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Ruiz-Páez R, López-Bueno JA, Padrón-Monedero A, Navas MA, Salvador P, Linares C, Díaz J. Short-term effects of fine particulate matter from biomass combustion and Saharan dust intrusions on emergency hospital admissions due to mental and behavioural disorders, anxiety and depression in Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174316. [PMID: 38945243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is affecting both the frequency and scale of wildfires, as well as the increase in the number of days with Saharan dust intrusions. Traditionally, studies have focused on the extent to which the increase in fine particulate matter (PM) has had an impact on cardio-respiratory diseases, but (apart from PM) not on how the meteorological and pollution conditions in these situations affect other diseases, such as those linked to mental health. This study therefore sought to ascertain how daily mean PM10, PM 2.5, NO2, O3 concentrations and daily maximum temperature in heat waves influence daily emergency hospital admissions in Spain caused by mental and behavioural disorders, depression and anxiety on days with PM from biomass combustion and/or Saharan dust intrusions, as compared to days without such conditions, across the period 2009-2018. Our results indicate that on days on which there is biomass combustion, PM concentrations have a statistically significant effect on emergency admissions due to mental disorders, probably related with the toxicity of these particles. Yet on days with intrusions of Saharan dust rather than PM, it is the other variables considered in the analysis that are most closely linked to these types of admissions. The results of this study thus point to the need to implement public health prevention plans which take into account the joint effect of various environmental risk factors that act synergistically in given situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ruiz-Páez
- University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A López-Bueno
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Padrón-Monedero
- National School of Health, Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Navas
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Salvador
- Centre for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research/CIEMAT, Department of the Environment, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Linares
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Díaz
- Climate Change, Health and Urban Environment Reference Unit, Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Dervišević E. Hyperthermia: Is it always an accidental death? Leg Med (Tokyo) 2024; 68:102418. [PMID: 38335833 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The research aimed to determine individual variations in different core temperature measurements before the experiment, after submersion, after 20 min of exposure for heat stroke. METHODS Rats were divided into three groups depending on the temperature and length of exposure to water: CG, G41-20 and G41-UD. The protocol was made according to the earlier described methodology of heat shock induction. RESULTS A significant difference was observed in the G41-UD group; p < 0.0005. The lowest body temperature of the rats was observed, from normothermia, and the highest temperature after death, 37.87 ± 0.62 °C vs 41.20 ± 0.76 °C, the difference between all three groups is p < 0.0005. CONCLUSION Exposure of Wistar rats to water temperatures in the CG and G41 groups led to a significant change in core temperature. In the control group, the thermoregulatory mechanism firmly established normothermia, while hyperthermia was revealed in the G41 group during the 20-minute exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Dervišević
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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3
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Real-World Evidence for the Association between Heat-Related Illness and the Risk of Psychiatric Disorders in Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138087. [PMID: 35805746 PMCID: PMC9265553 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between the heat-related illness (HRI) and the risk of developing psychiatric disorders. From 2000 to 2015, there were 3126 patients with newly diagnosed HRI selected from the National Health Insurance Research Database, along with 31,260 controls matched for gender and age. Fine and Gray’s analysis was used to compare the risk of psychiatric disorders during the 16 years of follow-up. Among the subjects, 523 of the HRI patients and 3619 of the control group (1774.18 vs. 1193.78 per 100,000 person-years) developed psychiatric disorders. Compared with non-HRI patients, the HRI ones had a 3.849-fold risk of being attacked by psychiatric disorders (95% CI: 3.632−4.369, p < 0.001) after adjusting for potential confounders. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the relationship between the HRI and the listed psychiatric disorders was determined by the exclusion of the first-year psychiatric events after the HRI. In spite of deleting the psychiatric diagnoses of the first five years, the HRI was still correlated with the development of psychiatric disorders with the exception of schizophreniform disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders, and acute stress disorder. Therefore, our findings concluded that the HRI could be a potential influence on the increased hazard of psychiatric disorders.
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Sonti S, Tyagi K, Pande A, Daniel R, Sharma AL, Tyagi M. Crossroads of Drug Abuse and HIV Infection: Neurotoxicity and CNS Reservoir. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020202. [PMID: 35214661 PMCID: PMC8875185 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse is a common comorbidity in people infected with HIV. HIV-infected individuals who abuse drugs are a key population who frequently experience suboptimal outcomes along the HIV continuum of care. A modest proportion of HIV-infected individuals develop HIV-associated neurocognitive issues, the severity of which further increases with drug abuse. Moreover, the tendency of the virus to go into latency in certain cellular reservoirs again complicates the elimination of HIV and HIV-associated illnesses. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) successfully decreased the overall viral load in infected people, yet it does not effectively eliminate the virus from all latent reservoirs. Although ART increased the life expectancy of infected individuals, it showed inconsistent improvement in CNS functioning, thus decreasing the quality of life. Research efforts have been dedicated to identifying common mechanisms through which HIV and drug abuse lead to neurotoxicity and CNS dysfunction. Therefore, in order to develop an effective treatment regimen to treat neurocognitive and related symptoms in HIV-infected patients, it is crucial to understand the involved mechanisms of neurotoxicity. Eventually, those mechanisms could lead the way to design and develop novel therapeutic strategies addressing both CNS HIV reservoir and illicit drug use by HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sonti
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (S.S.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Kratika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Vanasthali, Jaipur 304022, Rajasthan, India;
| | - Amit Pande
- Cell Culture Laboratory, ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital 263136, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Rene Daniel
- Farber Hospitalist Service, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
| | - Adhikarimayum Lakhikumar Sharma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (S.S.); (A.L.S.)
| | - Mudit Tyagi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (S.S.); (A.L.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-503-5157 or +1-703-909-9420
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5
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Sharma HS, Muresanu DF, Ozkizilcik A, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Feng L, Buzoianu AD, Menon PK, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Superior antioxidant and anti-ischemic neuroprotective effects of cerebrolysin in heat stroke following intoxication of engineered metal Ag and Cu nanoparticles: A comparative biochemical and physiological study with other stroke therapies. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 266:301-348. [PMID: 34689862 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Military personnel are often exposed to high environmental heat associated with industrial or ambient abundance of nanoparticles (NPs) affecting brain function. We have shown that engineered metal NPs Ag and Cu exacerbate hyperthermia induced brain pathology. Thus, exploration of novel drug therapy is needed for effective neuroprotection in heat stroke intoxicated with NPs. In this investigation neuroprotective effects of cerebrolysin, a balanced composition of several neurotrophic factors and active peptides fragments exhibiting powerful antioxidant and anti-ischemic effects was examined in heat stroke after NPs intoxication. In addition, its efficacy is compared to currently used drugs in post-stroke therapies in clinics. Thus, levertiracetam, pregabalin, topiramat and valproate were compared in standard doses with cerebrolysin in heat stroke intoxicated with Cu or Ag NPs (50-60nm, 50mg/kg, i.p./day for 7 days). Rats were subjected to 4h heat stress (HS) in a biological oxygen demand incubator at 38°C (Relative Humidity 45-47%; Wind velocity 22.4-25.6cm/s) that resulted in profound increase in oxidants Luminol, Lucigenin, Malondialdehyde and Myeloperoxidase, and a marked decrease in antioxidant Glutathione. At this time severe reductions in the cerebral blood flow (CBF) was seen together with increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and brain edema formation. These pathophysiological responses were exacerbated in NPs treated heat-stressed animals. Pretreatment with cerebrolysin (2.5mL/kg, i.v.) once daily for 3 days significantly attenuated the oxidative stress, BBB breakdown and brain edema and improved CBF in the heat stressed group. The other drugs were least effective on brain pathology following heat stroke. However, in NPs treated heat stressed animals 5mL/kg conventional cerebrolysin and 2.5mL/kg nanowired cerebrolysin is needed to attenuate oxidative stress, BBB breakdown, brain edema and to improve CBF. Interestingly, the other drugs even in higher doses used are unable to alter brain pathologies in NPs and heat stress. These observations are the first to demonstrate that cerebrolysin is the most superior antioxidant and anti-ischemic drug in NPs exposed heat stroke, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Asya Ozkizilcik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Preeti K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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6
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Sharma A, Feng L, Muresanu DF, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Manganese nanoparticles induce blood-brain barrier disruption, cerebral blood flow reduction, edema formation and brain pathology associated with cognitive and motor dysfunctions. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 265:385-406. [PMID: 34560926 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles affect blood-brain barrier (BBB) and brain edema formation resulting in sensory-motor dysfunction. Exposure of Mn nanoparticles from industrial sources in humans could target basal ganglia resulting in Parkinson's disease. In present investigation, Mn exposure on brain pathology in a rat model was examined. Rats received Mn nanoparticles (30-40nm size) in a dose of 10 or 20mg/kg, i.p. once daily for 7 days and behavioral dysfunctions on Rota Rod performance, inclined plane angle and grid-walking tests as well as gait performances were examined. In addition, BBB breakdown to Evans blue and radioiodine, brain edema formation and neural injuries were also evaluated. Mn nanoparticles treated rats exhibited cognitive and motor dysfunction on the 8th day. At this time, BBB disruption, reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF), brain edema formation and brain pathology were most marked in the sensory-motor cortex, hippocampus, caudate putamen, cerebellum and thalamus followed by hypothalamus, pons, medulla and spinal cord. In these brain areas, neuronal injuries using Nissl staining was clearly seen. These effects of Mn nanoparticle are dose dependent. These results are the first to demonstrate that Mn nanoparticles induce selective brain pathology resulting in cognitive and motor dysfunction, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Niu F, Sharma A, Wang Z, Feng L, Muresanu DF, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Menon PK, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Nanodelivery of oxiracetam enhances memory, functional recovery and induces neuroprotection following concussive head injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2021; 265:139-230. [PMID: 34560921 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Military personnel are the most susceptible to concussive head injury (CHI) caused by explosion, blast or missile or blunt head trauma. Mild to moderate CHI could induce lifetime functional and cognitive disturbances causing significant decrease in quality of life. Severe CHI leads to instant death and lifetime paralysis. Thus, further exploration of novel therapeutic agents or new features of known pharmacological agents are needed to enhance quality of life of CHI victims. Previous reports from our laboratory showed that mild CHI induced by weight drop technique causing an impact of 0.224N results in profound progressive functional deficit, memory impairment and brain pathology from 5h after trauma that continued over several weeks of injury. In this investigation we report that TiO2 nanowired delivery of oxiracetam (50mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 5 days after CHI resulted in significant improvement of functional deficit on the 8th day. This was observed using Rota Rod treadmill, memory improvement assessed by the time spent in finding hidden platform under water. The motor function improvement is seen in oxiracetam treated CHI group by placing forepaw on an inclined mesh walking and foot print analysis for stride length and distance between hind feet. TiO2-nanowired oxiracetam also induced marked improvements in the cerebral blood flow, reduction in the BBB breakdown and edema formation as well as neuroprotection of neuronal, glial and myelin damages caused by CHI at light and electron microscopy on the 7th day after 5 days TiO2 oxiracetam treatment. Adverse biochemical events such as upregulation of CSF nitrite and nitrate, IL-6, TNF-a and p-Tau are also reduced significantly in oxiracetam treated CHI group. On the other hand post treatment of 100mg/kg dose of normal oxiracetam in identical conditions after CHI is needed to show slight but significant neuroprotection together with mild recovery of memory function and functional deficits on the 8th day. These observations are the first to point out that nanowired delivery of oxiracetam has superior neuroprotective ability in CHI. These results indicate a promising clinical future of TiO2 oxiracetam in treating CHI patients for better quality of life and neurorehabilitation, not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Niu
- CSPC NBP Pharmaceutical Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- CSPC NBP Pharmaceutical Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Preeti K Menon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Muresanu DF, Sharma A, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Feng L, Castellani RJ, Nozari A, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Sjöquist PO, Patnaik R, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Diabetes exacerbates brain pathology following a focal blast brain injury: New role of a multimodal drug cerebrolysin and nanomedicine. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:285-367. [PMID: 33223037 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blast brain injury (bBI) is a combination of several forces of pressure, rotation, penetration of sharp objects and chemical exposure causing laceration, perforation and tissue losses in the brain. The bBI is quite prevalent in military personnel during combat operations. However, no suitable therapeutic strategies are available so far to minimize bBI pathology. Combat stress induces profound cardiovascular and endocrine dysfunction leading to psychosomatic disorders including diabetes mellitus (DM). This is still unclear whether brain pathology in bBI could exacerbate in DM. In present review influence of DM on pathophysiology of bBI is discussed based on our own investigations. In addition, treatment with cerebrolysin (a multimodal drug comprising neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments) or H-290/51 (a chain-breaking antioxidant) using nanowired delivery of for superior neuroprotection on brain pathology in bBI in DM is explored. Our observations are the first to show that pathophysiology of bBI is exacerbated in DM and TiO2-nanowired delivery of cerebrolysin induces profound neuroprotection in bBI in DM, not reported earlier. The clinical significance of our findings with regard to military medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Per-Ove Sjöquist
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Sharma HS, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Muresanu DF, Nozari A, Castellani RJ, Lafuente JV, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Protein kinase inhibitors in traumatic brain injury and repair: New roles of nanomedicine. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:233-283. [PMID: 33223036 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes physical injury to the cell membranes of neurons, glial and axons causing the release of several neurochemicals including glutamate and cytokines altering cell-signaling pathways. Upregulation of mitogen associated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) occurs that is largely responsible for cell death. The pharmacological blockade of these pathways results in cell survival. In this review role of several protein kinase inhibitors on TBI induced oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier breakdown, brain edema formation, and resulting brain pathology is discussed in the light of current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Sharma HS, Muresanu DF, Nozari A, Castellani RJ, Dey PK, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Anesthetics influence concussive head injury induced blood-brain barrier breakdown, brain edema formation, cerebral blood flow, serotonin levels, brain pathology and functional outcome. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 146:45-81. [PMID: 31349932 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidences show that anesthetics influence neurotoxicity and neuroprotection. The possibility that different anesthetic agents potentially influence the pathophysiological and functional outcome following neurotrauma was examined in a rat model of concussive head injury (CHI). The CHI was produced by an impact of 0.224N on the right parietal bone by dropping a weight of 114.6g from a 20cm height under different anesthetic agents, e.g., inhaled ether anesthesia or intraperitoneally administered ketamine, pentobarbital, equithesin or urethane anesthesia. Five hour CHI resulted in profound volume swelling and brain edema formation in both hemispheres showing disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to Evans blue and radioiodine. A marked decrease in the cortical CBF and a profound increase in plasma or brain serotonin levels were seen at this time. Neuronal damages were present in several parts of the brain. These pathological changes were most marked in CHI under ether anesthesia followed by ketamine (35mg/kg, i.p.), pentobarbital (50mg/kg, i.p.), equithesin (3mL/kg, i.p.) and urethane (1g/kg, i.p.). The functional outcome on Rota Rod performances or grid walking tests was also most adversely affected after CHI under ether anesthesia followed by pentobarbital, equithesin and ketamine. Interestingly, the plasma and brain serotonin levels strongly correlated with the development of brain edema in head injured animals in relation to different anesthetic agents used. These observations suggest that anesthetic agents are detrimental to functional and pathological outcomes in CHI probably through influencing the circulating plasma and brain serotonin levels, not reported earlier. Whether anesthetics could also affect the efficacy of different neuroprotective agents in CNS injuries is a new subject that is currently being examined in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Dafin Fior Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Prasanta Kumar Dey
- Neurophysiology Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Nanodelivery of cerebrolysin reduces pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 245:201-246. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Sharma A, Castellani RJ, Smith MA, Muresanu DF, Dey PK, Sharma HS. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: A precursor of serotonin influences regional blood-brain barrier breakdown, cerebral blood flow, brain edema formation, and neuropathology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 146:1-44. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Lee S, Lee H, Myung W, Kim EJ, Kim H. Mental disease-related emergency admissions attributable to hot temperatures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:688-694. [PMID: 29126638 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between high temperature and mental disease has been the focus of several studies worldwide. However, no studies have focused on the mental disease burden attributable to hot temperature. Here, we aim to quantify the risk attributed to hot temperatures based on the exposure-lag-response relationship between temperature and mental diseases. METHOD From data on daily temperature and emergency admissions (EA) for mental diseases collected from 6 major cities (Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Daegu, Busan, and Gwangju in South Korea) over a period of 11years (2003-2013), we estimated temperature-disease associations using a distributed lag non-linear model, and we pooled the data by city through multivariate meta-analysis. Cumulative relative risk and attributable risks were calculated for extreme hot temperatures, defined as the 99th percentile relative to the 50th percentile of temperatures. RESULTS The strongest association between mental disease and high temperature was seen within a period of 0-4days of high temperature exposure. Our results reveal that 14.6% of EA for mental disease were due to extreme hot temperatures, and the elderly were more susceptible (19.1%). Specific mental diseases, including anxiety, dementia, schizophrenia, and depression, also showed significant risk attributed to hot temperatures. Of all EA for anxiety, 31.6% were attributed to extremely hot temperatures. CONCLUSIONS High temperature was responsible for an attributable risk for mental disease, and the burden was higher in the elderly. This finding has important implications for designing appropriate public health policies to minimize the impact of high temperature on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Lee
- Institute of Health and Environment and Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Hwanhee Lee
- Building 221, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Woojae Myung
- School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - E Jin Kim
- Building 221, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- Institute of Health and Environment and Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea; Building 221, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
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Ozkizilcik A, Williams R, Tian ZR, Muresanu DF, Sharma A, Sharma HS. Synthesis of Biocompatible Titanate Nanofibers for Effective Delivery of Neuroprotective Agents. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1727:433-442. [PMID: 29222803 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7571-6_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscience provides us with new opportunities to develop nanotechnologies for treating, in particular, central nervous system disorders such as Alzheimer disease and multiple sclerosis. From a methodological point of view, it is challenging to deliver drugs effectively across the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Our 10-year data and reports from both in vivo and in vitro studies, however, have consistently proved that therapeutic drugs of different types can be generally loaded in/on the nanocarriers for targeted and programmable deliveries to the central nervous system with a high degree of efficacy. This chapter presents a protocol for the synthesis of biocompatible titanate nanofibers as low-cost drug delivery cargos. In addition, a procedure for loading the neuroprotective agent Cerebrolysin onto the nanofibers is briefly described. Finally, experimental observations on the use of nanodrug delivery for superior neuroprotective effects of Cerebrolysin in traumatic brain injury are given as a proof of concept as compared to normal drug alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya Ozkizilcik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Institute of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Roger Williams
- Institute of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Institute of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania & "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari S Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Cold Environment Exacerbates Brain Pathology and Oxidative Stress Following Traumatic Brain Injuries: Potential Therapeutic Effects of Nanowired Antioxidant Compound H-290/51. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:276-285. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Ruozi B, Belletti D, Sharma HS, Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Mössler H, Forni F, Vandelli MA, Tosi G. PLGA Nanoparticles Loaded Cerebrolysin: Studies on Their Preparation and Investigation of the Effect of Storage and Serum Stability with Reference to Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 52:899-912. [PMID: 26108180 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrolysin is a peptide mixture able to ameliorate symptomatology and delay progression of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia. The administration of this drug in humans presents several criticisms due to its short half-life, poor stability, and high doses needed to achieve the effect. This paper investigates the potential of polylactic-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) as sustained release systems for iv administration of cerebrolysin in normal and brain injured rats. NPs were prepared by water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsion technique and characterized by light scattering for mean size and zeta potential and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology. The NPs produced by double sonication under cooling at 60 W for 45 s, 12 mL of 1 % w:v of PVA, and 1:0.6 w:w drug/PLGA ratio (C-NPs4) displayed an adequate loading of drug (24 ± 1 mg/100 mg of NPs), zeta potential value (-13 mV), and average diameters (ranged from 250 to 330 nm) suitable to iv administration. SEM images suggested that cerebrolysin was molecularly dispersed into matricial systems and partially adhered to the NP surface. A biphasic release with an initial burst effect followed by sustained release over 24 h was observed. Long-term stability both at room and at low temperature of freeze-dried NPs was investigated. To gain deeper insight into NP stability after in vivo administration, the stability of the best NP formulation was also tested in serum. These PLGA NPs loaded with cerebrolysin were able to reduce brain pathology following traumatic brain injury. However, the size, the polydispersivity, and the surface properties of sample were significantly affected by the incubation time and the serum concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ruozi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, I-41125, Modena, Italy
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Trang PM, Rocklöv J, Giang KB, Kullgren G, Nilsson M. Heatwaves and Hospital Admissions for Mental Disorders in Northern Vietnam. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155609. [PMID: 27195473 PMCID: PMC4873187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in high-income countries have shown an association between heatwaves and hospital admissions for mental disorders. It is unknown whether such associations exist in subtropical nations like Vietnam. The study aim was to investigate whether hospital admissions for mental disorders may be triggered, or exacerbated, by heat exposure and heatwaves, in a low- and middle-income country, Vietnam. For this, we used data from the Hanoi Mental Hospital over five years (2008–2012) to estimate the effect of heatwaves on admissions for mental disorders. A zero-inflated negative binomial regression model accounting for seasonality, time trend, days of week, and mean humidity was used to analyse the relationship. Heatwave events were mainly studied as periods of three or seven consecutive days above the threshold of 35°C daily maximum temperature (90th percentile). The study result showed heatwaves increased the risk for admission in the whole group of mental disorders (F00-79) for more persistent heatwaves of at least 3 days when compared with non-heatwave periods. The relative risks were estimated at 1.04 (0.95–1.13), 1.15 (1.005–1.31), and 1.36 (1–1.90) for a one-, three- and seven-day heatwave, respectively. Admissions for mental disorders increased among men, residents in rural communities, and the elderly population during heatwaves. The groups of organic mental disorders, including symptomatic illnesses (F0-9) and mental retardation (F70-79), had increased admissions during heatwaves. The findings are novel in their focus on heatwave impact on mental diseases in a population habituating in a subtropical low- and middle-income country characterized by rapid epidemiological transitions and environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phan Minh Trang
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Joacim Rocklöv
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Kim Bao Giang
- Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Vietnam
| | - Gunnar Kullgren
- Department of Psychiatry Clinical Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Nilsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Sweden
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Kiyatkin EA, Sharma HS. Breakdown of Blood-Brain and Blood-Spinal Cord Barriers During Acute Methamphetamine Intoxication: Role of Brain Temperature. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2016; 15:1129-1138. [PMID: 27658516 PMCID: PMC6092929 DOI: 10.2174/1871527315666160920112445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a powerful and often-abused stimulant with potent addictive and neurotoxic properties. While it is generally believed that structural brain damage induced by METH results from oxidative stress, in this work we present data suggesting robust disruption of blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers during acute METH intoxication in rats. We demonstrate the relationships between METH-induced brain hyperthermia and widespread but structure-specific barrier leakage, acute glial cell activation, changes in brain water and ionic homeostasis, and structural damage of different types of cells in the brain and spinal cord. Therefore, METH-induced leakage of the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers is a significant contributor to different types of functional and structural brain abnormalities that determine acute toxicity of this drug and possibly neurotoxicity during its chronic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A Kiyatkin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, NIDA-IRP, NIH, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Mohammad Ahmadi Soleimani S, Ekhtiari H, Cadet JL. Drug-induced neurotoxicity in addiction medicine: From prevention to harm reduction. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 223:19-41. [PMID: 26806769 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is considered as a major cause of neurodegenerative disorders. Most drugs of abuse have nonnegligible neurotoxic effects many of which are primarily mediated by several dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems. Although many researchers have investigated the medical and cognitive consequences of drug abuse, the neurotoxicity induced by these drugs still requires comprehensive attention. The science of neurotoxicity promises to improve preventive and therapeutic strategies for brain disorders such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson's disease. However, its clinical applications for addiction medicine remain to be defined adequately. This chapter reviews the most commonly discussed mechanisms underlying neurotoxicity induced by common drugs of abuse including amphetamines, cocaine, opiates, and alcohol. In addition, the known factors that trigger and/or predispose to drug-induced neurotoxicity are discussed. These factors include drug-related, individual-related, and environmental insults. Moreover, we introduce some of the potential pharmacological antineurotoxic interventions deduced from experimental animal studies. These interventions involve various targets such as dopaminergic system, mitochondria, cell death signaling, and NMDA receptors, among others. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of addicted patients who might benefit from such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohammad Ahmadi Soleimani
- Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Ekhtiari
- Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging (RCMCI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Li CW, Lin YF, Liu TT, Wang JY. Heme oxygenase-1 aggravates heat stress-induced neuronal injury and decreases autophagy in cerebellar Purkinje cells of rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:744-54. [PMID: 23788171 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213493705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that heat stroke induces autophagy as a protection mechanism against neurodegeneration in the brain. Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is a stress protein and can be induced by heat stress (HS). Cerebellar Purkinje cells are selectively vulnerable to heat-induced injury. In this study, we first validated an animal model of HS (38°C for 4 h) in which sustained increase of Purkinje cell injury, HO-1 expression up to 24 h post HS (HS₂₄), and hyperthermia reaching a rectal temperature 41.52 ± 0.32 were observed. In subsequent experiments, we investigated the effects of HO-1 on HS-induced Purkinje cell injury. Rats were divided into four groups: one normothermic control group receiving saline vehicle (1 mL/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]) and exposed to 25 for 4 h; and three HS groups receiving saline, or HO-1 inducer haemin (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or HO-1 inhibitor tin protoporphyrin (SnPP, 30 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively, at 12 h prior to HS. HS-induced Purkinje cell injury was further enhanced by HO-1 inducer but attenuated by HO-1 inhibitor as evaluated by immunoreactivity of apoptosis marker (active caspase-3) as well as Fluoro-Jade B histochemistry (staining for degenerating neurons), suggesting a detrimental role of HO-1. Interestingly, the protective autophagy was reduced by HO-1 inducer but enhanced by HO-1 inhibitor as demonstrated by autophagy markers including Beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 in Purkinje cells. Double immunofluorescent labelling of Beclin-1 or 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (an oxidative DNA damage marker) with HO-1 immunoreactivity not only demonstrated their co-localization, but also confirmed that HO-1 negatively regulated Beclin-1 but increased oxidative stress in the same Purkinje cell. Taken together, our results indicate that HO-1 aggravates HS injury in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Our findings shed new light on cell damage mechanisms by HS in central nervous system and may help to provide potential therapeutic foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Wang Li
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC
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Morera P, Basiricò L, Hosoda K, Bernabucci U. Chronic heat stress up-regulates leptin and adiponectin secretion and expression and improves leptin, adiponectin and insulin sensitivity in mice. J Mol Endocrinol 2012; 48:129-38. [PMID: 22279186 DOI: 10.1530/jme-11-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) induces adaptive responses that are responsible for alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic heat treatment on the expression and secretion of leptin and adiponectin, important regulators of energy homeostasis, food intake and insulin action. C57BL/6 mice were subdivided into three groups (24 mice each). The first group was kept under control conditions (C: 22±2 °C). The second group was exposed to HS (35±1 °C). The third group was kept under control conditions and was food restricted (FR). The HS group had higher rectal temperature than the C and FR groups and lower food intake than the C group. Hspa1 (Hspa1a) gene expression in adipose tissue, muscle and liver was higher under HS than FR and C. Heat treatment resulted in decreased blood glucose and non-esterified fatty acids; increased leptin, adiponectin and insulin secretion; and greater glucose disposal. Leptin, adiponectin, leptin and adiponectin receptors, insulin receptor substrate-1 and glucose transporter mRNAs were up-regulated in HS mice. This study provides evidence that HS improves leptin and adiponectin signalling in adipose tissue, muscle and liver. Heat stress was responsible for improving insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, probably mediated by adipokines. Changes in the adipokine levels and sensitivity to them may be considered as an adaptive response to heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Morera
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, Nature and Energy, University of Tuscia, via San Camillo De Lellis, SNC 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Sharma HS, Sharma A. Rodent spinal cord injury model and application of neurotrophic factors for neuroprotection. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 846:393-415. [PMID: 22367828 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-536-7_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious clinical problem that causes lifetime disabilities to victims and inflicting huge social burden on our society. One of the main lacunae in developing potential therapeutic measures in SCI is a lack of suitable animal models that could be comparable to clinical situations. Thus, development of new animal models of SCI is highly needed to expand our knowledge on cell injury and repair process in order to reduce cord pathology, and in translating advanced therapies in patients of SCI to improve therapeutic strategies. Keeping these views in mind, a suitable animal model is developed in our laboratory that can be used to explore new therapeutic tools in SCI. The details of our methods used to induce SCI in rodents and neuroprotection achieved by use of selected neurotrophic factors are described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Laboratory of Cerebrovascular and Pain Research, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Sharma HS, Sharma A. Nanowired drug delivery for neuroprotection in central nervous system injuries: modulation by environmental temperature, intoxication of nanoparticles, and comorbidity factors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 4:184-203. [PMID: 22162425 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in nanomedicine resulted in targeted drug delivery of active compounds into the central nervous system (CNS) either through encapsulated material or attached to nanowires. Nanodrug delivery by any means is supposed to enhance neuroprotection due to rapid accumulation of drugs within the target area and a slow metabolism of the compound. These two factors enhance neuroprotection than the conventions drug delivery. However, this is still uncertain whether nanodrug delivery could alter the pharmacokinetics of compounds making it more effective or just longer exposure of the compound for extended period of time is primarily responsible for enhanced effects of the drugs. Our laboratory is engaged in understanding of the nanodrug delivery using TiO(2) nanowires in CNS injuries models, for example, spinal cord injury (SCI), hyperthermia and/or intoxication of nanoparticles with or without other comorbidity factors, that is, diabetes or hypertension in rat models. Our observations suggest that nanowired drug delivery is effective under normal situation of SCI and hyperthermia as evidenced by significant reduction in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, brain edema formation, cognitive disturbances, neuronal damages, and brain pathologies. However, when the pathophysiology of these CNS injuries is aggravated by nanoparticles intoxication or comorbidity factors, adjustment in dosage of nanodrug delivery is needed. This indicates that further research in nanomedicine is needed to explore suitable strategies in achieving greater neuroprotection in CNS injury in combination with nanoparticles intoxication or other comorbidity factors for better clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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O'Connor FG, Casa DJ, Bergeron MF, Carter R, Deuster P, Heled Y, Kark J, Leon L, McDermott B, O'Brien K, Roberts WO, Sawka M. American College of Sports Medicine Roundtable on exertional heat stroke--return to duty/return to play: conference proceedings. Curr Sports Med Rep 2011; 9:314-21. [PMID: 20827100 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0b013e3181f1d183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On October 22-23, 2008, an ACSM Roundtable was convened at the Uniformed Services University (Bethesda, MD) to discuss return-to-play or return-to-duty for people who have experienced exertional heat illness (EHI) and to develop consensus-based recommendations. The conference assembled experts from the civilian sports medicine community and the Department of Defense to discuss relevant EHI issues, such as potential long-term consequences, the concept of thermotolerance, and the role of thermal tolerance testing in return-to-play decisions. Although the group was unable to move forward with new consensus recommendations, they clearly documented critical clinical concerns and scientific questions, including the following: 1) no uniform core definitions of EHI; 2) limited validated criteria to assess recovery from exertional heat stroke (EHS); and 3) inadequate ability to predict who may be predisposed to a subsequent heat injury after EHS. Areas of potential future research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis G O'Connor
- Military and Emergency Medicine, Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Desaulniers D, Yagminas A, Chu I, Nakai J. Effects of anesthetics and terminal procedures on biochemical and hormonal measurements in polychlorinated biphenyl treated rats. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:334-47. [PMID: 21444927 DOI: 10.1177/1091581810397774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This investigation reports the effects of various terminal procedures, and how they modified the responses to a toxicant (polychlorinated biphenyls [A1254], 130 mg/kg/day × 5 days) administered by gavage to Sprague-Dawley male rats. Terminal procedures included exsanguination via the abdominal aorta under anesthesia (isoflurane inhalation or Equithesin injection), decapitation with or without anesthesia, or narcosis induced by carbon dioxide inhalation. Effects of repeated anesthesia were also tested. Terminal procedures induced confounding stress responses, particularly when Equithesin was used. The terminal procedures modified the conclusions about effects of A1254 on the concentrations of corticosterone, insulin, glucagon, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen, from nonstatistically significant to significant changes, and in the case of luteinizing hormone from a statistically significant increase to a significant decrease. Investigations of effects of toxicants should be designed and interpreted considering potential changes induced by the selection of a terminal procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Desaulniers
- Hazard Identification Division, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Sharma HS, Muresanu D, Sharma A, Zimmermann-Meinzingen S. Cerebrolysin treatment attenuates heat shock protein overexpression in the brain following heat stress: an experimental study using immunohistochemistry at light and electron microscopy in the rat. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1199:138-48. [PMID: 20633119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that overexpression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the CNS represents a neurodestructive signal following hyperthermia was examined in a rat model using a potent neuroprotective drug, Cerebrolysin (Ebewe Pharma, Austria). Rats subjected to four hours of heat stress in a biological oxygen demand incubator at 38 degrees C developed profound hyperthermia (41.23 +/- 0.14 degrees C) and overexpressed HSP 72 kD in several brain regions: cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord compared to controls. This HSP overexpression closely correlated with the leakage of blood-brain barrier permeability and vasogenic edema formation in these brain areas. HSP positive cells are largely confined in the edematous brain regions showing Evans blue leakage. Pretreatment with Cerebrolysin (5 mL/kg, i.v.) 30 minutes before heat stress markedly attenuated hyperthermia (39.48 +/- 0.23 degrees C, P < 0.01) and the induction of HSP to all the brain regions examined. Leakage of Evans blue albumin and increase in brain water content in these brain areas are also markedly reduced with Cerebrolysin pretreatment. These results are the first to show that Cerebrolysin, if administered before heat stress, attenuates hyperthermia induced stress reaction and HSP 72 kD induction. Taken together, these novel observations suggest that upregulation of HSP 72 kD in brain represents neurodestructive signals and a reduction in cellular stress mechanisms leading to decline in HSP expression is neuroprotective in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Muresanu DF, Sharma A, Sharma HS. Diabetes aggravates heat stress-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown, reduction in cerebral blood flow, edema formation, and brain pathology: possible neuroprotection with growth hormone. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1199:15-26. [PMID: 20633105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that diabetes influences the outcome of heat stress-induced brain pathology was examined in our experimental rat model. Because growth hormone (GH) deficiency is an important factor in diabetes, the possible neuroprotective role of GH supplements was also examined in diabetic rats following heat stress. Rats receiving streptozotocine once daily for three days (50 mg/kg, i.p.) and allowed to survive four weeks resulted in diabetes (blood glucose level 18 and 20 mMol/L) compared to controls (blood glucose 4-6 mMol/L). Control or diabetic rats when subjected to four hours' heat stress at 38 degrees C in a biological oxygen demand incubator (BOD) showed profound disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF), brain edema formation, and cell injury. These effects were most pronounced in diabetic rats. Pretreatment with GH (50 microg/kg/min for 10 min before heat stress) significantly attenuated brain pathology in normal animals subjected to hyperthermia. On the other hand, almost a double dose of the growth hormone (80 to 120 microg/g/min for 10 min) is needed in diabetic rats to induce considerable neuroprotection following heat stress. These observations are the first to suggest that diabetic rats are more vulnerable to heat stress-induced brain pathology and further show that the efficacy of neuroprotective drugs is also severely reduced in diabetic rats. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the dosage of neuroprotective drugs requires adjustment to enhance neuroprotection depending on the patient's endocrine or metabolic status, for example, diabetes mellitus, a finding not reported earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Neurology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Sharma HS, Zimmermann-Meinzingen S, Sharma A, Johanson CE. Cerebrolysin Attenuates Blood–Brain Barrier and Brain Pathology Following Whole Body Hyperthermia in the Rat. BRAIN EDEMA XIV 2010; 106:321-5. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-98811-4_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Chronic Hypertension Aggravates Heat Stress-Induced Brain Damage: Possible Neuroprotection by Cerebrolysin. BRAIN EDEMA XIV 2010; 106:327-33. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-98811-4_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kiyatkin EA, Sharma HS. Acute methamphetamine intoxication: brain hyperthermia, blood-brain barrier, brain edema, and morphological cell abnormalities. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 88:65-100. [PMID: 19897075 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)88004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a powerful and often abused stimulant with potent addictive and neurotoxic properties. While it is generally assumed that multiple chemical substances released in the brain following METH-induced metabolic activation (or oxidative stress) are primary factors underlying damage of neural cells, in this work we present data suggesting a role of brain hyperthermia and associated leakage of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in acute METH-induced toxicity. First, we show that METH induces a dose-dependent brain and body hyperthermia, which is strongly potentiated by associated physiological activation and in warm environments that prevent proper heat dissipation to the external environment. Second, we demonstrate that acute METH intoxication induces robust, widespread but structure-specific leakage of the BBB, acute glial activation, and increased water content (edema), which are related to drug-induced brain hyperthermia. Third, we document widespread morphological abnormalities of brain cells, including neurons, glia, epithelial, and endothelial cells developing rapidly during acute METH intoxication. These structural abnormalities are tightly related to the extent of brain hyperthermia, leakage of the BBB, and brain edema. While it is unclear whether these rapidly developed morphological abnormalities are reversible, this study demonstrates that METH induces multiple functional and structural perturbations in the brain, determining its acute toxicity and possibly contributing to neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene A Kiyatkin
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Sharma HS, Muresanu D, Sharma A, Patnaik R. Cocaine-induced breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and neurotoxicity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 88:297-334. [PMID: 19897082 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)88011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Role of cocaine in influencing blood-brain barrier (BBB) function is still unknown. Available evidences suggest that cocaine administration results in acute hyperthermia and alterations in brain serotonin metabolism. Since hyperthermia is capable to induce the breakdown of the BBB either directly or through altered serotonin metabolism, a possibility exists that cocaine may induce neurotoxicity by causing BBB disruption. This hypothesis is discussed in this review largely based on our own laboratory investigations. Our observations in rats demonstrate that cocaine depending on the dose and routes of administration induces profound hyperthermia, increased plasma and brain serotonin levels leading to BBB breakdown and brain edema formation. Furthermore, cocaine was able to enhance cellular stress as seen by upregulation of heat shock protein (HSP 72 kD) expression and resulted in marked neuronal and glial cell damages at the time of the BBB dysfunction. Taken together, these observations are the first to suggest that cocaine-induced BBB disruption is instrumental in precipitating brain pathology. The possible mechanisms of cocaine-induced BBB breakdown and neurotoxicity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari S Sharma
- Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research & Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Uppsala University, SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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Sharma HS, Ali SF. Acute administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine induces profound hyperthermia, blood-brain barrier disruption, brain edema formation, and cell injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1139:242-58. [PMID: 18991870 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1432.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The psychostimulant 3,4-,ethylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy") is known to induce hyperthermia and alterations in neurochemical metabolism in the CNS. However, the detailed cellular or molecular mechanisms behind MDMA-induced neurotoxicity are still not well known. Since MDMA induces profound hyperthermia that could lead to intense cellular stress and cause disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), this investigation examined the effects of acute MDMA on BBB dysfunction, brain edema, and cell injury in rats and mice. When MDMA (40 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to rats or mice, these animals exhibited profound behavioral disturbances (hyperactivity and hyperlocomotion) and hyperthermia (>40 to 41 degrees C) at 4 h. At this time, the leakage of Evans blue dye was evident, particularly in the cerebellum, hippocampus, cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus. This effect was most pronounced in mice compared to rats. Marked increase in brain water along with Na(+), K(+), and Cl(-) content was also seen in the aforementioned brain regions. Presence of distorted neuronal and glial cells in brain regions associated with leakage of Evans blue is quite common in MDMA-treated animals. Increased albumin immunoreactivity, indicating breakdown of the BBB, and upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), suggesting activation of astrocytes, were seen in most brain regions showing edematous changes. Upregulation of heat-shock protein (HSP72) immunoreactivity in the nuclei and cell cytoplasm of the neurons located in the edematous brain regions are quite common. Taken together, these observations are the first to show that MDMA has the capacity to disrupt BBB permeability to proteins and to induce the formation of edema, probably by inducing hyperthermia and cellular stress, as evident with HSP overexpression leading to cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center of Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA.
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Sharma HS. 5th Annual Global College of Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration. Expert Rev Neurother 2008; 8:881-887. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.6.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Sharma HS, Patnaik R, Patnaik S, Mohanty S, Sharma A, Vannemreddy P. Antibodies to serotonin attenuate closed head injury induced blood brain barrier disruption and brain pathology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1122:295-312. [PMID: 18077582 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1403.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Closed head injury (CHI) often results in profound brain swelling and instant death of the victims due to compression of the vital centers. However, the neurochemical basis of edema formation in CHI is still obscure. Previous studies from our laboratory show that blockade of serotonin synthesis prior to CHI in a rat model attenuates brain edema, indicating a prominent role for serotonin in head injury. Thus, neutralization of endogenous serotonin activity and/or blocking of its receptors will induce neuroprotection in CHI. Since serotonin has more than 14 receptors and selective serotonin antagonists are still not available, we used serotonin antiserum to neutralize its in vivo effects before or after CHI in a rat model. CHI was produced by an impact of 0.224 N on the right parietal skull bone under Equithesin anesthesia by dropping a weight of 114.6 g from a height of 20 cm through a guide tube. This concussive brain injury resulted in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, brain edema formation, and volume swelling at 5 h that were most pronounced in the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. The plasma and brain serotonin levels were increased several-fold at this time. Intracerebroventricular administration of serotonin antiserum (1:20, monoclonal) into the left lateral cerebral ventricle (30 microL in PBS) 30 min before or 30 min (but not 60 min) after CHI significantly attenuated BBB disruption, brain edema formation, volume swelling, and brain pathology. The plasma and brain serotonin levels continued to remain high. These observations are the first to suggest that antiserum to serotonin when administered into the CSF during the early phase of CHI are capable of inducing neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala University, SE-75421 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Sharma HS. A select combination of neurotrophins enhances neuroprotection and functional recovery following spinal cord injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1122:95-111. [PMID: 18077567 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1403.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that topical application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) given within 5 to 30 min after a focal trauma to the rat spinal cord attenuates spinal cord injury (SCI)-induced breakdown of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), edema formation, motor dysfunction, and cell injury. This investigation was undertaken to find out whether a combination of select neurotrophins (BDNF, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor [GDNF], neurotrophin 3 [NT-3], or nerve growth factor [NGF]) will further enhance the neuroprotective efficacy of growth factors in SCI. The neurotrophins (0.1-1 microg/10 microL in phosphate-buffered saline) were applied 30, 60, or 90 min after injury topically over the traumatized spinal cord either alone or in combination. The SCI was performed by making a unilateral incision into the right dorsal horn of the T10-T11 segment under Equithesin anesthesia. The rats were allowed to survive 5 h after trauma. Topical application of BDNF, GDNF, or NGF 30 min after SCI in high concentration (0.5 microg and 1 microg) significantly improved the motor functions and reduced the BSCB breakdown, edema formation, and cell injury seen at 5 h. These beneficial effects of neurotropins were absent when administered separately either 60 or 90 min after SCI. However, a combination of BDNF and GDNF (but not with NT-3 or NGF) given either 60 or 90 min after SCI significantly reduced the motor dysfunction and spinal cord pathology at 5 h. These novel observations suggest that a select group of neurotrophins in combination have potential therapeutic value for the treatment of SCI in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala University, SE-75421 Uppsala, Sweden.
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MURESANU DAFINF, SHARMA HARIS. Chronic Hypertension Aggravates Heat Stress-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction and Brain Pathology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1122:1-22. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1403.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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