1
|
Bootter MB, Li J, Zhou W, Edwards D, Batley J. Diversity of Phytosterols in Leaves of Wild Brassicaceae Species as Compared to Brassica napus Cultivars: Potential Traits for Insect Resistance and Abiotic Stress Tolerance. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091866. [PMID: 37176924 PMCID: PMC10180710 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are natural compounds found in all higher plants that have a wide variety of roles in plant growth regulation and stress tolerance. The phytosterol composition can also influence the development and reproductive rate of strict herbivorous insects and other important agronomic traits such as temperature and drought tolerance in plants. In this study, we analysed the phytosterol composition in 18 Brassica napus (Rapeseed/canola) cultivars and 20 accessions belonging to 10 related wild Brassicaceae species to explore diverse and novel phytosterol profiles. Plants were grown in a controlled phytotron environment and their phytosterols were analysed using a saponification extraction method followed by GC-MS from the leaf samples. The B. napus cultivars showed slight diversity in eight phytosterols (>0.02%) due to the genotypic effect, whereas the wild accessions showed significant variability in their phytosterol profiles. Of interest, a number of wild accessions were found with high levels of campesterol (HIN20, HIN23, HUN27, HIN30, SARS2, and UPM6563), stigmasterol (UPM6813, UPM6563, ALBA17, and ALBA2), and isofucosterol (SARS12, SAR6, and DMU2). These changes in individual phytosterols, or ratios of phytosterols, can have a significant implication in plant tolerance to abiotic stress and plant insect resistance properties, which can be used in breeding for crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Li
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Wenxu Zhou
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo K, Dong Z, Zhang X, Chen Y, Li Y, Jiang W, Qin L, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Xia Q, Zhao P. Analysis of histomorphometric and proteome dynamics inside the silk gland lumen of Bombyx mori revealed the dynamic change of silk protein during the molt stage. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123926. [PMID: 36889618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Silkworms spin different silks at different growth stages for specific purposes. The silk spun before the end of each instar is stronger than that at the beginning of each instar and cocoon silk. However, the compositional changes in silk proteins during this process are unknown. Consequently, we performed histomorphological and proteomic analyses of the silk gland to characterize changes from the instar end to the next instar beginning. The silk glands were collected on day 3 of third- and fourth-instar larvae (III-3 and IV-3) and the beginning of fourth-instar larvae (IV-0). Proteomic analysis identified 2961 proteins from all silk glands. Silk proteins P25 and Ser5 were significantly more abundant in III-3 and IV-3 than in IV-0, and many cuticular proteins and protease inhibitors increased significantly in IV-0 compared with III-3 and IV-3. This shift may cause mechanical property differences between the instar end and beginning silk. Using section staining, qPCR, and western blotting, we found for the first time that silk proteins were degraded first and then resynthesized during the molting stage. Furthermore, we revealed that fibroinase mediated the changes of silk proteins during molting. Our results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of silk proteins dynamic regulation during molting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Guo
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaoming Dong
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Li
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Wenchao Jiang
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Lixia Qin
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Zhouguanrui Guo
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Biological Science Research Center, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory for Germplasm Creation in Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 400715 Chongqing, China; Engineering Laboratory of Sericultural and Functional Genome and Biotechnology, Development and Reform Commission, 400715 Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu J, Zhang H, Wang Q, Huang X. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Pattern of Cytochrome P450 Genes in the Social Aphid Pseudoregma bambucicola. INSECTS 2023; 14:212. [PMID: 36835781 PMCID: PMC9966863 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) have a variety of functions, including involvement in the metabolism of exogenous substances and the synthesis and degradation of endogenous substances, which are important for the growth and development of insects. Pseudoregma bambucicola is a social aphid that produces genetically identical but morphologically and behaviorally distinct first-instar soldiers and normal nymphs within colonies. In this study, we identified 43 P450 genes based on P. bambucicola genome data. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes were classified into 4 clans, 13 families, and 23 subfamilies. The CYP3 and CYP4 clans had a somewhat decreased number of genes. In addition, differential gene expression analysis based on transcriptome data showed that several P450 genes, including CYP18A1, CYP4G332, and CYP4G333, showed higher expression levels in soldiers compared to normal nymphs and adult aphids. These genes may be candidates for causing epidermal hardening and developmental arrest in soldiers. This study provides valuable data and lays the foundation for the study of functions of P450 genes in the social aphid P. bambucicola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaolei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Yin L, Bi J, Stanley D, Feng Q, Song Q. The TGF-β Receptor Gene Saxophone Influences Larval-Pupal-Adult Development in Tribolium castaneum. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27186017. [PMID: 36144752 PMCID: PMC9505606 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily encodes a large group of proteins, including TGF-β isoforms, bone morphogenetic proteins and activins that act through conserved cell-surface receptors and signaling co-receptors. TGF-β signaling in insects controls physiological events, including growth, development, diapause, caste determination and metamorphosis. In this study, we used the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, as a model species to investigate the role of the type I TGF-β receptor, saxophone (Sax), in mediating development. Developmental and tissue-specific expression profiles indicated Sax is constitutively expressed during development with lower expression in 19- and 20-day (6th instar) larvae. RNAi knockdown of Sax in 19-day larvae prolonged developmental duration from larvae to pupae and significantly decreased pupation and adult eclosion in a dose-dependent manner. At 50 ng dsSax/larva, Sax knockdown led to an 84.4% pupation rate and 46.3% adult emergence rate. At 100 ng and 200 ng dsSax/larva, pupation was down to 75.6% and 50%, respectively, with 0% adult emergence following treatments with both doses. These phenotypes were similar to those following knockdowns of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) receptor genes, ecdysone receptor (EcR) or ultraspiracle protein (USP). Expression of 20E biosynthesis genes disembodied and spookier, 20E receptor genes EcR and USP, and 20E downstream genes BrC and E75, were suppressed after the Sax knockdown. Topical application of 20E on larvae treated with dsSax partially rescued the dsSax-driven defects. We can infer that the TGF-β receptor gene Sax influences larval-pupal-adult development via 20E signaling in T. castaneum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Letong Yin
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Institution of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Product, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250100, China
| | - David Stanley
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Biological Control of Insect Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Station (USDA/ARS), Columbia, MO 65203, USA
| | - Qili Feng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Knockdown of the Halloween Genes spook, shadow and shade Influences Oocyte Development, Egg Shape, Oviposition and Hatching in the Desert Locust. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169232. [PMID: 36012497 PMCID: PMC9408901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are widely investigated for their role during the molting cascade in insects; however, they are also involved in the development of the female reproductive system. Ecdysteroids are synthesized from cholesterol, which is further converted via a series of enzymatic steps into the main molting hormone, 20-hydoxyecdysone. Most of these biosynthetic conversion steps involve the activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) hydroxylases, which are encoded by the Halloween genes. Three of these genes, spook (spo), phantom (phm) and shade (shd), were previously characterized in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Based on recent sequencing data, we have now identified the sequences of disembodied (dib) and shadow (sad), for which we also analyzed spatiotemporal expression profiles using qRT-PCR. Furthermore, we investigated the possible role(s) of five different Halloween genes in the oogenesis process by means of RNA interference mediated knockdown experiments. Our results showed that depleting the expression of SchgrSpo, SchgrSad and SchgrShd had a significant impact on oocyte development, oviposition and hatching of the eggs. Moreover, the shape of the growing oocytes, as well as the deposited eggs, was very drastically altered by the experimental treatments. Consequently, it can be proposed that these three enzymes play an important role in oogenesis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shahzad MF, Idrees A, Afzal A, Iqbal J, Qadir ZA, Khan AA, Ullah A, Li J. RNAi-Mediated Silencing of Putative Halloween Gene Phantom Affects the Performance of Rice Striped Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis. INSECTS 2022; 13:731. [PMID: 36005356 PMCID: PMC9409148 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The physiological and biochemical characterization of the "Halloween" genes has fundamental importance in the biosynthesis pathway of ecdysteroids. These genes were found to catalyze the final phases of ecdysteroid biosynthesis from dietary cholesterol to the molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. We report the characterization of the Cs-Phm in a major insect pest in agriculture, the rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis (C. suppressalis). A full-length transcript of Cs-Phm was amplified with an open reading frame (ORF) of 478 amino acids through 5' and 3' RACE. Cs-Phm shows five insect-conserved P450 motifs: Helix-C, Helix-I, Helix-K, PERF, and heme-binding motifs. Phylogenetic analysis clearly shows high similarity to Lepidoptera and evolutionary conservation in insects. The relative spatial and temporal transcript profile shows that Cs-Phm is highly expressed in the prothoracic glands and appears throughout the larval development, but with low expression at the start of the larval instar. It seems to peak in 3-4 days and decreases again before the larvae molt. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) injection of Cs-Phm at the larval stage efficiently knocked down the target gene and decreased its expression level. The dsRNA-treated group showed significantly decreased ecdysteroid titers, which leads to delayed larval development and higher larval mortality. Negative effects of larval development were rescued by treating 20E in the dsRNA-treated group. Thus, in conclusion, our results suggest that Cs-Phm is functionally conserved in C. suppressalis and encodes functional CYP that contributes to the biogenesis of 20E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faisal Shahzad
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Pakistan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Atif Idrees
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Ayesha Afzal
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1-Km Defense Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Jamshaid Iqbal
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Pakistan
| | - Ziyad Abdul Qadir
- Honeybee Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Azhar Abbas Khan
- College of Agriculture, Bahadur Sub Campus Layyah, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 31200, Pakistan
| | - Ayat Ullah
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29220, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou ZX, Dou W, Li CR, Wang JJ. CYP314A1-dependent 20-hydroxyecdysone biosynthesis is involved in regulating the development of pupal diapause and energy metabolism in the Chinese citrus fruit fly, Bactrocera minax. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3384-3393. [PMID: 35514223 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diapause is an environmentally preprogrammed period of arrested development, and characterized by metabolic depression that can occur during any development stage of insect. The insect steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), is converted from ecdysone by the cytochrome P450 enzyme shade (CYP314A1), and it exerts a potent effect on the induction and maintenance of diapause in obligatory diapause insects. However, the regulatory mechanism of 20E in obligatory diapause development remains unclear. In this study, the function of 20E in the pupal diapause of Bactrocera minax was investigated. RESULTS We determined the expression pattern of Halloween P450 genes from larval to adult B. minax, and found differential expression of CYP314A1 from other P450 genes, with a high level in larvae and a low level in pupae. Dysfunction of CYP314A1 by dsCYP314A1 microinjection in third-instar larvae caused significant larval mortality or abnormal pupae. Compared with dsGFP and DEPC-water, dsCYP314A1-injected larvae had significantly reduced 20E titer and altered energy metabolism, and many individuals failed to pupate. Exogenous 20E microinjected into late third-instar larvae or 20E fed to early third-instar larvae both caused similar energy metabolism changes. The 20E-treated larvae of B. minax had reduced total lipids and increased amounts of trehalose and glycogen. Furthermore, 20E-treated diapause individuals showed rapid pupal development. CONCLUSION The 20E biosynthesis was regulated by the expression of CYP314A1, and was involved in the induction and termination phase of obligate diapause by regulating energy metabolism in B. minax. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xiong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, Hubei Engineering Technology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan-Ren Li
- Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pests, Hubei Engineering Technology Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fang C, Xin Y, Sun T, Monteiro A, Ye Z, Dai F, Lu C, Tong X. The Hox gene Antennapedia is essential for wing development in insects. Development 2022; 149:274154. [PMID: 35088829 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing view in the field of evo-devo is that insect forewings develop without any Hox gene input. The Hox gene Antennapedia (Antp), despite being expressed in the thoracic segments of insects, has no effect on wing development. This view has been obtained from studies in two main model species: Drosophila and Tribolium. Here, we show that partial loss of function of Antp resulted in reduced and malformed adult wings in Bombyx, Drosophila and Tribolium. Antp mediates wing growth in Bombyx by directly regulating the ecdysteriod biosynthesis enzyme gene (shade) in the wing tissue, which leads to local production of the growth hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. Additional targets of Antp are wing cuticular protein genes CPG24, CPH28 and CPG9, which are essential for wing development. We propose, therefore, that insect wing development occurs in an Antp-dependent manner. This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.,TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yaqun Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Sciences Drive 4, 117543 Singapore.,Science Division, Yale-NUS College, 10 College Avenue West, 138609 Singapore
| | - Zhanfeng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Soares MPM, Pinheiro DG, de Paula Freitas FC, Simões ZLP, Bitondi MMG. Transcriptome dynamics during metamorphosis of imaginal discs into wings and thoracic dorsum in Apis mellifera castes. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:756. [PMID: 34674639 PMCID: PMC8532292 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much of the complex anatomy of a holometabolous insect is built from disc-shaped epithelial structures found inside the larva, i.e., the imaginal discs, which undergo a rapid differentiation during metamorphosis. Imaginal discs-derived structures, like wings, are built through the action of genes under precise regulation. RESULTS We analyzed 30 honeybee transcriptomes in the search for the gene expression needed for wings and thoracic dorsum construction from the larval wing discs primordia. Analyses were carried out before, during, and after the metamorphic molt and using worker and queen castes. Our RNA-seq libraries revealed 13,202 genes, representing 86.2% of the honeybee annotated genes. Gene Ontology analysis revealed functional terms that were caste-specific or shared by workers and queens. Genes expressed in wing discs and descendant structures showed differential expression profiles dynamics in premetamorphic, metamorphic and postmetamorphic developmental phases, and also between castes. At the metamorphic molt, when ecdysteroids peak, the wing buds of workers showed maximal gene upregulation comparatively to queens, thus underscoring differences in gene expression between castes at the height of the larval-pupal transition. Analysis of small RNA libraries of wing buds allowed us to build miRNA-mRNA interaction networks to predict the regulation of genes expressed during wing discs development. CONCLUSION Together, these data reveal gene expression dynamics leading to wings and thoracic dorsum formation from the wing discs, besides highlighting caste-specific differences during wing discs metamorphosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Prioli Miranda Soares
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Guariz Pinheiro
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Zilá Luz Paulino Simões
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Maria Gentile Bitondi
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Drosophila Corazonin Neurons as a Hub for Regulating Growth, Stress Responses, Ethanol-Related Behaviors, Copulation Persistence and Sexually Dimorphic Reward Pathways. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:jdb9030026. [PMID: 34287347 PMCID: PMC8293205 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal mechanisms by which complex behaviors are coordinated and timed often involve neuropeptidergic regulation of stress and reward pathways. Recent studies of the neuropeptide Corazonin (Crz), a homolog of the mammalian Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH), have suggested its crucial role in the regulation of growth, internal states and behavioral decision making. We focus this review on Crz neurons with the goal to (1) highlight the diverse roles of Crz neuron function, including mechanisms that may be independent of the Crz peptide, (2) emphasize current gaps in knowledge about Crz neuron functions, and (3) propose exciting ideas of novel research directions involving the use of Crz neurons. We describe the different developmental fates of distinct subsets of Crz neurons, including recent findings elucidating the molecular regulation of apoptosis. Crz regulates systemic growth, food intake, stress responses and homeostasis by interacting with the short Neuropeptide F (sNPF) and the steroid hormone ecdysone. Additionally, activation of Crz neurons is shown to be pleasurable by interacting with the Neuropeptide F (NPF) and regulates reward processes such as ejaculation and ethanol-related behaviors in a sexually dimorphic manner. Crz neurons are proposed to be a motivational switch regulating copulation duration using a CaMKII-dependent mechanism described as the first neuronal interval timer lasting longer than a few seconds. Lastly, we propose ideas to use Crz neuron-induced ejaculation to study the effects of fictive mating and sex addiction in flies, as well as to elucidate dimorphic molecular mechanisms underlying reward behaviors and feeding disorders.
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang ZM, Yu N, Wang SJ, Korai SK, Liu ZW. Characterization of ecdysteroid biosynthesis in the pond wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 30:71-80. [PMID: 33131130 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids, as the key growth hormones, regulate moulting, metamorphosis and reproduction in arthropods. Ecdysteroid biosynthesis is catalysed by a series of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) encoded by Halloween genes, including spook (spo), phantom (phm), disembodied (dib), shadow (sad) and shade (shd). The ecdysteroid biosynthesis in insects is clear with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) as the main ecdysteroid. However, the information on the major ecdysteroids in arachnids is limited. In this study, Halloween genes spo, dib, sad and shd, but not phm, were identified in the pond wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata. Phylogenetic analysis grouped arachnid and insect Halloween gene products into two CYP450 clades, the CYP2 clan (spo and phm) and the mitochondrial clan (dib, sad, and shd). In P. pseudoannulata, the temporal expression profile of the four Halloween genes in concurrence with spiderling moulting with steady increase in the course of the 2nd instar followed by a rapid dropdown once moulting was completed. Spatially, the four Halloween genes were highly expressed in spiderling abdomen and in the ovaries of female adults. In parallel, ponasterone A (PA), but not 20E, was detected by LC-MS/MS analysis in P. pseudoannulata, and it was demonstrated as a functional ecdysteroid in the spider by accelerating of moulting with PA addition. The present study revealed the different ecdysteroid biosynthesis pathways in spiders and insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z-M Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - N Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - S-J Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - S K Korai
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Z-W Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Swall ME, Benrabaa SAM, Tran NM, Tran TD, Ventura T, Mykles DL. Characterization of Shed genes encoding ecdysone 20-monooxygenase (CYP314A1) in the Y-organ of the blackback land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 301:113658. [PMID: 33159911 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Molting in decapod crustaceans is controlled by ecdysteroid hormones synthesized and secreted by the molting gland, or Y-organ (YO). Halloween genes encode cytochrome P450 enzymes in the ecdysteroid synthetic pathway. The current paradigm is that YOs secrete an inactive precursor (e.g., ecdysone or E), which is hydroxylated at the #20 carbon to form an active hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone or 20E) by a mitochonrial 20-monooxygenase (CYP314A1) in peripheral tissues. 20-Monooxygenase is encoded by Shed in decapods and Shade in insects. We used eastern spiny lobster Shed sequences to extract six orthologs in the G. lateralis YO transcriptome. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences from six decapod species organized the Sheds into seven classes (Sheds 1-7), resulting in the assignment of the G. lateralis Sheds to Gl-Shed1, 2, 4A, 4B, 5A, and 5B. The mRNA levels of the six Gl-Sheds in the YO of intermolt animals were comparable to those in nine other tissues that included hepatopancreas and muscle. qPCR was used to compare the effects of molt induction by multiple leg autotomy (MLA) and eyestalk ablation (ESA) on Gl-Shed mRNA levels in the YO. Molt stage had little effect on Gl-Shed1 and Gl-Shed5B expression in the YO of MLA animals. Gl-Shed5A was expressed at the highest mRNA levels in the YO and was significantly increased during early and mid premolt stages. By contrast, ESA ± SB431542 had no effect on Gl-Shed expression at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-ESA. SB431542, which inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-β/activin signaling and blocks YO commitment, decreased Gl-Shed2 and Gl-Shed4A mRNA levels at 14 days post-ESA. A targeted metabolomic analysis showed that YOs cultured in vitro secreted E and 20E to the medium. These data suggest that the YO expresses 20-monooygenases that can convert E to 20E, which may contribute to the increase in active hormone in the hemolymph during premolt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Swall
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Samiha A M Benrabaa
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Nhut M Tran
- GeneCology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Trong D Tran
- GeneCology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Tomer Ventura
- GeneCology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4556, Australia
| | - Donald L Mykles
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Finger DS, Whitehead KM, Phipps DN, Ables ET. Nuclear receptors linking physiology and germline stem cells in Drosophila. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 116:327-362. [PMID: 33752824 PMCID: PMC8063499 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maternal nutrition and physiology are intimately associated with reproductive success in diverse organisms. Despite decades of study, the molecular mechanisms linking maternal diet to the production and quality of oocytes remain poorly defined. Nuclear receptors (NRs) link nutritional signals to cellular responses and are essential for oocyte development. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an excellent genetically tractable model to study the relationship between NR signaling and oocyte production. In this review, we explore how NRs in Drosophila regulate the earliest stages of oocyte development. Long-recognized as an essential mediator of developmental transitions, we focus on the intrinsic roles of the Ecdysone Receptor and its ligand, ecdysone, in oogenesis. We also review recent studies suggesting broader roles for NRs as regulators of maternal physiology and their impact specifically on oocyte production. We propose that NRs form the molecular basis of a broad physiological surveillance network linking maternal diet with oocyte production. Given the functional conservation between Drosophila and humans, continued experimental investigation into the molecular mechanisms by which NRs promote oogenesis will likely aid our understanding of human fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Finger
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Kaitlin M Whitehead
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Daniel N Phipps
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth T Ables
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gijbels M, Schellens S, Schellekens T, Bruyninckx E, Marchal E, Vanden Broeck J. Precocious Downregulation of Krüppel-Homolog 1 in the Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria, Gives Rise to An Adultoid Phenotype with Accelerated Ovarian Development but Disturbed Mating and Oviposition. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176058. [PMID: 32842716 PMCID: PMC7503607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) is a zinc finger transcription factor maintaining the status quo in immature insect stages and promoting reproduction in adult insects through the transduction of the Juvenile Hormone (JH) signal. Knockdown studies have shown that precocious silencing of Kr-h1 in the immature stages results in the premature development of adult features. However, the molecular characteristics and reproductive potential of these premature adult insect stages are still poorly understood. Here we report on an adult-like or ‘adultoid’ phenotype of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, obtained after a premature metamorphosis induced by the silencing of LmKr-h1 in the penultimate instar. The freshly molted adultoid shows precocious development of adult features, corresponding with increased transcript levels of the adult specifier gene LmE93. Furthermore, accelerated ovarian maturation and vitellogenesis were observed in female adultoids, coinciding with elevated expression of LmCYP15A1 in corpora allata (CA) and LmKr-h1 and vitellogenin genes (LmVg) in fat body, whereas LmE93 and Methoprene-tolerant (LmMet) transcript levels decreased in fat body. In adultoid ovaries, expression of the Halloween genes, Spook (LmSpo) and Phantom (LmPhm), was elevated as well. In addition, the processes of mating and oviposition were severely disturbed in these females. L. migratoria is a well-known, swarm-forming pest insect that can destroy crops and harvests in some of the world’s poorest countries. As such, a better understanding of factors that are capable of significantly reducing the reproductive potential of this pest may be of crucial importance for the development of novel locust control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Gijbels
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59 box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.G.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Sam Schellens
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59 box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.G.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Tine Schellekens
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59 box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.G.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Evert Bruyninckx
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59 box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.G.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Elisabeth Marchal
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59 box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.G.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (E.B.)
- Life Science Technologies, Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B- 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Research Group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59 box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.G.); (S.S.); (T.S.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: (E.M.); (J.V.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zipper L, Jassmann D, Burgmer S, Görlich B, Reiff T. Ecdysone steroid hormone remote controls intestinal stem cell fate decisions via the PPARγ-homolog Eip75B in Drosophila. eLife 2020; 9:e55795. [PMID: 32773037 PMCID: PMC7440922 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental studies revealed fundamental principles on how organ size and function is achieved, but less is known about organ adaptation to new physiological demands. In fruit flies, juvenile hormone (JH) induces intestinal stem cell (ISC) driven absorptive epithelial expansion balancing energy uptake with increased energy demands of pregnancy. Here, we show 20-Hydroxy-Ecdysone (20HE)-signaling controlling organ homeostasis with physiological and pathological implications. Upon mating, 20HE titer in ovaries and hemolymph are increased and act on nearby midgut progenitors inducing Ecdysone-induced-protein-75B (Eip75B). Strikingly, the PPARγ-homologue Eip75B drives ISC daughter cells towards absorptive enterocyte lineage ensuring epithelial growth. To our knowledge, this is the first time a systemic hormone is shown to direct local stem cell fate decisions. Given the protective, but mechanistically unclear role of steroid hormones in female colorectal cancer patients, our findings suggest a tumor-suppressive role for steroidal signaling by promoting postmitotic fate when local signaling is deteriorated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zipper
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Denise Jassmann
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Sofie Burgmer
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Bastian Görlich
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tobias Reiff
- Institute of Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-UniversityDüsseldorfGermany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhou X, Ye YZ, Ogihara MH, Takeshima M, Fujinaga D, Liu CW, Zhu Z, Kataoka H, Bao YY. Functional analysis of ecdysteroid biosynthetic enzymes of the rice planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 123:103428. [PMID: 32553573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids, insect steroid hormones, play key roles in regulating insect development and reproduction. Hemipteran insects require ecdysteroids for egg production; however, ecdysteroid synthesis (ecdysteroidogenesis) details have not been elucidated. We identified all known genes encoding ecdysteroidogenic enzymes in Nilaparvata lugens and clarified their necessity during nymphal and ovarian development. We confirmed that N. lugens utilized 20-hydroxyecdysone as an active hormone. Assays using heterologous expression of enzymes in Drosophila S2 cells showed conserved functions of enzymes Neverland, CYP306A2, CYP314A1 and CYP315A1, but not CYP302A1. RNA interference and rescue analysis using 20-hydroxyecdysone demonstrated that most of the genes were necessary for nymphal development. The identified N. lugens enzymes showed conserved functions and pathways for ecdysteroidogenesis. Knockdown of ecdysteroidogenic enzyme genes in newly molted females caused failure of egg production: less vitellogenic and mature eggs in ovaries, fewer laid eggs and embryonic development deficiency of laid eggs. Considering the high expressions of ecdysteroidogenic enzyme genes in adults and ovaries, ecdysteroidogenesis in ovaries was critical for N. lugens ovarian development. Our study presents initial evidence that hemipteran insects require ecdysteroidogenesis for ovarian development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Ye
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduated School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Mari H Ogihara
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduated School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8562, Japan; Present Address: Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Mika Takeshima
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduated School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Daiki Fujinaga
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduated School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Cheng-Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduated School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kataoka
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduated School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8562, Japan.
| | - Yan-Yuan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu S, He C, Liang J, Su Q, Hua D, Wang S, Wu Q, Xie W, Zhang Y. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of the Halloween genes and CYP18A1 in Bemisia tabaci MED. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 167:104602. [PMID: 32527436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ecdysteroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), a critical hormone in arthropods, plays an essential role in insect growth, molting and reproduction. A previous study showed that 20E is actually regulated by six P450 genes (five P450 genes belonging to the Halloween family and a CYP18A1 gene) in model insects. However, the role of the six P450 genes in Bemisia tabaci Q (also call Mediterranean, MED), an important pest of field crops, remains unclear. Here, six P450 genes were cloned by RT-PCR, and the phylogenetic tree indicated a close orthologous relationship of these P450 genes between MED and other insects. Spatiotemporal expression profiling revealed that five P450 genes (CYP18A1, CYP306A1, CYP307A2, CYP314A1 and CYP315A1) were expressed at significantly higher levels in the head than in the abdomen and thorax. Four P450 genes (CYP302A1, CYP307A2, CYP314A1 and CYP315A1) were expressed at the highest levels in males, and CYP18A1 was expressed at the highest levels in the 4th nymph stage. The molting process was delayed by approximately 1-3 days after knockdown of these genes at the 4th nymph stage, and the mean proportion of shriveled or dead insects reached 8.3% (CYP18A1), 20.8% (CYP302A1), 7.0% (CYP307A2), 31.8% (CYP306A1), 28.6% (CYP314A1) and 24.1% (CYP315A1). In addition, 20E rescued the negative effect of ds-CYP306A1, ds-CYP314A1 and ds-CYP315A1 on the eclosion rate. We concluded that these Halloween genes and CYP18A1 likely participate in the development of MED, and in particular, CYP306A1 could be used as a putative insecticide target for controlling this piercing-sucking insect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaonan Liu
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, PR China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jinjin Liang
- College of Plant Protection of Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Qi Su
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, PR China
| | - Dengke Hua
- Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, PR China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jing X, Behmer ST. Insect Sterol Nutrition: Physiological Mechanisms, Ecology, and Applications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:251-271. [PMID: 31600456 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insects, like all eukaryotes, require sterols for structural and metabolic purposes. However, insects, like all arthropods, cannot make sterols. Cholesterol is the dominant tissue sterol for most insects; insect herbivores produce cholesterol by metabolizing phytosterols, but not always with high efficiency. Many insects grow on a mixed-sterol diet, but this ability varies depending on the types and ratio of dietary sterols. Dietary sterol uptake, transport, and metabolism are regulated by several proteins and processes that are relatively conserved across eukaryotes. Sterol requirements also impact insect ecology and behavior. There is potential to exploit insect sterol requirements to (a) control insect pests in agricultural systems and (b) better understand sterol biology, including in humans. We suggest that future studies focus on the genetic mechanism of sterol metabolism and reverse transportation, characterizing sterol distribution and function at the cellular level, the role of bacterial symbionts in sterol metabolism, and interrupting sterol trafficking for pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfeng Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Spencer T Behmer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA;
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Peng L, Wang L, Zou MM, Vasseur L, Chu LN, Qin YD, Zhai YL, You MS. Identification of Halloween Genes and RNA Interference-Mediated Functional Characterization of a Halloween Gene shadow in Plutella xylostella. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1120. [PMID: 31555150 PMCID: PMC6724230 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecdysteroids play an essential role in controlling insect development and reproduction. Their pathway is regulated by a group of enzymes called Halloween gene proteins. The relationship between the Halloween genes and ecdysteroid synthesis has yet to be clearly understood in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), a worldwide Lepidoptera pest attacking cruciferous crops and wild plants. In this study, complete sequences for six Halloween genes, neverland (nvd), shroud (sro), spook (spo), phantom (phm), disembodied (dib), shadow (sad), and shade (shd), were identified. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a strong conservation in insects, including Halloween genes of P. xylostella that was clustered with all other Lepidoptera species. Three Halloween genes, dib, sad, and shd were highly expressed in the adult stage, while nvd and spo were highly expressed in the egg and pupal stages, respectively. Five Halloween genes were highly expressed specifically in the prothorax, which is the major site of ecdysone production. However, shd was expressed predominantly in the fat body to convert ecdysone into 20-hydroxyecdysone. RNAi-based knockdown of sad, which is involved in the last step of ecdysone biosynthesis, significantly reduced the 20E titer and resulted in a longer developmental duration and lower pupation of fourth-instar larvae, as well as caused shorter ovarioles and fewer fully developed eggs of P. xylostella. Furthermore, after the knockdown of sad, the expression levels of Vg and VgR genes were significantly decreased by 77.1 and 53.0%. Meanwhile, the number of eggs laid after 3 days was significantly reduced in sad knockdown females. These results suggest that Halloween genes may play a critical role in the biosynthesis of ecdysteroids and be involved in the development and reproduction of P. xylostella. Our work provides a solid basis for understanding the functional importance of these genes, which will help to screening potential genes for pest management of P. xylostella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ming-Min Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liette Vasseur
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Li-Na Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Dong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi-Long Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Min-Sheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gijbels M, Lenaerts C, Vanden Broeck J, Marchal E. Juvenile Hormone receptor Met is essential for ovarian maturation in the Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10797. [PMID: 31346226 PMCID: PMC6658565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormones (JH) are key endocrine regulators produced by the corpora allata (CA) of insects. Together with ecdysteroids, as well as nutritional cues, JH coordinates different aspects of insect postembryonic development and reproduction. The function of the recently characterized JH receptor, Methoprene-tolerant (Met), appears to be conserved in different processes regulated by JH. However, its functional interactions with other hormonal signalling pathways seem highly dependent on the feeding habits and on the developmental and reproductive strategies employed by the insect species investigated. Here we report on the effects of RNA interference (RNAi) mediated SgMet knockdown during the first gonadotrophic cycle in female desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria). This voracious, phytophagous pest species can form migrating swarms that devastate field crops and harvests in several of the world’s poorest countries. A better knowledge of the JH signalling pathway may contribute to the development of novel, more target-specific insecticides to combat this very harmful swarming pest. Using RNAi, we show that the JH receptor Met is essential for ovarian maturation, vitellogenesis and associated ecdysteroid biosynthesis in adult female S. gregaria. Interestingly, knockdown of SgMet also resulted in a significant decrease of insulin-related peptide (SgIRP) and increase of neuroparsin (SgNP) 3 and 4 transcript levels in the fat body, illustrating the existence of an intricate regulatory interplay between different hormonal factors. In addition, SgMet knockdown in females resulted in delayed display of copulation behaviour with virgin males, when compared with dsGFP injected control animals. Moreover, we observed an incapacity of adult dsSgMet injected female locusts to oviposit during the time of the experimental setup. As such, SgMet is an essential gene playing crucial roles in the endocrine communication necessary for successful reproduction of the desert locust.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Gijbels
- Research group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59 box 2465, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cynthia Lenaerts
- Research group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59 box 2465, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Research group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59 box 2465, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Elisabeth Marchal
- Research group of Molecular Developmental Physiology and Signal Transduction, KU Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59 box 2465, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Imec, Kapeldreef 75, B- 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
He K, Xiao H, Sun Y, Situ G, Xi Y, Li F. microRNA-14 as an efficient suppressor to switch off ecdysone production after ecdysis in insects. RNA Biol 2019; 16:1313-1325. [PMID: 31184522 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2019.1629768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise increase and decrease of hormone ecdysone are critical for accurate development in insects. Most previous works focus on transcriptional activation of ecdysone production; however, little is known about the mechanism of switching off ecdysone biosynthesis after ecdysis. Here, we showed that the precursor microRNA-14 (pre-miR-14) encodes two mature miRNAs in silkworm; both of these two mature miRNAs regulate various genes in the ecdysone-signalling pathway. Bmo-miR-14-5p targets on nine genes whereas Bmo-miR-14-3p targets on two genes in the same pathway. These two mature miRNAs increased immediately after the ecdysis, efficiently suppressing the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) biosynthesis, the upstream regulation, and the downstream response genes. Knocking down either of two mature miRNAs or both of them delays moult development, impairing development synchrony in antagomir-treated groups. In addition, overexpressing Bmo-miR-14-5p but not Bmo-miR-14-3p significantly affected the 20E titer and increased the moulting time variation, suggesting that Bmo-miR-14-5p, though it is less abundant, has more potent effects in development regulation than Bmo-miR-14-3p. In summary, we present evidence that a pre-miRNA encodes two mature miRNAs targeting on the same pathway, which significantly improves miRNA regulation efficiencies to programmatically switch off ecdysone biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang He
- a Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Huamei Xiao
- b College of Life Sciences and Resource Environment, Yichun University , Yichun , China.,c Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yang Sun
- c Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China.,d Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science , Nanchang , China
| | - Gongming Situ
- c Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yu Xi
- e Agricultural Genomes Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Shenzhen , China
| | - Fei Li
- a Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang J, Lv Z, Lei Z, Chen Z, Lv B, Yang H, Wang Z, Song Q. Expression and functional analysis of cytochrome P450 genes in the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata under cadmium stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 172:19-25. [PMID: 30669070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs), encoded by Halloween genes, mediate the biosynthesis of molting hormone, ecdysteroids, in arthropods. In this report, the effect of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) stress on the expression of cytochrome P450 genes in the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata was analyzed. The results showed the expression levels of genes encoding for Cd transporters including ABC transporters, zinc transporters, calcium channel proteins and calcium binding proteins were inhibited or induced by Cd stress. In addition, the increase in metallothionein (MT) content and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and decrease in total acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity were also detected. Apparently, these detoxification methods did not completely protect the spider from the cytotoxicity of Cd stress. Increased mortality of P. pseudoannulata was observed when they were under Cd tress. In total 569 CYP genes belonging to 62 CYP subfamilies were obtained from P. pseudoannulata RNA-seq databases. BlaxtX analysis showed that 150, 161, 11, and 40 CYP genes were similar to the genes dib, phm, sad and shd, respectively, which are thought to catalyze the biosynthesis of ecdysteroids. Gene expression analysis suggested that 25 dib encoding genes, 27 phm encoding genes, 2 sad encoding genes, and 6 shd encoding genes were differentially expressed in TS2 vs. S2 comparison (Cd-treated 2nd instar spider vs. 2nd instar spider), respectively. There were 70 dib, 70 phm and 19 shd encoding genes either upregulated or downregulated, while 3 sad encoding genes were upregulated in TS5 vs. S5 (Cd-treated 5nd instar spider vs. 5nd instar spider). Genes related to heme binding and essential for activating the CYPs were also differentially expressed. Expression levels of cuticle related genes were significant differentially expressed, implying the changes in activities of chitin synthases and chitinase. Therefore we assume that unsuccessful molting process may occur on P. pseudoannulata due to influenced ecdysteroids levels, thus increasing mortality of spider.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080 China
| | - Ziyan Lei
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Bo Lv
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China.
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hyun S. Body size regulation by maturation steroid hormones: a Drosophila perspective. Front Zool 2018; 15:44. [PMID: 30479644 PMCID: PMC6247710 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-018-0290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism that determines the specific body size of an animal is a fundamental biological question that remains largely unanswered. This aspect is now beginning to be understood in insect models, particularly in Drosophila melanogaster, with studies highlighting the importance of nutrient-responsive growth signaling pathways involving insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) and target of rapamycin (TOR) (IIS/TOR). These pathways operate in animals, from insects to mammals, adjusting the growth rate in response to the nutritional condition of the organism. Organismal growth is closely coupled with the process of developmental maturation mediated by maturation steroid hormones, which is influenced greatly by environmental and nutritional conditions. Recent Drosophila studies have been revealing the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon. In this review, I summarize some important findings about the steroid hormone regulation of Drosophila body growth, calling attention to the influence of developmental nutritional conditions on animal size determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seogang Hyun
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pan Y, Ong CE, Pung YF, Chieng JY. The current understanding of the interactions between nanoparticles and cytochrome P450 enzymes – a literature-based review. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:863-876. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1503360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pan
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Chin Eng Ong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yuh Fen Pung
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Jin Yu Chieng
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang YC, Yang YY, Chi DF. Transcriptome analysis of abscisic acid induced 20E regulation in suspension Ajuga lobata cells. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:320. [PMID: 30034984 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ajuga lobata D. Don is a medicinal plant rich in 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), alkaloids, and other active substances. In this study, the cell suspension was incubated for 7 days, followed by the analysis on the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on the regulation of 20E synthesis. Then A. lobata suspension cells treated with 0.15 mg/l ABA were used as material, with the Illumina technology applied for transcriptome sequencing. Digital analysis on the gene expression profile was carried out on ABA treated and control samples, respectively. Finally, transcriptomics was applied to assess the molecular response of A. lobata induced by ABA through applying transcriptomics by evaluating differentially expressed genes. The results suggested that ABA promoted 20E accumulation, while longer processing time caused cell browning. A total of 154 genes were significantly regulated after ABA treatment, with 99 up-regulated and 55 down-regulated, respectively. In addition to 20E-related pathways, the genes belonged to the ko00900 (terpenoid backbone biosynthesis) pathway (six differentially expressed genes [DEGs]), ko00100 (steroid biosynthesis) pathway (four DEGs), and ko00140 (steroid hormone biosynthesis) pathway (six DEGs). Providing a better understanding of the 20E biosynthetic pathway and its regulation, in particular in plants, this study is necessary.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ignesti M, Ferrara R, Romani P, Valzania L, Serafini G, Pennacchio F, Cavaliere V, Gargiulo G. A polydnavirus-encoded ANK protein has a negative impact on steroidogenesis and development. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:26-32. [PMID: 29559251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDV) are viral symbionts associated with ichneumonid and braconid wasps parasitizing moth larvae, which are able to disrupt the host immune response and development, as well as a number of other physiological pathways. The immunosuppressive role of PDV has been more intensely investigated, while very little is known about the PDV-encoded factors disrupting host development. Here we address this research issue by further expanding the functional analysis of ankyrin genes encoded by the bracovirus associated with Toxoneuron nigriceps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). In a previous study, using Drosophila melanogaster as experimental model system, we demonstrated the negative impact of TnBVank1 impairing the ecdysone biosynthesis by altering endocytic traffic in prothoracic gland cells. With a similar approach here we demonstrate that another member of the viral ank gene family, TnBVank3, does also contribute to the disruption of ecdysone biosynthesis, but with a completely different mechanism. We show that its expression in Drosophila prothoracic gland (PG) blocks the larval-pupal transition by impairing the expression of steroidogenic genes. Furthermore, we found that TnBVank3 affects the expression of genes involved in the insulin/TOR signaling and the constitutive activation of the insulin pathway in the PG rescues the pupariation impairment. Collectively, our data demonstrate that TnBVANK3 acts as a virulence factor by exerting a synergistic and non-overlapping function with TnBVANK1 to disrupt the ecdysone biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Ignesti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rosalba Ferrara
- Dipartimento di Agraria - Laboratorio di Entomologia "E. Tremblay", Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Patrizia Romani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3 Bologna, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Valzania
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3 Bologna, Italy; Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Giulia Serafini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Dipartimento di Agraria - Laboratorio di Entomologia "E. Tremblay", Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Portici (NA), Italy.
| | - Valeria Cavaliere
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Gargiulo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3 Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang MY, Wei D, Li R, Jia HT, Liu YW, Taning CNT, Wang JJ, Smagghe G. Cytoplasmic glutamine synthetase gene expression regulates larval development in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 97:e21447. [PMID: 29359358 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In insects, glutamine synthetase (GS), a key enzyme in the synthesis of glutamine, has been reported to be associated with embryonic development, heat shock response, and fecundity regulation. However, little is known about the influence of GS on postembryonic development. In this study, we demonstrate that blocking the activity of GS in the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) with use of a GS-specific inhibitor (L-methionine S-sulfoximine), led to a significant delay in larval development, pupal weight loss, and inhibition of pupation. We further identify cloned and characterized two GS genes (BdGS-c and BdGS-m) from B. dorsalis. The two GS genes identified in B. dorsalis were predicted to be located in the cytosol (BdGS-c) and mitochondria (BdGS-m), and homology analysis indicated that both genes were similar to homologs from other Dipterans, such as Drosophila melanogaster and Aedes aegypti. BdGS-c was highly expressed in the larval stages, suggesting that cytosolic GS plays a predominant role in larval development. Furthermore, RNA interference experiments against BdGS-c, to specifically decrease the expression of cytosolic GS, resulted in delay in larval development as well as pupal weight loss. This study presents the prominent role played by BdGS-c in regulating larval development and suggests that the observed effect could have been modulated through ecdysteroid synthesis, agreeing with the reduced expression of the halloween gene spook. Also, the direct effects of BdGS-c silencing on B. dorsalis, such as larval lethality, delayed pupation, and late emergence, can be further exploited as novel insecticide target in the context of pest management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ran Li
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong-Ting Jia
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sandlund L, Kongshaug H, Horsberg TE, Male R, Nilsen F, Dalvin S. Identification and characterisation of the ecdysone biosynthetic genes neverland, disembodied and shade in the salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Copepoda, Caligidae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191995. [PMID: 29401467 PMCID: PMC5798790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The salmon louse is a marine ectoparasitic copepod on salmonid fishes. Its lifecycle consists of eight developmental stages, each separated by a molt. In crustaceans and insects, molting and reproduction is controlled by circulating steroid hormones such as 20-hydroxyecdysone. Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol through catalytic reactions involving a 7,8-dehydrogenase Neverland and several cytochrome P450 genes collectively called the Halloween genes. In this study, we have isolated and identified orthologs of neverland, disembodied and shade in the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) genome. Tissue-specific expression analysis show that the genes are expressed in intestine and reproductive tissue. In addition, levels of the steroid hormones ecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone and ponasterone A were measured during the reproductive stage of adult females and in early life stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liv Sandlund
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidi Kongshaug
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tor Einar Horsberg
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Male
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frank Nilsen
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biological sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sussie Dalvin
- Sea Lice Research Centre, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mai T, Chen S, Lin X, Zhang X, Zou X, Feng Q, Zheng S. 20-hydroxyecdysone positively regulates the transcription of the antimicrobial peptide, lebocin, via BmEts and BmBR-C Z4 in the midgut of Bombyx mori during metamorphosis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 74:10-18. [PMID: 28390932 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metamorphosis is an essential physiological process in insects. This process is triggered by 20-hydroxyecydsone (20E). Lebocin, an antimicrobial peptide of Lepidoptera insects, was significantly up-regulated in the midgut, but not in the fat body of Bombyx mori during metamorphosis. In this study, the expression regulation of lebocin in B. mori midgut was studied. The results showed that B. mori lebocin and its activator BmEts were not responsive to bacterial infection in the midgut, instead, the expression of both genes was up-regulated by 20E treatment. The transcription factor BR-C Z4 in the 20E signal pathway enhanced lebocin promoter activity by directly binding to an upstream cis-response element of the promoter. In the fat body, the mRNA level of B. mori lebocin was decreased when the insect transformed from larval to pupal stage and was increased by immune challenge. The expression profiles of lebocin in Lepidopteran Spodoptera litura was also analyzed and the similar results were observed, S. litura lebocin was significantly up-regulated during midgut regeneration and mainly present in the new-formed intestinal cells of the midgut. All results together suggest that during metamorphosis 20E may activate lebocin expression via BmBR-C Z4 and BmEts in the midgut, where the antimicrobial peptide was produced to protect the midgut from infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taoyi Mai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shuna Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xianyu Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Qili Feng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Sichun Zheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kaieda Y, Masuda R, Nishida R, Shimell M, O'Connor MB, Ono H. Glue protein production can be triggered by steroid hormone signaling independent of the developmental program in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 2017; 430:166-176. [PMID: 28782527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones regulate life stage transitions, allowing animals to appropriately follow a developmental timeline. During insect development, the steroid hormone ecdysone is synthesized and released in a regulated manner by the prothoracic gland (PG) and then hydroxylated to the active molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), in peripheral tissues. We manipulated ecdysteroid titers, through temporally controlled over-expression of the ecdysteroid-inactivating enzyme, CYP18A1, in the PG using the GeneSwitch-GAL4 system in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We monitored expression of a 20E-inducible glue protein gene, Salivary gland secretion 3 (Sgs3), using a Sgs3:GFP fusion transgene. In wild type larvae, Sgs3-GFP expression is activated at the midpoint of the third larval instar stage in response to the rising endogenous level of 20E. By first knocking down endogenous 20E levels during larval development and then feeding 20E to these larvae at various stages, we found that Sgs3-GFP expression could be triggered at an inappropriate developmental stage after a certain time lag. This stage-precocious activation of Sgs3 required expression of the Broad-complex, similar to normal Sgs3 developmental regulation, and a small level of nutritional input. We suggest that these studies provide evidence for a tissue-autonomic regulatory system for a metamorphic event independent from the primary 20E driven developmental progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Kaieda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryota Masuda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ritsuo Nishida
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - MaryJane Shimell
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Michael B O'Connor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hajime Ono
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Deep sequencing of the prothoracic gland transcriptome reveals new players in insect ecdysteroidogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172951. [PMID: 28257485 PMCID: PMC5336252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are steroid hormones that induce molting and determine developmental timing in arthropods. In insect larva, the prothoracic gland (PG) is a major organ for ecdysone synthesis and release. Released ecdysone is converted into the active form, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in the peripheral tissues. All processes from ecdysone synthesis and release from the PG to its conversion to 20E are called ecdysteroidogenesis and are under the regulation of numerous factors expressed in the PG and peripheral tissues. Classical genetic approaches and recent transcriptomic screening in the PG identified several genes responsible for ecdysone synthesis and release, whereas the regulatory mechanism remains largely unknown. We analyzed RNA-seq data of the silkworm Bombyx mori PG and employed the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster GAL4/UAS binary RNAi system to comprehensively screen for genes involved in ecdysone synthesis and/or release. We found that the genes encoding δ-aminolevulinic acid synthase (CG3017/alas) and putative NAD kinase (CG33156) were highly expressed in the PG of both B. mori and D. melanogaster. Neither alas nor CG33156 RNAi-induced larvae could enter into the pupal stage, and they had a lower abundance of the active form ecdysteroids in their prolonged larval stage. These results demonstrated that alas and CG33156 are indispensable for ecdysteroidogenesis.
Collapse
|
32
|
Elucidating a chemical defense mechanism of Antarctic sponges: A computational study. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 71:104-115. [PMID: 27894019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 2000, a novel secondary metabolite (erebusinone, Ereb) was isolated from the Antarctic sea sponge, Isodictya erinacea. The bioactivity of Ereb was investigated, and it was found to inhibit molting when fed to the arthropod species Orchomene plebs. Xanthurenic acid (XA) is a known endogenous molt regulator present in arthropods. Experimental studies have confirmed that XA inhibits molting by binding to either (or both) of two P450 enzymes (CYP315a1 or CYP314a1) that are responsible for the final two hydroxylations in the production of the molt-inducing hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). The lack of crystal structures and biochemical assays for CYP315a1 or CYP314a1, has prevented further experimental exploration of XA and Ereb's molt inhibition mechanisms. Herein, a wide array of computational techniques - homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, binding site bioinformatics, flexible receptor-flexible ligand docking, and molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area calculations - have been employed to elucidate the structure-function relationships between the aforementioned P450s and the two described small molecule inhibitors (Ereb and XA). Results indicate that Ereb likely targets CYP315a1 by interacting with a network of aromatic residues in the binding site, while XA may inhibit both CYP315a1 and CYP314a1 because of its aromatic, as well as charged nature.
Collapse
|
33
|
Van Ekert E, Wang M, Miao YG, Brent CS, Hull JJ. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the Halloween gene Spookiest (CYP307B1) impedes adult eclosion in the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 25:550-565. [PMID: 27189651 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids play a critical role in coordinating insect growth, development and reproduction. A suite of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases coded by what are collectively termed Halloween genes mediate ecdysteroid biosynthesis. In this study, we describe cloning and RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of the CYP307B1 Halloween gene (Spookiest) in the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus. Transcripts for Ly. hesperus Spookiest (LhSpot) were amplified from all life stages and correlated well with timing of the pre-moult ecdysteroid pulse. In adults, LhSpot was amplified from heads of both genders as well as female reproductive tissues. Heterologous expression of a LhSpot fluorescent chimera in cultured insect cells co-localized with a fluorescent marker of the endoplasmic reticulum/secretory pathway. RNAi-mediated knockdown of LhSpot in fifth instars reduced expression of ecdysone-responsive genes E74 and E75, and prevented adult development. This developmental defect was rescued following application of exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone but not exogenous 7-dehydrocholesterol. The unequivocal RNAi effects on Ly. hesperus development and the phenotypic rescue by 20-hydroxyecdysone are causal proof of the involvement of LhSpot in ecdysteroid biosynthesis and related developmental processes, and may provide an avenue for development of new control measures against Ly. hesperus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Van Ekert
- USDA-ARS Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - M Wang
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y-G Miao
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - C S Brent
- USDA-ARS Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - J J Hull
- USDA-ARS Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Saito J, Kimura R, Kaieda Y, Nishida R, Ono H. Characterization of candidate intermediates in the Black Box of the ecdysone biosynthetic pathway in Drosophila melanogaster: Evaluation of molting activities on ecdysteroid-defective larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 93-94:94-104. [PMID: 27662806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Early steps of the biosynthetic pathway of the insect steroid hormone ecdysone remains the "Black Box" wherein the characteristic ecdysteroid skeleton is built. 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7dC) is the precursor of uncharacterized intermediates in the Black Box. The oxidation step at C-3 has been hypothesized during conversion from 7dC to 3-oxo-2,22,25-trideoxyecdysone, yet 3-dehydroecdysone is undetectable in some insect species. Therefore, we first confirmed that the oxidation at C-3 occurs in the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster using deuterium-labeled cholesterol. We next investigated the molting activities of candidate intermediates, including oxidative products of 7dC, by feeding-rescue experiments for Drosophila larvae in which an expression level of a biosynthetic enzyme was knocked down by the RNAi technique. We found that the administration of cholesta-4,7-dien-3-one (3-oxo-Δ4,7C) could overcome the molting arrest of ecdysteroid-defective larvae in which the expression level of neverland was reduced. However, feeding 3-oxo-Δ4,7C to larvae in which the expression levels of shroud and Cyp6t3 were reduced inhibited molting at the first instar stage, suggesting that this steroid could be converted into an ecdysteroid-antagonist in loss of function studies of these biosynthetic enzymes. Administration of the highly conjugated cholesta-4,6,8(14)-trien-3-one, oxidized from 3-oxo-Δ4,7C, did not trigger molting of ecdysteroid-defective larvae. These results suggest that an oxidative product derived from 7dC is converted into ecdysteroids without the formation of this stable conjugated compound. We further found that the 14α-hydroxyl moiety of Δ4-steroids is required to overcome the molting arrest of larvae in loss of function studies of Neverland, Shroud, CYP6T3 or Spookier, suggesting that oxidation at C-14 is indispensable for conversion of these Δ4-steroids into ecdysteroids via 5β-reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junki Saito
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ryota Kimura
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuya Kaieda
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ritsuo Nishida
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hajime Ono
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ozáez I, Aquilino M, Morcillo G, Martínez-Guitarte JL. UV filters induce transcriptional changes of different hormonal receptors in Chironomus riparius embryos and larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:239-247. [PMID: 27089421 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are emerging contaminants that are ubiquitous in fresh and marine aquatic systems due to their extensive use in cosmetics, plastics, paints, textiles, and many other industrial products. The estrogenic effects of organic UV filters have been long demonstrated in vertebrates, and other hormonal activities may be altered, according to more recent reports. The impact of UV filters on the endocrine system of invertebrates is largely unknown. We have previously reported that some UV filters may affect ecdysone-related genes in the aquatic insect Chironomus riparius, an ecotoxicologically important model organism. To further analyze other possible effects on endocrine pathways, we first characterized four pivotal genes related with hormonal pathways in insects; thereafter, these genes were assessed for alterations in transcriptional activity after exposure to 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC) or benzophenone-3 (BP-3), two extensively used sunscreens. We found that both chemicals disturbed the expression of all four genes analyzed: hormonal receptor 38 (HR38), methoprene-tolerant (Met), membrane-associate progesterone receptor (MAPR) and insulin-like receptor (INSR), measured by changes in mRNA levels by real-time PCR. An upregulatory effect at the genomic level was detected in different developmental stages. Interestingly, embryos appeared to be more sensitive to the action of the UV filters than larvae. Our results suggest that the risk of disruption through different endocrine routes is not negligible, considering the significant effects of UV filters on key hormonal receptor and regulatory genes. Further effort is needed to develop environmental risk assessment studies on these pollutants, particularly for aquatic invertebrate model organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ozáez
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Aquilino
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Morcillo
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Luis Martínez-Guitarte
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang K, Peng X, Zuo Y, Li Y, Chen M. Molecular Cloning, Expression Pattern and Polymorphisms of NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase in the Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154633. [PMID: 27124302 PMCID: PMC4849790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH–cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) plays an important role in the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated metabolism of endogenous and exogenous substrates. CPR has been found to be associated with insecticide metabolism and resistance in many insects. However, information regarding CPR in the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi, is unavailable. In the current study, a full-length cDNA (2,476 bp) of CPR (RpCPR) encoding 681 amino acids was cloned from R. padi. Nucleotide sequence and deduced amino acid sequence analysis showed that RpCPR exhibits characteristics of classical CPRs and shares high identities with those of other insects, especially with the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. The mRNA of RpCPR was expressed at all developmental stages, with the highest expression level found in the second instar and the lowest in adult. Expression levels of RpCPR in isoprocarb-resistant and imidacloprid-resistant strains were 3.74- and 3.53-fold higher, respectively, than that of a susceptible strain. RpCPR expression could also be induced by low concentrations (LC30) of isoprocarb and imidacloprid. Moreover, we sequenced the open reading frame (ORF) of RpCPR from 167 field samples collected in 11 geographical populations. Three hundred and thirty-four SNPs were detected, of which, 65 were found in more than two individuals. One hundred and ninety-four missense mutations were present in the amino acid sequence, of which, the P484S mutant had an allele frequency of 35.1%. The present results suggest that RpCPR may play an important role in the P450-mediated insecticide resistance of R. padi to isoprocarb and imidacloprid and possibly other insecticides. Meanwhile, RpCPRmaintains high genetic diversity in natural individuals, which provides the possibility of studying potential correlations between variants and certain special physiological characters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiong Peng
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yayun Zuo
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Maohua Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sang W, Yu L, He L, Ma WH, Zhu ZH, Zhu F, Wang XP, Lei CL. UVB Radiation Delays Tribolium castaneum Metamorphosis by Influencing Ecdysteroid Metabolism. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151831. [PMID: 26986217 PMCID: PMC4795627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is an important environmental factor. It is generally known that UVB exhibits high genotoxicity due to causing DNA damage, potentially leading to skin carcinogenesis and aging in mammals. However, little is known about the effects of UVB on the development and metamorphosis of insects, which are the most abundant terrestrial animals. In the present study, we performed dose-response analyses of the effects UVB irradiation on Tribolium castaneum metamorphosis, assessed the function of the T. castaneum prothoracicotropic hormone gene (Trcptth), and analyzed ecdysteroid pathway gene expression profile and ecdysterone titers post-UVB irradiation. The results showed that UVB not only caused death of T. castaneum larvae, but also delayed larval-pupal metamorphosis and reduced the size and emergence rate of pupae. In addition, we verified the function of Trcptth, which is responsible for regulating metamorphosis. It was also found that the expression profiles of Trcptth as well as ecdysteroidogenesis and response genes were influenced by UVB radiation. Therefore, a disturbance pulse of ecdysteroid may be involved in delaying development under exposure to irradiation. To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating that UVB can influence the metamorphosis of insects. This study will contribute to a better understanding of the impact of UVB on signaling mechanisms in insect metamorphosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li He
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Hua Ma
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fen Zhu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao-Liang Lei
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Valzania L, Ono H, Ignesti M, Cavaliere V, Bernardi F, Gamberi C, Lasko P, Gargiulo G. Drosophila 4EHP is essential for the larval-pupal transition and required in the prothoracic gland for ecdysone biosynthesis. Dev Biol 2015; 410:14-23. [PMID: 26721418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Maternal expression of the translational regulator 4EHP (eIF4E-Homologous Protein) has an established role in generating protein gradients essential for specifying the Drosophila embryonic pattern. We generated a null mutation of 4EHP, which revealed for the first time that it is essential for viability and for completion of development. In fact, 4EHP null larvae, and larvae ubiquitously expressing RNAi targeting 4EHP, are developmentally delayed, fail to grow and eventually die. In addition, we found that expressing RNAi that targets 4EHP specifically in the prothoracic gland disrupted ecdysone biosynthesis, causing a block of the transition from the larval to pupal stages. This phenotype can be rescued by dietary administration of ecdysone. Consistent with this, 4EHP is highly expressed in the prothoracic gland and it is required for wild type expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes. Taken together, these results uncover a novel essential function for 4EHP in regulating ecdysone biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Valzania
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Hajime Ono
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Marilena Ignesti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavaliere
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Bernardi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Gamberi
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 0B1; Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6.
| | - Paul Lasko
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 0B1.
| | - Giuseppe Gargiulo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Meng M, Cheng DJ, Peng J, Qian WL, Li JR, Dai DD, Zhang TL, Xia QY. The homeodomain transcription factors antennapedia and POU-M2 regulate the transcription of the steroidogenic enzyme gene Phantom in the silkworm. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24438-52. [PMID: 26253172 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.651810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone ecdysone, which controls insect molting and metamorphosis, is synthesized in the prothoracic gland (PG), and several steroidogenic enzymes that are expressed specifically in the PG are involved in ecdysteroidogenesis. In this study, we identified new regulators that are involved in the transcriptional control of the silkworm steroidogenic enzyme genes. In silico analysis predicted several potential cis-regulatory elements (CREs) for the homeodomain transcription factors Antennapedia (Antp) and POU-M2 in the proximal promoters of steroidogenic enzyme genes. Antp and POU-M2 are expressed dynamically in the PG during larval development, and their overexpression in silkworm embryo-derived (BmE) cells induced the expression of steroidogenic enzyme genes. Importantly, luciferase reporter analyses, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Antp and POU-M2 promote the transcription of the silkworm steroidogenic enzyme gene Phantom (Phm) by binding directly to specific motifs within overlapping CREs in the Phm promoter. Mutations of these CREs in the Phm promoter suppressed the transcriptional activities of both Antp and POU-M2 in BmE cells and decreased the activities of mutated Phm promoters in the silkworm PG. In addition, pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Antp can interact with POU-M2. Moreover, RNA interference-mediated down-regulation of either Antp or POU-M2 during silkworm wandering not only decreased the ecdysone titer but also led to the failure of metamorphosis. In summary, our results suggest that Antp and POU-M2 coordinate the transcription of the silkworm Phm gene directly, indicating new roles for homeodomain proteins in regulating insect ecdysteroidogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Meng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dao-Jun Cheng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jian Peng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wen-Liang Qian
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jia-Rui Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dan-Dan Dai
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tian-Lei Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qing-You Xia
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Herboso L, Oliveira MM, Talamillo A, Pérez C, González M, Martín D, Sutherland JD, Shingleton AW, Mirth CK, Barrio R. Ecdysone promotes growth of imaginal discs through the regulation of Thor in D. melanogaster. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26198204 PMCID: PMC4510524 DOI: 10.1038/srep12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals have a determined species-specific body size that results from the combined action of hormones and signaling pathways regulating growth rate and duration. In Drosophila, the steroid hormone ecdysone controls developmental transitions, thereby regulating the duration of the growth period. Here we show that ecdysone promotes the growth of imaginal discs in mid-third instar larvae, since imaginal discs from larvae with reduced or no ecdysone synthesis are smaller than wild type due to smaller and fewer cells. We show that insulin-like peptides are produced and secreted normally in larvae with reduced ecdysone synthesis, and upstream components of insulin/insulin-like signaling are activated in their discs. Instead, ecdysone appears to regulate the growth of imaginal discs via Thor/4E-BP, a negative growth regulator downstream of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor/Tor pathways. Discs from larvae with reduced ecdysone synthesis have elevated levels of Thor, while mutations in Thor partially rescue their growth. The regulation of organ growth by ecdysone is evolutionarily conserved in hemimetabolous insects, as shown by our results obtained using Blattella germanica. In summary, our data provide new insights into the relationship between components of the insulin/insulin-like/Tor and ecdysone pathways in the control of organ growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leire Herboso
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marisa M Oliveira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Talamillo
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Coralia Pérez
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Monika González
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Martín
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Christen K Mirth
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rosa Barrio
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cabrera AR, Shirk PD, Evans JD, Hung K, Sims J, Alborn H, Teal PEA. Three Halloween genes from the Varroa mite, Varroa destructor (Anderson & Trueman) and their expression during reproduction. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:277-92. [PMID: 25488435 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The ecdysteroid biosynthetic pathway involves sequential enzymatic hydroxylations by a group of enzymes collectively known as Halloween gene proteins. Complete sequences for three Halloween genes, spook (Vdspo), disembodied (Vddib) and shade (Vdshd), were identified in varroa mites and sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses of predicted amino acid sequences for Halloween orthologues showed that the acarine orthologues were distantly associated with insect and crustacean clades indicating that acarine genes had more ancestral characters. The lack of orthologues or pseudogenes for remaining genes suggests these pathway elements had not evolved in ancestral arthropods. Vdspo transcript levels were highest in gut tissues, while Vddib transcript levels were highest in ovary-lyrate organs. In contrast, Vdshd transcript levels were lower overall but present in both gut and ovary-lyrate organs. All three transcripts were present in eggs removed from gravid female mites. A brood cell invasion assay was developed for acquiring synchronously staged mites. Mites within 4 h of entering a brood cell had transcript levels of all three that were not significantly different from mites on adult bees. These analyses suggest that varroa mites may be capable of modifying 7-dehydro-cholesterol precursor and hydroxylations of other steroid precursors, but whether the mites directly produce ecdysteroid precursors and products remains undetermined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A R Cabrera
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Morales M, Martínez-Paz P, Martín R, Planelló R, Urien J, Martínez-Guitarte JL, Morcillo G. Transcriptional changes induced by in vivo exposure to pentachlorophenol (PCP) in Chironomus riparius (Diptera) aquatic larvae. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 157:1-9. [PMID: 25306060 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been extensively used worldwide as a pesticide and biocide and is frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In the present work, the toxicity of PCP was investigated in Chironomus riparius aquatic larvae. The effects following short- and long-term exposures were evaluated at the molecular level by analyzing changes in the transcriptional profile of different endocrine genes, as well as in genes involved in the stress response and detoxification. Interestingly, although no differences were found after 12- and 24-h treatments, at 96-h exposures PCP was able to induce significant increases in transcripts from the ecdysone receptor gene (EcR), the early ecdysone-inducible E74 gene, the estrogen-related receptor gene (ERR), the Hsp70 gene and the CYP4G gene. In contrast, the Hsp27 gene appeared to be downregulated, while the ultraspiracle gene (usp) (insect ortholog of the retinoid X receptor) was not altered in any of the conditions assayed. Moreover, Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) activity was not affected. The results obtained show the ability of PCP to modulate transcription of different biomarker genes from important cellular metabolic activities, which could be useful in genomic approaches to monitoring. In particular, the significant upregulation of hormonal genes represents the first evidence at the genomic level of the potential endocrine disruptive effects of PCP on aquatic invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Morales
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Pedro Martínez-Paz
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Raquel Martín
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Rosario Planelló
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Josune Urien
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez-Guitarte
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Gloria Morcillo
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ozáez I, Martínez-Guitarte JL, Morcillo G. The UV filter benzophenone 3 (BP-3) activates hormonal genes mimicking the action of ecdysone and alters embryo development in the insect Chironomus riparius (Diptera). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 192:19-26. [PMID: 24878782 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have evaluated the endocrine effects of UV filters in vertebrates, but little attention has been paid to their possible hormonal activity in invertebrates. We examined the effects of benzophenone-3 (BP-3), one of the most common sunscreen agents, in Chironomus riparius (Insecta), a reference organism in aquatic toxicology. Salivary glands from larvae were treated with either the hormone ecdysone or BP-3 to compare the response of endocrine genes. It was found that BP-3 elicits the same effects as the natural hormone activating the expression of a set of ecdysone responsive genes. BP-3 also activated the stress gene hsp70. Interestingly, similar effects have been confirmed in vivo in embryos. Moreover, BP-3 also altered embryogenesis delaying hatching. This is the first demonstration of hormonal activity of UV filters in invertebrates, showing a mode of action similar to ecdysteroid hormones. This finding highlights the potential endocrine disruptive effects of these emergent pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ozáez
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez-Guitarte
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Morcillo
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li F, Gu Z, Wang B, Xie Y, Ma L, Xu K, Ni M, Zhang H, Shen W, Li B. Effects of the Biosynthesis and Signaling Pathway of Ecdysterone on Silkworm (Bombyx mori) Following Exposure to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:913-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
45
|
Valzania L, Romani P, Tian L, Li S, Cavaliere V, Pennacchio F, Gargiulo G. A polydnavirus ANK protein acts as virulence factor by disrupting the function of prothoracic gland steroidogenic cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95104. [PMID: 24743267 PMCID: PMC3990622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses are obligate symbionts integrated as proviruses in the genome of some ichneumonoid wasps that parasitize lepidopteran larvae. Polydnavirus free viral particles, which are injected into the host at oviposition, express virulence factors that impair immunity and development. To date, most studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms underpinning immunosuppression, whereas how viral genes disrupt the endocrine balance remains largely uninvestigated. Using Drosophila as a model system, the present report analyzes the function of a member of the ankyrin gene family of the bracovirus associated with Toxoneuron nigriceps, a larval parasitoid of the noctuid moth Heliothis virescens. We found that the TnBVank1 expression in the Drosophila prothoracic gland blocks the larval-pupal molt. This phenotype can be rescued by feeding the larvae with 20-hydroxyecdysone. The localization of the TnBVANK1 is restricted to the cytoplasm where it interacts with Hrs and Alix marked endosomes. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the TnBVANK1 protein acts as a virulence factor that causes the disruption of ecdysone biosynthesis and developmental arrest by impairing the vesicular traffic of ecdysteroid precursors in the prothoracic gland steroidogenic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Valzania
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ling Tian
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai, China
| | - Valeria Cavaliere
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Dipartimento di Agraria – Laboratorio di Entomologia “E. Tremblay”, Università di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gargiulo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ono H. Ecdysone differentially regulates metamorphic timing relative to 20-hydroxyecdysone by antagonizing juvenile hormone in Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 2014; 391:32-42. [PMID: 24727669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In insects, a steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), plays important roles in the regulation of developmental transitions by initiating signaling cascades via the ecdysone receptor (EcR). Although 20E has been well characterized as the molting hormone, its precursor ecdysone (E) has been considered to be a relatively inactive compound because it has little or no effect on classic EcR mediated responses. I found that feeding E to wild-type third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster accelerates the metamorphic timing, which results in elevation of lethality during metamorphosis and reduced body size, while 20E has only a minor effect. The addition of a juvenile hormone analog (JHA) to E impeded their precocious pupariation and thereby rescued the reduced body size. The ability of JHA impeding the effect of E was not observed in the Methoprene-tolerant (Met) and germ-cell expressed (gce) double mutant animals lacking JH signaling, indicating that antagonistic action of JH against E is transduced via a primary JH receptor, Met, or a product of its homolog, Gce. I also found that L3 larvae are susceptible to E around the time when they reach their minimum viable weight. These results indicate that E, and not just 20E, is also essential for proper regulation of developmental timing and body size. Furthermore, the precocious pupariation triggered by E is impeded by the action of JH to ensure that animals attain body size to survive metamorphosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Ono
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Pondeville E, David JP, Guittard E, Maria A, Jacques JC, Ranson H, Bourgouin C, Dauphin-Villemant C. Microarray and RNAi analysis of P450s in Anopheles gambiae male and female steroidogenic tissues: CYP307A1 is required for ecdysteroid synthesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79861. [PMID: 24324583 PMCID: PMC3851169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) coordinates major developmental transitions. While the first and the final steps of 20E biosynthesis are characterized, the pathway from 7-dehydrocholesterol to 5β-ketodiol, commonly referred as the “black box”, remains hypothetical and whether there are still unidentified enzymes is unknown. The black box would include some oxidative steps, which are believed to be mediated by P450 enzymes. To identify new enzyme(s) involved in steroid synthesis, we analyzed by small-scale microarray the expression of all the genes encoding P450 enzymes of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae in active steroidogenic organs of adults, ovaries from blood-fed females and male reproductive tracts, compared to inactive steroidogenic organs, ovaries from non-blood-fed females. Some genes encoding P450 enzymes were specifically overexpressed in female ovaries after a blood-meal or in male reproductive tracts but only three genes were found to be overexpressed in active steroidogenic organs of both females and males: cyp307a1, cyp4g16 and cyp6n1. Among these genes, only cyp307a1 has an expression pattern similar to other mosquito steroidogenic genes. Moreover, loss-of-function by transient RNAi targeting cyp307a1 disrupted ecdysteroid production demonstrating that this gene is required for ecdysteroid biosynthesis in Anopheles gambiae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Pondeville
- Biogenèse des Stéroïdes, FRE2852, CNRS-UPMC, Paris, France
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, CNRS Unit URA3012: Hosts, Vectors and Infectious Agents, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean-Philippe David
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR 5553, CNRS-Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Annick Maria
- Biogenèse des Stéroïdes, FRE2852, CNRS-UPMC, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Jacques
- Centre de Production et d'Infection des Anophèles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hilary Ranson
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Bourgouin
- Unit of Insect Vector Genetics and Genomics, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, CNRS Unit URA3012: Hosts, Vectors and Infectious Agents, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre de Production et d'Infection des Anophèles, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Dauphin-Villemant
- Biogenèse des Stéroïdes, FRE2852, CNRS-UPMC, Paris, France
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Suisse
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jia S, Wan PJ, Zhou LT, Mu LL, Li GQ. Molecular cloning and RNA interference-mediated functional characterization of a Halloween gene spook in the white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera. BMC Mol Biol 2013; 14:19. [PMID: 24007644 PMCID: PMC3766648 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-14-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ecdysteroid hormones ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone play fundamental roles in insect postembryonic development and reproduction. Five cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs), encoded by Halloween genes, have been documented to be involved in the ecdysteroidogenesis in insect species of diverse orders such as Diptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera. Up to now, however, the involvement of the Halloween genes in ecdysteroid synthesis has not been confirmed in hemipteran insect species. Results In the present paper, a Halloween gene spook (Sfspo, Sfcyp307a1) was cloned in the hemipteran Sogatella furcifera. SfSPO has three insect conserved P450 motifs, i.e., Helix-K, PERF and heme-binding motifs. Temporal and spatial expression patterns of Sfspo were evaluated by qPCR. Sfspo showed three expression peaks in late second-, third- and fourth-instar stages. In contrast, the expression levels were lower and formed three troughs in the newly-molted second-, third- and fourth-instar nymphs. On day 3 of the fourth-instar nymphs, Sfspo clearly had a high transcript level in the thorax where PGs were located. Dietary introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of Sfspo into the second instars successfully knocked down the target gene, and greatly reduced expression level of ecdysone receptor (EcR) gene. Moreover, knockdown of Sfspo caused lethality and delayed development during nymphal stages. Furthermore, application of 20-hydroxyecdysone on Sfspo-dsRNA-exposed nymphs did not increase Sfspo expression, but could almost completely rescue SfEcR expression, and relieved the negative effects on nymphal survival and development. Conclusion In S. furcifera, Sfspo was cloned and the conservation of SfSPO is valid. Thus, SfSPO is probably also involved in ecdysteroidogenesis for hemiptera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Jia
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Morales M, Martínez-Paz P, Ozáez I, Martínez-Guitarte JL, Morcillo G. DNA damage and transcriptional changes induced by tributyltin (TBT) after short in vivo exposures of Chironomus riparius (Diptera) larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 158:57-63. [PMID: 23684738 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is a widespread environmental contaminant in aquatic systems whose adverse effects in development and reproduction are related to its well-known endocrine-disrupting activity. In this work, the early molecular effects of TBT in Chironomus riparius (Diptera) were evaluated by analyzing its DNA damaging potential and the transcriptional response of different endocrine-related genes. Twenty-four-hour in vivo exposures of the aquatic larvae, at environmentally relevant doses of TBT, revealed genotoxic activity as shown by significant increases in DNA strand breaks quantified with the comet assay. TBT was also able to induce significant increases in transcripts from the ecdysone receptor gene (EcR), the ultraspiracle gene (usp) (insect ortholog of the retinoid X receptor), the estrogen-related receptor (ERR) gene and the E74 early ecdysone-inducible gene, as measured by real-time RT-PCR. In contrast, the expression of the vitellogenin (vg) gene remained unaltered, while the hsp70 gene appeared to be down-regulated. The ability of TBT to up-regulate hormonal target genes provides the first evidence, at genomic level, of its endocrine disruptive effects and also suggests a mechanism of action that mimics ecdysteroid hormones in insects. These data reveal for the first time the early genomic effects of TBT on an insect genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Morales
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ozáez I, Martínez-Guitarte JL, Morcillo G. Effects of in vivo exposure to UV filters (4-MBC, OMC, BP-3, 4-HB, OC, OD-PABA) on endocrine signaling genes in the insect Chironomus riparius. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 456-457:120-126. [PMID: 23591065 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence indicating that several UV filters might have endocrine disruptive effects. Numerous studies have evaluated hormonal effects in vertebrates, mainly reporting estrogenic and androgenic activities in mammals and fishes. There is only limited knowledge about potential endocrine activity in invertebrate hormonal systems. In this work, the effects on endocrine signaling genes of six frequently used UV filters were investigated in Chironomus riparius, a reference organism in aquatic toxicology. The UV filters studied were: octyl-p-methoxycinnamate (OMC) also called 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC); 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC); benzophenone-3 (BP-3); 4-hidroxybenzophenone (4-HB); octocrylene (OC); and octyldimethyl-p-aminobenzoate (OD-PABA). After in vivo exposure at different dosages, expression levels of the genes coding for the ecdysone receptor (EcR), the ultraspiracle (usp, ortholog of the RXR) and the estrogen-related receptor (ERR) were quantified by Real Time PCR. The EcR gene was significantly upregulated by 4-MBC, OMC/EHMC and OD-PABA, with a dose-related response following 24h exposure. In contrast, the benzophenones, BP-3 and 4-HB, as well as OC did not alter this gene at the same exposure conditions. The transcription profiles of the usp and ERR genes were not significantly affected, except for BP-3 that inhibited the usp gene at the highest concentration. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence in invertebrates of a direct effect of UV filters on endocrine-related genes, and is consistent with the known effects on vertebrate hormonal receptor genes. The capability of 4-MBC, OMC/EHMC and OD-PABA to stimulate the expression of the ecdysone receptor, a key transcription factor for the ecdysone-genomic response in arthropods, suggests the possibility of a broad and long-term effect on this hormonal pathway. These findings strengthen the need for further research about the ecotoxicological implications of chronic exposure to these compounds in aquatic invertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ozáez
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|