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Pawar PR, Booth J, Neely A, McIlwaine G, Lueck CJ. Nerve fibre organisation in the human optic nerve and chiasm: what do we really know? Eye (Lond) 2024:10.1038/s41433-024-03137-7. [PMID: 38849598 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-024-03137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A recent anatomical study of the human optic chiasm cast doubt on the widespread assumption that nerve fibres travelling in the human optic nerve and chiasm are arranged retinotopically. Accordingly, a scoping literature review was performed to determine what is known about the nerve fibre arrangement in these structures. Meta-analysis suggested that the average number of fibres in each optic nerve was 1.023 million with an inter-individual range of approximately 50% of the mean. Loss of nerve fibres with age (approximately 3,400 fibres/year) could not account for this variability. The review suggested that there might be a retinotopic arrangement of nerve fibres in the orbital portion of the optic nerve but that this arrangement is most likely to be lost posteriorly with a more random distribution of nerve fibres at the chiasm. Limited studies have looked at nerve fibre arrangement in the chiasm. In summary, the chiasm is more 'H-shaped' than 'X-shaped': nerve fibre crossings occur paracentrally with nerves in the centre of the chiasm travelling coronally and in parallel. There is interaction between crossed and uncrossed fibres which are widely distributed. The review supports the non-existence of Wilbrand's knee. Considerable further work is required to provide more precise anatomical information, but this review suggests that the assumed preservation of retinotopy in the human optic nerve and chiasm is probably not correct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap R Pawar
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua Booth
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Neely
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, NSW, Australia
| | - Gawn McIlwaine
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Hospital, Belfast, Northern, Ireland
| | - Christian J Lueck
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, NSW, Australia.
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2
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Bhoi JD, Goel M, Ribelayga CP, Mangel SC. Circadian clock organization in the retina: From clock components to rod and cone pathways and visual function. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 94:101119. [PMID: 36503722 PMCID: PMC10164718 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Circadian (24-h) clocks are cell-autonomous biological oscillators that orchestrate many aspects of our physiology on a daily basis. Numerous circadian rhythms in mammalian and non-mammalian retinas have been observed and the presence of an endogenous circadian clock has been demonstrated. However, how the clock and associated rhythms assemble into pathways that support and control retina function remains largely unknown. Our goal here is to review the current status of our knowledge and evaluate recent advances. We describe many previously-observed retinal rhythms, including circadian rhythms of morphology, biochemistry, physiology, and gene expression. We evaluate evidence concerning the location and molecular machinery of the retinal circadian clock, as well as consider findings that suggest the presence of multiple clocks. Our primary focus though is to describe in depth circadian rhythms in the light responses of retinal neurons with an emphasis on clock control of rod and cone pathways. We examine evidence that specific biochemical mechanisms produce these daily light response changes. We also discuss evidence for the presence of multiple circadian retinal pathways involving rhythms in neurotransmitter activity, transmitter receptors, metabolism, and pH. We focus on distinct actions of two dopamine receptor systems in the outer retina, a dopamine D4 receptor system that mediates circadian control of rod/cone gap junction coupling and a dopamine D1 receptor system that mediates non-circadian, light/dark adaptive regulation of gap junction coupling between horizontal cells. Finally, we evaluate the role of circadian rhythmicity in retinal degeneration and suggest future directions for the field of retinal circadian biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Bhoi
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Honors Research Program, William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manvi Goel
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christophe P Ribelayga
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School, UTHEALTH-The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Neuroscience Honors Research Program, William Marsh Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Stuart C Mangel
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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3
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Maier A, Cox MA, Westerberg JA, Dougherty K. Binocular Integration in the Primate Primary Visual Cortex. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2022; 8:345-360. [PMID: 35676095 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-100720-112922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
binocular vision, binocular fusion, binocular combination, LGN, V1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maier
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240;
| | - M A Cox
- Center for Visual Science, Rochester University, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - J A Westerberg
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240;
| | - K Dougherty
- Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
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4
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The Same Magnocellular Neurons Send Axon Collaterals to the Posterior Pituitary and Retina or to the Posterior Pituitary and Autonomic Preganglionic Centers of the Eye in Rats. NEUROSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci2010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In rats, some parvocellular paraventricular neurons project to spinal autonomic centers. Using the virus tracing technique, we have demonstrated that some magnocellular paraventricular neurons, but not supraoptic neurons, also project to autonomic preganglionic centers of the mammary gland, gingiva, or lip. A part of these neurons has shown oxytocin immunoreactivity. In the present experiment, we have examined whether the same magnocellular neuron that sends fibers to the retina or autonomic preganglionic centers of the eye also projects to the posterior pituitary. Double neurotropic viral labeling and oxytocin immunohistochemistry were used. After inoculation of the posterior pituitary and the eye with viruses, spreading in a retrograde direction and expressing different fluorescence proteins, we looked for double-labeled neurons in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Double-labeled neurons were observed in non-sympathectomized and cervical-sympathectomized animals. Some double-labeled neurons contained oxytocin. After the optic nerve was cut, the labeling did not appear in the supraoptic nucleus; however, it could still be observed in the paraventricular nucleus. In the paraventricular nucleus, the double-labeled cells may be the origin of centrifugal visual fibers or autonomic premotor neurons. In the supraoptic nucleus, all double-labeled neurons are cells of origin of centrifugal visual fibers.
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Gaede AH, Gutierrez-Ibanez C, Armstrong MS, Altshuler DL, Wylie DR. Pretectal projections to the oculomotor cerebellum in hummingbirds (Calypte anna), zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), and pigeons (Columba livia). J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2644-2658. [PMID: 30950058 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In birds, optic flow is processed by a retinal-recipient nucleus in the pretectum, the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali (LM), which then projects to the cerebellum, a key site for sensorimotor integration. Previous studies have shown that the LM is hypertrophied in hummingbirds, and that LM cell response properties differ between hummingbirds and other birds. Given these differences in anatomy and physiology, we ask here if there are also species differences in the connectivity of the LM. The LM is separated into lateral and medial subdivisions, which project to the oculomotor cerebellum and the vestibulocerebellum. In pigeons, the projection to the vestibulocerebellum largely arises from the lateral LM; the projection to the oculomotor cerebellum largely arises from the medial LM. Here, using retrograde tracing, we demonstrate differences in the distribution of projections in these pathways between Anna's hummingbirds (Calypte anna), zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), and pigeons (Columba livia). In all three species, the projections to the vestibulocerebellum were largely from lateral LM. In contrast, projections to the oculomotor cerebellum in hummingbirds and zebra finches do not originate in the medial LM (as in pigeons) but instead largely arise from pretectal structures just medial, the nucleus laminaris precommissuralis and nucleus principalis precommissuralis. These species differences in projection patterns provide further evidence that optic flow circuits differ among bird species with distinct modes of flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Gaede
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cristian Gutierrez-Ibanez
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melissa S Armstrong
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Douglas L Altshuler
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Douglas R Wylie
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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6
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Dougherty K, Cox MA, Westerberg JA, Maier A. Binocular Modulation of Monocular V1 Neurons. Curr Biol 2019; 29:381-391.e4. [PMID: 30661798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In humans and other primates, sensory signals from each eye remain separated until they arrive in the primary visual cortex (V1), but their exact meeting point is unknown. In V1, some neurons respond to stimulation of only one eye (monocular neurons), while most neurons respond to stimulation of either eye (binocular neurons). The main input layers of V1 contain most of the monocular neurons while binocular neurons dominate the layers above and below. This observation has given rise to the idea that the two eyes' signals remain separate until they converge outside V1's input layers. Here, we show that, despite responding to only one eye, monocular neurons in all layers, including the input layers, of V1 discriminate between stimulation of their driving eye alone and stimulation of both eyes. Some monocular V1 neurons' responses were significantly enhanced, or facilitated, when both eyes were stimulated. Binocular facilitation within V1's input layers tended to occur at the onset of the visual response, which could be explained by converging thalamocortical inputs. However, most V1 monocular neurons were significantly reduced, or suppressed, to binocular stimulation. In contrast to facilitation, binocular suppression occurred several milliseconds following the onset of the visual response, suggesting that the bulk of binocular modulation involves cortical inhibition. These findings, combined, suggest that binocular signals arise at an earlier processing stage than previously appreciated, as even so-called monocular neurons in V1's input layers encode what is shown to both eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacie Dougherty
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Michele A Cox
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, 500 Joseph C. Wilson Boulevard, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jacob A Westerberg
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Alexander Maier
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Science, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
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7
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Krabichler Q, Vega-Zuniga T, Carrasco D, Fernandez M, Gutiérrez-Ibáñez C, Marín G, Luksch H. The centrifugal visual system of a palaeognathous bird, the Chilean Tinamou (Nothoprocta perdicaria). J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2514-2534. [PMID: 28256705 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The avian centrifugal visual system, which projects from the brain to the retina, has been intensively studied in several Neognathous birds that have a distinct isthmo-optic nucleus (ION). However, birds of the order Palaeognathae seem to lack a proper ION in histologically stained brain sections. We had previously reported in the palaeognathous Chilean Tinamou (Nothoprocta perdicaria) that intraocular injections of Cholera Toxin B subunit retrogradely label a considerable number of neurons, which form a diffuse isthmo-optic complex (IOC). In order to better understand how this IOC-based centrifugal visual system is organized, we have studied its major components by means of in vivo and in vitro tracing experiments. Our results show that the IOC, though structurally less organized than an ION, possesses a dense core region consisting of multipolar neurons. It receives afferents from neurons in L10a of the optic tectum, which are distributed with a wider interneuronal spacing than in Neognathae. The tecto-IOC terminals are delicate and divergent, unlike the prominent convergent tecto-ION terminals in Neognathae. The centrifugal IOC terminals in the retina are exclusively divergent, resembling the terminals from "ectopic" centrifugal neurons in Neognathae. We conclude that the Tinamou's IOC participates in a comparable general IOC-retina-TeO-IOC circuitry as the neognathous ION. However, the connections between the components are structurally different and their divergent character suggests a lower spatial resolution. Our findings call for further comparative studies in a broad range of species for advancing our understanding of the evolution, plasticity and functional roles of the avian centrifugal visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirin Krabichler
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Tomas Vega-Zuniga
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Denisse Carrasco
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maximo Fernandez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Gonzalo Marín
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Harald Luksch
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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8
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Ortiz G, Odom JV, Passaglia CL, Tzekov RT. Efferent influences on the bioelectrical activity of the retina in primates. Doc Ophthalmol 2016; 134:57-73. [PMID: 28032236 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-016-9567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The existence of retinopetal (sometimes referred to as "efferent" or "centrifugal") axons in the mammalian optic nerve is a topic of long-standing debate. Opposition is fading as efferent innervation of the retina has now been widely documented in rodents and other animals. The existence and function of an efferent system in humans and non-human primates has not, though, been definitively established. Such a feedback pathway could have important functional, clinical, and experimental significance to the field of vision science and ophthalmology. METHODS Following a comprehensive literature review (PubMed and Google Scholar, until July 2016), we present evidence regarding a system that can influence the bioelectrical activity of the retina in primates. RESULTS Anatomical and physiological evidences are presented separately. Improvements in histological staining and the advent of retrograde nerve fiber tracers have allowed for more confidence in the identification of efferent optic nerve fibers, including back to their point of origin. CONCLUSION Even with the accumulation of more modern anatomical and physiological evidence, some limitations and uncertainties about crucial details regarding the origins and role of a top-down, efferent system still exist. However, the summary of the evidence from earlier and more modern studies makes a compelling case in support of such a system in humans and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Ortiz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 21, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - J Vernon Odom
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Christopher L Passaglia
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 21, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Radouil T Tzekov
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC 21, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA. .,The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.
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9
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Wylie DR, Gutiérrez-Ibáñez C, Iwaniuk AN. Integrating brain, behavior, and phylogeny to understand the evolution of sensory systems in birds. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:281. [PMID: 26321905 PMCID: PMC4531248 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The comparative anatomy of sensory systems has played a major role in developing theories and principles central to evolutionary neuroscience. This includes the central tenet of many comparative studies, the principle of proper mass, which states that the size of a neural structure reflects its processing capacity. The size of structures within the sensory system is not, however, the only salient variable in sensory evolution. Further, the evolution of the brain and behavior are intimately tied to phylogenetic history, requiring studies to integrate neuroanatomy with behavior and phylogeny to gain a more holistic view of brain evolution. Birds have proven to be a useful group for these studies because of widespread interest in their phylogenetic relationships and a wealth of information on the functional organization of most of their sensory pathways. In this review, we examine the principle of proper mass in relation differences in the sensory capabilities among birds. We discuss how neuroanatomy, behavior, and phylogeny can be integrated to understand the evolution of sensory systems in birds providing evidence from visual, auditory, and somatosensory systems. We also consider the concept of a "trade-off," whereby one sensory system (or subpathway within a sensory system), may be expanded in size, at the expense of others, which are reduced in size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R. Wylie
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Institute, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Andrew N. Iwaniuk
- Department of Neuroscience, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada
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10
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Esposti F, Johnston J, Rosa JM, Leung KM, Lagnado L. Olfactory stimulation selectively modulates the OFF pathway in the retina of zebrafish. Neuron 2013; 79:97-110. [PMID: 23849198 PMCID: PMC3710973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cross-modal regulation of visual performance by olfactory stimuli begins in the retina, where dopaminergic interneurons receive projections from the olfactory bulb. However, we do not understand how olfactory stimuli alter the processing of visual signals within the retina. We investigated this question by in vivo imaging activity in transgenic zebrafish expressing SyGCaMP2 in bipolar cell terminals and GCaMP3.5 in ganglion cells. The food-related amino acid methionine reduced the gain and increased sensitivity of responses to luminance and contrast transmitted through OFF bipolar cells but not ON. The effects of olfactory stimulus were blocked by inhibiting dopamine uptake and release. Activation of dopamine receptors increased the gain of synaptic transmission in vivo and potentiated synaptic calcium currents in isolated bipolar cells. These results indicate that olfactory stimuli alter the sensitivity of the retina through the dopaminergic regulation of presynaptic calcium channels that control the gain of synaptic transmission through OFF bipolar cells. Olfactory stimuli regulate transmission of signals through retinal bipolar cells Modulation of synaptic gain and sensitivity occur in OFF bipolar cells but not ON An inhibitor of dopamine uptake blocks odor-induced changes in synaptic gain Dopamine potentiates presynaptic calcium channels in isolated bipolar cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Esposti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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11
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Gutiérrez-Ibáñez C, Iwaniuk AN, Lisney TJ, Faunes M, Marín GJ, Wylie DR. Functional implications of species differences in the size and morphology of the isthmo optic nucleus (ION) in birds. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37816. [PMID: 22666395 PMCID: PMC3362605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In birds, there is a retinofugal projection from the brain to the retina originating from the isthmo optic nucleus (ION) in the midbrain. Despite a large number of anatomical, physiological and histochemical studies, the function of this retinofugal system remains unclear. Several functions have been proposed including: gaze stabilization, pecking behavior, dark adaptation, shifting attention, and detection of aerial predators. This nucleus varies in size and organization among some species, but the relative size and morphology of the ION has not been systematically studied. Here, we present a comparison of the relative size and morphology of the ION in 81 species of birds, representing 17 different orders. Our results show that several orders of birds, besides those previously reported, have a large, well-organized ION, including: hummingbirds, woodpeckers, coots and allies, and kingfishers. At the other end of the spectrum, parrots, herons, waterfowl, owls and diurnal raptors have relatively small ION volumes. ION also appears to be absent or unrecognizable is several taxa, including one of the basal avian groups, the tinamous, which suggests that the ION may have evolved only in the more modern group of birds, Neognathae. Finally, we demonstrate that evolutionary changes in the relative size and the cytoarchitectonic organization of ION have occurred largely independent of phylogeny. The large relative size of the ION in orders with very different lifestyles and feeding behaviors suggest there is no clear association with pecking behavior or predator detection. Instead, our results suggest that the ION is more complex and enlarged in birds that have eyes that are emmetropic in some parts of the visual field and myopic in others. We therefore posit that the ION is involved in switching attention between two parts of the retina i.e. from an emmetropic to a myopic part of the retina.
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12
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What the bird's brain tells the bird's eye: the function of descending input to the avian retina. Vis Neurosci 2011; 28:337-50. [PMID: 21524338 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523811000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As Cajal discovered in the late 19th century, the bird retina receives a substantial input from the brain. Approximately 10,000 fibers originating in a small midbrain nucleus, the isthmo-optic nucleus (ION), terminate in each retina. The input to the ION is chiefly from the optic tectum which, in the bird, is the primary recipient of retinal input. These neural elements constitute a closed loop, the centrifugal visual system (CVS), beginning and ending in the retina, that delivers positive feedback to active ganglion cells. Several features of the system are puzzling. All fibers from the ION terminate in the ventral retina and an unusual axon-bearing amacrine cell, the target cell, is the postsynaptic partner of these fibers. While the rest of the CVS is orderly and retinotopic, target cell axons project seemingly at random, mostly to distant parts of the retina. We review here the most significant features of the anatomy and physiology of the CVS with a view to understanding its function. We suggest that many of the facts about this system, including some that are otherwise difficult to explain, can be accommodated within the hypothesis that the images of shadows cast on the ground or on objects in the environment, initiate a rapid and parallel search of the sky for a possible aerial predator. If a predator is located, shadow and predator would be temporarily linked together and tracked by the CVS.
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13
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Thomas NJ. Are Theories of Imagery Theories of Imagination? An Active Perception Approach to Conscious Mental Content. Cogn Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1207/s15516709cog2302_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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14
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Médina M, Repérant J, Ward R, Jay B, Miceli D, Kenigfest N. Preoptic FMRF-amide-like immunoreactive projections to the retina in the lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis). Brain Res 2009; 1273:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Synaptic circuitry in the retinorecipient layers of the optic tectum of the lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis). A combined hodological, GABA and glutamate immunocytochemical study. Brain Struct Funct 2009; 213:395-422. [PMID: 19252925 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-009-0205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of the retinorecipient layers of the lamprey optic tectum was analysed using tract tracing techniques combined with GABA and glutamate immunocytochemistry. Two types of neurons were identified; a population of large GABA-immunonegative cells, and a population of smaller, highly GABA-immunoreactive interneurons, some of whose dendrites contain synaptic vesicles (DCSV). Five types of axon terminals were identified and divided into two major categories. The first of these are GABA-immunonegative, highly glutamate-immunoreactive, contain round synaptic vesicles, make asymmetrical synaptic contacts, and can in turn be divided into AT1 and AT2 terminals. The AT1 terminals are those of the retinotectal projection. The origin of the nonretinal AT2 terminals could not be determined. AT1 and AT2 terminals establish synaptic contacts with DCSV, with dendrites of the retinopetal neurons (DRN), and with conventional dendritic (D) profiles. The terminals of the second category are GABA-immunoreactive and can similarly be divided into AT3 and AT4 terminals. The AT3 terminals contain pleiomorphic synaptic vesicles and make symmetrical synaptic contacts for the most part with glutamate-immunoreactive D profiles. The AT4 terminals contain rounded synaptic vesicles and make asymmetrical synaptic contacts with DRN, with DCSV, and with D profiles. A fifth, rarely observed category of terminals (AT5) contain both clear synaptic vesicles and a large number of dense-core vesicles. Synaptic triads involving AT1, AT2 or AT4 terminals are rare. Our findings are compared to these of previous studies of the fine structure and immunochemical properties of the retinorecipient layers of the optic tectum or superior colliculus of Gnathostomes.
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16
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Greferath U, Kambourakis M, Barth C, Fletcher EL, Murphy M. Characterization of histamine projections and their potential cellular targets in the mouse retina. Neuroscience 2008; 158:932-44. [PMID: 19015005 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate retina receives histaminergic input from the brain via retinopetal axons that originate from perikarya in the posterior hypothalamus. In the nervous system, histamine acts on three G-protein-coupled receptors, histamine receptor (HR) 1, HR2 and HR3. In order to look for potential cellular targets of histamine in the mouse retina, we have examined the retina for the expression of histamine and the presence of these three receptors. Consistent with studies of retina from other vertebrates, histamine was only found in retinopetal axons, which coursed extensively through the ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers. mRNA for all three receptors was expressed in the mouse retina, and immunohistochemical studies further localized HR1 and HR2. HR1 immunoreactivity was observed on dopaminergic amacrine cells, calretinin-positive ganglion cells and axon bundles in the ganglion cell layer. Furthermore, a distinct group of processes in the inner plexiform layer was labeled, which most likely represents the processes of cholinergic amacrine cells. HR2 immunoreactivity was observed on the processes and cell bodies of the primary glial cells of the mammalian retina, the Müller cells. This distribution of histamine and its receptors is consistent with a brain-derived source of histamine acting on diverse populations of cells in the retina, including both neurons and glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Greferath
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Frazão R, Pinato L, da Silva AV, Britto LRG, Oliveira JA, Nogueira MI. Evidence of reciprocal connections between the dorsal raphe nucleus and the retina in the monkey Cebus apella. Neurosci Lett 2007; 430:119-23. [PMID: 18079059 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 10/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Possible connections between the retina and the raphe nuclei were investigated in the monkey Cebus apella by intraocular injection of cholera toxin B subunit (CTb). CTb-positive fibers were seen in the lateral region of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) on the side contralateral to the injection, and a few labeled perikarya were observed in the lateral portion of the DR on the ipsilateral side. Our findings suggest that direct and reciprocal connections between the retina and DR may exist in Cebus apella. These connections might be part of an important pathway through which the light/dark cycle influences the activity and/or functional status of raphe neurons, with potential effects on a broad set of neural and behavioral circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Frazão
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Repérant J, Médina M, Ward R, Miceli D, Kenigfest N, Rio J, Vesselkin N. The evolution of the centrifugal visual system of vertebrates. A cladistic analysis and new hypotheses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 53:161-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Gastinger MJ, Tian N, Horvath T, Marshak DW. Retinopetal axons in mammals: emphasis on histamine and serotonin. Curr Eye Res 2006; 31:655-67. [PMID: 16877274 PMCID: PMC3351198 DOI: 10.1080/02713680600776119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since 1892, anatomical studies have demonstrated that the retinas of mammals, including humans, receive input from the brain via axons emerging from the optic nerve. There are only a small number of these retinopetal axons, but their branches in the inner retina are very extensive. More recently, the neurons in the brain stem that give rise to these axons have been localized, and their neurotransmitters have been identified. One set of retinopetal axons arises from perikarya in the posterior hypothalamus and uses histamine, and the other arises from perikarya in the dorsal raphe and uses serotonin. These serotonergic and histaminergic neurons are not specialized to supply the retina; rather, they are a subset of the neurons that project via collaterals to many other targets in the central nervous system, as well. They are components of the ascending arousal system, firing most rapidly when the animal is awake and active. The contributions of these retinopetal axons to vision may be predicted from the known effects of serotonin and histamine on retinal neurons. There is also evidence suggesting that retinopetal axons play a role in the etiology of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gastinger
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
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Bailes HJ, Trezise AEO, Collin SP. The number, morphology, and distribution of retinal ganglion cells and optic axons in the Australian lungfishNeoceratodus forsteri(Krefft 1870). Vis Neurosci 2006; 23:257-73. [PMID: 16638177 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523806232103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Australian lungfishNeoceratodus forsterimay be the closest living relative to the first tetrapods and yet little is known about their retinal ganglion cells. This study reveals that lungfish possess a heterogeneous population of ganglion cells distributed in a horizontal streak across the retinal meridian, which is formed early in development and maintained through to adult stages. The number and complement of both ganglion cells and a population of putative amacrine cells within the ganglion cell layer are examined using retrograde labelling from the optic nerve and transmission electron-microscopic analysis of axons within the optic nerve. At least four types of retinal ganglion cells are present and lie predominantly within a thin ganglion cell layer, although two subpopulations are identified, one within the inner plexiform and the other within the inner nuclear layer. A subpopulation of retinal ganglion cells comprising up to 7% of the total population are significantly larger (>400 μm2) and are characterized as giant or alpha-like cells. Up to 44% of cells within the retinal ganglion cell layer represent a population of presumed amacrine cells. The optic nerve is heavily fasciculated and the proportion of myelinated axons increases with body length from 17% in subadults to 74% in adults. Spatial resolving power, based on ganglion cell spacing, is low (1.6–1.9 cycles deg−1,n= 2) and does not significantly increase with growth. This represents the first detailed study of retinal ganglion cells in sarcopterygian fish, and reveals that, despite variation amongst animal groups, trends in ganglion cell density distribution and characteristics of cell types were defined early in vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena J Bailes
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Vereczki V, Köves K, Csáki A, Grósz K, Hoffman GE, Fiskum G. Distribution of hypothalamic, hippocampal and other limbic peptidergic neuronal cell bodies giving rise to retinopetal fibers: anterograde and retrograde tracing and neuropeptide immunohistochemical studies. Neuroscience 2006; 140:1089-100. [PMID: 16626869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 02/18/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In our present work utilizing the retrograde or anterograde transport of tracers (biotinylated dextran amine and Fluorogold, respectively) we have provided direct evidence for the cells of origin of the limboretinal pathway in rats and their termination in the retina using light microscopic approach. Administration of biotinylated dextran amine into the vitreous body resulted in nerve cell body labeling in several structures: the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, the hippocampus (CA1, CA3), the dentate gyrus, the indusium griseum, the olfactory tubercle, and the medial habenula, all of them belong to the limbic system. We estimated that the total number of retrogradely labeled cells is 1495+/-516. We have seen fiber labeling in the retinorecipient suprachiasmatic nucleus and in the primary visual center, the lateral geniculate body, but labeled nerve cell bodies in these structures were never seen. Iontophoretic application of Fluorogold into the hippocampal formation, where the major part of the biotinylated dextran amine-labeled cell bodies was observed, resulted in labeled fibers in the optic nerve and in the retina indicating that the retrogradely labeled cells in the hippocampus and the dentate gyrus among others are the cells of origin of the centrifugal visual fibers. Sections showing biotinylated dextran amine labeling were stained for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone immunoreactivity using immunohistochemistry. Some biotinylated dextran amine-labeled cells also showed vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone immunoreactivity. We conclude that the limboretinal pathway exists and that the cells of origin are partially vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone immunoreactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vereczki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tuzoltó u. 58., H-1094 Budapest, Hungary.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe serotonergic retinopetal axons in monkeys. METHODS Whole macaque and baboon retinas, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, were labeled with antisera raised against serotonin (5-HT). RESULTS Several large-diameter 5-HT-immunoreactive (IR) axons emerged from the optic disk. Most axons ran to the peripheral retina, where they branched extensively. Most terminated in the ganglion cell layer, but a few 5-HT-IR axons terminated in distal inner plexiform or within inner nuclear layer. Some axons branched extensively near the fovea, and a dense plexus of 5-HT-IR axons was also found around the optic disk. Varicose 5-HT-IR axons were also associated with blood vessels, especially in the central retina. CONCLUSIONS Immunoreactive serotonin is present in a distinct population of retinopetal axons in the monkey retina. Receptors for serotonin are present in the primate retinas, and based on physiological studies in other mammals, these retinopetal axons are expected to modulate neuronal activity and regulate blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gastinger
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
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Repérant J, Ward R, Miceli D, Rio JP, Médina M, Kenigfest NB, Vesselkin NP. The centrifugal visual system of vertebrates: a comparative analysis of its functional anatomical organization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 52:1-57. [PMID: 16469387 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present review is a detailed survey of our present knowledge of the centrifugal visual system (CVS) of vertebrates. Over the last 20 years, the use of experimental hodological and immunocytochemical techniques has led to a considerable augmentation of this knowledge. Contrary to long-held belief, the CVS is not a unique property of birds but a constant component of the central nervous system which appears to exist in all vertebrate groups. However, it does not form a single homogeneous entity but shows a high degree of variation from one group to the next. Thus, depending on the group in question, the somata of retinopetal neurons can be located in the septo-preoptic terminal nerve complex, the ventral or dorsal thalamus, the pretectum, the optic tectum, the mesencephalic tegmentum, the dorsal isthmus, the raphé, or other rhombencephalic areas. The centrifugal visual fibers are unmyelinated or myelinated, and their number varies by a factor of 1000 (10 or fewer in man, 10,000 or more in the chicken). They generally form divergent terminals in the retina and rarely convergent ones. Their retinal targets also vary, being primarily amacrine cells with various morphological and neurochemical properties, occasionally interplexiform cells and displaced retinal ganglion cells, and more rarely orthotopic ganglion cells and bipolar cells. The neurochemical signature of the centrifugal visual neurons also varies both between and within groups: thus, several neuroactive substances used by these neurons have been identified; GABA, glutamate, aspartate, acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine, histamine, nitric oxide, GnRH, FMRF-amide-like peptides, Substance P, NPY and met-enkephalin. In some cases, the retinopetal neurons form part of a feedback loop, relaying information from a primary visual center back to the retina, while in other, cases they do not. The evolutionary significance of this variation remains to be elucidated, and, while many attempts have been made to explain the functional role of the CVS, opinions vary as to the manner in which retinal activity is modified by this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Repérant
- CNRS UMR 5166, MNHN USM 0501, Département Régulation, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, C. P. 32, 7 rue Cuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France.
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Lovasik JV, Kergoat H, Gagnon M. Experimentally reduced perfusion of one eye impairs retinal function in both eyes. Optom Vis Sci 2005; 82:850-7. [PMID: 16189496 DOI: 10.1097/01.opx.0000177810.58122.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The oscillatory potential index of scotopic white flash electroretinograms is reversibly enhanced in the contralateral eye when the ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) to the test eye is transiently reduced. A transient increase in the intraocular pressure (IOP) and decrease in the OPP in the test eye induced quantifiable vascular changes in the optic nerve head of the contralateral eye. We explored this contralateral phenomenon looking at ganglion cell function in both eyes during elevated IOP and decreased OPP in the test eye only. Our specific objective was to characterize the effects that transient hypoperfusion had on the neural generators of the pattern-reversal electroretinograms (pERGs), the ganglion cells, and preganglion neurons. METHODS A transient elevation in the IOP was sustained in 10 healthy subjects by scleral suction to reduce the baseline OPP by 15, 30, 45, and 60% for 2-min intervals. For each level of OPP, pERGs were evoked by a checkerboard with 75 minarc high-contrast black-white checks reversing at 5 Hz and recorded bilaterally using DTL fiber electrodes. The pERGs were also recorded immediately after removal of scleral suction and at 2-min intervals thereafter for an 8-min recovery interval. RESULTS The unilateral decrease in OPP differentially reduced the pERG in the test and contralateral eyes. The pERG for the test eye returned to baseline amplitude within 2 min of removing the suction cup. In contrast, the pERG in the contralateral eye remained below baseline throughout the entire 8-min recovery interval. CONCLUSIONS The observation of a bilateral decrease in the pERGs while the OPP was decreased in the test eye only suggested that these neuronal changes were modified at more central visual centers for retinal function to be compromised bilaterally. This latter effect may have been mediated by the transiently altered OPP or yet unknown neurohormonal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Lovasik
- Ecole d'optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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25
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Médina M, Repérant J, Miceli D, Ward R, Arckens L. GnRH-immunoreactive centrifugal visual fibers in the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus). Brain Res 2005; 1052:112-7. [PMID: 16002052 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thin varicose centrifugal visual fibers, between 30-45 in number and displaying cGnRH-I immunoreactivity, were identified in Crocodylus niloticus. Approximately 80% of these fibers were also FMRF-amide-like immunoreactive. The cGnRH-I fibers extended from the preoptic region to the retina where they appeared to terminate in the external portion of the inner plexiform layer. The location of their neurons of origin could not be determined precisely following the intraocular injection of the retrograde axonal tracer RITC. Nevertheless, the presence of cGnRH-I-immunoreactive neurons exclusively within the complex comprising the terminal nerve and the septo-preoptic region, and of several retinopetal fibers labelled retrogradely with the axonal tracer at the septo-preoptic junction, indicates that the cGnRH-immunoreactive centrifugal visual system originates from within this complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Médina
- CNRS UMR 5166, MNHN USM0501, Département Régulations, Développement et Diversité Moléculaire du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CP32, 7 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Gastinger MJ, Yusupov RG, Glickman RD, Marshak DW. The effects of histamine on rat and monkey retinal ganglion cells. Vis Neurosci 2005; 21:935-43. [PMID: 15733348 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523804216133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian retinas receive input from the posterior hypothalamus, and the neurotransmitter in this pathway is histamine. To determine whether histamine influences ganglion cells, we analyzed the effects of histamine on their maintained and light-evoked activity in vitro. In monkeys, histamine increased the maintained firing rate in 42% of ganglion cells, decreased it in 38%, and had no effect in 20%. When histamine and the HR3 agonist, methylhistamine, were applied to the same cells in succession, their effects were sometimes different, a finding suggesting that at least one other histamine receptor is present. In addition, the responses of some ganglion cells to full-field light stimuli were decreased by histamine and methylhistamine. In rats, the effects of histamine were somewhat different. Histamine increased the maintained firing rate of 82% of ganglion cells. Methylhistamine and the HR2 agonist, dimaprit, had the same effects as histamine. In some cells, histamine increased the light responses, but in others it decreased them. Histamine had no effect on ganglion cells in either species when synaptic transmission was blocked by low Ca2(+)/high Mg2+ Ames medium. Thus, the major effects of histamine were on the maintained activity of retinal ganglion cells. In both rats and monkeys, 80% or more of the ganglion cells were affected by histamine, and these responses were mediated by at least two of the histamine receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gastinger
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Médina M, Repérant J, Ward R, Miceli D. Presumptive FMRF-amide-like immunoreactive retinopetal fibres in Crocodylus niloticus. Brain Res 2004; 1025:231-6. [PMID: 15464765 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A small contingent of 30-50 of centrifugal visual fibres, showing FMRF-amide-like immunoreactivity, has been identified in C. niloticus; these fibres extend from the chiasmatic region into the retina. They do not take the marginal optic tract, but pass medially to the chiasmatic fascicles, from the preoptic region. The cells of origin of these fibres have not been identified. However, none of the retinopetal neurons of the brainstem [M. Medina, J. Reperant, R. Ward, D. Miceli, Centrifugal visual system of Crocodylus niloticus : a hodological, histochemical and immunocytochemical study, J. Comp. Neurol. 468 (2004) 65-85], labelled by retrograde transport of rhodamine beta-isothiocyanate after intraocular injection of this tracer, show FMRF-amide-like immunoreactivity; neither are any of the FMRF-amide-like immunopositive neurons in the crocodile brain, particularly those of the complex involving the terminal nerve and the septo-preoptic region, labelled by rhodamine after its intraocular injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Médina
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversité, CNRS FRE2696-MNHN USM0302 CP 55, 55 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Gardino PF, Schmal AR, Calaza KDC. Identification of neurons with acetilcholinesterase and NADPH-diaphorase activities in the centrifugal visual system of the chick. J Chem Neuroanat 2004; 27:267-73. [PMID: 15261333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Revised: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The isthmo-optic nuclei (ION) and ectopic neurons, which constitute the centrifugal visual system (CVS), are thought to be cholinoceptive and nitrergic. However, it is not clear which neurons express these markers, namely the ones that project to the retina rather than in neurons that only participate in a local circuit. Therefore, to characterize the neurochemical patterns of the centrifugal visual system in the post-hatched chick, retinopetal cells of the isthmo-optic nuclei and the ectopic region were identified via immunolabeling for cholera toxin, a neuronal tracer, which has been injected in the ocular globe. Then, double labeled with acetylcholinesterase histochemistry to reveal cholinergic synapses, or NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry as a nitrergic marker. Briefly, acetylcholinesterase activity was present mainly in cholera toxin labeled cell bodies of the isthmo-optic nucleus and the ectopic region indicating that retinal projecting neurons of centrifugal visual system comprise a cholinoceptive pathway. On the other hand, NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was present in the neuropile and sparse cell bodies inside of the isthmo-optic nucleus and in ectopic neurons which were not cholera toxin positive suggesting their role in an intrinsic circuit of the centrifugal visual system. These data support the idea that these two neurochemical systems are present in distinct neuronal populations in the centrifugal visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia F Gardino
- Departamento de Neurobiologia do Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Médina M, Repérant J, Ward R, Miceli D. Centrifugal visual system of Crocodylus niloticus: a hodological, histochemical, and immunocytochemical study. J Comp Neurol 2004; 468:65-85. [PMID: 14648691 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The retinopetal neurons of Crocodylus niloticus were visualized by retrograde transport of rhodamine beta-isothiocyanate or Fast Blue administered by intraocular injection. Approximately 6,000 in number, these neurons are distributed in seven regions extending from the mesencephalic tegmentum to the rostral rhombencephalon, approximately 70% being located contralaterally to the injected eye. None of the centrifugal neurons projects to both retinae. The retinopetal neurons are located in rostrocaudal sequence in seven regions: the formatio reticularis lateralis mesencephali, the substantia nigra, the griseum centralis tectalis, the nucleus subcoeruleus dorsalis, the nucleus isthmi parvocellularis, the locus coeruleus, and the commissura nervi trochlearis. The greatest number of cells (approximately 93%) is found in the nucleus subcoeruleus dorsalis. The majority are multipolar or bipolar in shape and resemble the ectopic centrifugal visual neurons of birds, although a small number of monopolar neurons resembling those of the avian isthmo-optic nucleus may also be observed. A few retinopetal neurons in the griseum centralis tectalis were tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive. Moreover, in the nuclei subcoeruleus dorsalis and isthmi parvocellularis, both ipsilaterally and contralaterally, approximately one retinopetal neuron in three (35%) was immunoreactive to nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and a slightly higher proportion (38%) of retinopetal neurons were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Some of them contained colocalized ChAT and NOS/reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase. Fibers immunoreactive to TH, serotonin (5-HT), neuropeptide Y (NPY), or Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (FMRF-amide) were frequently observed to make intimate contact with rhodamine-labeled retinopetal neurons. These findings are discussed in relation to previous results obtained in other reptilian species and in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Médina
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8570-MNHN USM0302, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Abstract
The vertebrate retina receives efferent input from different parts of the central nervous system. Efferent fibers are thought to influence retinal information processing but their functional role is not well understood. One of the best-described retinopetal fiber systems in teleost retinae belongs to the terminal nerve complex. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and molluscan cardioexcitatory tetrapeptide (FMRFamide)-containing fibers from the ganglion of the terminal nerve form a dense fiber plexus in the retina at the border of the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layer. Peptide-containing fibers surround and contact perikarya of dopaminergic interplexiform cells in teleost retina. In vitro experiments demonstrated that exogenously supplied GnRH mediates dopaminergic effects on the membrane potential and on the morphology of dendritic tips (spinules) of cone horizontal cells. These effects can be specifically blocked by GnRH-antagonists, indicating that the release of dopamine and dopamine-dependent effects on light adaptation of retinal neurons are affected by the terminal nerve complex. Recent data have shown that olfactory information has an impact on retinal physiology, but its precise role is not clear. The efferent fiber of the terminal nerve complex is one of the first retinopetal fiber systems for which the sources of the fibers, their cellular targets, and several physiological, morphological, and behavioral effects are known. The terminal nerve complex is therefore a model system for the analysis of local information processing which is influenced by a distinct fiber projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Behrens
- Anatomisches Institut, Universität Tübingen, Osterbergstr. 3, D 72074 Tübingen, Germany
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Ribelayga C, Wang Y, Mangel SC. A circadian clock in the fish retina regulates dopamine release via activation of melatonin receptors. J Physiol 2003; 554:467-82. [PMID: 14565990 PMCID: PMC1664774 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.053710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many biochemical, morphological and physiological processes in the vertebrate retina are controlled by a circadian (24 h) clock, the location of the clock and how the clock alters retinal function are unclear. For instance, several observations have suggested that dopamine, a retinal neuromodulator, may play an important role in retinal rhythmicity but the link between dopamine and a clock located within or outside the retina remains to be established. We found that endogenous dopamine release from isolated goldfish retinae cultured in continuous darkness for 56 h clearly exhibited a circadian rhythm with high values during the subjective day. The continuous presence of melatonin (1 nM) in the culture medium abolished the circadian rhythm of dopamine release and kept values constantly low and equal to the night-time values. The selective melatonin antagonist luzindole (1 microM) also abolished the dopamine rhythm but the values were high and equal to the daytime values. Melatonin application during the late subjective day introduced rod input and reduced cone input to fish cone horizontal cells, a state usually observed during the subjective night. In contrast, luzindole application during the subjective night decreased rod input and increased cone input. Prior application of dopamine or spiperone, a selective dopamine D(2)-like antagonist, blocked the above effects of melatonin and luzindole, respectively. These findings indicate that a circadian clock in the vertebrate retina regulates dopamine release by the activation of melatonin receptors and that endogenous melatonin modulates rod and cone pathways through dopamine-mediated D(2)-like receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Ribelayga
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Rio JP, Repérant J, Vesselkin NP, Kenigfest-Rio NB, Miceli D. Dual innervation of the lamprey retina by GABAergic and glutamatergic retinopetal fibers. A quantitative EM immunogold study. Brain Res 2003; 959:336-42. [PMID: 12493623 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative electron microscopic analysis of glutamate and GABA immunocytochemistry, using the postembedding immunogold technique, was undertaken in the lamprey retina to determine the proportion of glutamate-immunoreactive (GLU-ir) centrifugal visual terminals which were identified by anterograde axonal transport after an iontophoretic deposit of HRP in the sectioned optic nerve. Single immunogold labeling carried out with two different GABA and GLU antibodies showed that about 45% of the retinopetal axon terminals were GABAergic, and that two types of GLU-ir terminals (GLU-ir/1 and GLU-ir/2) were observed in the inner plexiform layer. The former type showed a high density of gold particles (Neosystem: 19.38+/-0.74; Sigma: 106.26+/-5.70) which statistically differed from the GLU-ir/2 (Neosystem: 3.23+/-0.31; Sigma: 31.73+/-5.61). Subcellular estimates showed that gold particles were concentrated over the vesicular pool in the GLU-ir/1 terminals and over mitochondria in the second terminal type. Consecutive sections alternately processed for GABA and GLU revealed that the GABA-immunonegative terminals corresponded to the GLU-ir/1, whereas the GABA-ir terminals only contained few GLU-ir particles, mostly concentrated in mitochondria. The occurrence of GABAergic and glutamatergic retinopetal terminals in the adult lamprey retina is discussed in functional terms of their differential inhibitory and excitatory effects on ganglion cell activity and the possible role of the centrifugal visual system in visually-guided behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rio
- INSERM U 106, Neuromorphologie: Développement, Evolution, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47 Bd de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris, Cedex 13, France.
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Miceli D, Repérant J, Rio JP, Hains P, Medina M. Serotonin immunoreactivity in the retinal projecting isthmo-optic nucleus and evidence of brainstem raphe connections in the pigeon. Brain Res 2002; 958:122-9. [PMID: 12468036 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) immunoreactive (-ir) profiles within the isthmo-optic nucleus (ION) of the centrifugal visual system (CVS) were studied in the pigeon using light microscopic immunohistofluorescent and electron microscopic immunocytochemical pre-embedding techniques. The brainstem origin of the 5-HT input upon the ION was determined by combining 5-HT immunohistofluorescence (FITC) and retrograde transneuronal tracing after intraocular injection of Rhodamine beta-isothiocyanate. The light microscopic results showed that 5-HT endings were mainly localised within the neuropillar zones of the ventral ION. The 5-HT-ir cell bodies, belonging to a lateral extension of the dorsal raphe system, were observed within the same region as the centrifugal ectopic neurons (EN) underlying the ION and some displayed dendritic processes which penetrated the nucleus. Double-labeled neurons, representing 5-HT-ir afferents to the ION, were identified only within the n. linearis caudalis region of the ventral raphe. The electron microscopic results confirmed the presence of 5-HT-ir dendritic processes within the ventral part of the nucleus and showed that they were contacted by axon terminals belonging to intrinsic interneurons. The functional organisation of the ION and the possible contribution of serotonergic raphe afferents and efferents are discussed in relation to present hypotheses linking the avian CVS to mechanisms of visual attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dom Miceli
- Groupe de Recherche en Neurosciences, Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec, CP 500, Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada G9A 5H7.
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Rio JP, Repérant J, Miceli D, Medina M, Kenigfest-Rio N. Serotonergic innervation of the isthmo-optic nucleus of the pigeon centrifugal visual system. An immunocytochemical electron microscopic study. Brain Res 2002; 924:127-31. [PMID: 11744006 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ultrastructural features of serotonergic fibers, terminals and synaptic contacts were studied with the pre-embedding immunocytochemical method in the isthmo-optic nucleus of the pigeon centrifugal visual system. The 5-HT immunoreactive (-ir) profiles were diffusely distributed and their density was low. The labeled axons were thin and unmyelinated (mean diameter=0.21+/-0.03 microm) though a few larger myelinated axons were observed (mean diameter=0.51+/-0.07 microm). The 5-HT-ir terminals or varicosities were small (diameter=0.71+/-0.54 microm) and contained small agranular synaptic vesicles (diameter=28.5+/-6.9 nm) and large granular vesicles (diameter=102.2+/-19.5 nm). The latter only constituted approximately 1% of the total profiles containing synaptic vesicles in the isthmo-optic nucleus. In single thin sections, only 5% of the 5-HT-ir varicosities exhibited an active asymmetrical zone synapsing upon dendritic profiles of centrifugal visual neurons. Calculations indicated that 17% of these 5-HT-ir varicosities were actually engaged in junctional synaptic relationships, whereas the remaining (83%) were nonjunctional. The data suggest that, within the isthmo-optic nucleus, 5-HT acts both at synaptic junctions (wiring transmission) and at a distance via the extracellular space (volume transmission). These 5-HT afferents could thus modulate the activity of the retinopetal neurons and visual information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rio
- INSERM U 106, Neuromorphologie: Développement, Evolution, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 47, Bd. de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex, France
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De Juan J, García M. Spinules and nematosomes in retinal horizontal cells: a "thorny" issue. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 131:519-37. [PMID: 11420967 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(01)31041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J De Juan
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apdo. Correos 99, Alicante 03080, Spain.
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Simon A, Martin-Martinelli E, Savy C, Verney C, Raisman-Vozari R, Nguyen-Legros J. Confirmation of the retinopetal/centrifugal nature of the tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers of the retina and optic nerve in the weaver mouse. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 127:87-93. [PMID: 11287069 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(01)00103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in the nerve fiber layer is increased in the retina of the weaver compared to control mice (Dev. Brain Res. 121 (2000) 113). To confirm the retinopetal/centrifugal nature of these fibers, a newly devised whole-mounted optic nerve technique allowed us to determine, during development, their first appearance within the optic nerve (post-natal day 12) compared to retina (post-natal day 13). One such fiber was also observed looping in the retina of a monkey fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Simon
- Institut des Neurosciences, Département de Neurobiologie des Signaux Intercellulaires, Université Paris VI, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75252 cedex 05, Paris, France
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Repérant J, Araneda S, Miceli D, Medina M, Rio JP. Serotonergic retinopetal projections from the dorsal raphe nucleus in the mouse demonstrated by combined [(3)H] 5-HT retrograde tracing and immunolabeling of endogenous 5-HT. Brain Res 2000; 878:213-7. [PMID: 10996155 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrated a direct serotonergic retinopetal projection in the mouse stemming from the lateral portion of the dorsal raphe nucleus bilaterally. A double-labeling technique was employed combining: (1) radioautography and retrograde axonal tracing following intraocular injection of [(3)H] 5-HT and (2) immunocytochemical identification of endogenous 5-HT. Radiolabeled neurons were only observed within the dorsal raphe nucleus and were always double-labeled with the 5-HT antibody. The radiolabeling appeared to be specific resulting from the retrograde transport of a radioactive 5-HT derivative product following uptake of the neurotransmitter by intraretinal terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Repérant
- INSERM U 106, Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie, Développement, Evolution, Batiment de Pédiatrie, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Miceli D, Repérant J, Rio JP, Désilets J, Médina M. Quantitative immunogold evidence that glutamate is a neurotransmitter in afferent synaptic terminals within the isthmo-optic nucleus of the pigeon centrifugal visual system. Brain Res 2000; 868:128-34. [PMID: 10841897 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative electron microscopic analysis of glutamate (GLU) immunoreactivity using the post-embedding immunogold technique was carried out within the isthmo-optic nucleus (ION) of the pigeon centrifugal visual system (CVS). Measurements were performed in each of eight different categories of axon terminals, including those that were GABA-immunoreactive (-ir), considered representing control profiles and identified using a single or double-label immunocytochemical procedure. The results demonstrated that the glutamate immunogold particle densities for both mitochondrial and vesicular pools and for total surface area of bouton profiles were significantly higher in P1a, P1b and P2b terminals and not significantly different in P4 and P5 terminals compared to those recorded in control GABA-ir terminals (P2a, P2c, P3). Moreover, the values measured in GLU-ir positive profiles were all significantly higher than in either P4 or P5 terminals. The results suggest that tectal neurons, which provide the main input to the ION cells, are either inhibitory GABA-ir possibly associated with P2c and/or P3 terminals or excitatory GLU-ir via P1a, P1b and P2b terminals. Such differential effects of tectal afferents may be the basis for the modulation of centrifugal activity and consequently of end target retinal ganglion cell responses. The data are relevant to hypotheses implicating the avian CVS in mechanisms of selective enhancement of visual attention to either novel or meaningful stimuli within the visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Miceli
- Laboratoire de Neuropsychologie expérimentale et comparée, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, Canada
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Malz CR, Jahn H, Meyer DL. Centrifugal Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2-like immunoreactive innervation of the retina in a non-teleost bony fish, Lepisosteus osseus. Neurosci Lett 1999; 264:33-6. [PMID: 10320007 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(99)00169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In all teleosts studied, Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2- (FMRFamide-) like immunoreactive fibers originating from structures related to the olfactory system project to the retina. A complete report on this olfacto-retinalis projection in fish that are phylogenetically older than teleosts is still missing. We have visualized FMRFamide-like immunoreactive fibers in the optic nerve, the optic chiasm and in the retina of the longnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus. They terminate on amacrine or horizontal cells in the internal nuclear layer. Additionally, some of them appear to contact retinal ganglion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Malz
- Department of Morphology, Center of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Germany
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Miceli D, Repérant J, Bertrand C, Rio JP. Functional anatomy of the avian centrifugal visual system. Behav Brain Res 1999; 98:203-10. [PMID: 10683108 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(98)00085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although first described over a century ago, the centrifugal visual system (CVS) projecting to the retina still remains somewhat of an enigma with regard to its functional role in visually-guided behavior. The highly developed avian CVS has been the most extensively investigated and the anatomical organization of its two component centrifugal structures, the n. isthmo-opticus (NIO) and ectopic neurons (EN), including its afferent brainstem projections is reviewed. The results of double-labeling studies combining axonal tracing techniques and immunohistofluorescence have demonstrated GABA immunoreactivity (-ir) of interneurons within the neuropilar zone of the NIO, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-ir and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-ir in the centrifugal cells of the NIO and EN as well as in the afferent projection neurons of layers 9/10 of the optic tectum. The data are discussed in terms of neurochemical and excitatory/inhibitory mechanisms within the different components of the avian CVS in relation to hypotheses which have implicated this system in visual attention and ground-feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Miceli
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, Canada
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41
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Médina M, Repérant J, Miceli D, Bertrand C, Bennis M. An immunohistochemical study of putative neuromodulators and transmitters in the centrifugal visual system of the quail (Coturnix japonica). J Chem Neuroanat 1998; 15:75-95. [PMID: 9719361 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(98)00034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the neurochemical properties of the centrifugal visual system (CVS) of the quail using an immunohistochemical approach by testing 16 neuropeptides (angiotensin: ANG, bradykinin: BK, cholecystokinin, dynorphin, L and M-enkephalin, beta-endorphin: beta-END, galanin, alpha-neoendorphin, neurokinin A, neuropeptide Y (NPY), ocytocin, somatostatin, substance P, vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) and three neurotransmitters or their synthetic enzymes (choline acetyltransferase: ChAT, tyrosine hydroxylase: TH, serotonin: 5-HT and nitric oxide synthase: NOS, including the histochemical nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase technique). For each substance, the somatic and afferent fiber and terminal labeling was analyzed within the nucleus isthmo-opticus (NIO) and the ectopic area (EA) and compared with that of retinopetal cell bodies labeled retrogradely with RITC following its intraocular injection (double-labeling procedure). The results showed that none of the centrifugal neurons were reactive to any of the substances tested. In contrast, all with the exception of ANG, BK and beta-END, labeled fibers and terminals within the EA and only four (ChAT, 5-HT, NPY and NOS) within the NIO. Possible sources of these immunoreactive fibers terminating in the NIO and EA were investigated by mapping the somatic immunolabeling of the different substances within brainstem regions previously shown by Miceli and other authors to project upon the centrifugal neurons. The data suggests that, besides the rapid retino-tecto-NIO-retinal loop, which facilitates the transfer of meaningful or more relevant information within particular portions of the visual field, the multiple afferent input which stems from various brainstem regions utilizes a wide range of neuroactive substances. Some of these afferent projections upon the centrifugal neurons appear to belong to nonspecific systems which might play a role in modulating the excitability of centrifugal neurons as a function of arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Médina
- CNRS-URA 1137, Laboratoire d'Anatomie Comparée, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France.
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42
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Haverkamp S, Eldred WD. Localization of the origin of retinal efferents in the turtle brain and the involvement of nitric oxide synthase. J Comp Neurol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980406)393:2<185::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Miceli D, Repérant J, Bavikati R, Rio JP, Volle M. Brain-stem afferents upon retinal projecting isthmo-optic and ectopic neurons of the pigeon centrifugal visual system demonstrated by retrograde transneuronal transport of rhodamine beta-isothiocyanate. Vis Neurosci 1997; 14:213-24. [PMID: 9147474 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523800011354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Brain-stem afferents to the n. isthmo-opticus (NIO) and ectopic neurons (EN) of the centrifugal visual system (CVS) were determined in the pigeon using the retrograde transneuronal transport of the fluorescent dye Rhodamine beta-isothiocyanate (RITC) after its intraocular injection. In other experiments, either RITC was injected into various periocular tissues (controls) or the retrograde tracer Fluoro-gold (FG) was injected stereotaxically in the NIO. Following intraocular injections, the RITC retrograde labeling of cell bodies was observed contralaterally in the NIO and EN and transneuronally in layers 9/10 of the optic tectum, area ventralis-Tsai, zona peri-NIII, mesencephalic and pontine reticular formation (PRF), n. linearis caudalis-raphe, and bilaterally within a region referred to as zona peri-n.NVI (Zp-n.NVI) immediately underlying the abducens nerve nucleus. None of the above structures were labeled after RITC periocular injections. The FG labeling revealed that the tectal efferent neurons were mainly medium-sized, multipolar cells whose dendrites extended superficially to retino-recipient tectal layers 6 and 5. Quantitative measurements of the distribution of layers 9/10 RITC-labeled neurons indicated the highest densities to be localized within the ventral tectum corresponding to the representation of the dorsal retina and inferior visual field. We suggest that visual and nonvisual brain-stem afferents upon NIO and EN may play a role in the proposed mechanism of the avian CVS in attention, ground-feeding behavior, and modulation of retinal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Miceli
- Laboratoire de Neuropsychologie Expérimentale et Comparée, Université du Québec, Trois-Rivières, Canada
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44
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Beazley LD, Sheard PW, Tennant M, Starac D, Dunlop SA. Optic nerve regenerates but does not restore topographic projections in the lizard Ctenophorus ornatus. J Comp Neurol 1997; 377:105-20. [PMID: 8986876 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970106)377:1<105::aid-cne10>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In adult fish and amphibians, the severed optic nerve regenerates and visual behaviour is restored. By contrast, optic axons do not regenerate in the more recently evolved birds and mammals. Here we have investigated optic nerve regeneration in a member of the class Reptilia, phylogenetically intermediate between the fish and amphibians and the birds and mammals. We assessed visual recovery anatomically and behaviourally one year after unilateral optic nerve crush in the adult ornate dragon lizard. Ctenophorus ornatus. Ganglion cell densities and numbers of axons in the optic nerve on either side of the crush site indicated that two-thirds of ganglion cells survived axotomy and regrew their axons. However, myelination fell from a mean of 21% in normals to 5.5% and 3%, proximal and distal to the crush, respectively. Anterograde labelling of the entire optic nerve showed that axons regenerated along essentially normal pathways and that the major projection, as in normals, was to the superficial one-third of the contralateral optic tectum. However, localised retinal injections indicated that regenerated projections lacked retinotopic order. Any one retinal region projected to the entire tectum. This feature presumably explains why the experimental lizards consistently appeared blind to stimuli via the regenerated nerve. Our findings indicate that although axons regenerate along essentially normal pathways in adult lizards, conditions within the visual centres do not allow regenerating optic axons to select appropriate central connections. In a wider context, the result suggests that the ability for regenerating central axons to form topographic maps may also have been lost in the more recently evolved vertebrate classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Beazley
- Department of Zoology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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45
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Fogel K, Szeiffert G, Görcs TJ, Kausz M, Köves K. VIP fibers in rat optic chiasm and optic nerve arising from the hypothalamus. Peptides 1997; 18:263-7. [PMID: 9149299 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(96)00288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report showing VIP fibers in the optic chiasm and the optic nerves of intact rats. These fibers form a fan-shaped dorso-medial bundle in the optic nerves. After colchicine injection into the vitreous body VIP fibers could be followed farther in the optic nerve toward the eye when compared to intact rats. After removal of eyes (enucleation) the VIP fiber-bundle became more prominent and VIP immunoreactive perikarya appeared in the supraoptic and para ventricular nuclei. When five-nine months after the enucleation Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was administered to the paraventricular or supraoptic area, the anterogradely transported tracer was demonstrated in the optic nerve. These observations suggest the existence of a hypothalamic projection to the eye, which is, at least in part, VIP immunoreactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fogel
- Department of Humanmorphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
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46
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Rio JP, Vesselkin NP, Repérant J, Kenigfest NB, Miceli D, Adanina V. Retinal and non-retinal inputs upon retinopetal RMA neurons in the lamprey: a light and electron microscopic study combining HRP axonal tracing and GABA immunocytochemistry. J Chem Neuroanat 1996; 12:51-70. [PMID: 9001948 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(96)00177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A light and electron microscopic study, combining HRP axonal tracing or degeneration and GABA immunocytochemistry, was performed in the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis in order to analyze retinal and non-retinal inputs upon the retinopetal neurons localized in the reticular mesencephalic area (RMA). The iontophoretic deposit of HRP onto the central stump of the cut optic nerve produced a dense anterograde labeling in the retino-recipient strata marginale and cellular externum of the optic tectum as well as the retrograde labeling of retinopetal neurons in the mesencephalic tegmentum. The large ascending proximal dendrites of the retinopetal neurons constituted a distinct bundle coursing first dorso-laterally in the dorsal mesencephalic tegmentum, and then dorso-medially in the strata fibrosum centrale and cellulare et fibrosum internum of the optic tectum before their distal portions penetrated the retino-recipient tectal layers. The distribution of GABA immunoreactivity was also investigated in the tectal layers and dorsal mesencephalic tegmentum with both pre- and post-embedding methods. The retinal terminals, identified either following HRP iontophoresis in the optic nerve or in early phases of degeneration after short-term survivals following retinal lesion, contained rounded-shaped synaptic vesicles and were always GABA immunonegative. They established asymmetrical synaptic contacts on the distal dendrites of RMA neurons and represented 11.4% of all terminals contacting such neurons (15% of these neurons were GABA immunopositive). The dense extra-retinal input upon the retinopetal RMA neurons was composed of five types of axon terminal profiles, either GABA-immunopositive or -immunonegative. Considering the different cytochemical types of axon terminals contacting RMA neurons, as well as the characteristics of the retinal targets of these neurons, we suggest that, globally, the effects of RMA neurons upon the retina are mainly inhibitory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rio
- Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie, INSERM U 106, Bâtiment de Pédiatrie, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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47
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Clarke PG, Gyger M, Catsicas S. A centrifugally controlled circuit in the avian retina and its possible role in visual attention switching. Vis Neurosci 1996; 13:1043-8. [PMID: 8961534 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523800007690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The isthmo-optic nucleus (ION) is the main source of efferents to the retina in birds. Isthmo-optic neurons project in topographical order on amacrine cells in the ventral parts of the retina, and a subclass of these known as proprioretinal neurons project onto the dorsal retina. We propose that, through the intermediary of the amacrine target cells, activity in the isthmo-optic pathway excites ganglion cells locally in the ventral retina but inhibits those in dorsal regions. This circuit would thereby mediate centrifugally controlled switches in attention between the dorsal retina, involved in feeding, and the more ventral parts, involved in scanning for predators. This hypothesis accounts for a wide range of disparate data from behavior, comparative anatomy, endocrinology, hodology, and neurophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Clarke
- Institute of Cell Biology and Morphology, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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48
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Meyer DL, Malz CR, Jadhao AG. Nervus terminalis projection to the retina in the 'four-eyed' fish, Anableps anableps. Neurosci Lett 1996; 213:87-90. [PMID: 8858615 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The eye of the surface dwelling 'four-eyed' fish, Anableps possesses an aquatic and an aerial optical system. The aerial system is strongly hyperopic when the animal dives, i.e. during mating, and the dorsal pupil is submerged. We studied the retino-petal nervus terminals projection to the aerial and to the aquatic retina by Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRF) immunocytochemistry and found both to be equally innervated. This finding sheds doubt on the proposed functional significance of this projection for reproductive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Meyer
- Department of Neuroanatomy, School of Medicine, University of Goettingen, Germany
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49
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Challet E, Miceli D, Pierre J, Repérant J, Masicotte G, Herbin M, Vesselkin NP. Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the brain of the pigeon (Columba livia). ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1996; 193:209-27. [PMID: 8881471 DOI: 10.1007/bf00198325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of serotonin (5-HT)-containing perikarya, fibers and terminals in the brain of the pigeon (Columba livia) was investigated, using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence methods combined with retrograde axonal transport. Twenty-one different groups of 5-HT immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified, 2 of which were localized at the hypothalamic level (periventricular organ, infundibular recess) and 19 at the tegmental-mesencephalic and rhombencephalic levels. Ten of the cell groups were situated within the region of the midline from the isthmic to the posterior rhombencephalic level and constituted the raphe system (nucleus annularis, decussatio brachium conjunctivum, area ventralis, external border of the nucleus interpeduncularis, zona peri-nervus oculomotorius, zona perifasciculus longitudinalis medialis, zona inter-flm, nucleus linearis caudalis, nucleus raphe superior pars ventralis, nucleus raphe inferior). The 9 other cell populations belonged to the lateral group and extended from the posterior mesencephalic tegmentum to the caudal rhombencephalon [formatio reticularis mesencephali, nucleus ventrolateralis tegmenti, ectopic area (Ec) of the nucleus isthmo-opticus (NIO), nucleus subceruleus, nucleus ceruleus, nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, nucleus vestibularis medialis, nucleus reticularis parvocellularis and nucleus reticularis magnocellularis]. Combining the retrograde axonal transport of rhodamine beta-isothiocyanate (RITC) after intraocular injection and immunohistofluorescence (fluoresceine isothiocyanate: FITC/5-HT) showed the centrifugal neurons (NIO, Ec) to be immunonegative. Serotonin-IR fibers and terminals were found to be very broadly distributed within the brain and were particularly prominent in several structures of the telencephalon (archistriatum pars dorsalis, nucleus taeniae, area parahippocampalis, septum), diencephalon (nuclei preopticus medianus, magnocellularis, nucleus geniculatus lateralis pars ventralis, nucleus triangularis, nucleus pretectalis), mesencephalon-rhombencephalon (superficial layers of the optic tectum, nucleus ectomamillaris, nucleus isthmo-opticus and in most of the cranial nerve nuclei). Comparing the present results with those of previous studies in birds suggests some major serotonin-containing pathways in the avian brain and clarifies the possible origin of the serotonin innervation of some parts of the brain. Moreover, comparing our results in birds with those obtained in other vertebrate species shows that the organization of the serotoninergic system in many regions of the avian brain is much like that found in reptiles and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Challet
- Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie, INSERM U 106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Clarke PG, Kraftsik R. Dendritic reorientation and cytolamination during the development of the isthmo-optic nucleus in chick embryos. J Comp Neurol 1996; 365:96-112. [PMID: 8821444 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960129)365:1<96::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the mature isthmo-optic nucleus (ION, source of efferents to the contralateral retina), the neuronal perikarya are generally described as being arranged in a single convoluted lamina surrounding a U-shaped region of neuropil, into which their highly polarized (unidirectional) dendritic arbors project perpendicularly. We find, however, that the details are more complicated than this description suggests, and are variable, as might be expected if the ION is self-organized through neuron-to-neuron interactions in development. The laminated conformation of the ION first appears at embryonic day (E) 14. Our previous experiments indicate that this involves the displacement of perikarya and is not due to sculpting by neuronal death. We here present a quantitative demonstration that the dendritic arbors reorient during the period of lamination. At E11, they are already highly polarized, but their directions are different from those in the adult, being mostly medio-rostro-ventral. Then, between E11 and E13, the arbors in the border region of the ION undergo major changes in their direction of polarization, projecting towards the center of the ION. The arbors within the core of the ION make more subtle changes. The dendritic reorganization seems to be intrinsically linked to the process of cytolamination, since the two events occur synchronously and disruption of either affects the other. Mechanisms are discussed; interaction with afferents is not responsible for lamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Clarke
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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