1
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Otaka A, Hirota T, Iwasaki Y. Direct Fabrication of Glycoengineered Cells via Photoresponsive Thiol-ene Reaction. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2068-2073. [PMID: 38477551 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing of cell constructs with high-cell density, shape fidelity, and heterogeneous cell populations is an important tool for investigating cell sociology in living tissues but remains challenging. Herein, we propose an artificial intercellular adhesion method using a photoresponsive chemical cue between a thiol-bearing polymer and a methacrylate-bearing cell membrane. This process provided cell fabrication containing 108 cells/mL, embedded multiple cell populations in one structure, and enabled millimeter-sized scaleup. Our approach allows for the artificial cell construction of complex structures and is a promising bioprinting strategy for engineering tissues that are structurally and physiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Otaka
- Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Taisuke Hirota
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Iwasaki
- Organization for Research and Development of Innovative Science and Technology, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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2
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Zhao G, Mukherjee U, Zhou L, Wu Y, Yao W, Mauro JN, Liu P, Ngai MY. C2-ketonylation of carbohydrates via excited-state palladium-catalyzed 1,2-spin-center shift. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6276-6282. [PMID: 35733909 PMCID: PMC9159084 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C2-ketonyl-2-deoxysugars, sugars with the C2-hydroxyl group replaced by a ketone side chain, are important carbohydrate mimetics in glycobiology and drug discovery studies; however, their preparation remains a vital challenge in organic synthesis. Here we report the first direct strategy to synthesize this class of glycomimetics from readily available 1-bromosugars and silyl enol ethers via an excited-state palladium-catalyzed 1,2-spin-center shift (SCS) process. This step-economic reaction features broad substrate scope, has a high functional group tolerance, and can be used in late-stage functionalization of natural product- and drug-glycoconjugates. Preliminary experimental and computational mechanistic studies suggested a non-chain radical mechanism involving photoexcited palladium species, a 1,2-SCS process, and a radical Mizoroki-Heck reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Upasana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Jaclyn N Mauro
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, The State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA
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3
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Brandt R, Timm S, Gorenflos López JL, Kwame Abledu J, Kuebler WM, Hackenberger CPR, Ochs M, Lopez-Rodriguez E. Metabolic Glycoengineering Enables the Ultrastructural Visualization of Sialic Acids in the Glycocalyx of the Alveolar Epithelial Cell Line hAELVi. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:614357. [PMID: 33520965 PMCID: PMC7841390 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.614357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx—a plethora of sugars forming a dense layer that covers the cell membrane—is commonly found on the epithelial surface of lumen forming tissue. New glycocalyx specific properties have been defined for various organs in the last decade. However, in the lung alveolar epithelium, its structure and functions remain almost completely unexplored. This is partly due to the lack of physiologically relevant, cost effective in vitro models. As the glycocalyx is an essential but neglected part of the alveolar epithelial barrier, understanding its properties holds the promise to enhance the pulmonary administration of drugs and delivery of nanoparticles. Here, using air-liquid-interface (ALI) cell culture, we focus on combining metabolic glycoengineering with glycan specific electron and confocal microscopy to visualize the glycocalyx of a recently immortalized human alveolar epithelial cell line (hAELVi). For this purpose, we applied different bioorthogonal labeling approaches to visualize sialic acid—an amino sugar that provides negative charge to the lung epithelial glycocalyx—using both fluorescence and gold-nanoparticle labeling. Further, we compared mild chemical fixing/freeze substitution and standard cytochemical electron microscopy embedding protocols for their capacity of contrasting the glycocalyx. In our study, we established hAELVi cells as a convenient model for investigating human alveolar epithelial glycocalyx. Transmission electron microscopy revealed hAELVi cells to develop ultrastructural features reminiscent of alveolar epithelial type II cells (ATII). Further, we visualized extracellular uni- and multilamellar membranous structures in direct proximity to the glycocalyx at ultrastructural level, indicating putative interactions. The lamellar membranes were able to form structures of higher organization, and we report sialic acid to be present within those. In conclusion, combining metabolite specific glycoengineering with ultrastructural localization presents an innovative method with high potential to depict the molecular distribution of individual components of the alveolar epithelial glycocalyx and its interaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Brandt
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Timm
- Core Facility Electron Microscopy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob L Gorenflos López
- Department Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian P R Hackenberger
- Department Chemical Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Core Facility Electron Microscopy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Lopez-Rodriguez
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Sieber S, Hsiao CC, Emmanouilidou D, Debowski AW, Stubbs KA, Gademann K. Syntheses and biological investigations of kirkamide and oseltamivir hybrid derivatives. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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5
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Moons SJ, Adema GJ, Derks MT, Boltje TJ, Büll C. Sialic acid glycoengineering using N-acetylmannosamine and sialic acid analogs. Glycobiology 2020; 29:433-445. [PMID: 30913290 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids cap the glycans of cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids. They are involved in a multitude of biological processes and aberrant sialic acid expression is associated with several pathologies. Sialic acids modulate the characteristics and functions of glycoproteins and regulate cell-cell as well as cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Pathogens such as influenza virus use sialic acids to infect host cells and cancer cells exploit sialic acids to escape from the host's immune system. The introduction of unnatural sialic acids with different functionalities into surface glycans enables the study of the broad biological functions of these sugars and presents a therapeutic option to intervene with pathological processes involving sialic acids. Multiple chemically modified sialic acid analogs can be directly utilized by cells for sialoglycan synthesis. Alternatively, analogs of the natural sialic acid precursor sugar N-Acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) can be introduced into the sialic acid biosynthesis pathway resulting in the intracellular conversion into the corresponding sialic acid analog. Both, ManNAc and sialic acid analogs, have been employed successfully for a large variety of glycoengineering applications such as glycan imaging, targeting toxins to tumor cells, inhibiting pathogen binding, or altering immune cell activity. However, there are significant differences between ManNAc and sialic acid analogs with respect to their chemical modification potential and cellular metabolism that should be considered in sialic acid glycoengineering experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam J Moons
- Cluster for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gosse J Adema
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Max Tgm Derks
- Cluster for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Cluster for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Büll
- Radiotherapy & OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 32, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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6
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Lee SU, Li CF, Mortales CL, Pawling J, Dennis JW, Grigorian A, Demetriou M. Increasing cell permeability of N-acetylglucosamine via 6-acetylation enhances capacity to suppress T-helper 1 (TH1)/TH17 responses and autoimmunity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214253. [PMID: 30913278 PMCID: PMC6435169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) branching of Asn (N)-linked glycans inhibits pro-inflammatory T cell responses and models of autoimmune diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Metabolism controls N-glycan branching in T cells by regulating de novo hexosamine pathway biosynthesis of UDP-GlcNAc, the donor substrate for the Golgi branching enzymes. Activated T cells switch metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis. This reduces flux of glucose and glutamine into the hexosamine pathway, thereby inhibiting de novo UDP-GlcNAc synthesis and N-glycan branching. Salvage of GlcNAc into the hexosamine pathway overcomes this metabolic suppression to restore UDP-GlcNAc synthesis and N-glycan branching, thereby promoting anti-inflammatory T regulatory (Treg) over pro-inflammatory T helper (TH) 17 and TH1 differentiation to suppress autoimmunity. However, GlcNAc activity is limited by the lack of a cell surface transporter and requires high doses to enter cells via macropinocytosis. Here we report that GlcNAc-6-acetate is a superior pro-drug form of GlcNAc. Acetylation of amino-sugars improves cell membrane permeability, with subsequent de-acetylation by cytoplasmic esterases allowing salvage into the hexosamine pathway. Per- and bi-acetylation of GlcNAc led to toxicity in T cells, whereas mono-acetylation at only the 6 > 3 position raised N-glycan branching greater than GlcNAc without inducing significant toxicity. GlcNAc-6-acetate inhibited T cell activation/proliferation, TH1/TH17 responses and disease progression in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. Thus, GlcNAc-6-Acetate may provide an improved therapeutic approach to raise N-glycan branching, inhibit pro-inflammatory T cell responses and treat autoimmune diseases such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Uk Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Glixis Therapeutics, LLC, Santa Rosa, California, United States of America
| | - Carey F. Li
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Christie-Lynn Mortales
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Judy Pawling
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James W. Dennis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ani Grigorian
- Glixis Therapeutics, LLC, Santa Rosa, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Demetriou
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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7
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Sugimoto S, Iwasaki Y. Surface Modification of Macrophages with Nucleic Acid Aptamers for Enhancing the Immune Response against Tumor Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:4160-4167. [PMID: 30395444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells play a dominant role in cancer immunotherapy. Tumor cells, however, can still resort to several mechanisms of immune evasion that ultimately lead to the development of tumor tissues. In the current study, we performed surface modification of live macrophages with nucleic acid aptamers with the aim to enhance their affinity for tumor cells. Intercellular adhesion of tumor cells to surface-modified macrophages and the functions of the macrophages when in contact with tumor cells were investigated. To immobilize thiol-terminated nucleic acid aptamers that showed high affinity for the membrane protein of the tumor cells, methacryloyl groups were delivered into the sialic acids of the macrophages via metabolic glycoengineering (MGE). The proposed surface modification was cytocompatible and did not induce any undesirable activation of macrophages. According to the cell proliferation assay, the density of aptamers immobilized on a macrophage was found to decrease over time. However, the presence of aptamers on the cell surface was observed for more than 24 h after the immobilization. The number of adherent tumor cells on aptamer-immobilized macrophages was significantly larger than that of non-immobilized macrophages. Although the number of adherent tumor cells on aptamer-immobilized macrophages was not influenced by the pretreatment of doxorubicin to induce apoptosis in tumor cells, the apoptosis-induced tumor cells were highly phagocytosed by the aptamer-immobilized macrophages. The secretion amount of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-12) from the macrophages was coincident with the phagocytic index, which increased with the phagocytic uptake of tumor cells by the macrophages. In addition, the expression level of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules, required for antigen presentation, increased in nucleic acid aptamer-immobilized macrophages. Overall, the surface modification of macrophages with nucleic acid aptamers improved the tumor cell recognition of macrophages, indicating that the combination of cell surface engineering and anticancer drug treatment could constitute a promising strategy for tumor cell elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sugimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering , Kansai University , 3-3-35 Yamate-cho , Suita-shi , Osaka 564-8680 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering , Kansai University , 3-3-35 Yamate-cho , Suita-shi , Osaka 564-8680 , Japan
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8
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Du Y, Xie R, Sun Y, Fan X, Chen X. Liposome-Assisted Metabolic Glycan Labeling With Cell and Tissue Selectivity. Methods Enzymol 2018; 598:321-353. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Bragg JT, D'Ambrosio HK, Smith TJ, Gorka CA, Khan FA, Rose JT, Rouff AJ, Fu TS, Bisnett BJ, Boyce M, Khetan S, Paulick MG. Esterified Trehalose Analogues Protect Mammalian Cells from Heat Shock. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1863-1870. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Bragg
- Department of Chemistry Union College 807 Union Street Schenectady NY 12308 USA
| | | | - Timothy J. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry Duke University Medical School 307 Research Drive Durham NC 27710 USA
| | - Caroline A. Gorka
- Department of Chemistry Union College 807 Union Street Schenectady NY 12308 USA
| | - Faraz A. Khan
- Department of Chemistry Union College 807 Union Street Schenectady NY 12308 USA
| | - Joshua T. Rose
- Department of Chemistry Union College 807 Union Street Schenectady NY 12308 USA
| | - Andrew J. Rouff
- Department of Chemistry Union College 807 Union Street Schenectady NY 12308 USA
| | - Terence S. Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences Union College 807 Union Street Schenectady NY 12308 USA
| | - Brittany J. Bisnett
- Department of Biochemistry Duke University Medical School 307 Research Drive Durham NC 27710 USA
| | - Michael Boyce
- Department of Biochemistry Duke University Medical School 307 Research Drive Durham NC 27710 USA
| | - Sudhir Khetan
- Bioengineering Program Union College 807 Union Street Schenectady NY 12308 USA
| | - Margot G. Paulick
- Department of Chemistry Union College 807 Union Street Schenectady NY 12308 USA
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10
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Cheng B, Xie R, Dong L, Chen X. Metabolic Remodeling of Cell-Surface Sialic Acids: Principles, Applications, and Recent Advances. Chembiochem 2015; 17:11-27. [PMID: 26573222 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-surface sialic acids are essential in mediating a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Sialic acid chemistry and biology remain challenging to investigate, demanding new tools for probing sialylation in living systems. The metabolic glycan labeling (MGL) strategy has emerged as an invaluable chemical biology tool that enables metabolic installation of useful functionalities into cell-surface sialoglycans by "hijacking" the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. Here we review the principles of MGL and its applications in study and manipulation of sialic acid function, with an emphasis on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center and, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ran Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center and, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lu Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center and, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center and, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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11
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Khalily MA, Gulseren G, Tekinay AB, Guler MO. Biocompatible Supramolecular Catalytic One-Dimensional Nanofibers for Efficient Labeling of Live Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2371-5. [PMID: 26457765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding complex cellular functions requires study and tracking of biomolecules such as proteins, glycans, and lipids in their natural environment. Herein, we report the first supramolecular nanocatalyst for bioorthogonal click reaction to label live cells. This biocompatible and biodegradable nanocatalyst was formed by self-assembled peptide nanofibers complexed with copper ions. The supramolecular nanocatalyst enhanced azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction rate under physiological conditions and was shown to be useful for efficient bioorthogonal labeling of live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aref Khalily
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University , Ankara, Turkey 06800
| | - Gulcihan Gulseren
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University , Ankara, Turkey 06800
| | - Ayse B Tekinay
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University , Ankara, Turkey 06800
| | - Mustafa O Guler
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University , Ankara, Turkey 06800
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12
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Pham ND, Fermaintt CS, Rodriguez AC, McCombs JE, Nischan N, Kohler JJ. Cellular metabolism of unnatural sialic acid precursors. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:515-29. [PMID: 25957566 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates, in addition to their metabolic functions, serve important roles as receptors, ligands, and structural molecules for diverse biological processes. Insight into carbohydrate biology and mechanisms has been aided by metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE). In MOE, unnatural carbohydrate analogs with novel functional groups are incorporated into cellular glycoconjugates and used to probe biological systems. While MOE has expanded knowledge of carbohydrate biology, limited metabolism of unnatural carbohydrate analogs restricts its use. Here we assess metabolism of SiaDAz, a diazirine-modified analog of sialic acid, and its cell-permeable precursor, Ac4ManNDAz. We show that the efficiency of Ac4ManNDAz and SiaDAz metabolism depends on cell type. Our results indicate that different cell lines can have different metabolic roadblocks in the synthesis of cell surface SiaDAz. These findings point to roles for promiscuous intracellular esterases, kinases, and phosphatases during unnatural sugar metabolism and provide guidance for ways to improve MOE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam D Pham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Charles S Fermaintt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Andrea C Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Janet E McCombs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nicole Nischan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jennifer J Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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13
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Fujita A, Kohler JJ. Photocrosslinking Sugars for Capturing Glycan-dependent Interactions (Jpn. Ed.). TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2015. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1439.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Fujita
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Jennifer J. Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
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14
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Fujita A, Kohler JJ. Photocrosslinking Sugars for Capturing Glycan-dependent Interactions. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2015. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1439.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Fujita
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Jennifer J. Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
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15
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McKay CS, Finn MG. Click chemistry in complex mixtures: bioorthogonal bioconjugation. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2014; 21:1075-101. [PMID: 25237856 PMCID: PMC4331201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The selective chemical modification of biological molecules drives a good portion of modern drug development and fundamental biological research. While a few early examples of reactions that engage amine and thiol groups on proteins helped establish the value of such processes, the development of reactions that avoid most biological molecules so as to achieve selectivity in desired bond-forming events has revolutionized the field. We provide an update on recent developments in bioorthogonal chemistry that highlights key advances in reaction rates, biocompatibility, and applications. While not exhaustive, we hope this summary allows the reader to appreciate the rich continuing development of good chemistry that operates in the biological setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig S McKay
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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16
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Iwasaki Y, Matsunaga A, Fujii S. Preparation of biointeractive glycoprotein-conjugated hydrogels through metabolic oligosacchalide engineering. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1626-31. [PMID: 25133293 DOI: 10.1021/bc5003295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, synthetic hydrogels containing metabolically engineered glycoproteins of mammalian cells were prepared for the first time and selectin-mediated cell adhesion on the hydrogel was demonstrated. A culture of HL-60 cells was supplemented with an appropriate volume of aqueous solution of N-methacryloyl mannosamine (ManMA) to give a final concentration of 5 mM. The cells were then incubated for 3 days to deliver methacryloyl groups to the glycoproteins of the cells. A transparent hydrogel was formed via redox radical polymerization of methacryloyl functionalized glycoproteins with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine and a cross-linker. Conjugation of the glycoproteins into the hydrogel was determined using Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. The surface density of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) on the hydrogels was also detected using gold-colloid-labeled immunoassay. Finally, selectin-mediated cell adhesion on hydrogels containing glycoproteins was demonstrated. Selectin-mediated cell adhesion is considered an essential step in the progression of various diseases; therefore, hydrogels having glycoproteins could be useful in therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University , 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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17
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Lang K, Chin JW. Cellular incorporation of unnatural amino acids and bioorthogonal labeling of proteins. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4764-806. [PMID: 24655057 DOI: 10.1021/cr400355w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 801] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Lang
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
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18
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Josa-Culleré L, Wainman YA, Brindle KM, Leeper FJ. Diazo group as a new chemical reporter for bioorthogonal labelling of biomolecules. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08861a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diazoacetyl groups undergo spontaneous cycloaddition with strained alkenes and alkynes and can be bioorthogonal reporter groups labelling proteins and glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Cancer Research UK
- Cambridge Institute
- Li Ka Shing Centre
- Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
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19
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SMITH PAULJ, FALCONER ROBERTA, ERRINGTON RACHELJ. Micro-community cytometry: sensing changes in cell health and glycoconjugate expression by imaging and flow cytometry. J Microsc 2013; 251:113-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PAUL J. SMITH
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF14 4XN U.K
| | - ROBERT A. FALCONER
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, School of Life Sciences; University of Bradford; Bradford BD7 1DP U.K
| | - RACHEL J. ERRINGTON
- Institute of Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF14 4XN U.K
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20
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Gautam S, Gniadek TJ, Kim T, Spiegel DA. Exterior design: strategies for redecorating the bacterial surface with small molecules. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:258-67. [PMID: 23490213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant techniques for expressing heterologous proteins and sugars on the surface of bacteria have been known since the 1980s, and have proven useful in a variety of settings from biocatalysis to vaccinology. The past decade has also seen the emergence of novel methods that allow modification of bacterial surfaces with small non-biological compounds. Such technologies enable researchers to harness the unique properties of synthetic materials on a live bacterial platform, opening the door to an exciting new set of applications. Here we review strategies for bacterial surface display and describe how they have been applied thus far. We believe that chemical surface display holds great potential for advancing research in basic bacteriology and applied fields of biotechnology and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Gautam
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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21
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Abstract
Alkyne-hinged 3-fluorosialyl fluoride (DFSA) containing an alkyne group was shown to be a mechanism-based target-specific irreversible inhibitor of sialidases. The ester-protected analog DFSA (PDFSA) is a membrane-permeable precursor of DFSA designed to be used in living cells, and it was shown to form covalent adducts with virus, bacteria, and human sialidases. The fluorosialyl-enzyme adduct can be ligated with an azide-annexed biotin via click reaction and detected by the streptavidin-specific reporting signals. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analysis on the tryptic peptide fragments indicates that the 3-fluorosialyl moiety modifies tyrosine residues of the sialidases. DFSA was used to demonstrate influenza infection and the diagnosis of the viral susceptibility to the anti-influenza drug oseltamivir acid, whereas PDFSA was used for in situ imaging of the changes of sialidase activity in live cells.
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22
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Mercer N, Ramakrishnan B, Boeggeman E, Verdi L, Qasba PK. Use of novel mutant galactosyltransferase for the bioconjugation of terminal N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues on live cell surface. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:144-52. [PMID: 23259695 PMCID: PMC3547369 DOI: 10.1021/bc300542z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the crystal structure of bovine β4Gal-T1 enzyme, mutation of a single amino acid Y289 to L289 (Y289L) changed its donor specificity from Gal to N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc). A chemoenzymatic method that uses GalNAc analogues like GalNAz or 2-keto-Gal as sugar donors with the enzyme Y289L-β4Gal-T1 has identified hundreds of cytosolic and nuclear proteins that have O-GlcNAc modifications. To avoid potential cytotoxicity at Mn(2+) concentrations required to selectively modify GlcNAc residues on the surface of live cells, we have engineered a Mg(2+)-dependent enzyme. Previously, we found that the mutation of the metal-binding residue Met-344 to His-344 in bovine β4Gal-T1 enzyme altered its metal-ion specificity in such a way that the M344H-β4Gal-T1 enzyme exhibits better catalytic activity with Mg(2+) than with Mn(2+). Here, we find that, when these two mutations are combined, the double mutant, Y289L-M344H-β4Gal-T1, transfers GalNAc and its analogue sugars to the acceptor GlcNAc in the presence of Mg(2+). Using this mutant enzyme, we have detected free GlcNAc residues on the surface glycans of live HeLa cells and platelets. The specific transfer of a synthetic sugar with a chemical handle to the terminal GlcNAc residues on the surface of live cells provides a novel tool for selective modification, detection, and isolation of GlcNAc-ending glycans present on the cellular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mercer
- Structural Glycobiology Section, CCR-Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Boopathy Ramakrishnan
- Structural Glycobiology Section, CCR-Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Elizabeth Boeggeman
- Structural Glycobiology Section, CCR-Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Luke Verdi
- Structural Glycobiology Section, CCR-Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Pradman K. Qasba
- Structural Glycobiology Section, CCR-Nanobiology Program, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
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23
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Cole CM, Yang J, Šečkutė J, Devaraj NK. Fluorescent live-cell imaging of metabolically incorporated unnatural cyclopropene-mannosamine derivatives. Chembiochem 2013; 14:205-208. [PMID: 23292753 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sugar coated: We recently developed methylcyclopropenes as low-molecular-weight tetrazine coupling partners. Here, we demonstrate that methylcyclopropenes can meet the stringent steric demands required for metabolic imaging of unnatural mannosamines on live cells. Using sequential azide-alkyne chemistry, we also demonstrate multicolor imaging of two different metabolically incorporated unnatural sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Cole
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA)
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA)
| | - Jolita Šečkutė
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA)
| | - Neal K Devaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA)
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24
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Thaysen-Andersen M, Larsen MR, Packer NH, Palmisano G. Structural analysis of glycoprotein sialylation – Part I: pre-LC-MS analytical strategies. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42960a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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25
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Slade PG, Hajivandi M, Bartel CM, Gorfien SF. Identifying the CHO secretome using mucin-type O-linked glycosylation and click-chemistry. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:6175-86. [PMID: 23140450 DOI: 10.1021/pr300810f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) are the most common cell line used in the production of therapeutic proteins. Understanding the complex pattern of secreted host cell proteins (HCP) that are released by CHO cells will facilitate the development of new recombinant protein production processes. In this study, we have adapted the N-azido-galactosamine (GalNAz) metabolic labeling method to enable the mass spectrometry identification and quantification of secreted proteins in cell culture media. CHO DG44 and CHO-S cells were cultured in media containing GalNAz, which was metabolically incorporated into mucin-type O-linked glycans of secreted proteins. These proteins were effectively enriched using click-chemistry from the cell culture media, allowing for the analysis of secreted proteins across multiple days of cell growth. When compared to the standard method for secretome analysis, the GalNAz method not only increased the total number of proteins identified but dramatically improved the quality of data by decreasing the number of background proteins (cytosolic or nuclear) to essentially zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Slade
- Life Technologies, Eugene, Oregon 97401, United States.
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26
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Abstract
Sialic acids are a diverse family of monosaccharides widely expressed on all cell surfaces of vertebrates and so-called "higher" invertebrates, and on certain bacteria that interact with vertebrates. This overview surveys examples of biological roles of sialic acids in immunity, with emphasis on an evolutionary perspective. Given the breadth of the subject, the treatment of individual topics is brief. Subjects discussed include biophysical effects regulation of factor H; modulation of leukocyte trafficking via selectins; Siglecs in immune cell activation; sialic acids as ligands for microbes; impact of microbial and endogenous sialidases on immune cell responses; pathogen molecular mimicry of host sialic acids; Siglec recognition of sialylated pathogens; bacteriophage recognition of microbial sialic acids; polysialic acid modulation of immune cells; sialic acids as pathogen decoys or biological masks; modulation of immunity by sialic acid O-acetylation; sialic acids as antigens and xeno-autoantigens; antisialoglycan antibodies in reproductive incompatibility; and sialic-acid-based blood groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0687, USA.
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27
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Xie R, Hong S, Feng L, Rong J, Chen X. Cell-selective metabolic glycan labeling based on ligand-targeted liposomes. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9914-7. [PMID: 22646989 DOI: 10.1021/ja303853y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A cell-specific metabolic glycan labeling strategy has been developed using azidosugars encapsulated in ligand-targeted liposomes. The ligands are designed to bind specific cell-surface receptors that are only expressed or up-regulated in target cells, which mediates the intracellular delivery of azidosugars. The delivered azidosugars are metabolically incorporated into cell-surface glycans, which are then imaged via a bioorthogonal reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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28
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Cen Y, Falco JN, Xu P, Youn DY, Sauve AA. Mechanism-based affinity capture of sirtuins. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 9:987-93. [PMID: 21184005 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00774a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to probe for catalytic activities of enzymes and to detect their abundance in complex biochemical contexts has traditionally relied on a combination of kinetic assays and techniques such as western blots that use expensive reagents such as antibodies. The ability to simultaneously detect activity and isolate a protein catalyst from a mixture is even more difficult and currently impossible in most cases. In this manuscript we describe a chemical approach that achieves this goal for a unique family of enzymes called sirtuins using novel chemical tools, enabling rapid detection of activity and isolation of these protein catalysts. Sirtuin deacetylases are implicated in the regulation of many physiological functions including energy metabolism, DNA-damage response, and cellular stress resistance. We synthesized an aminooxy-derivatized NAD(+) and a pan-sirtuin inhibitor that reacts on sirtuin active sites to form a chemically stable complex that can subsequently be crosslinked to an aldehyde-substituted biotin. Subsequent retrieval of the biotinylated sirtuin complexes on streptavidin beads followed by gel electrophoresis enabled simultaneous detection of active sirtuins, isolation and molecular weight determination. We show that these tools are cross reactive against a variety of human sirtuin isoforms including SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3, SIRT5, SIRT6 and can react with microbial derived sirtuins as well. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to simultaneously detect multiple sirtuin isoforms in reaction mixtures with this methodology, establishing proof of concept tools for chemical studies of sirtuins in complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Cen
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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29
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Cohen M, Varki A. The sialome--far more than the sum of its parts. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2010; 14:455-64. [PMID: 20726801 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2009.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The glycome is defined as the glycan repertoire of cells, tissues, and organisms, as found under specified conditions. The vastly diverse glycome is generated by a nontemplate driven biosynthesis, which is indirectly encoded in the genome, and very dynamic. Due to this overwhelming diversity, glycomic analysis must be approached at different hierarchical levels of complexity. In this review five such levels of complexity and the experimental approaches used for analysis at each level are discussed for a subclass of the glycome: the sialome. The sialome, in analogy to the canopy of a forest, covers the cell membrane with diverse array of complex sialylated structures. Sialome complexity includes modification of sialic acid core structure (the leaves and flowers), the linkage to the underlying sugar (the stems), the identity, and arrangement of the underlying glycans (the branches), the structural attributes of the underlying glycans (the trees), and finally, the spatial organization of the sialoglycans in relation to components of the intact cell surface (the forest). Understanding the full complexity of the sialome thus requires combined analyses at multiple levels, that is, the sialome is far more than the sum of its parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cohen
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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30
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Chang PV, Dube DH, Sletten EM, Bertozzi CR. A strategy for the selective imaging of glycans using caged metabolic precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9516-8. [PMID: 20568764 PMCID: PMC2907715 DOI: 10.1021/ja101080y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycans can be imaged by metabolic labeling with azidosugars followed by chemical reaction with imaging probes; however, tissue-specific labeling is difficult to achieve. Here we describe a strategy for the use of a caged metabolic precursor that is activated for cellular metabolism by enzymatic cleavage. An N-azidoacetylmannosamine derivative caged with a peptide substrate for the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) protease was converted to cell-surface azido sialic acids in a PSA-dependent manner. The approach has applications in tissue-selective imaging of glycans for clinical and basic research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela V Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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31
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Campbell CT, Aich U, Weier CA, Wang JJ, Choi SS, Wen MM, Maisel K, Sampathkumar SG, Yarema KJ. Targeting pro-invasive oncogenes with short chain fatty acid-hexosamine analogues inhibits the mobility of metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. J Med Chem 2009; 51:8135-47. [PMID: 19053749 DOI: 10.1021/jm800873k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Per-butanoylated N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (Bu(4)ManNAc), a SCFA-hexosamine cancer drug candidate with activity manifest through intact n-butyrate-carbohydrate linkages, reduced the invasion of metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells unlike per-butanoylated-D-mannose (Bu(5)Man), a clinically tested compound that did not alter cell mobility. To gain molecular-level insight, therapeutic targets implicated in metastasis were investigated. The active compound Bu(4)ManNAc reduced both MUC1 expression and MMP-9 activity (via down-regulation of CXCR4 transcription), whereas "inactive" Bu(5)Man had counterbalancing effects on these oncogenes. This divergent impact on transcription was linked to interplay between HDACi activity (held by both Bu(4)ManNAc and Bu(5)Man) and NF-kappaB activity, which was selectively down-regulated by Bu(4)ManNAc. Overall, these results establish a new therapeutic end point (control of invasion) for SCFA-hexosamine hybrid molecules, define relative contributions of molecular players involved in cell mobility and demonstrate that Bu(4)ManNAc breaks the confounding link between beneficial HDACi activity and the simultaneous deleterious activation of NF-kappaB often found in epigenetic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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32
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Aich U, Campbell CT, Elmouelhi N, Weier CA, Sampathkumar SG, Choi SS, Yarema KJ. Regioisomeric SCFA attachment to hexosamines separates metabolic flux from cytotoxicity and MUC1 suppression. ACS Chem Biol 2008; 3:230-40. [PMID: 18338853 DOI: 10.1021/cb7002708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical biology studies, exemplified by metabolic glycoengineering experiments that employ short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-hexosamine monosaccharide hybrid molecules, often suffer from off-target effects. Here we demonstrate that systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies can deconvolute multiple biological activities of SCFA-hexosamine analogues by demonstrating that triacylated monosaccharides, including both n-butyrate- and acetate-modified ManNAc analogues, had dramatically different activities depending on whether the free hydroxyl group was at the C1 or C6 position. The C1-OH (hemiacetal) analogues enhanced growth inhibition in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and suppressed expression of MUC1, which are attractive properties for an anticancer agent. By contrast, C6-OH analogues supported high metabolic flux into the sialic acid pathway with negligible growth inhibition or toxicity, which are desirable properties for glycan labeling in healthy cells. Importantly, these SAR were general, applying to other hexosamines ( e.g., GlcNAc) and non-natural sugar "scaffolds" ( e.g., ManNLev). From a practical standpoint, the ability to separate toxicity from flux will facilitate the use of MOE analogues for cancer treatment and glycomics applications, respectively. Mechanistically, these findings overturn the premise that the bioactivities of SCFA-monosaccharide hybrid molecules result from their hydrolysis products ( e.g., n-butyrate, which acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and ManNAc, which activates sialic acid biosynthesis); instead the SAR establish that inherent properties of partially acylated hexosamines supersede the cellular responses supported by either the acyl or monosaccharide moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayanath Aich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Christopher T. Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Noha Elmouelhi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Christopher A. Weier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - S.-Gopalan Sampathkumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Sean S. Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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33
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Rabuka D, Forstner MB, Groves JT, Bertozzi CR. Noncovalent cell surface engineering: incorporation of bioactive synthetic glycopolymers into cellular membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:5947-53. [PMID: 18402449 DOI: 10.1021/ja710644g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The controlled addition of structurally defined components to live cell membranes can facilitate the molecular level analysis of cell surface phenomena. Here we demonstrate that cell surfaces can be engineered to display synthetic bioactive polymers at defined densities by exogenous membrane insertion. The polymers were designed to mimic native cell-surface mucin glycoproteins, which are defined by their dense glycosylation patterns and rod-like structures. End-functionalization with a hydrophobic anchor permitted incorporation into the membranes of live cultured cells. We probed the dynamic behavior of cell-bound glycopolymers bearing various hydrophobic anchors and glycan structures using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Their diffusion properties mirrored those of many natural membrane-associated biomolecules. Furthermore, the membrane-bound glycopolymers were internalized into early endosomes similarly to endogenous membrane components and were capable of specific interactions with protein receptors. This system provides a platform to study cell-surface phenomena with a degree of chemical control that cannot be achieved using conventional biological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rabuka
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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34
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Sampathkumar SG, Li AV, Yarema KJ. Synthesis of non-natural ManNAc analogs for the expression of thiols on cell-surface sialic acids. Nat Protoc 2007; 1:2377-85. [PMID: 17406481 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The sialic acid biosynthetic pathway in mammalian cells utilizes N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc) as a natural metabolic precursor and has the remarkable ability to biosynthetically process non-natural ManNAc analogs. Herein, we describe a recipe-style protocol for the synthesis of the novel peracetylated analog Ac5ManNTGc (1) that contains a pendant acetylthio- group and enables incorporation of thiol functionalities into the glycocalyx of living cells. We also describe the synthesis of the oxygen analog Ac5ManNGc (2), which serves as an appropriate control compound for biological experiments with 1. Both 1 and 2 were prepared from a reported, common intermediate 8, which is selectively acetylated at the hydroxyl groups. In contrast to previous methods, this synthetic approach introduces O-acetyl groups first, followed by N-acylation. Starting from the commercially available D-mannosamine hydrochloride (5), gram quantities of both 1 and 2 can be prepared over five steps in about 2-3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa-Gopalan Sampathkumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Clark Hall Rm 106A, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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35
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Hsu TL, Hanson SR, Kishikawa K, Wang SK, Sawa M, Wong CH. Alkynyl sugar analogs for the labeling and visualization of glycoconjugates in cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2614-9. [PMID: 17296930 PMCID: PMC1815231 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611307104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing tools for investigating the cellular activity of glycans will help to delineate the molecular basis for aberrant glycosylation in pathological processes such as cancer. Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering, which inserts sugar-reporting groups into cellular glycoconjugates, represents a powerful method for imaging the localization, trafficking, and dynamics of glycans and isolating them for glyco-proteomic analysis. Herein, we show that the alkyne-reporting group can be incorporated into cellular glycans. The alkyne group is a small, inert, bio-orthogonal handle that can be chemoselectively labeled by using the Cu(I) catalyzed [3 + 2] azide-alkyne cycloaddition, or click chemistry. Alkynyl sugar monomers, based on fucose (Fuc) and N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc), were incorporated into fucosylated and sialylated glycans in several cancer cell lines, allowing for cell surface and intracellular visualization of glycoconjugates, as well as, observation of alkyne-bearing glycoproteins. Similarly to our previous results with an azido Fuc/alkynyl probe system, we demonstrated that click-activated fluorogenic probes are practical tools for efficiently and selectively labeling alkynyl-modified glycans. Because Fuc and sialic acid are terminal glycan residues with a notably increased presence in many tumors, we hope that our method will provide useful information about their roles in cancer and ultimately can be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsui-Ling Hsu
- *Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sarah R. Hanson
- *Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Kuniyuki Kishikawa
- *Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Sheng-Kai Wang
- *Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Masaaki Sawa
- *Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- *Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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36
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Sampathkumar SG, Jones MB, Yarema KJ. Metabolic expression of thiol-derivatized sialic acids on the cell surface and their quantitative estimation by flow cytometry. Nat Protoc 2006; 1:1840-51. [PMID: 17487167 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc) analog Ac5ManNTGc, a non-natural metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway, can be used to display thiols on the cell surface. Sugar-expressed cell-surface thiols are readily accessible compared to their protein counterparts, making them ideal for exploitation in cell-adhesion and tissue-engineering applications. This report describes a protocol for the incubation of Jurkat (human acute T-cell leukemia) cells with Ac5ManNTGc and the quantitative estimation of the resulting sialic acid displayed thiols by flow cytometry after a reaction with a water-soluble biotin-conjugated maleimide reagent and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated (FITC) avidin staining. These methods, with minimal optimization, are generally also applicable to other human cell lines. The labeling and flow cytometry steps of this protocol can be performed in five to eight hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa-Gopalan Sampathkumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Clark Hall Rm 106A, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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37
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Liang P, Cheng W, Lee Y, Yu H, Wu Y, Lin Y, Wong C. Novel five-membered iminocyclitol derivatives as selective and potent glycosidase inhibitors: new structures for antivirals and osteoarthritis. Chembiochem 2006; 7:165-73. [PMID: 16397876 PMCID: PMC7161998 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A novel 5-membered iminocyclitol derivative was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of the glycoprotein-processing alpha-glucosidase with a Ki value of 53 nM. This compound was further derivatized to antiviral agents against Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus serotype 2 (DEN-2), human SARS coronavirus, and human beta-hexosaminidase (Ki = 2.6 nM), a new target for the development of osteoarthritis therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi‐Hui Liang
- The Genomics Research Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Fax: (+886) 2‐2785‐8847
| | - Wei‐Chieh Cheng
- The Genomics Research Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Fax: (+886) 2‐2785‐8847
| | - Yi‐Ling Lee
- The Genomics Research Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Fax: (+886) 2‐2785‐8847
| | - Han‐Pang Yu
- The Genomics Research Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Fax: (+886) 2‐2785‐8847
| | - Ying‐Ta Wu
- The Genomics Research Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Fax: (+886) 2‐2785‐8847
| | - Yi‐Ling Lin
- The Genomics Research Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Fax: (+886) 2‐2785‐8847
| | - Chi‐Huey Wong
- The Genomics Research Center and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan, Fax: (+886) 2‐2785‐8847
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Fax: (+1) 858‐784‐2409
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38
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Hang HC, Bertozzi CR. The chemistry and biology of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5021-34. [PMID: 16005634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucin-type O-linked glycosylation is a fundamental post-translational modification that is involved in a variety of important biological processes. However, the lack of chemical tools to study mucin-type O-linked glycosylation has hindered our molecular understanding of O-linked glycans in many biological contexts. The review discusses the significance of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation initiated by the polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases in biology and development of chemical tools to study these enzymes and their substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard C Hang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1460, USA.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Luchansky
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, B84 Hildebrand Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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40
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Luchansky SJ, Goon S, Bertozzi CR. Expanding the diversity of unnatural cell-surface sialic acids. Chembiochem 2004; 5:371-4. [PMID: 14997530 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Luchansky
- Department of Chemistry, University of California - Berkeley, B84 Hildebrand Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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41
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Jones MB, Teng H, Rhee JK, Lahar N, Baskaran G, Yarema KJ. Characterization of the cellular uptake and metabolic conversion of acetylated N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) analogues to sialic acids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2004; 85:394-405. [PMID: 14755557 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
"Sialic acid engineering" refers to the strategy where cell surface carbohydrates are modified by the biosynthetic incorporation of metabolic intermediates, such as non-natural N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) analogues, into cellular glycoconjugates. While this technology has promising research, biomedical, and biotechnological applications due to its ability to endow the cell surface with novel physical and chemical properties, its adoption on a large scale is hindered by the inefficient metabolic utilization of ManNAc analogues. We address this limitation by proposing the use of acetylated ManNAc analogues for sialic acid engineering applications. In this paper, the metabolic flux of these "second-generation" compounds into a cell, and, subsequently, into the target sialic acid biosynthetic pathway is characterized in detail. We show that acetylated ManNAc analogues are metabolized up to 900-fold more efficiently than their natural counterparts. The acetylated compounds, however, decrease cell viability under certain culture conditions. To determine if these toxic side effects can be avoided, we developed an assay to measure the cellular uptake of acetylated ManNAc from the culture medium and its subsequent flux into sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. This assay shows that the majority ( > 80%) of acetylated ManNAc is stored in a cellular "reservoir" capable of safely sequestering this analogue. These results provide conditions that, from a practical perspective, enable the acetylated analogues to be used safely and efficaciously and therefore offer a general strategy to facilitate metabolic substrate-based carbohydrate engineering efforts. In addition, these results provide fundamental new insights into the metabolic processing of non-natural monosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the G.W.C. Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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42
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Hang HC, Yu C, Kato DL, Bertozzi CR. A metabolic labeling approach toward proteomic analysis of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:14846-51. [PMID: 14657396 PMCID: PMC299823 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2335201100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins are involved in a variety of biological interactions in higher eukaryotes. The biosynthesis of these glycoproteins is initiated by a family of polypeptide N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAcTs) that modify proteins in the secretory pathway. The lack of a defined consensus sequence for the ppGalNAcTs makes the prediction of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation difficult based on primary sequence alone. Herein we present a method for labeling mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins with a unique chemical tag, the azide, which permits their selective covalent modification from complex cell lysates. From a panel of synthetic derivatives, we identified an azido GalNAc analog (N-azidoacetylgalactosamine, GalNAz) that is metabolized by numerous cell types and installed on mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins by the ppGalNAcTs. The azide serves as a bioorthogonal chemical handle for selective modification with biochemical or biophysical probes using the Staudinger ligation. The approach was validated by labeling a recombinant glycoprotein that is known to possess O-linked glycans with GalNAz. In addition, GalNAz efficiently labeled mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins expressed at endogenous levels. The ability to label mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins with chemical tags should facilitate their identification by proteomic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard C Hang
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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43
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Luchansky SJ, Hang HC, Saxon E, Grunwell JR, Yu C, Dube DH, Bertozzi CR. Constructing azide-labeled cell surfaces using polysaccharide biosynthetic pathways. Methods Enzymol 2003; 362:249-72. [PMID: 12968369 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)01018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Luchansky
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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44
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Mikeska T, Nieger M, Mansikkamäki H, Daniels J, Kolter T. Crystal structures of O-acetylated 2-acylamino-2-deoxy-d-galactose derivatives. Carbohydr Res 2003; 338:2119-28. [PMID: 14505880 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(03)00352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The X-ray structures of 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside derivatives with four different 2-(acylamino) substituents have been determined with Mo K(alpha) radiation at 123 K. The structure of the 2-acetylamino derivative and of its acyl-homologs with a 2-(propanoylamino)-, 2-(butanoylamino)-, and 2-(2-methyl-propanoylamino)-group crystallized in the monoclinic space group C2. The pyranose unit of all compounds has the usual 4C(1) shape. The different orientations of the 6-O-acetyl-groups are discussed. Conformations of the acylamino-group are compared to those found in the crystal structure of N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mikeska
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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45
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Vocadlo DJ, Hang HC, Kim EJ, Hanover JA, Bertozzi CR. A chemical approach for identifying O-GlcNAc-modified proteins in cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9116-21. [PMID: 12874386 PMCID: PMC171382 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1632821100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosylation of serine and threonine residues with a single GlcNAc moiety is a dynamic posttranslational modification of many nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. We describe a chemical strategy directed toward identifying O-GlcNAc-modified proteins from living cells or proteins modified in vitro. We demonstrate, in vitro, that each enzyme in the hexosamine salvage pathway, and the enzymes that affect this dynamic modification (UDP-GlcNAc:polypeptidtyltransferase and O-GlcNAcase), tolerate analogues of their natural substrates in which the N-acyl side chain has been modified to bear a bio-orthogonal azide moiety. Accordingly, treatment of cells with N-azidoacetylglucosamine results in the metabolic incorporation of the azido sugar into nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. These O-azidoacetylglucosamine-modified proteins can be covalently derivatized with various biochemical probes at the site of protein glycosylation by using the Staudinger ligation. The approach was validated by metabolic labeling of nuclear pore protein p62, which is known to be posttranslationally modified with O-GlcNAc. This strategy will prove useful for both the identification of O-GlcNAc-modified proteins and the elucidation of the specific residues that bear this saccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vocadlo
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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46
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De Bank PA, Kellam B, Kendall DA, Shakesheff KM. Surface engineering of living myoblasts via selective periodate oxidation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 81:800-8. [PMID: 12557313 DOI: 10.1002/bit.10525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface molecules are vital for normal cell activity. To study the functions of these molecules or manipulate cell behavior, the ability to decorate cell surfaces with bioactive molecules of our choosing is a potentially powerful technique. Here, we describe the molecular engineering of living L6 myoblast monolayers via selective periodate oxidation of sialic acid residues and the application of this surface modification in the artificial aggregation of cells. The aldehyde groups generated by this reaction were used to selectively ligate a model molecule, biotin hydrazide, to the cell surfaces. Flow cytometry analysis after staining with fluorescently conjugated avidin revealed a concentration-dependent increase in fluorescence compared to untreated cells with a maximal shift of 345.1 +/- 27.4-fold and an EC(50) of 17.4 +/- 1.1 microM. This mild oxidation reaction did not affect cell number, viability, or morphology. We then compared this chemical technique with the metabolic incorporation of reactive cell surface ketone groups using N-levulinoylmannosamine (ManLev). In this cell line, only a 22.3-fold fluorescence shift was observed compared to untreated cells when myoblasts were incubated with a high concentration of ManLev for 48 hours. Periodate oxidation was then used to modify myoblast surfaces to induce cell aggregation. Crosslinking biotinylated myoblasts, which do not spontaneously aggregate in culture, with avidin resulted in the rapid formation of millimeter-sized, multicellular structures. These data indicate that sodium periodate treatment is an effective, noncytotoxic method for the in vitro molecular engineering of living cell surfaces with the potential for cell biology and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A De Bank
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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47
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Luchansky SJ, Yarema KJ, Takahashi S, Bertozzi CR. GlcNAc 2-epimerase can serve a catabolic role in sialic acid metabolism. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:8035-42. [PMID: 12499362 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212127200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid is a major determinant of carbohydrate-receptor interactions in many systems pertinent to human health and disease. N-Acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) is the first committed intermediate in the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway; thus, the mechanisms that control intracellular ManNAc levels are important regulators of sialic acid production. UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase and GlcNAc 2-epimerase are two enzymes capable of generating ManNAc from UDP-GlcNAc and GlcNAc, respectively. Whereas the former enzyme has been shown to direct metabolic flux toward sialic acid in vivo, the function of the latter enzyme is unclear. Here we study the effects of GlcNAc 2-epimerase expression on sialic acid production in cells. A key tool we developed for this study is a cell-permeable, small molecule inhibitor of GlcNAc 2-epimerase designed based on mechanistic principles. Our results indicate that, unlike UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase, which promotes biosynthesis of sialic acid, GlcNAc 2-epimerase can serve a catabolic role, diverting metabolic flux away from the sialic acid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Luchansky
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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48
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Saxon E, Luchansky SJ, Hang HC, Yu C, Lee SC, Bertozzi CR. Investigating cellular metabolism of synthetic azidosugars with the Staudinger ligation. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:14893-902. [PMID: 12475330 DOI: 10.1021/ja027748x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure of sialic acid on living cells can be modulated by metabolism of unnatural biosynthetic precursors. Here we investigate the conversion of a panel of azide-functionalized mannosamine and glucosamine derivatives into cell-surface sialosides. A key tool in this study is the Staudinger ligation, a highly selective reaction between modified triarylphosphines and azides that produces an amide-linked product. A preliminary study of the mechanism of this reaction, and refined conditions for its in vivo execution, are reported. The reaction provided a means to label the glycoconjugate-bound azidosugars with biochemical probes. Finally, we demonstrate that the cell-surface Staudinger ligation is compatible with hydrazone formation from metabolically introduced ketones. These two strategies provide a means to selectively modify cell-surface glycans with exogenous probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Saxon
- Center for New Directions in Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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49
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Charter NW, Mahal LK, Koshland DE, Bertozzi CR. Differential effects of unnatural sialic acids on the polysialylation of the neural cell adhesion molecule and neuronal behavior. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:9255-61. [PMID: 11786551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111619200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have examined how unnatural sialic acids can alter polysialic acid expression and influence the adhesive properties of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). Unnatural sialic acids are generated by metabolic conversion of synthetic N-acyl mannosamines and are typically incorporated into cell-surface glycoconjugates. However, N-butanoylmannosamine and N-pentanoylmannosamine are effective inhibitors of polysialic acid (PSA) synthesis in stably transfected HeLa cells expressing NCAM and the polysialyltransferase STX. These cells were used as substrates to examine the effect of inhibiting PSA synthesis on the development of neurons derived from the chick dorsal root ganglion. N-butanoylmannosamine blocked polysialylation of NCAM and significantly reduced neurite outgrowth comparable with enzymatic removal of PSA by endoneuraminidases. As a result, neurite outgrowth was similar to that observed for non-polysialylated NCAM. In contrast, previous studies have shown that N-propanoyl sialic acid (SiaProp), generated from N-propanoylmannosamine, is readily accepted by polysialyltransferases and permits the extension of poly(SiaProp) on NCAM. Despite being immunologically distinct, poly(SiaProp) can promote neurite outgrowth similarly to natural polysialic acid. Thus, subtle structural differences in PSA resulting from the incorporation of SiaProp residues do not alter the antiadhesive properties of polysialylated NCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil W Charter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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50
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Saxon E, Bertozzi CR. Chemical and biological strategies for engineering cell surface glycosylation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2002; 17:1-23. [PMID: 11687482 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides play a crucial role in many of the recognition, signaling, and adhesion events that take place at the surface of cells. Abnormalities in the synthesis or presentation of these carbohydrates can lead to misfolded and inactive proteins, as well as to several debilitating disease states. However, their diverse structures, which are the key to their function, have hampered studies by biologists and chemists alike. This review presents an overview of techniques for examining and manipulating cell surface oligosaccharides through genetic, enzymatic, and chemical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Saxon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
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