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Zehr EP, Barss TS, Dragert K, Frigon A, Vasudevan EV, Haridas C, Hundza S, Kaupp C, Klarner T, Klimstra M, Komiyama T, Loadman PM, Mezzarane RA, Nakajima T, Pearcey GEP, Sun Y. Neuromechanical interactions between the limbs during human locomotion: an evolutionary perspective with translation to rehabilitation. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:3059-3081. [PMID: 27421291 PMCID: PMC5071371 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
During bipedal locomotor activities, humans use elements of quadrupedal neuronal limb control. Evolutionary constraints can help inform the historical ancestry for preservation of these core control elements support transfer of the huge body of quadrupedal non-human animal literature to human rehabilitation. In particular, this has translational applications for neurological rehabilitation after neurotrauma where interlimb coordination is lost or compromised. The present state of the field supports including arm activity in addition to leg activity as a component of gait retraining after neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Zehr
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 3P1.
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Trevor S Barss
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 3P1
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Katie Dragert
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 3P1
| | - Alain Frigon
- Department of Pharmacology-physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Erin V Vasudevan
- Department of Physical Therapy, SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Carlos Haridas
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 3P1
| | - Sandra Hundza
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Motion and Mobility Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Chelsea Kaupp
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 3P1
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Taryn Klarner
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 3P1
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marc Klimstra
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Motion and Mobility Rehabilitation Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tomoyoshi Komiyama
- Division of Sports and Health Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- The United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pamela M Loadman
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 3P1
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Rinaldo A Mezzarane
- Laboratory of Signal Processing and Motor Control, College of Physical Education, Universidade de Brasília-UnB, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakajima
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gregory E P Pearcey
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 3P1
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Yao Sun
- Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, PO Box 3010 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 3P1
- Human Discovery Science, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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McCombe Waller S, Yang CL, Magder L, Yungher D, Gray V, Rogers MW. Impaired motor preparation and execution during standing reach in people with chronic stroke. Neurosci Lett 2016; 630:38-44. [PMID: 27436481 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Movement preparation of both anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) and goal directed movement during a standing reaching task in adults with chronic hemiparesis and healthy controls was investigated. Using a simple reaction time paradigm, while standing on two separate force platforms, subjects received a warning light cue to "get ready to reach" followed 2.5s later by an imperative light cue to "reach as quickly as possible" with the paretic arm (matched arm for controls) to touch a target in front of them for a total of 90 trials. In 30 of the reaching trials a loud acoustic stimulus (LAS) of 123 dB was randomly - -200, or 0ms relative to the "go" cue. APA (postural) responses were characterized by the onset and maximal posterior displacement of center of pressure (CoP) and onset/offset of electromyography (EMG) from tibialis anterior (TA), soleus (SOL), while reach was characterized by onset and maximal forward displacement of the reach hand and onset of the anterior (AD), biceps brachii (BB) and middle deltoid (MD). Subjects with stroke, demonstrated a marked reduction in the occurrence of the StartReact responses for both APA and forward reach at all LAS time points indicating movement preparation dysfunction. Movement execution during a cued reach showed significant delays in APA and reach onsets, significant reduction in the magnitude of APA (posterior CoP displacement) and reach excursion, and an increased latency between the APA and reach compared to controls. EMG activation patterns for the TA and SOL demonstrated co contraction compared to the temporally sequenced pattern of control subjects. When LAS was provided at the "go" there were earlier but not significant differences in APA onset latency compared to reaching without LAS and significant delays in reach onset latency when compared to control subjects with or without LAS. An early burst of EMG in biceps brachii muscles with a further delay of the reach onset compared to reaching without LAS may be indicative of interference of a classical startle reflex activating elbow flexors. Results indicated impairments in movement preparation of both APA's and goal directed UE movement in individuals with stroke which impact the functional performance of reaching in the standing position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy McCombe Waller
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Chieh-Ling Yang
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Laurence Magder
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Don Yungher
- The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY 10029, United States
| | - Vicki Gray
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Mark W Rogers
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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Martínez M, Valencia M, Vidorreta M, Luis EO, Castellanos G, Villagra F, Fernández‐Seara MA, Pastor MA. Trade-off between frequency and precision during stepping movements: Kinematic and BOLD brain activation patterns. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1722-37. [PMID: 26857613 PMCID: PMC6867488 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system has the ability to adapt our locomotor pattern to produce a wide range of gait modalities and velocities. In reacting to external pacing stimuli, deviations from an individual preferred cadence provoke a concurrent decrease in accuracy that suggests the existence of a trade-off between frequency and precision; a compromise that could result from the specialization within the control centers of locomotion to ensure a stable transition and optimal adaptation to changing environment. Here, we explore the neural correlates of such adaptive mechanisms by visually guiding a group of healthy subjects to follow three comfortable stepping frequencies while simultaneously recording their BOLD responses and lower limb kinematics with the use of a custom-built treadmill device. In following the visual stimuli, subjects adopt a common pattern of symmetric and anti-phase movements across pace conditions. However, when increasing the stimulus frequency, an improvement in motor performance (precision and stability) was found, which suggests a change in the control mode from reactive to predictive schemes. Brain activity patterns showed similar BOLD responses across pace conditions though significant differences were observed in parietal and cerebellar regions. Neural correlates of stepping precision were found in the insula, cerebellum, dorsolateral pons and inferior olivary nucleus, whereas neural correlates of stepping stability were found in a distributed network, suggesting a transition in the control strategy across the stimulated range of frequencies: from unstable/reactive at lower paces (i.e., stepping stability managed by subcortical regions) to stable/predictive at higher paces (i.e., stability managed by cortical regions). Hum Brain Mapp 37:1722-1737, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Martínez
- Division of Neuroscience, Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplona31008Spain
| | - Miguel Valencia
- Division of Neuroscience, Neurophysiology Laboratory, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplona31008Spain
| | - Marta Vidorreta
- Division of Neuroscience, Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplona31008Spain
| | - Elkin O. Luis
- Division of Neuroscience, Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplona31008Spain
| | - Gabriel Castellanos
- Division of Neuroscience, Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplona31008Spain
- Division of ResearchFundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud - Hospital de San José, Bogotá D.C.Colombia
| | - Federico Villagra
- Division of Neuroscience, Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplona31008Spain
| | - Maria A. Fernández‐Seara
- Division of Neuroscience, Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplona31008Spain
| | - Maria A. Pastor
- Division of Neuroscience, Neuroimaging Laboratory, Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)University of NavarraPamplona31008Spain
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)Instituto De Salud Carlos IIIMadrid28030Spain
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Abstract
People with Parkinson's disease exhibit debilitating gait impairments, including gait slowness, increased step variability, and poor postural control. A widespread supraspinal locomotor network including the cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and brain stem contributes to the control of human locomotion, and altered activity of these structures underlies gait dysfunction due to Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Peterson
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System (VAPORHCS), Portland, Oregon; and Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Neurology, Portland, Oregon
| | - F B Horak
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System (VAPORHCS), Portland, Oregon; and Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Neurology, Portland, Oregon
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Hoogkamer W, Bruijn SM, Sunaert S, Swinnen SP, Van Calenbergh F, Duysens J. Adaptation and aftereffects of split-belt walking in cerebellar lesion patients. J Neurophysiol 2015. [PMID: 26203113 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00936.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To walk efficiently and stably on different surfaces under various constrained conditions, humans need to adapt their gait pattern substantially. Although the mechanisms behind locomotor adaptation are still not fully understood, the cerebellum is thought to play an important role. In this study we aimed to address the specific localization of cerebellar involvement in split-belt adaptation by comparing performance in patients with stable focal lesions after cerebellar tumor resection and in healthy controls. We observed that changes in symmetry of those parameters that were most closely related to interlimb coordination (such as step length and relative double stance time) were similar between healthy controls and cerebellar patients during and after split-belt walking. In contrast, relative stance times (proportions of stance in the gait cycle) were more asymmetric for the patient group than for the control group during the early phase of the post-split-belt condition. Patients who walked with more asymmetric relative stance times were more likely to demonstrate lesions in vermal lobules VI and Crus II. These results confirm that deficits in gait adaptation vary with ataxia severity and between patients with different types of cerebellar damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Hoogkamer
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Sjoerd M Bruijn
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; MOVE Research Institute, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Jacques Duysens
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Biomechatronics Lab, Mechatronics Department, Escola Politécnica, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Mowery TM, Wilson SM, Kostylev PV, Dina B, Buchholz JB, Prieto AL, Garraghty PE. Embryological exposure to valproic acid disrupts morphology of the deep cerebellar nuclei in a sexually dimorphic way. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 40:15-23. [PMID: 25447790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is diagnosed in males at a much higher rate than females. For this reason, the majority of autism research has used male subjects exclusively. However; more recent studies using genetic sex as a factor find that the development of the male and female brain is differentially affected by ASD. That is, the natural sex-specific differences that exist between male and female brains lead to sexually dimorphic expressions of autism. Here we investigate the putative sexual dimorphism that exists in the deep cerebellar nuclei of male and female rats exposed to valproic acid (VPA) on embryological day 12.5. We find natural sex-specific differences in adult nucleus area, length, and estimated cell populations. Therefore VPA exposure during embryology creates some sex-specific deficits such as higher cell counts in the VPA males and lower cell counts in the VPA females. At the same time, some effects of VPA exposure occur regardless of sex. That is, smaller nucleus area and length lead to truncated nuclei in both VPA males and females. These deficits are more pronounced in the VPA males suggesting that genetic sex could play a role in teratogenic susceptibility to VPA. Taken together our results suggests that VPA exposure induces sexually dimorphic aberrations in morphological development along a mediolateral gradient at a discrete region of the hindbrain approximate to rhombomere (R) 1 and 2. Sex-specific disruption of the local and long-range projections emanating from this locus of susceptibility could offer a parsimonious explanation for the brain-wide neuroanatomical variance reported in males and females with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Mowery
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| | - Sarah M Wilson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Polina V Kostylev
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Blair Dina
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Jennifer B Buchholz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Anne L Prieto
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Preston E Garraghty
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States; Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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Catanzaro MF, Miller DJ, Cotter LA, McCall AA, Yates BJ. Integration of vestibular and gastrointestinal inputs by cerebellar fastigial nucleus neurons: multisensory influences on motion sickness. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2581-9. [PMID: 24677139 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that ingestion of the emetic compound copper sulfate (CuSO4) alters the responses to vestibular stimulation of a large fraction of neurons in brainstem regions that mediate nausea and vomiting, thereby affecting motion sickness susceptibility. Other studies suggested that the processing of vestibular inputs by cerebellar neurons plays a critical role in generating motion sickness and that neurons in the cerebellar fastigial nucleus receive visceral inputs. These findings raised the hypothesis that stimulation of gastrointestinal receptors by a nauseogenic compound affects the processing of labyrinthine signals by fastigial nucleus neurons. We tested this hypothesis in decerebrate cats by determining the effects of intragastric injection of CuSO4 on the responses of rostral fastigial nucleus to whole-body rotations that activate labyrinthine receptors. Responses to vestibular stimulation of fastigial nucleus neurons were more complex in decerebrate cats than reported previously in conscious felines. In particular, spatiotemporal convergence responses, which reflect the convergence of vestibular inputs with different spatial and temporal properties, were more common in decerebrate than in conscious felines. The firing rate of a small percentage of fastigial nucleus neurons (15%) was altered over 50% by the administration of CuSO4; the firing rate of the majority of these cells decreased. The responses to vestibular stimulation of a majority of these cells were attenuated after the compound was provided. Although these data support our hypothesis, the low fraction of fastigial nucleus neurons whose firing rate and responses to vestibular stimulation were affected by the administration of CuSO4 casts doubt on the notion that nauseogenic visceral inputs modulate motion sickness susceptibility principally through neural pathways that include the cerebellar fastigial nucleus. Instead, it appears that convergence of gastrointestinal and vestibular inputs occurs mainly in the brainstem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Catanzaro
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Room 519, Eye and Ear Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Peterson DS, Pickett KA, Duncan R, Perlmutter J, Earhart GM. Gait-related brain activity in people with Parkinson disease with freezing of gait. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90634. [PMID: 24595265 PMCID: PMC3940915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 50% of people with Parkinson disease experience freezing of gait, described as a transient inability to produce effective stepping. Complex gait tasks such as turning typically elicit freezing more commonly than simple gait tasks, such as forward walking. Despite the frequency of this debilitating and dangerous symptom, the brain mechanisms underlying freezing remain unclear. Gait imagery during functional magnetic resonance imaging permits investigation of brain activity associated with locomotion. We used this approach to better understand neural function during gait-like tasks in people with Parkinson disease who experience freezing--"FoG+" and people who do not experience freezing--"FoG-". Nine FoG+ and nine FoG- imagined complex gait tasks (turning, backward walking), simple gait tasks (forward walking), and quiet standing during measurements of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal. Changes in BOLD signal (i.e. beta weights) during imagined walking and imagined standing were analyzed across FoG+ and FoG- groups in locomotor brain regions including supplementary motor area, globus pallidus, putamen, mesencephalic locomotor region, and cerebellar locomotor region. Beta weights in locomotor regions did not differ for complex tasks compared to simple tasks in either group. Across imagined gait tasks, FoG+ demonstrated significantly lower beta weights in the right globus pallidus with respect to FoG-. FoG+ also showed trends toward lower beta weights in other right-hemisphere locomotor regions (supplementary motor area, mesencephalic locomotor region). Finally, during imagined stand, FoG+ exhibited lower beta weights in the cerebellar locomotor region with respect to FoG-. These data support previous results suggesting FoG+ exhibit dysfunction in a number of cortical and subcortical regions, possibly with asymmetric dysfunction towards the right hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Peterson
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kristen A. Pickett
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ryan Duncan
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joel Perlmutter
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gammon M. Earhart
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Bhatt T, Wang TY, Yang F, Pai YC. Adaptation and generalization to opposing perturbations in walking. Neuroscience 2013; 246:435-50. [PMID: 23603517 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Little is known on how the CNS would select its movement options when a person faces a novel or recurring perturbation of two opposing types (slip or trip) while walking. The purposes of this study were (1) to determine whether young adults' adaptation to repeated slips would interfere with their recovery from a novel trip, and (2) to investigate the generalized strategies after they were exposed to a mixed training with both types of perturbation. Thirty-two young adults were assigned to either the training group, which first underwent repeated-slip training before encountering a novel, unannounced trip while walking, or to the control group, which only experienced the same novel, unannounced trip. The former group would then experience a mix of repeated trips and slips. The results indicated that prior adaptation to slips had only limited interference during the initial phase of trip recovery. In fact, the prior repeated-slip exposure had primed their reaction, which mitigated any error resulting from early interference. As a result, they did not have to take a longer compensatory step for trip recovery than did the controls. After the mixed training, subjects were able to converge effectively the motion state of their center of mass (in its position and velocity space) to a stable and generalized "middle ground" steady-state. Such movement strategies not only further strengthened their robust reactive control of stability, but also reduced the CNS' overall reliance on accurate context prediction and on feedback correction of perturbation-induced movement error.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bhatt
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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Kornysheva K, Schubotz RI. Impairment of auditory-motor timing and compensatory reorganization after ventral premotor cortex stimulation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21421. [PMID: 21738657 PMCID: PMC3127678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating auditory and motor information often requires precise timing as in speech and music. In humans, the position of the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) in the dorsal auditory stream renders this area a node for auditory-motor integration. Yet, it remains unknown whether the PMv is critical for auditory-motor timing and which activity increases help to preserve task performance following its disruption. 16 healthy volunteers participated in two sessions with fMRI measured at baseline and following rTMS (rTMS) of either the left PMv or a control region. Subjects synchronized left or right finger tapping to sub-second beat rates of auditory rhythms in the experimental task, and produced self-paced tapping during spectrally matched auditory stimuli in the control task. Left PMv rTMS impaired auditory-motor synchronization accuracy in the first sub-block following stimulation (p<0.01, Bonferroni corrected), but spared motor timing and attention to task. Task-related activity increased in the homologue right PMv, but did not predict the behavioral effect of rTMS. In contrast, anterior midline cerebellum revealed most pronounced activity increase in less impaired subjects. The present findings suggest a critical role of the left PMv in feed-forward computations enabling accurate auditory-motor timing, which can be compensated by activity modulations in the cerebellum, but not in the homologue region contralateral to stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kornysheva
- Motor Control Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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11
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Abe MO, Masani K, Nozaki D, Akai M, Nakazawa K. Temporal correlations in center of body mass fluctuations during standing and walking. Hum Mov Sci 2010; 29:556-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Responses of rostral fastigial nucleus neurons of conscious cats to rotations in vertical planes. Neuroscience 2008; 155:317-25. [PMID: 18571332 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The rostral fastigial nucleus (RFN) of the cerebellum is thought to play an important role in postural control, and recent studies in conscious nonhuman primates suggest that this region also participates in the sensory processing required to compute body motion in space. The goal of the present study was to examine the dynamic and spatial responses to sinusoidal rotations in vertical planes of RFN neurons in conscious cats, and determine if they are similar to responses reported for monkeys. Approximately half of the RFN neurons examined were classified as graviceptive, since their firing was synchronized with stimulus position and the gain of their responses was relatively unaffected by the frequency of the tilts. The large majority (80%) of graviceptive RFN neurons were activated by pitch rotations. Most of the remaining RFN units exhibited responses to vertical oscillations that encoded stimulus velocity, and approximately 50% of these velocity units had a response vector orientation aligned near the plane of a single vertical semicircular canal. Unlike in primates, few feline RFN neurons had responses to vertical rotations that suggested integration of graviceptive (otolith) and velocity (vertical semicircular canal) signals. These data indicate that the physiological role of the RFN may differ between primates and lower mammals. The RFN in rats and cats in known to be involved in adjusting blood pressure and breathing during postural alterations in the transverse (pitch) plane. The relatively simple responses of many RFN neurons in cats are appropriate for triggering such compensatory autonomic responses.
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13
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Jo S. Hypothetical neural control of human bipedal walking with voluntary modulation. Med Biol Eng Comput 2007; 46:179-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-007-0277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mihara M, Miyai I, Hatakenaka M, Kubota K, Sakoda S. Sustained prefrontal activation during ataxic gait: A compensatory mechanism for ataxic stroke? Neuroimage 2007; 37:1338-45. [PMID: 17683949 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accumulated evidence that cortical reorganization plays an important role in motor recovery after supratentorial stroke. However neural mechanisms underlying functional recovery of ataxia after infratentorial stroke remain unclear. We investigated cortical activations during ataxic gait in patients with infratentorial stroke to test the hypothesis that cerebral cortices were involved in compensatory mechanisms for ataxic gait. Twelve patients with infratentorial stroke (mean duration+/-S.D. from the onset: 88.3+/-44.8 days) and 11 age-matched healthy subjects participated in this study. All patients had predominant ataxia without severe hemiparesis. We measured cortical activation as assessed by task-related increase of oxygenated hemoglobin during gait on a treadmill using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Task consisted of three repetitions of gait period alternated with rest period. In controls, cortical activations in the lateral and medial prefrontal cortex during the acceleration phase tended to be attenuated during the steady phase of the gait period while these activations were sustained throughout the gait period in ataxic patients. Repeated measures ANOVA for cortical activation revealed significant interactions (p<0.005) between phase (acceleration/steady) and group (control/stroke) in the medial and lateral prefrontal regions. These results suggest that sustained prefrontal activation during ataxic gait might be relevant to compensatory mechanisms for ataxic gait after infratentorial stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Mihara
- Neurorehabilitation Research Institute, Morinomiya Hospital, and Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
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15
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Jo S. A neurobiological model of the recovery strategies from perturbed walking. Biosystems 2007; 90:750-68. [PMID: 17482345 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a human mimetic neuro-musculo-skeletal model to simulate the recovery reactions from perturbations during walking. The computational model incorporates nonlinear viscoelastic muscular mechanics, supraspinal control of the center-of-mass, spinal pattern generator including muscle synergy network, spinal reflexes, and long-loop reflexes. Especially the long-loop reflexes specify recovery strategies based on the experimental observations [Schillings, A.M., van Wezel, B.M.H., Mulder, T.H., Duysen, J., 2000. Muscular responses and movement strategies during stumbling over obstacles. J. Neurophysiol. 83, 2093-2102; Eng, J.J., Winter, D.A., Patla, A.E., 1994. Strategies for recovery from a trip in early and late swing during human walking. Exp. Brain Res. 102, 339-349]. The model demonstrates two typical recovery strategies, i.e., elevating and lowering strategies against pulling over a swing leg. Sensed perturbation triggers a simple tonic pulse from the cortex. Depending on the swing phase, the tonic pulse activates a different compound of muscles over lower limbs. The compound induces corresponding recovery strategies. The reproduction of principal recovery behaviors may support the model's proposed functional and/or anatomical correspondence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Jo
- Biomechatronics Group, Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 20 Ames St. E15-054, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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16
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Nordstrom MA, Gorman RB, Laouris Y, Spielmann JM, Stuart DG. Does motoneuron adaptation contribute to muscle fatigue? Muscle Nerve 2007; 35:135-58. [PMID: 17195169 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To help reduce the gap between the cellular physiology of motoneurons (MNs) as studied "bottom-up" in animal preparations and the "top-down" study of the firing patterns of human motor units (MUs), this article addresses the question of whether motoneuron adaptation contributes to muscle fatigue. Findings are reviewed on the intracellularly recorded electrophysiology of spinal MNs as studied in vivo and in vitro using animal preparations, and the extracellularly recorded discharge of MUs as studied in conscious humans. The latter "top-down" approach, combined with kinetic measurements, has provided most of what is currently known about the neurobiology of muscle fatigue, including its task and context dependencies. It is argued that although the question addressed is still open, it should now be possible to design new "bottom-up" research paradigms using animal preparations that take advantage of what has been learned with the use of relatively noninvasive quantitative procedures in conscious humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nordstrom
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Jo S, Massaquoi SG. A model of cerebrocerebello-spinomuscular interaction in the sagittal control of human walking. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2007; 96:279-307. [PMID: 17124602 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-006-0126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A computationally developed model of human upright balance control (Jo and Massaquoi on Biol cybern 91:188-202, 2004) has been enhanced to describe biped walking in the sagittal plane. The model incorporates (a) non-linear muscle mechanics having activation level -dependent impedance, (b) scheduled cerebrocerebellar interaction for control of center of mass position and trunk pitch angle, (c) rectangular pulse-like feedforward commands from a brainstem/ spinal pattern generator, and (d) segmental reflex modulation of muscular synergies to refine inter-joint coordination. The model can stand when muscles around the ankle are coactivated. When trigger signals activate, the model transitions from standing still to walking at 1.5 m/s. Simulated natural walking displays none of seven pathological gait features. The model can simulate different walking speeds by tuning the amplitude and frequency in spinal pattern generator. The walking is stable against forward and backward pushes of up to 70 and 75 N, respectively, and with sudden changes in trunk mass of up to 18%. The sensitivity of the model to changes in neural parameters and the predicted behavioral results of simulated neural system lesions are examined. The deficit gait simulations may be useful to support the functional and anatomical correspondences of the model. The model demonstrates that basic human-like walking can be achieved by a hierarchical structure of stabilized-long loop feedback and synergy-mediated feedforward controls. In particular, internal models of body dynamics are not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungho Jo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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18
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Bosco G, Eian J, Poppele RE. Phase-specific sensory representations in spinocerebellar activity during stepping: evidence for a hybrid kinematic/kinetic framework. Exp Brain Res 2006; 175:83-96. [PMID: 16733704 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) provides a major mossy fiber input to the spinocerebellum, which plays a significant role in the control of posture and locomotion. Recent work from our laboratory has provided evidence that DSCT neurons encode a global representation of hindlimb mechanics during passive limb movements. The framework that most successfully accounts for passive DSCT behavior is kinematics-based having the coordinates of the limb axis, limb-axis length and orientation. Here we examined the responses of DSCT neurons in decerebrate cats as they walked on a moving treadmill and compared them with the responses passive step-like movements of the hindlimb produced manually. We found that DSCT responses to active locomotion were quantitatively different from the responses to kinematically similar passive limb movements on the treadmill. The differences could not be simply accounted for by the difference in limb-axis kinematics in the two conditions, nor could they be accounted for by new or different response components. Instead, differences could be attributed to an increased relative prominence of specific response components occurring during the stance phase of active stepping, which may reflect a difference in the behavior of the sensory receptors and/or of the DSCT circuitry during active stepping. We propose from these results that DSCT neurons encode two global aspects of limb mechanics that are also important in controlling locomotion at the spinal level, namely the orientation angle of the limb axis and limb loading. Although limb-axis length seemed to be an independent predictor of DSCT activity during passive limb movements, we argue that it is not independent of limb loading, which is likely to be proportional to limb length under passive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bosco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome Tor Vergata, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Wolpaw JR, Chen XY. The cerebellum in maintenance of a motor skill: a hierarchy of brain and spinal cord plasticity underlies H-reflex conditioning. Learn Mem 2006; 13:208-15. [PMID: 16585796 PMCID: PMC1409832 DOI: 10.1101/lm.92706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Operant conditioning of the H-reflex, the electrical analog of the spinal stretch reflex, is a simple model of skill acquisition and involves plasticity in the spinal cord. Previous work showed that the cerebellum is essential for down-conditioning the H-reflex. This study asks whether the cerebellum is also essential for maintaining down-conditioning. After rats decreased the soleus H-reflex over 50 d in response to the down-conditioning protocol, the cerebellar output nuclei dentate and interpositus (DIN) were ablated, and down-conditioning continued for 50-100 more days. In naive (i.e., unconditioned) rats, DIN ablation itself has no significant long-term effect on H-reflex size. During down-conditioning prior to DIN ablation, eight Sprague-Dawley rats decreased the H-reflex to 57% (+/-4 SEM) of control. It rose after ablation, stabilizing within 2 d at about 75% and remaining there until approximately 40 d after ablation. It then rose to approximately 130%, where it remained through the end of study 100 d after ablation. Thus, DIN ablation in down-conditioned rats caused an immediate increase and a delayed increase in the H-reflex. The final result was an H-reflex significantly larger than that prior to down-conditioning. Combined with previous work, these remarkable results suggest that the spinal cord plasticity directly responsible for down-conditioning, which survives only 5-10 d on its own, is maintained by supraspinal plasticity that survives approximately 40 d after loss of cerebellar output. Thus, H-reflex conditioning seems to depend on a hierarchy of brain and spinal cord plasticity to which the cerebellum makes an essential contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Wolpaw
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health and State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA.
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SEGAWA M. Epochs of development of the sleep-wake cycle reflect the modulation of the higher cortical function particular for each epoch. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2006.00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Anderson CM, Lowen SB, Renshaw PF. Emotional task-dependent low-frequency fluctuations and methylphenidate: Wavelet scaling analysis of 1/f-type fluctuations in fMRI of the cerebellar vermis. J Neurosci Methods 2006; 151:52-61. [PMID: 16427128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ion channel currents, neural firing patterns, and brain BOLD signals display 1/f-type fluctuations or fractal properties in time. By design, fMRI methods attempt to minimize the contribution of variance from low-frequency physiological 1/f-noise. New fMRI methods are described to visualize and measure 1/f-type BOLD fluctuations in volunteers recalling affectively neutral or emotional memories or meditating (i.e., attending to breathing) then retrospectively rating emotional content. A wavelet scaling exponent (alpha) was used to characterize signals from 0.015625 to 0.5Hz in cerebellar lobules VIII to X of the vermis (posterior inferior vermis; PIV), a region coordinating balance, eye tracking, locomotion, and vascular tone, and a possible site of pathology in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). RESULTS Changes in alpha and emotional measures were correlated in PIV voxels (r = 0.622, d.f .= 14, P < 0.0005), but not other regions examined. In contrast, conventional means and standard deviations of PIV voxels were unchanged. Methylphenidate, shown to decrease slow oscillations in rodent basal ganglia [Ruskin DN, Bergstrom DA, Shenker A, Freeman LE, Baek D, Walters JR. Drugs used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder affect postsynaptic firing rate and oscillation without preferential dopamine autoreceptor action. Biol Psychiatry 2001;49:340-50.], abolished task-dependent alpha changes in the PIV of an adult with ADHD. Wavelet analysis of long BOLD time series appears well suited to fractal physiology and studies of pharmacologically modulated cerebellar-thalamic-cortical function in ADHD or other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl M Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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