du
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
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22
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Zhang T, Braun U, Leitges M. PKD3 deficiency causes alterations in microtubule dynamics during the cell cycle. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1844-54. [PMID: 27245420 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1188237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D 3 (PKD3) is a member of the PKD family that has been linked to many intracellular signaling pathways. However, defined statements regarding isoform specificity and in vivo functions are rare. Here, we use mouse embryonic fibroblast cells that are genetically depleted of PKD3 to identify isoform-specific functions. We show that PKD3 is involved in the regulation of the cell cycle by modulating microtubule nucleation and dynamics. In addition we also show that PKD1 partially can compensate for PKD3 function. Taken together our data provide new insights of a specific PKD3 signaling pathway by identifying a new function, which has not been identified before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhou Zhang
- a Biotechnology Center of Oslo , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ursula Braun
- a Biotechnology Center of Oslo , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Michael Leitges
- a Biotechnology Center of Oslo , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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23
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Li C, Xue C, Yang Q, Low BC, Liou YC. NuSAP governs chromosome oscillation by facilitating the Kid-generated polar ejection force. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10597. [PMID: 26839278 PMCID: PMC4742958 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrate cells, chromosomes oscillate to align precisely during metaphase. NuSAP, a microtubule-associated protein, plays a critical role in stabilizing spindle microtubules. In this study, we utilize 3D time-lapse live-cell imaging to monitor the role of NuSAP in chromosome oscillation and identify NuSAP as a novel regulator of the chromokinesin, Kid. Depletion of NuSAP significantly suppresses the amplitude and velocity of chromosome oscillation. We analyse the effects of NuSAP and Kid depletion in monopolar and bipolar cells with or without kinetochore microtubule depletion. Twelve postulated conditions are deciphered to reveal the contribution of NuSAP to the polar force generated at kinetochore microtubules and to the regulation of the polar ejection force generated by Kid, thus revealing a pivotal role of NuSAP in chromosome oscillation. During metaphase, alignment of chromosomes is facilitated by oscillations driven by the chromokinesin Kid. Here Li et al. show that the microtubule-associated protein NuSAP is a novel regulator of Kid, regulating the amplitude and velocity of chromosome oscillation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Chenyi Xue
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Qiaoyun Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Chuan Low
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yih-Cherng Liou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore.,Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117573, Republic of Singapore
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24
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Jeon HJ, You SY, Park YS, Chang JW, Kim JS, Oh JS. TCTP regulates spindle microtubule dynamics by stabilizing polar microtubules during mouse oocyte meiosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:630-7. [PMID: 26802898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic changes in spindle structure and function are essential for maintaining genomic integrity during the cell cycle. Spindle dynamics are highly dependent on several microtubule-associated proteins that coordinate the dynamic behavior of microtubules, including microtubule assembly, stability and organization. Here, we show that translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a novel microtubule-associated protein that regulates spindle dynamics during meiotic maturation. TCTP was expressed and widely distributed in the cytoplasm with strong enrichment at the spindle microtubules during meiosis. TCTP was found to be phosphorylated during meiotic maturation, and was exclusively localized to the spindle poles. Knockdown of TCTP impaired spindle organization without affecting chromosome alignment. These spindle defects were mostly due to the destabilization of the polar microtubules. However, the stability of kinetochore microtubules attached to chromosomes was not affected by TCTP knockdown. Overexpression of a nonphosphorylable mutant of TCTP disturbed meiotic maturation, stabilizing the spindle microtubules. In addition, Plk1 was decreased by TCTP knockdown. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TCTP is a microtubule-associating protein required to regulate spindle microtubule dynamics during meiotic maturation in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Joon Jeon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeop You
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seok Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Wook Chang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Su Oh
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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He X, Liu Z, He Q, Qin J, Liu N, Zhang L, Li D, Zhou J, Shui W, Liu M. Identification of novel microtubule-binding proteins by taxol-mediated microtubule stabilization and mass spectrometry analysis. Thorac Cancer 2015; 6:649-54. [PMID: 26445615 PMCID: PMC4567012 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-binding proteins (MBPs) are structurally and functionally diverse regulators of microtubule-mediated cellular processes. Alteration of MBPs has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases, including cancer. MBPs can stabilize or destabilize microtubules or move along microtubules to transport various cargoes. In addition, MBPs can control microtubule dynamics through direct interaction with microtubules or coordination with other proteins. To better understand microtubule structure and function, it is necessary to identify additional MBPs. In this study, we isolated microtubules and MBPs from mammalian cells by a taxol-based method and then profiled a panel of MBPs by mass spectrometry. We discovered a number of previously uncharacterized MBPs, including several membrane-associated proteins and proteins involved in post-translational modifications, in addition to several structural components. These results support the notion that microtubules have a wide range of functions and may undergo more exquisite regulation than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfei He
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University Tianjin, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin, China
| | - Qianqian He
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University Tianjin, China
| | - Ningning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University Tianjin, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University Tianjin, China
| | - Wenqing Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University Tianjin, China ; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianjin, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin, China
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26
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Fani N, Bordbar AK, Ghayeb Y, Sepehri S. Integrating docking and molecular dynamics approaches for a series of proline-based 2,5-diketopiperazines as novel αβ-tubulin inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 33:2285-95. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.1000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Fani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan , Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology , Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Yousef Ghayeb
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology , Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saghi Sepehri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran
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Fani N, Bordbar A, Ghayeb Y, Sepehri S. Computational design of Tryprostatin-A derivatives as novel αβ-tubulin inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:471-86. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.892028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hamada T, Nagasaki-Takeuchi N, Kato T, Fujiwara M, Sonobe S, Fukao Y, Hashimoto T. Purification and characterization of novel microtubule-associated proteins from Arabidopsis cell suspension cultures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:1804-16. [PMID: 24134884 PMCID: PMC3850192 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.225607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant microtubules (MTs) play essential roles in cell division, anisotropic cell expansion, and overall organ morphology. Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) bind to MTs and regulate their dynamics, stability, and organization. Identifying the full set of MAPs in plants would greatly enhance our understanding of how diverse MT arrays are formed and function; however, few proteomics studies have characterized plant MAPs. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we identified hundreds of proteins from MAP-enriched preparations derived from cell suspension cultures of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Previously reported MAPs, MT regulators, kinesins, dynamins, peroxisome-resident enzymes, and proteins implicated in replication, transcription, and translation were highly enriched. Dozens of proteins of unknown function were identified, among which 12 were tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and examined for their ability to colocalize with MTs when transiently expressed in plant cells. Six proteins did indeed colocalize with cortical MTs in planta. We further characterized one of these MAPs, designated as BASIC PROLINE-RICH PROTEIN1 (BPP1), which belongs to a seven-member family in Arabidopsis. BPP1-GFP decorated interphase and mitotic MT arrays in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. A highly basic, conserved region was responsible for the in vivo MT association. Overexpression of BPP1-GFP stabilized MTs, caused right-handed helical growth in rapidly elongating tissues, promoted the formation of transverse MT arrays, and resulted in the outgrowth of epidermal cells in light-grown hypocotyls. Our high-quality proteome database of Arabidopsis MAP-enriched preparations is a useful resource for identifying novel MT regulators and evaluating potential MT associations of proteins known to have other cellular functions.
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Jang CY, Kim HD, Zhang X, Chang JS, Kim J. Ribosomal protein S3 localizes on the mitotic spindle and functions as a microtubule associated protein in mitosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 429:57-62. [PMID: 23131551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The human ribosomal protein S3 (rpS3) has multi-functions such as translation, DNA repair and apoptosis. These multiple functions are regulated by post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, methylation and sumoylation. We report here a novel function of rpS3 that is involved in mitosis. When we examined localization of ribosomal proteins in mitosis, we found that rpS3 specifically localizes on the mitotic spindle. Depletion of the rpS3 proteins caused mitotic arrest during the metaphase. Furthermore, the shape of the spindle and chromosome movement in the rpS3 depleted cell was abnormal. Microtubule (MT) polymerization also decreased in rpS3 depleted cells, suggesting that rpS3 is involved in spindle dynamics. Therefore, we concluded that rpS3 acts as a microtubule associated protein (MAP) and regulates spindle dynamics during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Young Jang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
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Yin Kong K, Marcus A, Young Hong J, Giannakakou P, Wang M. Computer assisted analysis of microtubule dynamics in living cells. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2005:3982-5. [PMID: 17281104 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1615334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic polymers that rapidly transition between states of growth, shortening, and pause. These dynamic events are critical for basic cellular processes, especially cell division. Typically, these events are quantified by imaging microtubule movements over time, which results in large data sets that require rigorous quantitative analysis. In most cases, these analyses are performed manually by the researcher. This process is both tedious and prone to error; thus an efficient and reliable computer-assisted quantification system would provide a rapid approach, suitable for high-throughput data analysis. In this paper, we describe methods to automatically segment and track microtubule movements. Our method is a snake based method [1]. Instead of a closed contour, we use an open contour to track individual microtubule. We redefine some of the internal energy terms specifically for open snake. A new external energy term for locating the end points of a microtubule is also defined. Testing is done using simulated images and untreated MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines as well as cells treated with the microtubule-targeting chemotherapeutic agent, Taxol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koon Yin Kong
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
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31
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Mian I, Pierre-Louis WS, Dole N, Gilberti RM, Dodge-Kafka K, Tirnauer JS. LKB1 destabilizes microtubules in myoblasts and contributes to myoblast differentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31583. [PMID: 22348111 PMCID: PMC3279410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle myoblast differentiation and fusion into multinucleate myotubes is associated with dramatic cytoskeletal changes. We find that microtubules in differentiated myotubes are highly stabilized, but premature microtubule stabilization blocks differentiation. Factors responsible for microtubule destabilization in myoblasts have not been identified. FINDINGS We find that a transient decrease in microtubule stabilization early during myoblast differentiation precedes the ultimate microtubule stabilization seen in differentiated myotubes. We report a role for the serine-threonine kinase LKB1 in both microtubule destabilization and myoblast differentiation. LKB1 overexpression reduced microtubule elongation in a Nocodazole washout assay, and LKB1 RNAi increased it, showing LKB1 destabilizes microtubule assembly in myoblasts. LKB1 levels and activity increased during myoblast differentiation, along with activation of the known LKB1 substrates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and microtubule affinity regulating kinases (MARKs). LKB1 overexpression accelerated differentiation, whereas RNAi impaired it. CONCLUSIONS Reduced microtubule stability precedes myoblast differentiation and the associated ultimate microtubule stabilization seen in myotubes. LKB1 plays a positive role in microtubule destabilization in myoblasts and in myoblast differentiation. This work suggests a model by which LKB1-induced microtubule destabilization facilitates the cytoskeletal changes required for differentiation. Transient destabilization of microtubules might be a useful strategy for enhancing and/or synchronizing myoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isma Mian
- Center for Molecular Medicine and University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Willythssa Stéphie Pierre-Louis
- Center for Molecular Medicine and University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Neha Dole
- Center for Molecular Medicine and University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Renée M. Gilberti
- Center for Molecular Medicine and University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Dodge-Kafka
- Calhoun Center for Cardiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jennifer S. Tirnauer
- Center for Molecular Medicine and University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
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Bouchet-Marquis C, Zuber B, Glynn AM, Eltsov M, Grabenbauer M, Goldie KN, Thomas D, Frangakis AS, Dubochet J, Chrétien D. Visualization of cell microtubules in their native state. Biol Cell 2012; 99:45-53. [PMID: 17049046 DOI: 10.1042/bc20060081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Over the past decades, cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified specimens has yielded a detailed understanding of the tubulin and microtubule structures of samples reassembled in vitro from purified components. However, our knowledge of microtubule structure in vivo remains limited by the chemical treatments commonly used to observe cellular architecture using electron microscopy. RESULTS We used cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography of vitreous sections to investigate the ultrastructure of microtubules in their cellular context. Vitreous sections were obtained from organotypic slices of rat hippocampus and from Chinese-hamster ovary cells in culture. Microtubules revealed their protofilament ultrastructure, polarity and, in the most favourable cases, molecular details comparable with those visualized in three-dimensional reconstructions of microtubules reassembled in vitro from purified tubulin. The resolution of the tomograms was estimated to be approx. 4 nm, which enabled the detection of luminal particles of approx. 6 nm in diameter inside microtubules. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides a first step towards a description of microtubules, in addition to other macromolecular assemblies, in an unperturbed cellular context at the molecular level. As the resolution appears to be similar to that obtainable with plunge-frozen samples, it should allow for the in vivo identification of larger macromolecular assemblies in vitreous sections of whole cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Bouchet-Marquis
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Analysis, Biophore, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kaplan A, Reiner O. Linking cytoplasmic dynein and transport of Rab8 vesicles to the midbody during cytokinesis by the doublecortin domain-containing 5 protein. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:3989-4000. [PMID: 22159412 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.085407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Completion of mitosis requires microtubule-dependent transport of membranes to the midbody. Here, we identified a role in cytokinesis for doublecortin domain-containing protein 5 (DCDC5), a member of the doublecortin protein superfamily. DCDC5 is a microtubule-associated protein expressed in both specific and dynamic fashions during mitosis. We show that DCDC5 interacts with cytoplasmic dynein and Rab8 (also known as Ras-related protein Rab-8A), as well as with the Rab8 nucleotide exchange factor Rabin8 (also known as Rab-3A-interacting protein). Following DCDC5 knockdown, the durations of the metaphase to anaphase transition and cytokinesis, and the proportion of multinucleated cells increases, whereas cell viability decreases. Furthermore, knockdown of DCDC5 or addition of a dynein inhibitor impairs the entry of Golgi-complex-derived Rab8-positive vesicles to the midbody. These findings suggest that DCDC5 plays an important role in mediating dynein-dependent transport of Rab8-positive vesicles and in coordinating late cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Mimori-Kiyosue Y. Shaping microtubules into diverse patterns: molecular connections for setting up both ends. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2011; 68:603-18. [PMID: 22021191 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 09/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules serve as rails for intracellular trafficking and their appropriate organization is critical for the generation of cell polarity, which is a foundation of cell differentiation, tissue morphogenesis, ontogenesis and the maintenance of homeostasis. The microtubule array is not just a static railway network; it undergoes repeated collapse and reassembly in diverse patterns during cell morphogenesis. In the last decade much progress has been made toward understanding the molecular mechanisms governing complex microtubule patterning. This review first revisits the basic principle of microtubule dynamics, and then provides an overview of how microtubules are arranged in highly shaped and functional patterns in cells changing their morphology by factors controlling the fate of microtubule ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Mimori-Kiyosue
- Optical Image Analysis Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe Institute, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
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35
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Isolation, identification, and validation of microtubule-associated proteins from Drosophila embryos. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 777:273-91. [PMID: 21773936 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-252-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is required for many aspects of cell function, including the transport of intracellular materials, maintenance of cell polarity, and the regulation of mitosis. These functions are coordinated by MT-associated proteins (MAPs), which work in concert with each other, binding MTs and altering their properties. We have used an MT co-sedimentation assay, combined with 1D and 2D PAGE and mass spectrometry, to isolate MAPs from early Drosophila embryos. This technique has identified many novel proteins and an association with MTs for many known proteins, previously not described as associating with MTs.
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36
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Wu C, Guo X, Wang F, Li X, Tian XC, Li L, Wu Z, Zhang S. Simulated microgravity compromises mouse oocyte maturation by disrupting meiotic spindle organization and inducing cytoplasmic blebbing. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22214. [PMID: 21765954 PMCID: PMC3135614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we discovered that mouse oocyte maturation was inhibited by simulated microgravity via disturbing spindle organization. We cultured mouse oocytes under microgravity condition simulated by NASA's rotary cell culture system, examined the maturation rate and observed the spindle morphology (organization of cytoskeleton) during the mouse oocytes meiotic maturation. While the rate of germinal vesicle breakdown did not differ between 1 g gravity and simulated microgravity, rate of oocyte maturation decreased significantly in simulated microgravity. The rate of maturation was 8.94% in simulated microgravity and was 73.0% in 1 g gravity. The results show that the maturation of mouse oocytes in vitro was inhibited by the simulated microgravity. The spindle morphology observation shows that the microtubules and chromosomes can not form a complete spindle during oocyte meiotic maturation under simulated microgravity. And the disorder of γ-tubulin may partially result in disorganization of microtubules under simulated microgravity. These observations suggest that the meiotic spindle organization is gravity dependent. Although the spindle organization was disrupted by simulated microgravity, the function and organization of microfilaments were not pronouncedly affected by simulated microgravity. And we found that simulated microgravity induced oocytes cytoplasmic blebbing via an unknown mechanism. Transmission electron microscope detection showed that the components of the blebs were identified with the cytoplasm. Collectively, these results indicated that the simulated microgravity inhibits mouse oocyte maturation via disturbing spindle organization and inducing cytoplasmic blebbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changli Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzheng Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - X. Cindy Tian
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Regenerative Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Li Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouquan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Akhmanova
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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38
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Proteome analysis of microtubule-associated proteins and their interacting partners from mammalian brain. Amino Acids 2010; 41:363-85. [PMID: 20567863 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is essential for a variety of cellular processes. MTs are finely regulated by distinct classes of MT-associated proteins (MAPs), which themselves bind to and are regulated by a large number of additional proteins. We have carried out proteome analyses of tubulin-rich and tubulin-depleted MAPs and their interacting partners isolated from bovine brain. In total, 573 proteins were identified giving us unprecedented access to brain-specific MT-associated proteins from mammalian brain. Most of the standard MAPs were identified and at least 500 proteins have been reported as being associated with MTs. We identified protein complexes with a large number of subunits such as brain-specific motor/adaptor/cargo complexes for kinesins, dynein, and dynactin, and proteins of an RNA-transporting granule. About 25% of the identified proteins were also found in the synaptic vesicle proteome. Analysis of the MS/MS data revealed many posttranslational modifications, amino acid changes, and alternative splice variants, particularly in tau, a key protein implicated in Alzheimer's disease. Bioinformatic analysis of known protein-protein interactions of the identified proteins indicated that the number of MAPs and their associated proteins is larger than previously anticipated and that our database will be a useful resource to identify novel binding partners.
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Moutinho-Pereira S, Matos I, Maiato H. Drosophila S2 cells as a model system to investigate mitotic spindle dynamics, architecture, and function. Methods Cell Biol 2010; 97:243-57. [PMID: 20719275 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(10)97014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to perpetuate their genetic content, eukaryotic cells have developed a microtubule-based machine known as the mitotic spindle. Independently of the system studied, mitotic spindles share at least one common characteristic--the dynamic nature of microtubules. This property allows the constant plasticity needed to assemble a bipolar structure, make proper kinetochore-microtubule attachments, segregate chromosomes, and finally disassemble the spindle and reform an interphase microtubule array. Here, we describe a variety of experimental approaches currently used in our laboratory to study microtubule dynamics during mitosis using Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells as a model. By using quantitative live cell imaging microscopy in combination with an advantageous labeling background, we illustrate how several cooperative pathways are used to build functional mitotic spindles. We illustrate different ways of perturbing spindle microtubule dynamics, including pharmacological inhibition and RNA interference of proteins that directly or indirectly impair microtubule dynamics. Additionally, we demonstrate the advantage of using fluorescent speckle microscopy to investigate an intrinsic property of spindle microtubules known as poleward flux. Finally, we developed a set of laser microsurgery-based experiments that allow, with unique spatiotemporal resolution, the study of specific spindle structures (e.g., centrosomes, microtubules, and kinetochores) and their respective roles during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moutinho-Pereira
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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40
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Phospho-regulated interaction between kinesin-6 Klp9p and microtubule bundler Ase1p promotes spindle elongation. Dev Cell 2009; 17:257-67. [PMID: 19686686 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The spindle midzone-composed of antiparallel microtubules, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), and motors-is the structure responsible for microtubule organization and sliding during anaphase B. In general, MAPs and motors stabilize the midzone and motors produce sliding. We show that fission yeast kinesin-6 motor klp9p binds to the microtubule antiparallel bundler ase1p at the midzone at anaphase B onset. This interaction depends upon the phosphorylation states of klp9p and ase1p. The cyclin-dependent kinase cdc2p phosphorylates and its antagonist phosphatase clp1p dephosphorylates klp9p and ase1p to control the position and timing of klp9p-ase1p interaction. Failure of klp9p-ase1p binding leads to decreased spindle elongation velocity. The ase1p-mediated recruitment of klp9p to the midzone accelerates pole separation, as suggested by computer simulation. Our findings indicate that a phosphorylation switch controls the spatial-temporal interactions of motors and MAPs for proper anaphase B, and suggest a mechanism whereby a specific motor-MAP conformation enables efficient microtubule sliding.
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41
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Patel PC, Fisher KH, Yang ECC, Deane CM, Harrison RE. Proteomic analysis of microtubule-associated proteins during macrophage activation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:2500-14. [PMID: 19651621 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900190-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical activation of macrophages induces a wide range of signaling and vesicle trafficking events to produce a more aggressive cellular phenotype. The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is crucial for the regulation of immune responses. In the current study, we used a large scale proteomics approach to analyze the change in protein composition of the MT-associated protein (MAP) network by macrophage stimulation with the inflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma and the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide. Overall the analysis identified 409 proteins that bound directly or indirectly to MTs. Of these, 52 were up-regulated 2-fold or greater and 42 were down-regulated 2-fold or greater after interferon-gamma/lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Bioinformatics analysis based on publicly available binary protein interaction data produced a putative interaction network of MAPs in activated macrophages. We confirmed the up-regulation of several MAPs by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analysis. More detailed analysis of one up-regulated protein revealed a role for HSP90beta in stabilization of the MT cytoskeleton during macrophage activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna C Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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42
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Parra MT, Gómez R, Viera A, Llano E, Pendás AM, Rufas JS, Suja JA. Sequential assembly of centromeric proteins in male mouse meiosis. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000417. [PMID: 19283064 PMCID: PMC2652116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of the mitotic centromere has been extensively studied in recent years, revealing the sequence and regulation of protein loading to this chromosome domain. However, few studies have analyzed centromere assembly during mammalian meiosis. This study specifically targets this approach on mouse spermatocytes. We have found that during prophase I, the proteins of the chromosomal passenger complex Borealin, INCENP, and Aurora-B load sequentially to the inner centromere before Shugoshin 2 and MCAK. The last proteins to be assembled are the outer kinetochore proteins BubR1 and CENP-E. All these proteins are not detected at the centromere during anaphase/telophase I and are then reloaded during interkinesis. The loading sequence of the analyzed proteins is similar during prophase I and interkinesis. These findings demonstrate that the interkinesis stage, regularly overlooked, is essential for centromere and kinetochore maturation and reorganization previous to the second meiotic division. We also demonstrate that Shugoshin 2 is necessary for the loading of MCAK at the inner centromere, but is dispensable for the loading of the outer kinetochore proteins BubR1 and CENP-E. The centromere is a chromosome domain essential for the correct partitioning of chromosomes during mitotic and meiotic cell divisions. The characterization of the centromeric proteins and their sequential assembly have been extensively studied in mammalian mitosis, since defective chromosome segregation is associated with birth defects and cancer. However, few studies have analyzed the centromere assembly during meiosis, a special cell division leading to the production of haploid gametes. Here, we analyze the sequence of loading of several centromeric and kinetochoric proteins during male mouse meiosis. We show that during both meiotic divisions, the proteins of the chromosomal passenger complex Borealin, INCENP, and Aurora-B load sequentially to the inner centromere before Shugoshin 2 and MCAK. The outer kinetochore proteins BubR1 and CENP-E are the last ones to be assembled. We also demonstrate, using a knockout mouse for Sgol2, that the inner centromeric protein Shugoshin 2 is dispensable for the loading of the outer kinetochore proteins BubR1 and CENP-E, but necessary for the assembly of MCAK. This study shows that the analysis of the behavior of different centromere proteins during meiosis can offer new insights concerning centromere organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Parra
- Departamento de Biología, Unidad de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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43
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Madabhushi R, Marians KJ. Actin homolog MreB affects chromosome segregation by regulating topoisomerase IV in Escherichia coli. Mol Cell 2009; 33:171-80. [PMID: 19187760 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 07/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In Escherichia coli, topoisomerase IV, a type II topoisomerase, mediates the resolution of topological linkages between replicated daughter chromosomes and is essential for chromosome segregation. Topo IV activity is restricted to only a short interval late in the cell cycle. However, the mechanism that confers this temporal regulation is unknown. Here we report that the bacterial actin homolog MreB participates in the temporal oscillation of Topo IV activity. We show that mreB mutant strains are deficient in Topo IV activity. In addition, we demonstrate that, depending upon whether it is in a monomeric or polymerized state, MreB affects Topo IV activity differentially. In addition, MreB physically interacts with the ParC subunit of Topo IV. Together, these results may explain how dynamics of the bacterial cytoskeleton are coordinated with the timing of chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Madabhushi
- Program in Molecular Biology, Weill Graduate School of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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44
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Sequestration of Polo kinase to microtubules by phosphopriming-independent binding to Map205 is relieved by phosphorylation at a CDK site in mitosis. Genes Dev 2008; 22:2707-20. [PMID: 18832073 DOI: 10.1101/gad.486808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The conserved Polo kinase controls multiple events in mitosis and cytokinesis. Although Polo-like kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and proteolysis, control of subcellular localization plays a major role in coordinating their mitotic functions. This is achieved largely by the Polo-Box Domain, which binds prephosphorylated targets. However, it remains unclear whether and how Polo might interact with partner proteins when priming mitotic kinases are inactive. Here we show that Polo associates with microtubules in interphase and cytokinesis, through a strong interaction with the microtubule-associated protein Map205. Surprisingly, this interaction does not require priming phosphorylation of Map205, and the Polo-Box Domain of Polo is required but not sufficient for this interaction. Moreover, phosphorylation of Map205 at a CDK site relieves this interaction. Map205 can stabilize Polo and inhibit its cellular activity in vivo. In syncytial embryos, the centrosome defects observed in polo hypomorphs are enhanced by overexpression of Map205 and suppressed by its deletion. We propose that Map205-dependent targeting of Polo to microtubules provides a stable reservoir of Polo that can be rapidly mobilized by the activity of Cdk1 at mitotic entry.
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Hughes JR, Meireles AM, Fisher KH, Garcia A, Antrobus PR, Wainman A, Zitzmann N, Deane C, Ohkura H, Wakefield JG. A microtubule interactome: complexes with roles in cell cycle and mitosis. PLoS Biol 2008; 6:e98. [PMID: 18433294 PMCID: PMC2323305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is required for many aspects of cell function, including the transport of intracellular materials, the maintenance of cell polarity, and the regulation of mitosis. These functions are coordinated by MT-associated proteins (MAPs), which work in concert with each other, binding MTs and altering their properties. We have used a MT cosedimentation assay, combined with 1D and 2D PAGE and mass spectrometry, to identify over 250 MAPs from early Drosophila embryos. We have taken two complementary approaches to analyse the cellular function of novel MAPs isolated using this approach. First, we have carried out an RNA interference (RNAi) screen, identifying 21 previously uncharacterised genes involved in MT organisation. Second, we have undertaken a bioinformatics analysis based on binary protein interaction data to produce putative interaction networks of MAPs. By combining both approaches, we have identified and validated MAP complexes with potentially important roles in cell cycle regulation and mitosis. This study therefore demonstrates that biologically relevant data can be harvested using such a multidisciplinary approach, and identifies new MAPs, many of which appear to be important in cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Hughes
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana M Meireles
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Programa Doutoral em Biologia Experimental e Biomedicina, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Katherine H Fisher
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Life Sciences Interface/Doctoral Training Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angel Garcia
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R Antrobus
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Wainman
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Deane
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hiroyuki Ohkura
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James G Wakefield
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Life Sciences Interface/Doctoral Training Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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46
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Jain HD, Zhang C, Zhou S, Zhou H, Ma J, Liu X, Liao X, Deveau AM, Dieckhaus CM, Johnson MA, Smith KS, Macdonald TL, Kakeya H, Osada H, Cook JM. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies on tryprostatin A, an inhibitor of breast cancer resistance protein. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:4626-51. [PMID: 18321710 PMCID: PMC2435077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 02/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tryprostatin A is an inhibitor of breast cancer resistance protein, consequently a series of structure-activity studies on the cell cycle inhibitory effects of tryprostatin A analogues as potential antitumor antimitotic agents have been carried out. These analogues were assayed for their growth inhibition properties and their ability to perturb the cell cycle in tsFT210 cells. SAR studies resulted in the identification of the essential structural features required for cytotoxic activity. The absolute configuration L-Tyr-L-pro in the diketopiperazine ring along with the presence of the 6-methoxy substituent on the indole moiety of 1 was shown to be essential for dual inhibition of topoisomerase II and tubulin polymerization. Biological evaluation also indicated the presence of the 2-isoprenyl moiety on the indole scaffold of 1 was essential for potent inhibition of cell proliferation. Substitution of the indole N(a)-H in 1 with various alkyl or aryl groups, incorporation of various L-amino acids into the diketopiperazine ring in place of L-proline, and substitution of the 6-methoxy group in 1 with other functionality provided active analogues. The nature of the substituents present on the indole N(a)-H or the indole C-2 position influenced the mechanism of action of these analogues. Analogues 68 (IC(50)=10 microM) and 67 (IC(50)=19 microM) were 7-fold and 3.5-fold more potent, respectively, than 1 (IC(50)=68 microM) in the inhibition of the growth of tsFT210 cells. Diastereomer-2 of tryprostatin B 8 was a potent inhibitor of the growth of three human carcinoma cell lines: H520 (IC(50)=11.9 microM), MCF-7 (IC(50)=17.0 microM) and PC-3 (IC(50)=11.1 microM) and was equipotent with etoposide, a clinically used anticancer agent. Isothiocyanate analogue 71 and 6-azido analogue 72 were as potent as 1 in the tsFT210 cell proliferation and may be useful tools in labeling BCRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiteshkumar D. Jain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Shuo Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Xuebin Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Amy M. Deveau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Christine M. Dieckhaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Michael A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Kirsten S. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Timothy L. Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Hideaki Kakeya
- Antibiotics Laboratory, Discovery Research Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Antibiotics Laboratory, Discovery Research Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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Oishi K, Okano H, Sawa H. RMD-1, a novel microtubule-associated protein, functions in chromosome segregation in Caenorhabditis elegans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 179:1149-62. [PMID: 18070910 PMCID: PMC2140014 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200705108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For proper chromosome segregation, the sister kinetochores must attach to microtubules extending from the opposite spindle poles. Any errors in microtubule attachment can induce aneuploidy. In this study, we identify a novel conserved Caenorhabditis elegans microtubule-associated protein, regulator of microtubule dynamics 1 (RMD-1), that localizes to spindle microtubules and spindle poles. Depletion of RMD-1 induces severe defects in chromosome segregation, probably through merotelic attachments between microtubules and chromosomes. Although rmd-1 embryos also have a mild defect in microtubule growth, we find that mutants of the microtubule growth regulator XMAP215/ZYG-9 show much weaker segregation defects. This suggests that the microtubule growth defect in rmd-1 embryos does not cause abnormal chromosome segregation. We also see that RMD-1 interacts with aurora B in vitro. Our results suggest that RMD-1 functions in chromosome segregation in C. elegans embryos, possibly through the aurora B–mediated pathway. Human homologues of RMD-1 could also bind microtubules, which would suggest a function for these proteins in chromosome segregation during mitosis in other organisms as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Oishi
- Laboratory for Cell Fate Decision, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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Jaworski J, Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins in differentiated mammalian cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 40:619-37. [PMID: 18023603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2007] [Revised: 09/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated mammalian cells are often characterized by highly specialized and polarized structure. Its formation and maintenance depends on cytoskeletal components, among which microtubules play an important role. The shape and dynamic properties of microtubule networks are controlled by multiple microtubule-associated factors. These include molecular motors and non-motor proteins, some of which accumulate specifically at the growing microtubule plus-ends (the so-called microtubule plus-end tracking proteins). Plus-end tracking proteins can contribute to the regulation of microtubule dynamics, mediate the cross-talk between microtubule ends, the actin cytoskeleton and the cell cortex, and participate in transport and positioning of structural and regulatory factors and membrane organelles. Malfunction of these proteins results in various human diseases including some forms of cancer, neurodevelopmental disorders and mental retardation. In this article we discuss recent data on microtubule dynamics and activities of microtubule plus-end binding proteins important for the physiology and pathology of differentiated mammalian cells such as neurons, polarized epithelia, muscle and sperm cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Jaworski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology , Warsaw, Poland.
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49
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Kong KY, Marcus AI, Hong JY, Giannakakou P, Wang MD. Automatic microtubule tracking for QD-based in vivo cell imaging and drug efficacy study. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2006:3321-4. [PMID: 17947021 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2006.259750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MT) are dynamic polymers that rapidly transition between states of growth, shortening, and pause. These dynamic events are critical for many microtubule functions such as intracellular trafficking and signaling. In addition, cancer chemotherapy drugs that target microtubules, such as the taxanes and the vinca alkaloids, are known to suppress microtubule dynamics at low doses, leading to mitotic arrest and cell death. Quantification of microtubule dynamics can be used as a read-out of anticancer-drug activity and can be a surrogate marker of drug sensitivity/resistance. The emerging nanotechnology such as quantum dots has provided properties such as less photo bleaching, higher probe imaging intensity, better specificity and sensitivity, which finally makes visualizing subcellular events over long enough time a possibility. But it also results in big increase in data acquisition. The traditional way of annotating MT manually is becoming a daunting task. Thus, the goal is to research and develop an efficient, reliable, and rapid MT tracking. In this paper, we describe active contour-based tracking methods to automatically track MT. We redefine the internal energy terms specifically for open snake, and examine different external energy terms for locating the end tips of a microtubule. This algorithm has been validated using simulated images, images of untreated MCF-7 breast cancer cells, and image of cells treated with the microtubule-targeting chemotherapeutic agent, Taxol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koon Yin Kong
- Sch. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Georgia Inst. of Technol., Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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50
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Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are highly dynamic polymers, which control many aspects of cellular architecture. Growing MT plus ends accumulate a specific set of evolutionary conserved factors, the so-called MT plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs). +TIPs regulate MT dynamics and the reciprocal interactions of MTs with the cell cortex, mitotic kinetochores or different cellular organelles. Most +TIPs can directly bind to MTs, but the molecular mechanisms of their specific targeting to the growing plus ends remain poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that the members of one particular +TIP family, EB1 and its homologues, are present in all eucaryotic kingdoms, interact directly with the majority of other known plus-end-associated proteins and may be responsible for their specific accumulation at the MT tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Lansbergen
- MGC Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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