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Celis CM, Caburnay IM, Avila FI, Conol HM, Cuevas A, Cunan MA, Blanco JP, Banal KB, Hapan MFZ, Manahan EP, Padua MFFE, Masangkay FR, Milanez GDJ. First report of Acanthamoebae spp. isolation from a volcanic mud spring in the Philippines. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1735-1740. [PMID: 38017603 PMCID: wh_2023_360 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoebae spp. is considered highly adaptive. The present study aims to establish the occurrence of free-living amoebae, particularly Acanthamoebae, to exist in extreme environments such as volcanic mud springs. Fifty surface water samples were collected from mud springs (34 samples), and flat rocks (16 samples) were collected, processed, and cultured. After 14 days of incubation, 32 (64%) plates showed positive amoebic growth. Nineteen (55.8%) of these plates came from the mud spring collection site, while 13 (81.2%) samples are from flat rock sources. DNAs from positive samples were made to react to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primer sets JDP1 5'GGCCCAGATCGTTTACCGTGAA-3' and JDP2 5'TCTCACAAGCTGCTAGGGAGTCA-3' for cells that resemble Acanthamoebae. Sequencing and basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) revealed a 99% similarity of isolates to Acanthamoebae spp. Identification of Acanthamoebae spp that can survive in higher temperatures is important public health information. The existence of such isolates in the environment has dire health implications, which suggests revisitation of water treatment protocols. Detection of such organisms in environmental sources used for recreational purposes provides information to local and international tourists who frequent them. This will result in the mitigation of potential future infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crisselle Marie Celis
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines E-mail:
| | - Isabella Marie Caburnay
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Fritz Irish Avila
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Hannah Mica Conol
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Aleli Cuevas
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Maria Angela Cunan
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - J Piolo Blanco
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Kenneth Bryan Banal
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Ma Frieda Z Hapan
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Edilberto P Manahan
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Mark F F E Padua
- Department of Medical Technology, Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Far Eastern University, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Frederick R Masangkay
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Giovanni D Jesus Milanez
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
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Rappaport HB, Oliverio AM. Extreme environments offer an unprecedented opportunity to understand microbial eukaryotic ecology, evolution, and genome biology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4959. [PMID: 37587119 PMCID: PMC10432404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in extreme environments has substantially expanded our understanding of the ecology and evolution of life on Earth, but a major group of organisms has been largely overlooked: microbial eukaryotes (i.e., protists). In this Perspective, we summarize data from over 80 studies of protists in extreme environments and identify focal lineages that are of significant interest for further study, including clades within Echinamoebida, Heterolobosea, Radiolaria, Haptophyta, Oomycota, and Cryptophyta. We argue that extreme environments are prime sampling targets to fill gaps in the eukaryotic tree of life and to increase our understanding of the ecology, metabolism, genome architecture, and evolution of eukaryotic life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela M Oliverio
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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Steensma AK, Shachar-Hill Y, Walker BJ. The carbon-concentrating mechanism of the extremophilic red microalga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 156:247-264. [PMID: 36780115 PMCID: PMC10154280 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01000-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cyanidioschyzon merolae is an extremophilic red microalga which grows in low-pH, high-temperature environments. The basis of C. merolae's environmental resilience is not fully characterized, including whether this alga uses a carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM). To determine if C. merolae uses a CCM, we measured CO2 uptake parameters using an open-path infra-red gas analyzer and compared them to values expected in the absence of a CCM. These measurements and analysis indicated that C. merolae had the gas-exchange characteristics of a CCM-operating organism: low CO2 compensation point, high affinity for external CO2, and minimized rubisco oxygenation. The biomass δ13C of C. merolae was also consistent with a CCM. The apparent presence of a CCM in C. merolae suggests the use of an unusual mechanism for carbon concentration, as C. merolae is thought to lack a pyrenoid and gas-exchange measurements indicated that C. merolae primarily takes up inorganic carbon as carbon dioxide, rather than bicarbonate. We use homology to known CCM components to propose a model of a pH-gradient-based CCM, and we discuss how this CCM can be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Steensma
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Michigan State University - Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yair Shachar-Hill
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Berkley J Walker
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Michigan State University - Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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4
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Singh A, Čížková M, Náhlík V, Mezricky D, Schild D, Rucki M, Vítová M. Bio-removal of rare earth elements from hazardous industrial waste of CFL bulbs by the extremophile red alga Galdieria sulphuraria. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1130848. [PMID: 36860487 PMCID: PMC9969134 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1130848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, a shift has been seen in the use of light-emitting diodes over incandescent lights and compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), which eventually led to an increase in wastes of electrical equipment (WEE), especially fluorescent lamps (FLs) and CFL light bulbs. These widely used CFL lights, and their wastes are good sources of rare earth elements (REEs), which are desirable in almost every modern technology. Increased demand for REEs and their irregular supply have exerted pressure on us to seek alternative sources that may fulfill this demand in an eco-friendly manner. Bio-removal of wastes containing REEs, and their recycling may be a solution to this problem and could balance environmental and economic benefits. To address this problem, the current study focuses on the use of the extremophilic red alga, Galdieria sulphuraria, for bioaccumulation/removal of REEs from hazardous industrial wastes of CFL bulbs and the physiological response of a synchronized culture of G. sulphuraria. A CFL acid extract significantly affected growth, photosynthetic pigments, quantum yield, and cell cycle progression of this alga. A synchronous culture was able to efficiently accumulate REEs from a CFL acid extract and efficiency was increased by including two phytohormones, i.e., 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP - Cytokinin family) and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA - Auxin family).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Singh
- Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czechia
| | - Mária Čížková
- Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czechia
| | - Vít Náhlík
- Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czechia,Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Dana Mezricky
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC FH Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Dominik Schild
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC FH Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Marian Rucki
- Laboratory of Predictive Toxicology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milada Vítová
- Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czechia,Centre for Phycology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czechia,*Correspondence: Milada Vítová,
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Wang X, Pecoraro L. Diversity and Co-Occurrence Patterns of Fungal and Bacterial Communities from Alkaline Sediments and Water of Julong High-Altitude Hot Springs at Tianchi Volcano, Northeast China. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:894. [PMID: 34571771 PMCID: PMC8464750 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The Julong high-altitude volcanic hot springs in northeast China are of undeniable interest for microbiological studies due to their unique, extreme environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of the unexplored fungal and bacterial community composition, structure and networks in sediments and water from the Julong hot springs using a combination of culture-based methods and metabarcoding. A total of 65 fungal and 21 bacterial strains were isolated. Fungal genera Trichoderma and Cladosporium were dominant in sediments, while the most abundant fungi in hot spring water were Aspergillus and Alternaria. Bacterial communities in sediments and water were dominated by the genera Chryseobacterium and Pseudomonas, respectively. Metabarcoding analysis revealed significant differences in the microorganism communities from the two hot springs. Results suggested a strong influence of pH on the analyzed microbial diversity, at least when the environmental conditions became clearly alkaline. Our analyses indicated that mutualistic interactions may play an essential role in shaping stable microbial networks in the studied hot springs. The much more complicated bacterial than fungal networks described in our study may suggest that the more flexible trophic strategies of bacteria are beneficial for their survival and fitness under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lorenzo Pecoraro
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
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Phillips AA, Speth DR, Miller LG, Wang XT, Wu F, Medeiros PM, Monteverde DR, Osburn MR, Berelson WM, Betts HL, Wijker RS, Mullin SW, Johnson HA, Orphan VJ, Fischer WW, Sessions AL. Microbial succession and dynamics in meromictic Mono Lake, California. GEOBIOLOGY 2021; 19:376-393. [PMID: 33629529 PMCID: PMC8359280 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mono Lake is a closed-basin, hypersaline, alkaline lake located in Eastern Sierra Nevada, California, that is dominated by microbial life. This unique ecosystem offers a natural laboratory for probing microbial community responses to environmental change. In 2017, a heavy snowpack and subsequent runoff led Mono Lake to transition from annually mixed (monomictic) to indefinitely stratified (meromictic). We followed microbial succession during this limnological shift, establishing a two-year (2017-2018) water-column time series of geochemical and microbiological data. Following meromictic conditions, anoxia persisted below the chemocline and reduced compounds such as sulfide and ammonium increased in concentration from near 0 to ~400 and ~150 µM, respectively, throughout 2018. We observed significant microbial succession, with trends varying by water depth. In the epilimnion (above the chemocline), aerobic heterotrophs were displaced by phototrophic genera when a large bloom of cyanobacteria appeared in fall 2018. Bacteria in the hypolimnion (below the chemocline) had a delayed, but systematic, response reflecting colonization by sediment "seed bank" communities. Phototrophic sulfide-oxidizing bacteria appeared first in summer 2017, followed by microbes associated with anaerobic fermentation in spring 2018, and eventually sulfate-reducing taxa by fall 2018. This slow shift indicated that multi-year meromixis was required to establish a sulfate-reducing community in Mono Lake, although sulfide oxidizers thrive throughout mixing regimes. The abundant green alga Picocystis remained the dominant primary producer during the meromixis event, abundant throughout the water column including in the hypolimnion despite the absence of light and prevalence of sulfide. Our study adds to the growing literature describing microbial resistance and resilience during lake mixing events related to climatic events and environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A. Phillips
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Daan R. Speth
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Laurence G. Miller
- United States Geological Survey, Earth Systems Process DivisionMenlo ParkCAUSA
| | - Xingchen T. Wang
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesBoston CollegeChestnut HillMAUSA
| | - Fenfang Wu
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | - Danielle R. Monteverde
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Magdalena R. Osburn
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonILUSA
| | - William M. Berelson
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - Reto S. Wijker
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Sean W. Mullin
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Hope A. Johnson
- Department of Biological ScienceCalifornia State University FullertonFullertonCAUSA
| | - Victoria J. Orphan
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Woodward W. Fischer
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Geobiology Course 2017
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Geobiology Course 2018
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Alex L. Sessions
- Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic diversity in hydrothermal continental systems. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3751-3766. [PMID: 34143270 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The term extremophile was suggested more than 30 years ago and represents microorganisms that are capable of developing and living under extreme conditions, these conditions being particularly hostile to other types of microorganisms and to humankind. In terrestrial hydrothermal sites, like hot springs, "mud pools", solfataras, and geysers, the dominant extreme conditions are high temperature, low or high pH, and high levels of salinity. The diversity of microorganisms inhabiting these sites is determined by the conditions of the environment. Organisms belonging to the domains Archaea and Bacteria are more represented than the one belonging to Eukarya. Eukarya members tend to be less present because of their lower tolerance to higher temperatures, however, they perform important ecosystem processes when present. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have morphological and physical adaptations that allow them to colonize extreme environments. Microbial mats are complex associations of microorganisms that help the colonization of more extreme systems. In this review, a characterization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms that populate terrestrial hydrothermal systems are made.
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8
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Cultivation of the Acidophilic Microalgae Galdieria phlegrea with Wastewater: Process Yields. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052291. [PMID: 33652560 PMCID: PMC7956590 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Algal based wastewater treatment offers the opportunity to recover, in the form of biomass, the nutrients and internal chemical energy of wastewater. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of extremophilic microalgae, as they can easily adapt to difficult and often pollutant-rich environments. The thermo-acidophilic microalga Galdieria phlegrea is a species of recent discovery and great metabolic versatility, but it has still been poorly studied. Here, G. phlegrea was cultivated using raw municipal wastewater in 1 L Erlenmeyer flasks with 700 mL working volume at 37 °C for up to nine days. During the cultivation phase, biomass growth, phycocyanin content, ammonium and phosphate removal from the wastewater, lipid fraction, total carbon and nitrogen in the biomass, and variation in δ13C and δ15N isotopic ratios (a novel analytical contribution in these experiments) were monitored. Results indicated that G. phlegrea was able to grow in raw effluent, where it removed more than 50% ammonium and 20% phosphate in 24 h; total lipid content was in the range of 11–22%, while average C-N content was of 45% and 6%, respectively; isotopic analyses proved to be a useful support in identifying C and N metabolic pathways from effluent to biomass. Overall, G. phlegrea showed consistent performance with similar Cyanidiophyceae and is a potentially viable candidate for municipal wastewater valorization from a circular economy perspective.
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Viruses in Extreme Environments, Current Overview, and Biotechnological Potential. Viruses 2021; 13:v13010081. [PMID: 33430116 PMCID: PMC7826561 DOI: 10.3390/v13010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus research has advanced significantly since the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), the characterization of its infection mechanisms and the factors that determine their pathogenicity. However, most viral research has focused on pathogenic viruses to humans, animals and plants, which represent only a small fraction in the virosphere. As a result, the role of most viral genes, and the mechanisms of coevolution between mutualistic viruses, their host and their environment, beyond pathogenicity, remain poorly understood. This review focuses on general aspects of viruses that interact with extremophile organisms, characteristics and examples of mechanisms of adaptation. Finally, this review provides an overview on how knowledge of extremophile viruses sheds light on the application of new tools of relevant use in modern molecular biology, discussing their value in a biotechnological context.
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Ianutsevich EA, Danilova OA, Kurilov DV, Zavarzin IV, Tereshina VM. Osmolytes and membrane lipids in adaptive response of thermophilic fungus Rhizomucor miehei to cold, osmotic and oxidative shocks. Extremophiles 2020; 24:391-401. [PMID: 32144516 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-020-01163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to mesophiles, in which levels of trehalose and phosphatidic acids (PA) increased only under heat shock (HS), in thermophiles trehalose and PA were predominant under optimal growth conditions. To study the role of trehalose protection in the adaptation of thermophiles to various stressors, the composition of osmolytes and membrane lipids in the thermophilic fungus Rhizomucor miehei was studied under cold (CS), osmotic (OS) and oxidative (OxS) shocks. CS resulted in no accumulation of glycerol in the mycelium, while the amount of trehalose decreased. The main lipid changes were the increase in the PA proportion with simultaneous decrease of sterols (St), the increase of the unsaturation degree of polar lipids and the decrease of the ergosterol proportion in total St. OS did not cause changes in the lipid composition, but led to the decrease of ergosterol proportion too. Despite the low ability of Mucorales to produce polyols, increase in the level of arabitol and glycerol was observed under OS. OxS led to the decrease of trehalose level and had no effect on the lipid composition. Thus, our results show the similarity (OS) and the difference (CS and OxS) between adaptation mechanisms of thermophiles and mesophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Ianutsevich
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Danilova
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitrii V Kurilov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Zavarzin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Vera M Tereshina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation.
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Brown SR, Fritz SC. Eukaryotic organisms of continental hydrothermal systems. Extremophiles 2019; 23:367-376. [PMID: 31119431 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-019-01101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Continental hydrothermal systems are a dynamic component of global thermal and geochemical cycles, exerting a pronounced impact on water chemistry and heat storage. As such, these environments are commonly classified by temperature, thermal fluid ionic concentration, and pH. Terrestrial hydrothermal systems are a refuge for extremophilic organisms, as extremes in temperature, metal concentration, and pH profoundly impact microorganism assemblage composition. While numerous studies focus on Bacteria and Archaea in these environments, few focus on Eukarya-likely due to lower temperature tolerances and because they are not model organisms for understanding the evolution of early life. However, where present, eukaryotic organisms are significant members of continental hydrothermal microorganism communities. Thus, this manuscript focuses on the eukaryotic occupants of terrestrial hydrothermal systems and provides a review of the current status of research, including microbe-eukaryote interactions and suggestions for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina R Brown
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Sherilyn C Fritz
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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Bacova R, Klejdus B, Ryant P, Cernei N, Adam V, Huska D. The effects of 5-azacytidine and cadmium on global 5-methylcytosine content and secondary metabolites in the freshwater microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Scenedesmus quadricauda. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:329-342. [PMID: 30506677 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes are important mechanisms in the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression. Cytosine methylation is one of the major epigenetic modifications, mediated by DNA methyltransferases, which transfer methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to the fifth carbon of cytosine. Various external environmental conditions can change the global hypo/hypermethylation pattern of DNA. These alterations may affect the organism's response to stress conditions. In this study, for the first time, we investigated the effects of 5-azacytidine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, and cadmium, a toxic metal and environmental pollutant, on the growth, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids), SAM, S-adenosylhomocysteine, 5'-methylthioadenosine and global 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in the green microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Scenedesmus quadricauda. The studied species showed major differences in 5-mC content, secondary metabolite content, and antioxidant activity. Cadmium increased GSH (glutathione) content in C. reinhardtii by 60% whereas 5-azacytidine did not affect GSH. The biosynthesis of GSH in S. quadricauda in response to the stressors was the opposite. Global 5-mC content of C. reinhardtii was 1%-1.5%, and the content in S. quadricauda was 3.5%. Amount of some investigated methionine cycle metabolites (SAM, S-adenosyl homocysteine [SAH], methionine) in S. quadricauda distinctly exceeded C. reinhardtii as well. However, chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and, antioxidant activity were significantly higher in C. reinhardtii than S. quadricauda. Therefore, in further studies it would be advisable to verify whether methylation of cytosine affects the expression of genes encoding certain secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Bacova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Klejdus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Ryant
- Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Cernei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Huska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, Czech Republic
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Zhao F, Filker S. Characterization of protistan plankton diversity in ancient salt evaporation ponds located in a volcanic crater on the island Sal, Cape Verde. Extremophiles 2018; 22:943-954. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-018-1050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Metaorganisms in extreme environments: do microbes play a role in organismal adaptation? ZOOLOGY 2018; 127:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lee J, Ghosh S, Saier MH. Comparative genomic analyses of transport proteins encoded within the red algae Chondrus crispus, Galdieria sulphuraria, and Cyanidioschyzon merolae 11. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:503-521. [PMID: 28328149 PMCID: PMC5591647 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Galdieria sulphuraria and Cyanidioschyzon merolae are thermo-acidophilic unicellular red algal cousins capable of living in volcanic environments, although the former can additionally thrive in the presence of toxic heavy metals. Bioinformatic analyses of transport systems were carried out on their genomes, as well as that of the mesophilic multicellular red alga Chondrus crispus (Irish moss). We identified transport proteins related to the metabolic capabilities, physiological properties, and environmental adaptations of these organisms. Of note is the vast array of transporters encoded in G. sulphuraria capable of importing a variety of carbon sources, particularly sugars and amino acids, while C. merolae and C. crispus have relatively few such proteins. Chondrus crispus may prefer short chain acids to sugars and amino acids. In addition, the number of encoded proteins pertaining to heavy metal ion transport is highest in G. sulphuraria and lowest in C. crispus. All three organisms preferentially utilize secondary carriers over primary active transporters, suggesting that their primary source of energy derives from electron flow rather than substrate-level phosphorylation. Surprisingly, the percentage of inorganic ion transporters encoded in C. merolae more closely resembles that of C. crispus than G. sulphuraria, but only C. crispus appears to signal via voltage-gated cation channels and possess a Na+ /K+ -ATPase and a Na+ exporting pyrophosphatase. The results presented in this report further our understanding of the metabolic potential and toxic compound resistances of these three organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Milton H. Saier
- Corresponding Author: Tel +1 858 534 4084 Fax: +1 858 534 7108 (M.H. Saier)
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Coello A, Campos P, Remohí J, Meseguer M, Cobo A. A combination of hydroxypropyl cellulose and trehalose as supplementation for vitrification of human oocytes: a retrospective cohort study. J Assist Reprod Genet 2016; 33:413-421. [PMID: 26754749 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-015-0633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether the new formulation of vitrification solutions containing a combination of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and trehalose does not affect outcomes in comparison with using conventional solutions made of serum substitute supplement (SSS) and sucrose. METHODS Ovum donation cycles were retrospectively compared regarding the solution used for vitrification and warming of human oocytes. The analysis included 218 cycles (N = 2532 oocytes) in the study group (HPC + trehalose) and 214 cycles (N = 2353 oocytes) in the control group (SSS + sucrose). RESULTS No statistical differences were found in ovarian stimulation parameters and baseline characteristics of donors and recipients. The survival rate was 91.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 89.8-92.9) in the HPC + trehalose group vs. 92.1% (95% CI = 90.4-93.7) in the SSS + sucrose group (NS). The implantation rate (42.8%, 95% CI = 37.7-47.9 vs. 41.2%, 95% CI = 36.0-46.4), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) per transfer (60.7%, 95% CI = 53.9-67.5 vs. 56.4%, 95% CI = 49.3-63.5), and ongoing pregnancy rate (OPR) per transfer (48.5%, 95% CI = 41.5-55.5 vs. 46.3%, 95% CI = 39.2-53.4) were similar for patients who received either HPC + trehalose-vitrified oocytes or SSS + sucrose-vitrified oocytes. Statistical differences were found when analyzing blastocyst rate both per injected oocyte (30.2%, 95% CI = 28.3-32.1 vs. 24.1%, 95% CI = 22.3-25.9) and per fertilized oocyte (40.8%, 95%CI = 38.5-43.1 vs. 33.2%, 95% CI = 30.8-35.5) (P < 0.0001). Delivery rate was comparable between groups (37.2%, 95% CI = 30.8-46.6 vs. 36.9%, 95% CI = 30.4-43.4; NS). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that HPC and trehalose are suitable and safe substitutes for serum and sucrose. Therefore, the new commercial media can be used efficiently in the vitrification of human oocytes avoiding viral and endotoxin contamination risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aila Coello
- Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (IVI), University of Valencia, Pl. Policía Local 3, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Campos
- Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (IVI), University of Valencia, Pl. Policía Local 3, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Remohí
- Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (IVI), University of Valencia, Pl. Policía Local 3, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcos Meseguer
- Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (IVI), University of Valencia, Pl. Policía Local 3, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Cobo
- Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (IVI), University of Valencia, Pl. Policía Local 3, Valencia, Spain.
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Filker S, Gimmler A, Dunthorn M, Mahé F, Stoeck T. Deep sequencing uncovers protistan plankton diversity in the Portuguese Ria Formosa solar saltern ponds. Extremophiles 2014; 19:283-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Lyon BR, Mock T. Polar Microalgae: New Approaches towards Understanding Adaptations to an Extreme and Changing Environment. BIOLOGY 2014; 3:56-80. [PMID: 24833335 PMCID: PMC4009763 DOI: 10.3390/biology3010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Polar Regions are unique and highly prolific ecosystems characterized by extreme environmental gradients. Photosynthetic autotrophs, the base of the food web, have had to adapt physiological mechanisms to maintain growth, reproduction and metabolic activity despite environmental conditions that would shut-down cellular processes in most organisms. High latitudes are characterized by temperatures below the freezing point, complete darkness in winter and continuous light and high UV in the summer. Additionally, sea-ice, an ecological niche exploited by microbes during the long winter seasons when the ocean and land freezes over, is characterized by large salinity fluctuations, limited gas exchange, and highly oxic conditions. The last decade has been an exciting period of insights into the molecular mechanisms behind adaptation of microalgae to the cryosphere facilitated by the advancement of new scientific tools, particularly "omics" techniques. We review recent insights derived from genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics studies. Genes, proteins and pathways identified from these highly adaptable polar microbes have far-reaching biotechnological applications. Furthermore, they may provide insights into life outside this planet, as well as glimpses into the past. High latitude regions also have disproportionately large inputs into global biogeochemical cycles and are the region most sensitive to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara R Lyon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Thomas Mock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Triadó-Margarit X, Casamayor EO. High genetic diversity and novelty in planktonic protists inhabiting inland and coastal high salinity water bodies. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 85:27-36. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Triadó-Margarit
- Biogeodynamics & Biodiversity Group; Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes; CEAB-CSIC; Blanes; Spain
| | - Emilio O. Casamayor
- Biogeodynamics & Biodiversity Group; Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes; CEAB-CSIC; Blanes; Spain
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Lazard D, Vardi P, Bloch K. Induction of beta-cell resistance to hypoxia and technologies for oxygen delivery to transplanted pancreatic islets. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012; 28:475-84. [PMID: 22389124 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is believed to be a crucial factor involved in cell adaptation to environmental stress. Islet transplantation, especially with immunoisolated islets, interrupts vascular connections, resulting in the substantially decreased delivery of oxygen and nutrients to islet cells. Insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells are known to be highly susceptible to oxygen deficiency. Such susceptibility to hypoxia is believed to be one of the main causes of beta-cell death in the post-transplantation period. Different strategies have been developed for the protection of beta cells against hypoxic injury and for oxygen delivery to transplanted islets. The enhancement of beta-cell defense properties against hypoxia has been achieved using various techniques such as gene transfection, drug supplementation, co-culturing with stem cells and cell selection. Technologies for oxygen delivery to transplanted islets include local neovascularization of subcutaneous sites, electrochemical and photosynthetic oxygen generation, oxygen refuelling of bio-artificial pancreas and whole body oxygenation by using hyperbaric therapy. Progress in the field of oxygen technologies for islet transplantation requires a multidisciplinary approach to explore and optimize the interaction between components of the biological system and different technological processes. This review article focuses mainly on the recently developed strategies for oxygenation and protection from hypoxic injury - to achieve stable and long-term normoglycaemia in diabetic patients with transplanted pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lazard
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Abstract
Protein physicochemical properties must undergo complex changes during evolution, as a response to modifications in the organism environment, the result of the proteins taking up new roles or because of the need to cope with the evolution of molecular interacting partners. Recent work has emphasized the role of stability and stability-function trade-offs in these protein adaptation processes. In the present study, on the other hand, we report that combinations of a few conservative, high-frequency-of-fixation mutations in the thioredoxin molecule lead to largely independent changes in both stability and the diversity of catalytic mechanisms, as revealed by single-molecule atomic force spectroscopy. Furthermore, the changes found are evolutionarily significant, as they combine typically hyperthermophilic stability enhancements with modulations in function that span the ranges defined by the quite different catalytic patterns of thioredoxins from bacterial and eukaryotic origin. These results suggest that evolutionary protein adaptation may use, in some cases at least, the potential of conservative mutations to originate a multiplicity of evolutionarily allowed mutational paths leading to a variety of protein modulation patterns. In addition the results support the feasibility of using evolutionary information to achieve protein multi-feature optimization, an important biotechnological goal.
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Enami I, Adachi H, Shen JR. Mechanisms of Acido-Tolerance and Characteristics of Photosystems in an Acidophilic and Thermophilic Red Alga, Cyanidium Caldarium. CELLULAR ORIGIN, LIFE IN EXTREME HABITATS AND ASTROBIOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3795-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Bethmann B, Schönknecht G. pH regulation in an acidophilic green alga - a quantitative analysis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:327-339. [PMID: 19413688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Short-term cytosolic pH regulation has three components: H(+) binding by buffering groups; H(+) transport out of the cytosol; and H(+) transport into the vacuole. To understand the large differences plants show in their tolerance to acidic environments, these three components were quantified in the acidophilic unicellular green alga Eremosphaera viridis. Intracellular pH was recorded using ion-selective microelectrodes, whereas constant doses of weak acid were applied over different time intervals. A mathematical model was developed that describes the recorded cytosolic pH changes. Recordings of cytosolic K(+) and Na(+) activities, and application of anion channel inhibitors, revealed which ion fluxes electrically compensate H(+) transport. The cytosolic buffer capacity was beta = 30 mM. Acidification resulted in a substantial and constant H(+) efflux that was probably driven by the plasmalemma H(+)-ATPase, and a proportional pH regulation caused by H(+) pumped into the vacuole. Under severe cytosolic acidification (> or = 1 pH) more than 50% of the ATP synthesized was used for H(+) pumping. While H(+) influx into the vacuole was compensated by cation release, H(+) efflux out of the cell was compensated by anion efflux. The data presented here give a complete and quantitative picture of the ion fluxes during acid loading in an acidophilic green plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Bethmann
- Julius-von-Sachs-lnstitut für Biowissenschaften der Universität Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Botanik I, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Schönknecht
- Julius-von-Sachs-lnstitut für Biowissenschaften der Universität Würzburg, Lehrstuhl für Botanik I, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Botany, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Vanselow C, Weber AP, Krause K, Fromme P. Genetic analysis of the Photosystem I subunits from the red alga, Galdieria sulphuraria. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1787:46-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 09/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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TOBLER MICHAEL. Divergence in trophic ecology characterizes colonization of extreme habitats. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Ferrer M, Golyshina O, Beloqui A, Golyshin PN. Mining enzymes from extreme environments. Curr Opin Microbiol 2007; 10:207-14. [PMID: 17548239 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Current advances in metagenomics have revolutionized the research in fields of microbial ecology and biotechnology, enabling not only a glimpse into the uncultured microbial population and mechanistic understanding of possible biogeochemical cycles and lifestyles of extreme organisms but also the high-throughput discovery of new enzymes for industrial bioconversions. Nowadays, the genetic and enzymatic differences across the gradients from 'neutral and pristine' to 'extreme and polluted' environments are well documented. Yet, extremophilic organisms are possibly the least well understood because our ability to study and understand their metabolic potential has been hampered by our inability to isolate pure cultures. There are at least two obstacles for reaping the fruit of the microbial diversity of extremophiles: first, in spite of the recent progress in development of new culturing techniques most extremophiles cannot be cultured using traditional culturing technologies; and second, the problem of the very low biomass densities often occurs under the conditions hostile for life, which often do not yield enough DNA and reduces the effectiveness of cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ferrer
- Division of Applied Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Weber APM, Fischer K. Making the connections--the crucial role of metabolite transporters at the interface between chloroplast and cytosol. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2215-22. [PMID: 17316618 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are most fascinating because of their high degree of compartmentation. This is particularly true for plant cells, due to the presence of chloroplasts, photosynthetic organelles of endosymbiotic origin that can be traced back to a single cyanobacterial ancestor. Plastids are major hubs in the metabolic network of plant cells, their metabolism being heavily intertwined with that of the cytosol and of other organelles. Solute transport across the plastid envelope by metabolite transporters is key to integrating plastid metabolism with that of other cellular compartments. Here, we review the advances in understanding metabolite transport across the plastid envelope membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas P M Weber
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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