1
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Bonello JP, Tse MY, Robinson TJG, Bardana DD, Waldman SD, Pang SC. Expression of Chondrogenic Potential Markers in Cultured Chondrocytes from the Human Knee Joint. Cartilage 2024:19476035241241930. [PMID: 38616342 DOI: 10.1177/19476035241241930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While substantial progress has been made in engineering cartilaginous constructs for animal models, further research is needed to translate these methodologies for human applications. Evidence suggests that cultured autologous chondrocytes undergo changes in phenotype and gene expression, thereby affecting their proliferation and differentiation capacity. This study was designed to evaluate the expression of chondrogenic markers in cultured human articular chondrocytes from passages 3 (P3) and 7 (P7), beyond the current clinical recommendation of P3. METHODS Cultured autologous chondrocytes were passaged from P3 up to P7, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to assess mRNA expression of chondrogenic markers, including collagen type I (COLI), collagen type II (COLII), aggrecan (AGG), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), transcription factor SOX-9 (SOX9), proteoglycan 4 (PGR4), and transformation-related protein 53 (p53), between P3 and P7. RESULTS Except for AGG, no significant differences were found in the expression of markers between passages, suggesting the maintenance of chondrogenic potential in cultured chondrocytes. Differential expression identified between SOX9 and PGR4, as well as between COLI and SOX9, indicates that differences in chondrogenic markers are present between age groups and sexes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Overall, expression profiles of younger and male chondrocytes exhibit conversion of mature cartilage characteristics compared to their counterparts, with signs of dedifferentiation and loss of phenotype within-group passaging. These results may have implications in guiding the use of higher passaged chondrocytes for engineering constructs and provide a foundation for clinical recommendations surrounding the repair and treatment of articular cartilage pathology in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Peter Bonello
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - M Yat Tse
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor J G Robinson
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Davide D Bardana
- Division of Surgery, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen D Waldman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen C Pang
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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2
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Bačenková D, Trebuňová M, Demeterová J, Živčák J. Human Chondrocytes, Metabolism of Articular Cartilage, and Strategies for Application to Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17096. [PMID: 38069417 PMCID: PMC10707713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaline cartilage, which is characterized by the absence of vascularization and innervation, has minimal self-repair potential in case of damage and defect formation in the chondral layer. Chondrocytes are specialized cells that ensure the synthesis of extracellular matrix components, namely type II collagen and aggregen. On their surface, they express integrins CD44, α1β1, α3β1, α5β1, α10β1, αVβ1, αVβ3, and αVβ5, which are also collagen-binding components of the extracellular matrix. This article aims to contribute to solving the problem of the possible repair of chondral defects through unique methods of tissue engineering, as well as the process of pathological events in articular cartilage. In vitro cell culture models used for hyaline cartilage repair could bring about advanced possibilities. Currently, there are several variants of the combination of natural and synthetic polymers and chondrocytes. In a three-dimensional environment, chondrocytes retain their production capacity. In the case of mesenchymal stromal cells, their favorable ability is to differentiate into a chondrogenic lineage in a three-dimensional culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Bačenková
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia; (M.T.); (J.D.); (J.Ž.)
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3
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Kuppa SS, Kim HK, Kang JY, Lee SC, Yang HY, Sankaranarayanan J, Seon JK. Polynucleotides Suppress Inflammation and Stimulate Matrix Synthesis in an In Vitro Cell-Based Osteoarthritis Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12282. [PMID: 37569659 PMCID: PMC10418450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by degeneration of the joint cartilage, inflammation, and a change in the chondrocyte phenotype. Inflammation also promotes cell hypertrophy in human articular chondrocytes (HC-a) by activating the NF-κB pathway. Chondrocyte hypertrophy and inflammation promote extracellular matrix degradation (ECM). Chondrocytes depend on Smad signaling to control and regulate cell hypertrophy as well as to maintain the ECM. The involvement of these two pathways is crucial for preserving the homeostasis of articular cartilage. In recent years, Polynucleotides Highly Purified Technology (PN-HPT) has emerged as a promising area of research for the treatment of OA. PN-HPT involves the use of polynucleotide-based agents with controlled natural origins and high purification levels. In this study, we focused on evaluating the efficacy of a specific polynucleotide sodium agent, known as CONJURAN, which is derived from fish sperm. Polynucleotides (PN), which are physiologically present in the matrix and function as water-soluble nucleic acids with a gel-like property, have been used to treat patients with OA. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the effect remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of PN in an OA cell model in which HC-a cells were stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) with or without PN treatment. The CCK-8 assay was used to assess the cytotoxic effects of PN. Furthermore, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was utilized to detect MMP13 levels, and the nitric oxide assay was utilized to determine the effect of PN on inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effects of PN and related mechanisms were investigated using quantitative PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence to examine and analyze relative markers. PN inhibited IL-1β induced destruction of genes and proteins by downregulating the expression of MMP3, MMP13, iNOS, and COX-2 while increasing the expression of aggrecan (ACAN) and collagen II (COL2A1). This study demonstrates, for the first time, that PN exerted anti-inflammatory effects by partially inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and increasing the Smad2/3 pathway. Based on our findings, PN can potentially serve as a treatment for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Samanvitha Kuppa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Center for Joint Disease of Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup 519-763, Republic of Korea
- Korea Biomedical Materials and Devices Innovation Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42, Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Keun Kim
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Center for Joint Disease of Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup 519-763, Republic of Korea
- Korea Biomedical Materials and Devices Innovation Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42, Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Center for Joint Disease of Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup 519-763, Republic of Korea
- Korea Biomedical Materials and Devices Innovation Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42, Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Cheol Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Center for Joint Disease of Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup 519-763, Republic of Korea
- Korea Biomedical Materials and Devices Innovation Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42, Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Yeol Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Center for Joint Disease of Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup 519-763, Republic of Korea
- Korea Biomedical Materials and Devices Innovation Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42, Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaishree Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Center for Joint Disease of Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup 519-763, Republic of Korea
- Korea Biomedical Materials and Devices Innovation Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42, Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Keun Seon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Center for Joint Disease of Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup 519-763, Republic of Korea
- Korea Biomedical Materials and Devices Innovation Research Center, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42, Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 501-757, Republic of Korea
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4
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Rubin S, Agrawal A, Stegmaier J, Krief S, Felsenthal N, Svorai J, Addadi Y, Villoutreix P, Stern T, Zelzer E. Application of 3D MAPs pipeline identifies the morphological sequence chondrocytes undergo and the regulatory role of GDF5 in this process. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5363. [PMID: 34508093 PMCID: PMC8433335 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of epiphyseal growth plates, which drives long bone elongation, depends on extensive changes in chondrocyte size and shape during differentiation. Here, we develop a pipeline called 3D Morphometric Analysis for Phenotypic significance (3D MAPs), which combines light-sheet microscopy, segmentation algorithms and 3D morphometric analysis to characterize morphogenetic cellular behaviors while maintaining the spatial context of the growth plate. Using 3D MAPs, we create a 3D image database of hundreds of thousands of chondrocytes. Analysis reveals broad repertoire of morphological changes, growth strategies and cell organizations during differentiation. Moreover, identifying a reduction in Smad 1/5/9 activity together with multiple abnormalities in cell growth, shape and organization provides an explanation for the shortening of Gdf5 KO tibias. Overall, our findings provide insight into the morphological sequence that chondrocytes undergo during differentiation and highlight the ability of 3D MAPs to uncover cellular mechanisms that may regulate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rubin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ankit Agrawal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Johannes Stegmaier
- Institute of Imaging and Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sharon Krief
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Felsenthal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jonathan Svorai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoseph Addadi
- Department of Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paul Villoutreix
- LIS (UMR 7020), IBDM (UMR 7288), Turing Center For Living Systems, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| | - Tomer Stern
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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5
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Teschner EM, Chakravorti S, Sengupta DP, Konietzko-Meier D. Climatic influence on the growth pattern of Panthasaurus maleriensis from the Late Triassic of India deduced from paleohistology. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9868. [PMID: 33194360 PMCID: PMC7485487 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metoposaurids are representatives of the extinct amphibian clade Temnospondyli, found on almost every continent exclusively in the Late Triassic deposits. Osteohistologically, it is one of the best-known temnospondyl groups, analyzed with a wide spectrum of methods, such as morphology, morphometry, bone histology or computed modelling. The least known member of Metoposauridae is Panthasaurus maleriensis from the Pranhita-Godavari basin in Central India, being geographically the most southern record of this family. For the first time the bone histology of this taxon was studied with a focus on the intraspecific variability of the histological framework and the relationship between the observed growth pattern and climatic and/or environmental conditions. The studied material includes thin-sections of five long bones, a rib, an ilium and an intercentrum belonging most likely to eight individuals ranging from different ontogenetic stages. All bones have a large medullary region with progressively increasing remodeling, surrounded by a lamellar-zonal tissue type. The primary cortex consists of parallel-fibered matrix showing various degrees of organization, less organized collagen fibers in the zones and higher organized in the annuli. Growth marks occur in the form of alternating zones and annuli in every bone except the ilium and the intercentrum. The vascularity becomes less dense towards the outermost cortex in all sampled limb bones. Towards the outermost cortex the zone thickness is decreasing, in contrast to the avascular annuli, that become thicker or are of the same thickness. The growth pattern of P. maleriensis is uniform and represents changes in ontogenetic development. Multiple resting lines are prominent in the outer annuli of the limb bones and the rib and they presumably indicate climatic and environmental influence on the growth pattern. Therefore, a prolonged phase of slowed-down growth occurred during the unfavorable phase, but a complete cessation of growth indicated by Lines of Arrested Growth (LAGs) is not recorded in the studied samples. Based on the histological framework we conclude that the climate had an impact on the growth pattern. As we do not see any LAGs in the Indian metoposaurid, we assume that the local climate was relatively mild in India during the Late Triassic. A similar prolonged phase of slowed down growth without the occurrence of LAGs was observed in Metoposaurus krasiejowensis from the Late Triassic of Krasiejów (Poland). This is in contrast to Moroccan metoposaurid Dutuitosaurus ouazzoui from the Late Triassic of Argana Basin, where LAGs are regularly deposited throughout ontogeny indicating most likely harsher climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta M Teschner
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Opole, Poland.,Section Paleontology, Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sanjukta Chakravorti
- Geological Studies Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dhurjati P Sengupta
- Geological Studies Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dorota Konietzko-Meier
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Opole, Poland.,Section Paleontology, Institute of Geosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Abdala V, Vera MC, Amador LI, Fontanarrosa G, Fratani J, Ponssa ML. Sesamoids in tetrapods: the origin of new skeletal morphologies. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:2011-2032. [PMID: 31359608 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Along with supernumerary bones, sesamoids, defined as any organized intratendinous/intraligamentous structure, including those composed of fibrocartilage, adjacent to an articulation or joint, have been frequently considered as enigmatic structures associated with the joints of the skeletal system of vertebrates. This review allows us to propose a dynamic model to account for part of skeletal phenotypic diversity: during evolution, sesamoids can become displaced, attaching to and detaching from the long bone epiphyses and diaphysis. Epiphyses, apophyses and detached sesamoids are able to transform into each other, contributing to the phenotypic variability of the tetrapod skeleton. This dynamic model is a new paradigm to delineate the contribution of sesamoids to skeletal diversity. Herein, we first present a historical approach to the study of sesamoids, discussing the genetic versus epigenetic theories of their genesis and growth. Second, we construct a dynamic model. Third, we present a summary of literature on sesamoids of the main groups of tetrapods, including veterinary and human clinical contributions, which are the best-studied aspects of sesamoids in recent decades. Finally, we discuss the identity of certain structures that have been labelled as sesamoids despite insufficient formal testing of homology. We also propose a new definition to help the identification of sesamoids in general. This review is particularly timely, given the recent increasing interest and research activity into the developmental biology and mechanics of sesamoids. With this updated and integrative discussion, we hope to pave the way to improve the understanding of sesamoid biology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Abdala
- Cátedra de Biología General, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, UNT, Miguel Lillo 205, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical, CONICET- UNT, Horco Molle s/n Yerba Buena, 4107, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Miriam C Vera
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical (CONICET-UNaM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Félix de Azara 1552, CPA N3300LQF, Posadas, Argentina
| | - Lucila I Amador
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, FML-CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Fontanarrosa
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical, CONICET- UNT, Horco Molle s/n Yerba Buena, 4107, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jessica Fratani
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, FML-CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María L Ponssa
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, FML-CONICET, Miguel Lillo 251, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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7
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Chen Q, Zhao Y, Qian Y, Lu C, Shen G, Dai J. A genetic-phenotypic classification for syndromic micrognathia. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:875-883. [PMID: 31273320 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Micrognathia is a common craniofacial deformity which represents hypoplastic development of the mandible, accompanied by retrognathia and consequent airway problems. Usually, micrognathia is accompanied by multiple systematic defects, known as syndromic micrognathia, and is in close association with genetic factors. Now, large quantities of pathogenic genes of syndromic micrognathia have been revealed. However, how these different pathogenic genes could lead to similar phenotypes, and whether there are some common characteristics among these pathogenic genes are still unknown. In this study, we proposed a genetic-phenotypic classification of syndromic micrognathia based on pathogenic genes information obtained from Phenolyzer, DAVID, OMIM, and PubMed database. Pathogenic genes of syndromic micrognathia could be divided into four groups based on gene function, including cellular processes and structures, cell metabolism, cartilage and bone development, and neuromuscular function. In addition, these four groups exhibited various clinical characteristics, and the affected systems, such as central nervous system, skeletal system, cardiovascular system, oral and dental system, respiratory system and muscle, were different in these four groups. This classification could provide meaningful insights into the pathogenesis of syndromic micrognathia, and offer some clues for understanding the molecular mechanism, as well as guiding precise clinical diagnosis and treatment for syndromic micrognathia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Chen
- Department of Oral & Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Key laboratory of stomatology, Shanghai ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Oral & Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Key laboratory of stomatology, Shanghai ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Qian
- Department of Oral & Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Key laboratory of stomatology, Shanghai ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Chenpei Lu
- Department of Oral & Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Key laboratory of stomatology, Shanghai ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Guofang Shen
- Department of Oral & Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Key laboratory of stomatology, Shanghai ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China.
| | - Jiewen Dai
- Department of Oral & Cranio-maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Key laboratory of stomatology, Shanghai ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China.
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8
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Charlier E, Deroyer C, Ciregia F, Malaise O, Neuville S, Plener Z, Malaise M, de Seny D. Chondrocyte dedifferentiation and osteoarthritis (OA). Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 165:49-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of the review is to summarize the current knowledge on the process of chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation during endochondral bone formation and its potential implications in fracture healing and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Lineage tracing experiments confirmed the transdifferentiation of chondrocytes into osteoblasts. More recent studies lead to the discovery of molecules involved in this process, as well as to the hypothesis that these cells may re-enter a stem cell-like phase prior to their osteoblastic differentiation. This review recapitulates the current knowledge regarding chondrocyte transdifferentiating into osteoblasts, the developmental and postnatal events where transdifferentiation appears to be relevant, and the molecules implicated in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ingeborg Wolff
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Department of Bone and Skeletal Research, Medical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Christine Hartmann
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Department of Bone and Skeletal Research, Medical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster, Munster, Germany.
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10
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Martínez Sánchez AH, Omidi M, Wurlitzer M, Fuh MM, Feyerabend F, Schlüter H, Willumeit-Römer R, Luthringer BJ. Proteome analysis of human mesenchymal stem cells undergoing chondrogenesis when exposed to the products of various magnesium-based materials degradation. Bioact Mater 2019; 4:168-188. [PMID: 31049466 PMCID: PMC6482314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of physeal fractures (15%–30% of all paediatric fractures) remains a challenge as in approximately 10% of the cases, significant growth disturbance may occur. Bioresorbable Magnesium-based implants represent a strategy to minimize damage (i.e., load support until bone healing without second surgery). Nevertheless, the absence of harmful effects of magnesium-implants and their degradation products on the growth plate should be confirmed. Here, the proteome of human mesenchymal stem cells undergoing chondrogenesis was evaluated when exposed to the products of various Magnesium-based materials degradation. The results of this study indicate that the materials induced regulation of proteins associated with cell chondrogenesis and cartilage formation, which should be beneficial for cartilage regeneration. Degradation products from Mg-based materials generated changes in protein expression. Relevant proteins involved in cartilage formation were upregulated. Potential application of especially Pure-Mg and Mg-10Gd for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Helvia Martínez Sánchez
- Division of Metallic Biomaterials, Institute of Material Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max Planck Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Maryam Omidi
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Wurlitzer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marceline Manka Fuh
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Feyerabend
- Division of Metallic Biomaterials, Institute of Material Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max Planck Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Regine Willumeit-Römer
- Division of Metallic Biomaterials, Institute of Material Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max Planck Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Bérengère J.C. Luthringer
- Division of Metallic Biomaterials, Institute of Material Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max Planck Strasse 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
- Corresponding author.
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11
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Voga M, Drnovsek N, Novak S, Majdic G. Silk fibroin induces chondrogenic differentiation of canine adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells/mesenchymal stem cells. J Tissue Eng 2019; 10:2041731419835056. [PMID: 30899447 PMCID: PMC6419250 DOI: 10.1177/2041731419835056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Under appropriate culture conditions, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), also called more properly multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSC), can be induced toward differentiation into different cell lineages. In order to guide stem cell fate within an environment resembling the stem cell niche, different biomaterials are being developed. In the present study, we used silk fibroin (SF) as a biomaterial supporting the growth of MMSC and studied its effect on chondrogenesis of canine adipose–derived MMSC (cADMMSC). Adipose tissue was collected from nine privately owned dogs. MMSC were cultured on SF films and SF scaffolds in a standard cell culture medium. Cell morphology was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chondrogenic differentiation was evaluated by alcian blue staining and mRNA expression of collagen type 1, collagen type 2, Sox9, and Aggrecan genes. cADMMSC cultured on SF films and SF scaffolds stained positive using alcian blue. SEM images revealed nodule-like structures with matrix vesicles and fibers resembling chondrogenic nodules. Gene expression of chondrogenic markers Sox9 and Aggrecan were statistically significantly upregulated in cADMMSC cultured on SF films in comparison to negative control cADMMSC. This result suggests that chondrogenesis of cADMMSC could occur when cells were grown on SF films in a standard cell culture medium without specific culture conditions, which were previously considered necessary for induction of chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metka Voga
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Natasa Drnovsek
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sasa Novak
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Majdic
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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12
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Bwalya EC, Wijekoon HS, Fang J, Kim S, Hosoya K, Okumura M. Independent chondrogenic potential of canine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in monolayer expansion cultures decreases in a passage-dependent pattern. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1681-1687. [PMID: 30210068 PMCID: PMC6261819 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although chondroinductive growth factors are considered necessary for chondrogenesis of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC), independent and spontaneous chondrogenesis has
been previously demonstrated in adult horses, bovine calves and adult human BMSC. Surprisingly, adult canine BMSC under similar culture conditions previously failed to demonstrate
chondrogenesis. The present study evaluated independent chondrogenic potential of BMSC sourced from three young dogs in the absence of known chondroinductive factors. BMSC were culture
expanded in 10% DMEM up to third passage (P3). At each passage, the phenotype of BMSC was evaluated by RT-PCR gel electrophoresis and qPCR. BMSC exhibited a chondrogenic phenotype in the
absence of dexamethasone and TGF-β1 as verified by the expression of Sox-9, type II collagen and aggrecan. Sox-9 was
significantly downregulated (P<0.05) from P1−P3 compared to P0 while type II and X collagen, and aggrecan were
significantly downregulated at P3 compared to P0. There was a significant (P<0.01) negative correlation between passaging and Sox-9, type II
collagen and aggrecan gene expression. These results indicate that independent chondrogenic potential and phenotype retention of BMSC decreases in a
passage-dependent pattern. Therefore, caution should be exercised for future experiments evaluating the chondrogenic potential of BMSC after extensive expansion cultures in 10% DMEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene C Bwalya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hm Suranji Wijekoon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Jing Fang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Sangho Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kenji Hosoya
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okumura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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13
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Jiang J, Jiang T, Xu J, Shen J, Gao F. Novel Mutation of the Dystrophin Gene in a Child with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2018; 37:1-6. [PMID: 29336709 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2017.1369201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in DMD gene. Approximately 70% of the mutations are caused by deletions or duplications of DMD exons, while the remaining were minor mutations. CASE REPORT We present a 5-year-old boy with typical clinical features of DMD. A novel mutation was identified as a c.9358_9359insA of DMD gene by next-generation sequencing. This mutation which was origined from mother, generated a frameshift mutation and resulted in abnormal synthesis of protein polypeptide chains. CONCLUSION We demonstrated a novel mutation of DMD gene and expanded the spectrum of mutations causing DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Jiang
- a Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Tiejia Jiang
- a Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Jialu Xu
- a Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Jue Shen
- a Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- a Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou , P. R. China
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14
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Jin GZ, Kim HW. Efficacy of collagen and alginate hydrogels for the prevention of rat chondrocyte dedifferentiation. J Tissue Eng 2018; 9:2041731418802438. [PMID: 30305887 PMCID: PMC6176533 DOI: 10.1177/2041731418802438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiation of chondrocytes remains a major problem in cartilage tissue engineering. The development of hydrogels that can preserve chondrogenic phenotype and prevent chondrocyte dedifferentiation is a meaningful strategy to solve dedifferentiation problem of chondrocytes. In the present study, three gels were prepared (alginate gel (Alg gel), type I collagen gel (Col gel), and their combination gel (Alg/Col gel)), and the in vitro efficacy of chondrocytes culture while preserving their phenotypes was investigated. While Col gel became substantially contracted with time, the cells encapsulated in Alg gel preserved the shape over the culture period of 14 days. The mechanical and cell-associated contraction behaviors of Alg/Col gel were similar to those of Alg. The cells in Alg and Alg/Col gels exhibited round morphology, whereas those in Col gel became elongated (i.e. fibroblast-like) during cultures. The cells proliferated with time in all gels with the highest proliferation being attained in Col gel. The expression of chondrogenic genes, including SOX9, type II collagen, and aggrecan, was significantly up-regulated in Alg/Col gel and Col gel, particularly in Col gel. However, the chondrocyte dedifferentiation markers, type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were also expressed at significant levels in Col gel, which being contrasted with the events in Alg and Alg/Col gels. The current results suggest the cells cultured in hydrogels can express chondrocyte dedifferentiation markers as well as chondrocyte markers, which draws attention to choose proper hydrogels for chondrocyte-based cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhen Jin
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration
Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science,
College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration
Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science,
College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science
& BK21 PLUS Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook
University, Cheonan, South Korea
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15
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Karim A, Amin AK, Hall AC. The clustering and morphology of chondrocytes in normal and mildly degenerate human femoral head cartilage studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Anat 2017; 232:686-698. [PMID: 29283191 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrocytes are the major cell type present in hyaline cartilage and they play a crucial role in maintaining the mechanical resilience of the tissue through a balance of the synthesis and breakdown of extracellular matrix macromolecules. Histological assessment of cartilage suggests that articular chondrocytes in situ typically occur singly and demonstrate a rounded/elliptical morphology. However, there are suggestions that their grouping and fine shape is more complex and that these change with cartilage degeneration as occurs in osteoarthritis. In the present study we have used confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescently labelled in situ human chondrocytes and advanced imaging software to visualise chondrocyte clustering and detailed morphology within grade-0 (non-degenerate) and grade-1 (mildly degenerate) cartilage from human femoral heads. Graded human cartilage explants were incubated with 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide to identify the morphology and viability, respectively, of in situ chondrocytes within superficial, mid- and deep zones. In grade-0 cartilage, the analysis of confocal microscope images showed that although the majority of chondrocytes were single and morphologically normal, clusters (i.e. three or more chondrocytes within the enclosed lacunar space) were occasionally observed in the superficial zone, and 15-25% of the cell population exhibited at least one cytoplasmic process of ~ 5 μm in length. With degeneration, cluster number increased (~ 50%) but not significantly; however, the number of cells/cluster (P < 0.001) and the percentage of cells forming clusters increased (P = 0.0013). In the superficial zone but not the mid- or deep zones, the volume of clusters and average volume of chondrocytes in clusters increased (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). The percentage of chondrocytes with processes, the number of processes/cell and the length of processes/cell increased in the superficial zone of grade-1 cartilage (P = 0.0098, P = 0.02 and P < 0.001, respectively). Processes were categorised based on length (L0 - no cytoplasmic processes; L1 < 5 μm; 5 < L2 ≤ 10 μm; 10 < L3 ≤ 15 μm; L4 > 15 μm). With cartilage degeneration, for chondrocytes in all zones, there was a significant decrease (P = 0.015) in the percentage of chondrocytes with 'normal' morphology (i.e. L0), with no change in the percentage of cells with L1 processes; however, there were significant increases in the other categories. In grade-0 cartilage, chondrocyte clustering and morphological abnormalities occurred and with degeneration these were exacerbated, particularly in the superficial zone. Chondrocyte clustering and abnormal morphology are associated with aberrant matrix metabolism, suggesting that these early changes to chondrocyte properties may be associated with cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asima Karim
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anish K Amin
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew C Hall
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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16
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Nishida T, Kubota S, Takigawa M. Cell Biological Assays for Measuring Chondrogenic Activities of CCN2 Protein. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1489:219-237. [PMID: 27734380 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6430-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth-plate chondrocytes undergo proliferation, maturation, hypertrophic differentiation, and calcification; and these processes can be reproduced in vitro in a chondrocyte culture system. Using this system, we have shown that CCN family protein 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) promotes all stages of proliferation, maturation, hypertrophic differentiation, and calcification, thus suggesting that CCN2 is a multifunctional growth factor for chondrocytes and plays important roles in chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. In this chapter, we describe how to evaluate CCN2 functions in these processes occurring in cultured chondrocytes. Evaluation strategies for cell proliferation include measuring DNA synthesis by [3H]-thymidine incorporation, cellular metabolic activity, and cell number with a hemocytometer. Next, evaluation strategies to assess maturation are analysis of the gene expression of markers of mature chondrocytes, and examination of proteoglycan and collagen synthesis by using radioactive compounds. In addition, cytohistochemical detection of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as chondroitin sulfate, by use of alcian blue and toluidine blue staining is useful to evaluate chondrocyte maturation. These methods can be also used for evaluation of physiological functions of CCN2 in permanent chondrocytes such as articular and auricular chondrocytes, which do not calcify under physiological conditions. Next, evaluation of hypertrophic differentiation is performed by detecting type X collagen, which is specific marker of hypertrophic chondrocytes, and by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Finally, evaluation of calcification is performed by detecting matrix calcification by use of alizarin red staining and by examining the incorporation of 45Ca into cartilaginous matrix. These methods would be useful for the evaluation not only of CCN2 but also of its derivatives and other CCN proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
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17
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Xia Y, Momot KI, Chen Z, Chen CT, Kahn D, Badar F. Introduction to Cartilage. BIOPHYSICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF CARTILAGE BY NMR AND MRI 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782623663-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage is a supporting connective tissue that, together with the bone, forms the framework supporting the body as a whole. There are many distinct types of cartilage, which exhibit numerous similarities as well as differences. Among them, articular cartilage is the best known and the most studied type. Articular cartilage is the thin layer of connective tissue that covers the articulating ends of bones in synovial (diarthrodial) joints. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement and acts as a load-bearing medium that protects the bone and distributes stress. The intense interest in articular cartilage is motivated by the critical role its degradation plays in arthritis and related joint diseases, which are the number one cause of disability in humans. This chapter discusses the physical, chemical and cellular properties of cartilage that give the tissue its extraordinary load-bearing characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
| | - Konstantin I. Momot
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Qld 4001 Australia
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025 China
| | - Christopher T. Chen
- Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research / Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - David Kahn
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
| | - Farid Badar
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
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18
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Yang D, Chen S, Gao C, Liu X, Zhou Y, Liu P, Cai J. Chemically defined serum-free conditions for cartilage regeneration from human embryonic stem cells. Life Sci 2016; 164:9-14. [PMID: 27633838 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to improve a method that induce cartilage differentiation of human embryoid stem cells (hESCs) in vitro, and test the effect of in vivo environments on the further maturation of hESCs derived cells. MAIN METHODS Embryoid bodies (EBs) formed from hESCs, with serum-free KSR-based medium and mesodermal specification related factors, CHIR, and Noggin for first 8days. Then cells were digested and cultured as micropellets in serum-free KSR-based chondrogenic medium that was supplemented with PDGF-BB, TGF β3, BMP4 in sequence for 24days. The morphology, FACS, histological staining as well as the expression of chondrogenic specific genes were detected in each stage, and further in vivo experiments, cell injections and tissue transplantations, further verified the formation of chondrocytes. KEY FINDINGS We were able to obtain chondrocyte/cartilage from hESCs using serum-free KSR-based conditioned medium. qPCR analysis showed that expression of the chondroprogenitor genes and the chondrocyte/cartilage matrix genes. Morphology analysis demonstrated we got PG+COL2+COL1-particles. It indicated we obtained hyaline cartilage-like particles. 32-Day differential cells were injected subcutaneous. Staining results showed grafts developed further mature in vivo. But when transplanted in subrenal capsule, their effect was not good as in subcutaneous. Microenvironment might affect the cartilage formation. SIGNIFICANCE The results of this study provide an absolute serum-free and efficient approach for generation of hESC-derived chondrocytes, and cells will become further maturation in vivo. It provides evidence and technology for the hypothesis that hESCs may be a promising therapy for the treatment of cartilage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Yang
- Experimental Center of Pathogenobiology Immunology Cytobiology and Genetics, Basic Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shubin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Changzhao Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China; Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Yulai Zhou
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA.
| | - Jinglei Cai
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China.
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19
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Asahara H. Current Status and Strategy of microRNA Research for Cartilage Development and Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis. J Bone Metab 2016; 23:121-7. [PMID: 27622175 PMCID: PMC5018604 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2016.23.3.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), which are small (~21 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs, are important players in endochondral ossification, articular cartilage homeostasis, and arthritis pathogenesis. Comprehensive and genetic analyses of cartilage-specific or cartilage-related miRNAs have provided new information on cartilage development, homeostasis, and related diseases. State-of-the-art combinatorial approaches, including transcription-activator like effector nuclease (TALEN)/clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technique for targeting miRNAs and high-throughput sequencing of RNA isolated by cross-linking immunoprecipitation for identifying target messenger RNAs, should be used to determine complex miRNA networks and miRNA-dependent cartilage regulation. Use of advanced drug delivery systems involving cartilage-specific miRNAs will accelerate the application of these new findings in arthritis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.; Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.; The Core Research for the Evolutionary Science and Technology from Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Muzzarelli RAA, Biagini G, Belmonte MM, Talassi O, Gandolfi MG, Solmi R, Carraro S, Giardino R, Fini M, Nicoli-Aldini N. Osteoinduction by Chitosan-Complexed BMP: Morpho-Structural Responses in an Osteoporotic Model. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088391159701200405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone quality is the result of a complex relationship between bone mass, bone structure, and mechanical characteristics of these individual components. The mass of bone tissue is affected by nutritional factors and other causes, such as bone growth factors like bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Since chitosans promote ordered regeneration of soft tissue and osteoinduction, an osteoporotic model was studied to evaluate the pattern of bone regeneration in the presence of BMP linked to chitosan. BMP was released from the chitosan matrix as a consequence of chitosan biodegradation. Our data show that the association of BMP with chitosan seemed to improve the bone tissue regeneration in a surgical bone defect. This result provides validity to biochemical approaches for therapeutical correction of afflictions in the elderly, such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. A. Muzzarelli
- Center for Innovative Biomaterials, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ancona, IT-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - G. Biagini
- Center for Innovative Biomaterials, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ancona, IT-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - M. Mattioli Belmonte
- Center for Innovative Biomaterials, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ancona, IT-60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - O. Talassi
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. G. Gandolfi
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - R. Solmi
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - S. Carraro
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - R. Giardino
- Experimental Surgery I.O.R., Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Fini
- Experimental Surgery I.O.R., Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, Italy
| | - N. Nicoli-Aldini
- Experimental Surgery I.O.R., Via di Barbiano 1/10, Bologna, Italy
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21
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Abstract
Since the identification in 1988 of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) as a potent inducer of bone and cartilage formation, BMP superfamily signalling has become one of the most heavily investigated topics in vertebrate skeletal biology. Whereas a large part of this research has focused on the roles of BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 in the formation and repair of endochondral bone, a large number of BMP superfamily molecules have now been implicated in almost all aspects of bone, cartilage and joint biology. As modulating BMP signalling is currently a major therapeutic target, our rapidly expanding knowledge of how BMP superfamily signalling affects most tissue types of the skeletal system creates enormous potential to translate basic research findings into successful clinical therapies that improve bone mass or quality, ameliorate diseases of skeletal overgrowth, and repair damage to bone and joints. This Review examines the genetic evidence implicating BMP superfamily signalling in vertebrate bone and joint development, discusses a selection of human skeletal disorders associated with altered BMP signalling and summarizes the status of modulating the BMP pathway as a therapeutic target for skeletal trauma and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S Salazar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Laura W Gamer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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22
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Linz A, Knieper Y, Gronau T, Hansen U, Aszodi A, Garbi N, Hämmerling GJ, Pap T, Bruckner P, Dreier R. ER Stress During the Pubertal Growth Spurt Results in Impaired Long-Bone Growth in Chondrocyte-Specific ERp57 Knockout Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1481-93. [PMID: 25704664 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Long-bone growth by endochondral ossification is cooperatively accomplished by chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophic differentiation, and appropriate secretion of collagens, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans into the extracellular matrix (ECM). Before folding and entering the secretory pathway, ECM macromolecules in general are subject to extensive posttranslational modification, orchestrated by chaperone complexes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ERp57 is a member of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family and facilitates correct folding of newly synthesized glycoproteins by rearrangement of native disulfide bonds. Here, we show that ERp57-dependent PDI activity is essential for postnatal skeletal growth, especially during the pubertal growth spurt characterized by intensive matrix deposition. Loss of ERp57 in growth plates of cartilage-specific ERp57 knockout mice (ERp57 KO) results in ER stress, unfolded protein response (UPR), reduced proliferation, and accelerated apoptotic cell death of chondrocytes. Together this results in a delay of long-bone growth with the following characteristics: (1) enlarged growth plates; (2) expanded hypertrophic zones; (3) retarded osteoclast recruitment; (4) delayed remodeling of the proteoglycan-rich matrix; and (5) reduced numbers of bone trabeculae. All the growth plate and bone abnormalities, however, become attenuated after the pubertal growth spurt, when protein synthesis is decelerated and, hence, ERp57 function is less essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Linz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Westfalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Yvonne Knieper
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Westfalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Gronau
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine (IEMM), University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine (IEMM), University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Attila Aszodi
- Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Günter J Hämmerling
- Division of Molecular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Pap
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine (IEMM), University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Bruckner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Westfalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rita Dreier
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Westfalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany
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23
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Masuda E, Shirai K, Maekubo K, Hirai Y. A newly established culture method highlights regulatory roles of retinoic acid on morphogenesis and calcification of mammalian limb cartilage. Biotechniques 2015; 58:318-24. [DOI: 10.2144/000114300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During mammalian embryogenesis, sclerotome-derived chondrocytes in the limb bud are arranged into a complicated bone shape with specific areas undergoing hypertrophy and calcification, creating a region-specific mineralized pattern in the cartilage. To follow chondrogenesis progression in vitro, we isolated limb cartilage from mice on embryonic day 13 (E13) and cultured it at the air-liquid interface after microsurgical removal of the ectoderm/epidermis. Explants underwent proper morphogenesis, giving rise to complete templates for limb bones in vitro. We found that region-specific calcification patterns resembling limbs of prepartum mature embryos could be induced in explants using culture medium containing high concentrations of CaCl2 (Ca), ascorbic acid (AA), and β-glycerophosphoric acid (BGP). In this culture system, excess amounts of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) severely disrupted morphogenesis and calcification patterns in limb cartilage. These effects were more pronounced in forearms than in phalanges. Although dissociated, the nascent chondrocytes in culture did not give rise to cartilage units even though augmented calcification was induced in these cell aggregates in the presence of RA. Taken together, our newly established culture system revealed that RA independently regulates three-dimensional morphogenesis and calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eizo Masuda
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Kota Shirai
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Kenji Maekubo
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Yohei Hirai
- Department of Bioscience, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
- Research Center for Intelligent Bio-Materials, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
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Zhang H, Zhou Z, Luo J, Hou J. Effects of corticosterone on the metabolic activity of cultured chicken chondrocytes. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:86. [PMID: 25880747 PMCID: PMC4393584 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corticosterone is one of the most crucial glucocorticoids (GCs) in poultry. Our previous study shows that corticosterone can retard the longitudinal growth of bones by depressing the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in broilers. The present study was designed to investigate whether corticosterone affect the development of chondrocytes and the synthesis of collagen in vitro. The chondrocytes were isolated from proximal tibial growth plates of 6-week-old broiler chickens and cultured with different doses of corticosterone for 48 h. Then the cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the expression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and type X collagen (Col X) were detected. Results At 10−9-10−6 M concentration, corticosterone significantly inhibited the viability and differentiation of chondrocytes, as indicated by decreases in ALP and type X collagen expression. Conversely, there was completely opposite effect at 10−10 M. In addition, the expression of PTHrP was significantly downregulated at 10−6 M and 10−8 M, and was upregulated at 10−10 M. Conclusions The results suggested that corticosterone regulated chicken chondrocytes performance depending on its concentration with high concentrations inhibiting the viability and differentiation of chondrocytes and light concentrations promoting them, and these roles of corticosterone may be in part mediated through PTHrP. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0398-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
| | - Zhenlei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
| | - Jingwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
| | - Jiafa Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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Noh MJ, Copeland O, O’Mara M, Lee KH. Cell mediated gene therapy: A guide for doctors in the clinic. World J Med Genet 2015; 5:1-13. [DOI: 10.5496/wjmg.v5.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent approval of gene therapy products in Europe and Asia and the upsurge of gene therapy products in clinical trials signal the rebound of this technology not only for many orphan diseases but also for non-life threatening diseases. Following the success of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in research, other modified ex vivo gene therapies are also knocking on the door of the clinic. Historically, gene therapy has experienced many ups and downs and still faces many challenges. During the past 10 years, many new ideas have been tried, and the goal of making this technology a more effective treatment modality through greater safety and control is coming within reach. The first clinical trial of iPS cells has begun, and cell mediated gene therapy products have reached phase III in some countries. The potential for tumorigenicity and immunogenicity are still concerns with these products, so physicians should understand the biological aspects of engineered cells in the clinic. In this review article, we attempted to provide a summary update of the current state of knowledge regarding this technology: that is, we reviewed products that have finished clinical trials, are still in clinical trials and/or are at the research stage. We also focused on the challenges, future directions, and strategies for making this technology available in the clinic. In addition, the available measures for making gene therapy products safer are within the scope of this article. It is also important to understand the manufacturing process for gene therapy products, because cell characteristics can change during the cell expansion process. When physicians use gene therapy products in the clinic, they should be aware of the viability, temperature sensitivity and stability of these cells because biologic products are different from chemical products. Although we may not be able to answer all possible questions and concerns, we believe that this is the right time for physicians to increase their interest in and understanding of this evolving technology.
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Constitutive L-Sox5 overexpression delays differentiation of ATDC5 cells into chondrocytes and correlates with reduced expression of differentiation markers. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 401:21-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Pretzel D, Linss S, Ahrem H, Endres M, Kaps C, Klemm D, Kinne RW. A novel in vitro bovine cartilage punch model for assessing the regeneration of focal cartilage defects with biocompatible bacterial nanocellulose. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R59. [PMID: 23673274 PMCID: PMC4060236 DOI: 10.1186/ar4231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Current therapies for articular cartilage defects fail to achieve qualitatively sufficient tissue regeneration, possibly because of a mismatch between the speed of cartilage rebuilding and the resorption of degradable implant polymers. The present study focused on the self-healing capacity of resident cartilage cells in conjunction with cell-free and biocompatible (but non-resorbable) bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). This was tested in a novel in vitro bovine cartilage punch model. Methods Standardized bovine cartilage discs with a central defect filled with BNC were cultured for up to eight weeks with/without stimulation with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1. Cartilage formation and integrity were analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Content, release and neosynthesis of the matrix molecules proteoglycan/aggrecan, collagen II and collagen I were also quantified. Finally, gene expression of these molecules was profiled in resident chondrocytes and chondrocytes migrated onto the cartilage surface or the implant material. Results Non-stimulated and especially TGF-β1-stimulated cartilage discs displayed a preserved structural and functional integrity of the chondrocytes and surrounding matrix, remained vital in long-term culture (eight weeks) without signs of degeneration and showed substantial synthesis of cartilage-specific molecules at the protein and mRNA level. Whereas mobilization of chondrocytes from the matrix onto the surface of cartilage and implant was pivotal for successful seeding of cell-free BNC, chondrocytes did not immigrate into the central BNC area, possibly due to the relatively small diameter of its pores (2 to 5 μm). Chondrocytes on the BNC surface showed signs of successful redifferentiation over time, including increase of aggrecan/collagen type II mRNA, decrease of collagen type I mRNA and initial deposition of proteoglycan and collagen type II in long-term high-density pellet cultures. Although TGF-β1 stimulation showed protective effects on matrix integrity, effects on other parameters were limited. Conclusions The present bovine cartilage punch model represents a robust, reproducible and highly suitable tool for the long-term culture of cartilage, maintaining matrix integrity and homoeostasis. As an alternative to animal studies, this model may closely reflect early stages of cartilage regeneration, allowing the evaluation of promising biomaterials with/without chondrogenic factors.
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Liu J, Nie H, Xu Z, Niu X, Guo S, Yin J, Guo F, Li G, Wang Y, Zhang C. The effect of 3D nanofibrous scaffolds on the chondrogenesis of induced pluripotent stem cells and their application in restoration of cartilage defects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111566. [PMID: 25389965 PMCID: PMC4229072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) rendered the reprogramming of terminally differentiated cells to primary stem cells with pluripotency possible and provided potential for the regeneration and restoration of cartilage defect. Chondrogenic differentiation of iPSCs is crucial for their application in cartilage tissue engineering. In this study we investigated the effect of 3D nanofibrous scaffolds on the chondrogenesis of iPSCs and articular cartilage defect restoration. Super-hydrophilic and durable mechanic polycaprolactone (PCL)/gelatin scaffolds were fabricated using two separate electrospinning processes. The morphological structure and mechanical properties of the scaffolds were characterized. The chondrogenesis of the iPSCs in vitro and the restoration of the cartilage defect was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), histological observation, RT-qPCR, and western blot analysis. iPSCs on the scaffolds expressed higher levels of chondrogenic markers than the control group. In an animal model, cartilage defects implanted with the scaffold-cell complex exhibited an enhanced gross appearance and histological improvements, higher cartilage-specific gene expression and protein levels, as well as subchondral bone regeneration. Therefore, we showed scaffolds with a 3D nanofibrous structure enhanced the chondrogenesis of iPSCs and that iPSC-containing scaffolds improved the restoration of cartilage defects to a greater degree than did scaffolds alone in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huarong Nie
- Institute of Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhengliang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Niu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shangchun Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhui Yin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Polymers, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regeneration Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Room 904, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CZ); (YW)
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CZ); (YW)
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Chen K, Xiong H, Xu N, Shen Y, Huang Y, Liu C. Chondrogenic potential of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth in vitro and in vivo. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:664-72. [PMID: 24580092 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2014.888756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the chondrogenic potential of stem cells from human exfoliated teeth (SHED). MATERIALS AND METHODS SHED cultures were isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Colony-forming capacity, odonto/osteogenic and adipogenic potential were measured. SHED were cultured for 2 weeks in chondrogenic differentiation medium containing dexamethasone, insulin, ascorbate phosphate, TGF-β3 and bFGF. Toluidine blue staining and safranin O staining were used for chondrogenesis analysis. The related markers, type II collagen and aggrecan, were also investigated using immunohistochemistry. SHED were seeded onto the β-TCP scaffolds and transplanted into the subcutaneous space on the back of nude mice. The transplants were recovered at 2, 4 and 8 weeks post-transplantation for analysis. RESULTS SHED showed colony-forming capacity, odonto/osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacity. Chondrogenic differentiation was confirmed by toluidine blue staining, safranin O staining, type II collagen and aggrecan immunostaining. After in vivo transplantation, SHED recombined with β-TCP scaffolds were able to generate new cartilage-like tissues. CONCLUSIONS The findings demonstrate the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of SHED both in vitro and in vivo models, suggesting the potential of SHED in cartilage tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center , Guangzhou , PR China
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Wu C, Tian B, Qu X, Liu F, Tang T, Qin A, Zhu Z, Dai K. MicroRNAs play a role in chondrogenesis and osteoarthritis (review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:13-23. [PMID: 24736803 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most widespread degenerative joint diseases affecting the elderly. Research into the regulatory mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of OA is therefore warranted, and over the past decade, there has been an increased focus on the functional role of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs). In this systematic review, we aimed to review the evidence implicating miRNAs in the pathogenesis of chondrogenesis and OA. Systematic reviews of PubMed and Embase were performed to search for studies using strings of miRNAs, non-coding RNAs, cartilage, chondrocytes, chondrogenesis, chondrocytogenesis and OA. The identified studies were retrieved, and the references provided were searched. The selected studies were required to focus on the role of miRNAs in chondrogenesis and OA. The results of this review indicated that more than 25 miRNAs have been implicated in chondrogenesis and OA. In particular, chondrocytogenesis, chondrogenic differentiation, chondrocyte proliferation, chondrocyte hypertrophy, endochondral ossification, and proteolytic enzyme regulation are targeted or facilitated by more than 1 miRNA. To date, limited efforts have been performed to evaluate translational applications for this knowledge. Novel therapeutic strategies have been developed and are under investigation to selectively modulate miRNAs, which could potentially enable personalized OA therapy. miRNAs appear to be important modulators of chondrogenesis and OA. Their expression is frequently altered in OA, and many are functionally implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. The translational roles and therapeutic potential of miRNAs remains to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlong Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Bo Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Qu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Fengxiang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - An Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Zhenan Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Kerong Dai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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Safari M, Khoshnevisan A. An overview of the role of cancer stem cells in spine tumors with a special focus on chordoma. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:53-64. [PMID: 24567788 PMCID: PMC3927014 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary malignant tumors of the spine are relatively rare, less than 5% of all spinal column tumors. However, these lesions are often among the most difficult to treat and encompass challenging pathologies such as chordoma and a variety of invasive sarcomas. The mechanisms of tumor recurrence after surgical intervention, as well as resistance to radiation and chemotherapy, remain a pervasive and costly problem. Recent evidence has emerged supporting the hypothesis that solid tumors contain a sub-population of cancer cells that possess characteristics normally associated with stem cells. Particularly, the potential for long-term proliferation appears to be restricted to subpopulations of cancer stem cells (CSCs) functionally defined by their capacity to self-renew and give rise to differentiated cells that phenotypically recapitulate the original tumor, thereby causing relapse and patient death. These cancer stem cells present a unique opportunity to better understand the biology of solid tumors in general, as well as targets for future therapeutics. The general objective of the current study is to discuss the fundamental concepts for understanding the role of CSCs with respect to chemoresistance, radioresistance, special cell surface markers, cancer recurrence and metastasis in tumors of the osseous spine. This discussion is followed by a specific review of what is known about the role of CSCs in chordoma, the most common primary malignant osseous tumor of the spine.
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Kanbe K, Inoue K, Xiang C, Chen Q. Identification of clock as a mechanosensitive gene by large-scale DNA microarray analysis: downregulation in osteoarthritic cartilage. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-006-0469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Nepal M, Li L, Cho HK, Park JK, Soh Y. Kaempferol induces chondrogenesis in ATDC5 cells through activation of ERK/BMP-2 signaling pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:238-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Szénási T, Kénesi E, Nagy A, Molnár A, Bálint BL, Zvara Á, Csabai Z, Deák F, Boros Oláh B, Mátés L, Nagy L, Puskás LG, Kiss I. Hmgb1 can facilitate activation of the matrilin-1 gene promoter by Sox9 and L-Sox5/Sox6 in early steps of chondrogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1829:1075-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Karl A, Olbrich N, Pfeifer C, Berner A, Zellner J, Kujat R, Angele P, Nerlich M, Mueller MB. Thyroid hormone-induced hypertrophy in mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis is mediated by bone morphogenetic protein-4. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:178-88. [PMID: 23937304 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenic differentiating mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) express markers of hypertrophic growth plate chondrocytes. As hypertrophic cartilage undergoes ossification, this is a concern for the application of MSCs in articular cartilage tissue engineering. To identify mechanisms that elicit this phenomenon, we used an in vitro hypertrophy model of chondrifying MSCs for differential gene expression analysis and functional experiments with the focus on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Hypertrophy was induced in chondrogenic MSC pellet cultures by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and dexamethasone withdrawal and addition of triiodothyronine. Differential gene expression analysis of BMPs and their receptors was performed. Based on these results, the in vitro hypertrophy model was used to investigate the effect of recombinant BMP4 and the BMP inhibitor Noggin. The enhancement of hypertrophy could be shown clearly by an increased cell size, alkaline phosphatase activity, and collagen type X deposition. Upon induction of hypertrophy, BMP4 and the BMP receptor 1B were upregulated. Addition of BMP4 further enhanced hypertrophy in the absence, but not in the presence of TGFβ and dexamethasone. Thyroid hormone induced hypertrophy by upregulation of BMP4 and this induced enhancement of hypertrophy could be blocked by the BMP antagonist Noggin. BMP signaling is an important modulator of the late differentiation stages in MSC chondrogenesis and the thyroid hormone induces this pathway. As cartilage tissue engineering constructs will be exposed to this factor in vivo, this study provides important insight into the biology of MSC-based cartilage. Furthermore, the possibility to engineer hypertrophic cartilage may be helpful for critical bone defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Karl
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University of Regensburg Medical Center , Regensburg, Germany
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Bone response of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) induced by corticosterone. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 164:410-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Berenschot EJW, Burouni N, Schurink B, van Honschoten JW, Sanders RGP, Truckenmuller R, Jansen HV, Elwenspoek MC, van Apeldoorn AA, Tas NR. 3D nanofabrication of fluidic components by corner lithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:3823-3831. [PMID: 22907803 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A reproducible wafer-scale method to obtain 3D nanostructures is investigated. This method, called corner lithography, explores the conformal deposition and the subsequent timed isotropic etching of a thin film in a 3D shaped silicon template. The technique leaves a residue of the thin film in sharp concave corners which can be used as structural material or as an inversion mask in subsequent steps. The potential of corner lithography is studied by fabrication of functional 3D microfluidic components, in particular i) novel tips containing nano-apertures at or near the apex for AFM-based liquid deposition devices, and ii) a novel particle or cell trapping device using an array of nanowire frames. The use of these arrays of nanowire cages for capturing single primary bovine chondrocytes by a droplet seeding method is successfully demonstrated, and changes in phenotype are observed over time, while retaining them in a well-defined pattern and 3D microenvironment in a flat array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin J W Berenschot
- Transducers Science and Technology Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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[Cell-based therapy options for osteochondral defects. Autologous mesenchymal stem cells compared to autologous chondrocytes]. DER ORTHOPADE 2012; 41:415-28; quiz 429-30. [PMID: 22581154 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-012-1933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage defects are multifactorial and site-specific and therefore need a clear analysis of the underlying pathology as well as an individualized therapy so that cartilage repair lacks a one-for-all therapy. The results of comparative clinical studies using cultured chondrocytes in autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) have shown some superiority over conventional microfracturing under defined conditions, especially for medium or large defects and in long-term durability. Adult mesenchymal stem cells can be isolated from bone marrow, have the potency to proliferate in culture and are capable of differentiating into the chondrogenic pathway. They represent a promising versatile cell source for cartilage repair but the ideal conditions for cultivation and application in cartilage repair are not yet known or have not yet been characterized. Adding a scaffold offers mechanical stability and advances chondrogenic differentiation for both possible cell sources.
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Simsa-Maziel S, Monsonego-Ornan E. Interleukin-1β promotes proliferation and inhibits differentiation of chondrocytes through a mechanism involving down-regulation of FGFR-3 and p21. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2296-310. [PMID: 22492305 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β is elevated in many childhood chronic inflammatory diseases as well as obesity and can be associated with growth retardation. Here we show that IL-1β affects bone growth by directly disturbing the normal sequence of events in the growth plate, resulting in increased proliferation and widening of the proliferative zone, whereas the hypertrophic zone becomes disorganized, with impaired matrix structure and increased apoptosis and osteoclast activity. This was also evident in vitro: IL-1β increased proliferation and caused a G1-to-S phase shift in the cell cycle in ATDC5 chondrocytes, accompanied by a reduction in fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR-3) and its downstream gene, the cell-cycle inhibitor p21 and its family member p57, whereas the cell-cycle promoter E2F-2 was increased. The reduction in FGFR-3, p21, and p57 was followed by delayed cell differentiation, manifested by decreases in proteoglycan synthesis, mineralization, alkaline phosphatase activity, and the expression of Sox9, RunX2, collagen type II, collagen type X, and other matrix proteins. Taken together, we suggest that IL-1β alters normal chondrogenesis and bone growth through a mechanism involving down-regulation of FGFR-3 and p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Simsa-Maziel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Oliveira JT, Crawford A, Mundy JL, Sol PC, Correlo VM, Bhattacharya M, Neves NM, Hatton PV, Reis RL. Novel Melt-Processable Chitosan–Polybutylene Succinate Fibre Scaffolds for Cartilage Tissue Engineering. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 22:773-88. [DOI: 10.1163/092050610x494604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João T. Oliveira
- a 3B's Research Group — Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Taipas, Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal; IBB, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Associated Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Aileen Crawford
- b Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Jenifer L. Mundy
- c Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Paula C. Sol
- d 3B's Research Group — Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Taipas, Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal; IBB, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Associated Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Vitor M. Correlo
- e 3B's Research Group — Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Taipas, Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal; IBB, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Associated Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mrinal Bhattacharya
- f Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Nuno M. Neves
- g 3B's Research Group — Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Taipas, Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal; IBB, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Associated Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paul V. Hatton
- h Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Rui L. Reis
- i 3B's Research Group — Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Taipas, Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal; IBB, Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Associated Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
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Inhibition of RhoA but not ROCK induces chondrogenesis of chick limb mesenchymal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:500-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Potential of human embryonic stem cells in cartilage tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:544-59. [PMID: 21188652 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current surgical intervention of using autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) for cartilage repair is associated with several problems such as donor site morbidity, de-differentiation upon expansion and fibrocartilage repair following transplantation. This has led to exploration of the use of stem cells as a model for chondrogenic differentiation as well as a potential source of chondrogenic cells for cartilage tissue engineering and repair. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are advantageous, due to their unlimited self-renewal and pluripotency, thus representing an immortal cell source that could potentially provide an unlimited supply of chondrogenic cells for both cell and tissue-based therapies and replacements. This review aims to present an overview of emerging trends of using ESCs in cartilage tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In particular, we will be focusing on ESCs as a promising cell source for cartilage regeneration, the various strategies and approaches employed in chondrogenic differentiation and tissue engineering, the associated outcomes from animal studies, and the challenges that need to be overcome before clinical application is possible.
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Musumeci G, Lo Furno D, Loreto C, Giuffrida R, Caggia S, Leonardi R, Cardile V. Mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue which have been differentiated into chondrocytes in three-dimensional culture express lubricin. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:1333-41. [PMID: 22036733 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focused on the isolation, cultivation and characterization of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adipose tissue and on their differentiation into chondrocytes through the NH ChondroDiff medium. The main aim was to investigate some markers of biomechanical quality of cartilage, such as lubricin, and collagen type I and II. Little is known, in fact, about the ability of chondrocytes from human MSCs of adipose tissue to generate lubricin in three-dimensional (3D) culture. Lubricin, a 227.5-kDa mucinous glycoprotein, is known to play an important role in articular joint physiology, and the loss of accumulation of lubricin is thought to play a role in the pathology of osteoarthritis. Adipose tissue is an alternative source for the isolation of multipotent MSCs, which allows them to be obtained by a less invasive method and in larger quantities than from other sources. These cells can be isolated from cosmetic liposuctions in large numbers and easily grown under standard tissue culture conditions. 3D chondrocytes were assessed by histology (hematoxylin and eosin) and histochemistry (Alcian blue and Safranin-O/fast green staining). Collagen type I, II and lubricin expression was determined through immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The results showed that, compared with control cartilage and monolayer chondrocytes showing just collagen type I, chondrocytes from MSCs (CD44-, CD90- and CD105- positive; CD45-, CD14- and CD34-negative) of adipose tissue grown in nodules were able to express lubricin, and collagen type I and II, indicative of hyaline cartilage formation. Based on the function of lubricin in the joint cavity and disease and as a potential therapeutic agent, our results suggest that MSCs from adipose tissue are a promising cell source for tissue engineering of cartilage. Our results suggest that chondrocyte nodules producing lubricin could be a novel biotherapeutic approach for the treatment of cartilage abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Kim D, Choi B, Song J, Kim S, Oh S, Jin EH, Kang SS, Jin EJ. TiO2 nanotube stimulate chondrogenic differentiation of limb mesenchymal cells by modulating focal activity. Exp Mol Med 2011; 43:455-61. [PMID: 21677506 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.8.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertically aligned, laterally spaced nanoscale titanium nanotubes were grown on a titanium surface by anodization, and the growth of chondroprogenitors on the resulting surfaces was investigated. Surfaces bearing nanotubes of 70 to 100 nm in diameter were found to trigger the morphological transition to a cortical actin pattern and rounded cell shape (both indicative of chondrocytic differentiation), as well as the up-regulation of type II collagen and integrin beta4 protein expression through the down-regulation of Erk activity. Inhibition of Erk signaling reduced stress fiber formation and induced the transition to the cortical actin pattern in cells cultured on 30-nm-diameter nanotubes, which maintained their fibroblastoid morphologies in the absence of Erk inhibition. Collectively, these results indicate that a titanium-based nanotube surface can support chondrocytic functions among chondroprogenitors, and may therefore be useful for future cartilaginous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Korea
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Toh WS, Spector M, Lee EH, Cao T. Biomaterial-Mediated Delivery of Microenvironmental Cues for Repair and Regeneration of Articular Cartilage. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:994-1001. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Seong Toh
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, VA Boston Healthcare System, MS 151, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Myron Spector
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, VA Boston Healthcare System, MS 151, Boston, Massachusetts 02130, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eng Hin Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 27 Medical Drive, Singapore 117510
| | - Tong Cao
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, 11 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119083
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Puetzer JL, Petitte JN, Loboa EG. Comparative review of growth factors for induction of three-dimensional in vitro chondrogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from bone marrow and adipose tissue. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 16:435-44. [PMID: 20196646 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2009.0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability of bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) to undergo chondrogenic differentiation has been studied extensively, and it has been suggested that the chondrogenic potential of these stem cells differ from each other. Here, we provide a comprehensive review and analysis of the various growth factor induction agents for MSC and ASC three-dimensional in vitro chondrogenic differentiation. In general, the most common growth factors for chondrogenic induction come from the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily. To date, the most promising growth factors for chondrogenesis appear to be TGFbeta-3 and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-6. A thorough review of the literature indicates that human MSCs (hMSCs) appear to exhibit the highest chondrogenic potential in three-dimensional culture in the medium containing both dexamethasone and TGFbeta-3. Some reports indicate that the addition of BMP-6 to TFGbeta-3 and dexamethasone further increases hMSC chondrogenesis, but these results are still not consistently supported. Induction of human ASC (hASC) chondrogenesis appears most successful when dexamethasone, TGFbeta-3, and BMP-6 are used in combination. However, to date, current formulations do not always result in stable differentiation to the chondrocytic lineage by hMSCs and hASCs. Continued research must be performed to examine the expression cascades of the TFGbeta superfamily to further determine the effects of each growth factor alone and in combination on these stem cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Puetzer
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at UNC-Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
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Donos N, Graziani F, Mardas N, Kostopoulos L. The use of human hypertrophic chondrocytes-derived extracellular matrix for the treatment of critical-size calvarial defects. Clin Oral Implants Res 2011; 22:1346-53. [PMID: 21382090 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.02120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of immortalized hypertrophic chondrocytes extracellular matrix (HCM) with or without the use of guided bone regeneration (GBR) on the healing of critical-size calvarial defects. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 42 rats, 5 mm critical-size calvarial defects were surgically created. The animals were randomly allocated to six groups of seven rats each: Group A1: one defect was left untreated (control), while the contralateral defect was covered by a double non-resorbable membrane (GBR). Group B1: one defect was filled with calcium phosphate cement (CP), while the contralateral defect was treated with GBR and CP. Group C1: one defect was filled with a mixture of CP and HCM, while the contralateral defect was treated with GBR and CP+HCM. The healing period for all three groups was 30 days. The remaining three groups were treated in a similar manner but the healing period was 60 days. Five animals from each group were evaluated by maceration and two animals were analysed histologically. RESULTS At 30 days, all the control-treated defects did not present complete closure. When GBR was applied alone or combined with CP, 3/5 and 5/5 defects, respectively, presented complete closure. At 60 days, one defect from the control group presented complete closure. All the defects treated with GBR alone presented complete closure, whereas the combined use of GBR with CP or CP+HCM resulted in 4/5 and 3/5 defects with complete closure, respectively. The only treatment modality that did not present any specimen with defect closure at both 30 and 60 days was the combination of CP+HCM. The histological analysis indicated that when GBR was not used alone, the healing consisted of an amorphous acellular structure and loose granulation tissue, which, even though clinically resembled hard tissue, did not demonstrate the histological characteristics of bone. CONCLUSION The predictability of bone formation in critical-size defects depends mainly on the presence or absence of barrier membranes. The combined use of GBR with calcium phosphate alone or in combination with immortalized human HCM did not enhance the potential for osseous healing provided by the GBR procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Donos
- Periodontology Unit, Department of Clinical Research, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK.
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Evolutionarily conserved, growth plate zone-specific regulation of the matrilin-1 promoter: L-Sox5/Sox6 and Nfi factors bound near TATA finely tune activation by Sox9. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 31:686-99. [PMID: 21173167 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00019-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To help uncover the mechanisms underlying the staggered expression of cartilage-specific genes in the growth plate, we dissected the transcriptional mechanisms driving expression of the matrilin-1 gene (Matn1). We show that a unique assembly of evolutionarily conserved cis-acting elements in the Matn1 proximal promoter restricts expression to the proliferative and prehypertrophic zones of the growth plate. These elements functionally interact with distal elements and likewise are capable of restricting the domain of activity of a pancartilaginous Col2a1 enhancer. The proximal elements include a Pe1 element binding the chondrogenic L-Sox5, Sox6, and Sox9 proteins, a SI element binding Nfi proteins, and an initiator Ine element binding the Sox trio and other factors. Sox9 binding to Pe1 is indispensable for functional interaction with the distal promoter. Binding of L-Sox5/Sox6 to Ine and Nfib to SI modulates Sox9 transactivation in a protein dose-dependent manner, possibly to enhance Sox9 activity in early stages of chondrogenesis and repress it at later stages. Hence, our data suggest a novel model whereby Sox and Nfi proteins bind to conserved Matn1 proximal elements and functionally interact with each other to finely tune gene expression in specific zones of the cartilage growth plate.
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Murray DH, Bush PG, Brenkel IJ, Hall AC. Abnormal human chondrocyte morphology is related to increased levels of cell-associated IL-1β and disruption to pericellular collagen type VI. J Orthop Res 2010; 28:1507-14. [PMID: 20872589 PMCID: PMC3149127 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Early osteoarthritis (OA) is poorly understood, but abnormal chondrocyte morphology might be important. We studied IL-1β and pericellular collagen type VI in morphologically normal and abnormal chondrocytes. In situ chondrocytes within explants from nondegenerate (grade 0/1) areas of human tibial plateaus (n = 21) were fluorescently labeled and visualized [2-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM)]. Normal chondrocytes exhibited a "smooth" membrane surface, whereas abnormal cells were defined as demonstrating ≥1 cytoplasmic process. Abnormal chondrocytes were further classified by number and average length of cytoplasmic processes/cell. IL-1β or collagen type VI associated with single chondrocytes were visualized by fluorescence immuno-histochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Fluorescence was quantified as the number of positive voxels (i.e., 3D pixels with fluorescence above baseline)/cell. IL-1β-associated fluorescence increased between normal and all abnormal cells in the superficial (99.7 ± 29.8 [11 (72)] vs. 784 ± 382 [15 (132)]; p = 0.04, positive voxels/cell) and deep zones (66.5 ± 29.4 [9 (64)] vs. 795 ± 224 [9 (56)]; p = 0.006). There was a correlation (r(2) = 0.988) between the number of processes/cell (0-5) and IL-1β, and an increase particularly with short processes (≤5 µm; p = 0.022). Collagen type VI coverage and thickness decreased (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively) with development of processes. Abnormal chondrocytes in macroscopically nondegenerate cartilage demonstrated a marked increase in IL-1β and loss of pericellular type VI collagen, changes that could lead to cartilage degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianne H Murray
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of EdinburghHugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Bush
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of EdinburghHugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan J Brenkel
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Queen Margaret Hospital, Fife Acute Hospitals NHS TrustDunfermline, Fife KY12 0SU, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Hall
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of EdinburghHugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, Scotland, United Kingdom
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