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Sakurai K, Chen J, Khani SC, Kefalov VJ. Regulation of mammalian cone phototransduction by recoverin and rhodopsin kinase. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:9239-50. [PMID: 25673692 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.639591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cone photoreceptors function under daylight conditions and are essential for color perception and vision with high temporal and spatial resolution. A remarkable feature of cones is that, unlike rods, they remain responsive in bright light. In rods, light triggers a decline in intracellular calcium, which exerts a well studied negative feedback on phototransduction that includes calcium-dependent inhibition of rhodopsin kinase (GRK1) by recoverin. Rods and cones share the same isoforms of recoverin and GRK1, and photoactivation also triggers a calcium decline in cones. However, the molecular mechanisms by which calcium exerts negative feedback on cone phototransduction through recoverin and GRK1 are not well understood. Here, we examined this question using mice expressing various levels of GRK1 or lacking recoverin. We show that although GRK1 is required for the timely inactivation of mouse cone photoresponse, gradually increasing its expression progressively delays the cone response recovery. This surprising result is in contrast with the known effect of increasing GRK1 expression in rods. Notably, the kinetics of cone responses converge and become independent of GRK1 levels for flashes activating more than ∼1% of cone pigment. Thus, mouse cone response recovery in bright light is independent of pigment phosphorylation and likely reflects the spontaneous decay of photoactivated visual pigment. We also find that recoverin potentiates the sensitivity of cones in dim light conditions but does not contribute to their capacity to function in bright light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Sakurai
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Jeannie Chen
- the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Cell and Neurobiology & Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, and
| | - Shahrokh C Khani
- the Schepens Eye Research Institute and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Vladimir J Kefalov
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110,
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Howes KA, Pennesi ME, Sokal I, Church-Kopish J, Schmidt B, Margolis D, Frederick JM, Rieke F, Palczewski K, Wu SM, Detwiler PB, Baehr W. GCAP1 rescues rod photoreceptor response in GCAP1/GCAP2 knockout mice. EMBO J 2002; 21:1545-54. [PMID: 11927539 PMCID: PMC125366 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/21.7.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual transduction in retinal photoreceptors operates through a dynamic interplay of two second messengers, Ca(2+) and cGMP. Ca(2+) regulates the activity of guanylate cyclase (GC) and the synthesis of cGMP by acting on a GC-activating protein (GCAP). While this action is critical for rapid termination of the light response, the GCAP responsible has not been identified. To test if GCAP1, one of two GCAPs present in mouse rods, supports the generation of normal flash responses, transgenic mice were generated that express only GCAP1 under the control of the endogenous promoter. Paired flash responses revealed a correlation between the degree of recovery of the rod a-wave and expression levels of GCAP1. In single cell recordings, the majority of the rods generated flash responses that were indistinguishable from wild type. These results demonstrate that GCAP1 at near normal levels supports the generation of wild-type flash responses in the absence of GCAP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim A. Howes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, Department of Ophthalmology and Division of Neuroscience, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Departments of
Ophthalmology, Physiology and Biophysics and Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 and Departments of Biology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Corresponding author e-mail: K.A.Howes and M.E.Pennesi contributed equally to this work
| | - Mark E. Pennesi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, Department of Ophthalmology and Division of Neuroscience, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Departments of
Ophthalmology, Physiology and Biophysics and Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 and Departments of Biology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Corresponding author e-mail: K.A.Howes and M.E.Pennesi contributed equally to this work
| | - Izabela Sokal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, Department of Ophthalmology and Division of Neuroscience, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Departments of
Ophthalmology, Physiology and Biophysics and Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 and Departments of Biology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Corresponding author e-mail: K.A.Howes and M.E.Pennesi contributed equally to this work
| | - Jill Church-Kopish
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, Department of Ophthalmology and Division of Neuroscience, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Departments of
Ophthalmology, Physiology and Biophysics and Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 and Departments of Biology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Corresponding author e-mail: K.A.Howes and M.E.Pennesi contributed equally to this work
| | - Ben Schmidt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, Department of Ophthalmology and Division of Neuroscience, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Departments of
Ophthalmology, Physiology and Biophysics and Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 and Departments of Biology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Corresponding author e-mail: K.A.Howes and M.E.Pennesi contributed equally to this work
| | - David Margolis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, Department of Ophthalmology and Division of Neuroscience, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Departments of
Ophthalmology, Physiology and Biophysics and Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 and Departments of Biology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Corresponding author e-mail: K.A.Howes and M.E.Pennesi contributed equally to this work
| | - Jeanne M. Frederick
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, Department of Ophthalmology and Division of Neuroscience, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Departments of
Ophthalmology, Physiology and Biophysics and Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 and Departments of Biology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Corresponding author e-mail: K.A.Howes and M.E.Pennesi contributed equally to this work
| | - Fred Rieke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, Department of Ophthalmology and Division of Neuroscience, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Departments of
Ophthalmology, Physiology and Biophysics and Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 and Departments of Biology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Corresponding author e-mail: K.A.Howes and M.E.Pennesi contributed equally to this work
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, Department of Ophthalmology and Division of Neuroscience, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Departments of
Ophthalmology, Physiology and Biophysics and Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 and Departments of Biology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Corresponding author e-mail: K.A.Howes and M.E.Pennesi contributed equally to this work
| | - Samuel M. Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, Department of Ophthalmology and Division of Neuroscience, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Departments of
Ophthalmology, Physiology and Biophysics and Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 and Departments of Biology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Corresponding author e-mail: K.A.Howes and M.E.Pennesi contributed equally to this work
| | - Peter B. Detwiler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, Department of Ophthalmology and Division of Neuroscience, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Departments of
Ophthalmology, Physiology and Biophysics and Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 and Departments of Biology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Corresponding author e-mail: K.A.Howes and M.E.Pennesi contributed equally to this work
| | - Wolfgang Baehr
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Science Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5330, Department of Ophthalmology and Division of Neuroscience, and Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, Departments of
Ophthalmology, Physiology and Biophysics and Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 and Departments of Biology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA Corresponding author e-mail: K.A.Howes and M.E.Pennesi contributed equally to this work
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