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Hartung F, Haimerl P, Schindela S, Mussack V, Kirchner B, Henkel FDR, Bernhardt U, Zissler UM, Santarella-Mellwig R, Pfaffl M, Schmidt-Weber CB, Chaker AM, Esser-von Bieren J. Extracellular vesicle miRNAs drive aberrant macrophage responses in NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease. Allergy 2024; 79:1893-1907. [PMID: 38573073 DOI: 10.1111/all.16117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, however, how EVs contribute to immune dysfunction and type 2 airway inflammation remains incompletely understood. We aimed to elucidate roles of airway EVs and their miRNA cargo in the pathogenesis of NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD), a severe type 2 inflammatory condition. METHODS EVs were isolated from induced sputum or supernatants of cultured nasal polyp or turbinate tissues of N-ERD patients or healthy controls by size-exclusion chromatography and characterized by particle tracking, electron microscopy and miRNA sequencing. Functional effects of EV miRNAs on gene expression and mediator release by human macrophages or normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEs) were studied by RNA sequencing, LC-MS/MS and multiplex cytokine assays. RESULTS EVs were highly abundant in secretions from the upper and lower airways of N-ERD patients. N-ERD airway EVs displayed profoundly altered immunostimulatory capacities and miRNA profiles compared to airway EVs of healthy individuals. Airway EVs of N-ERD patients, but not of healthy individuals induced inflammatory cytokine (GM-CSF and IL-8) production by NHBEs. In macrophages, N-ERD airway EVs exhibited an impaired potential to induce cytokine and prostanoid production, while enhancing M2 macrophage activation. Let-7 family miRNAs were highly enriched in sputum EVs from N-ERD patients and mimicked suppressive effects of N-ERD EVs on macrophage activation. CONCLUSION Aberrant airway EV miRNA profiles may contribute to immune dysfunction and chronic type 2 inflammation in N-ERD. Let-7 family miRNAs represent targets for correcting aberrant macrophage activation and mediator responses in N-ERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hartung
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pascal Haimerl
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Schindela
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Mussack
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kirchner
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Fiona D R Henkel
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bernhardt
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zissler
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michael Pfaffl
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Adam M Chaker
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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Suzuki T, Boonyaleka K, Okano T, Iida T, Yoshida M, Fukano H, Hoshino Y, Iwakura Y, Ablordey AS, Ashida H. Inflammasome-triggered IL-18 controls skin inflammation in the progression of Buruli ulcer. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011747. [PMID: 37910490 PMCID: PMC10619818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Buruli ulcer is an emerging chronic infectious skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. Mycolactone, an exotoxin produced by the bacterium, is the only identified virulence factor so far, but the functions of this toxin and the mechanisms of disease progression remain unclear. By interfering Sec61 translocon, mycolactone inhibits the Sec61-dependent co-translational translocation of newly synthesized proteins, such as induced cytokines and immune cell receptors, into the endoplasmic reticulum. However, in regard to IL-1β, which is secreted by a Sec61-independent mechanism, mycolactone has been shown to induce IL-1β secretion via activation of inflammasomes. In this study, we clarified that cytokine induction, including that of IL-1β, in infected macrophages was suppressed by mycolactone produced by M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense, despite the activation of caspase-1 through the inflammasome activation triggered in a manner independent of mycolactone. Intriguingly, mycolactone suppressed the expression of proIL-1β as well as TNF-α at the transcriptional level, suggesting that mycolactone of M. ulcerans subsp. shinshuense may exert additional inhibitory effect on proIL-1β expression. Remarkably, constitutively produced IL-18 was cleaved and mature IL-18 was actually released from macrophages infected with the causative mycobacterium. IL-18-deficient mice infected subcutaneously with M. ulcerans exhibited exacerbated skin inflammation during the course of disease progression. On the other hand, IL-1β controls bacterial multiplication in skin tissues. These results provide information regarding the mechanisms and functions of the induced cytokines in the pathology of Buruli ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Suzuki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotchakorn Boonyaleka
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tokuju Okano
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamako Iida
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yoshida
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hanako Fukano
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hoshino
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Anthony S. Ablordey
- Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Hiroshi Ashida
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Infection and Host Response, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Britt RD, Ruwanpathirana A, Ford ML, Lewis BW. Macrophages Orchestrate Airway Inflammation, Remodeling, and Resolution in Asthma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10451. [PMID: 37445635 PMCID: PMC10341920 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogenous chronic inflammatory lung disease with endotypes that manifest different immune system profiles, severity, and responses to current therapies. Regardless of endotype, asthma features increased immune cell infiltration, inflammatory cytokine release, and airway remodeling. Lung macrophages are also heterogenous in that there are separate subsets and, depending on the environment, different effector functions. Lung macrophages are important in recruitment of immune cells such as eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes that enhance allergic inflammation and initiate T helper cell responses. Persistent lung remodeling including mucus hypersecretion, increased airway smooth muscle mass, and airway fibrosis contributes to progressive lung function decline that is insensitive to current asthma treatments. Macrophages secrete inflammatory mediators that induce airway inflammation and remodeling. Additionally, lung macrophages are instrumental in protecting against pathogens and play a critical role in resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis. This review summarizes current literature detailing the roles and existing knowledge gaps for macrophages as key inflammatory orchestrators in asthma pathogenesis. We also raise the idea that modulating inflammatory responses in lung macrophages is important for alleviating asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D. Britt
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anushka Ruwanpathirana
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Maria L. Ford
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Brandon W. Lewis
- Center for Perinatal Research, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA; (R.D.B.J.); (A.R.); (M.L.F.)
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Sylvester M, Son A, Schwartz DM. The Interactions Between Autoinflammation and Type 2 Immunity: From Mechanistic Studies to Epidemiologic Associations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:818039. [PMID: 35281022 PMCID: PMC8907424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoinflammatory diseases are a group of clinical syndromes characterized by constitutive overactivation of innate immune pathways. This results in increased production of or responses to monocyte- and neutrophil-derived cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Type 1 interferon (IFN). By contrast, clinical allergy is caused by dysregulated type 2 immunity, which is characterized by expansion of T helper 2 (Th2) cells and eosinophils, as well as overproduction of the associated cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. Traditionally, type 2 immune cells and autoinflammatory effectors were thought to counter-regulate each other. However, an expanding body of evidence suggests that, in some contexts, autoinflammatory pathways and cytokines may potentiate type 2 immune responses. Conversely, type 2 immune cells and cytokines can regulate autoinflammatory responses in complex and context-dependent manners. Here, we introduce the concepts of autoinflammation and type 2 immunity. We proceed to review the mechanisms by which autoinflammatory and type 2 immune responses can modulate each other. Finally, we discuss the epidemiology of type 2 immunity and clinical allergy in several monogenic and complex autoinflammatory diseases. In the future, these interactions between type 2 immunity and autoinflammation may help to expand the spectrum of autoinflammation and to guide the management of patients with various autoinflammatory and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- McKella Sylvester
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Aran Son
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Daniella M Schwartz
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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Moecking J, Laohamonthonkul P, Chalker K, White MJ, Harapas CR, Yu CH, Davidson S, Hrovat-Schaale K, Hu D, Eng C, Huntsman S, Calleja DJ, Horvat JC, Hansbro PM, O'Donoghue RJJ, Ting JP, Burchard EG, Geyer M, Gerlic M, Masters SL. NLRP1 variant M1184V decreases inflammasome activation in the context of DPP9 inhibition and asthma severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:2134-2145.e20. [PMID: 33378691 PMCID: PMC8168955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background NLRP1 is an innate immune sensor that can form cytoplasmic inflammasome complexes. Polymorphisms in NLRP1 are linked to asthma; however, there is currently no functional or mechanistic explanation for this. Objective We sought to clarify the role of NLRP1 in asthma pathogenesis. Methods Results from the GALA II cohort study were used to identify a link between NLRP1 and asthma in Mexican Americans. In vitro and in vivo models for NLRP1 activation were applied to investigate the role of this inflammasome in asthma at the molecular level. Results We document the association of an NLRP1 haplotype with asthma for which the single nucleotide polymorphism rs11651270 (M1184V) individually is the most significant. Surprisingly, M1184V increases NLRP1 activation in the context of N-terminal destabilization, but decreases NLRP1 activation on dipeptidyl peptidase 9 inhibition. In vitro studies demonstrate that M1184V increases binding to dipeptidyl peptidase 9, which can account for its inhibitory role in this context. In addition, in vivo data from a mouse model of airway inflammation reveal a protective role for NLRP1 inflammasome activation reducing eosinophilia in this setting. Conclusions Linking our in vitro and in vivo results, we found that the NLRP1 variant M1184V reduces inflammasome activation in the context of dipeptidyl peptidase 9 inhibition and could thereby increase asthma severity. Our studies may have implications for the treatment of asthma in patients carrying this variant of NLRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Moecking
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; the Institute of Structural Biology, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pawat Laohamonthonkul
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Katelyn Chalker
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Marquitta J White
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Cassandra R Harapas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Chien-Hsiung Yu
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sophia Davidson
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Katja Hrovat-Schaale
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Donglei Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Scott Huntsman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Dale J Calleja
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jay C Horvat
- the Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia; University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Phil M Hansbro
- the Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia; University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia; Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Robert J J O'Donoghue
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jenny P Ting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Bioengineering & Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Matthias Geyer
- the Institute of Structural Biology, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Motti Gerlic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Rochman M, Xie YM, Mack L, Caldwell JM, Klingler AM, Osswald GA, Azouz NP, Rothenberg ME. Broad transcriptional response of the human esophageal epithelium to proton pump inhibitors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:1924-1935. [PMID: 33289661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been recognized as a primary treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), an allergic inflammatory disease of the esophageal mucosa. The mechanisms underlying esophageal epithelial responses to PPIs remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that PPIs can counteract IL-13-mediated esophageal epithelial responses that are germane for EoE pathogenesis. METHODS Transcriptional responses of human esophageal cells to IL-13 and the PPIs omeprazole and esomeprazole were assessed by RT-PCR and RNA sequencing. Cytokine secretion was measured by multiplex analysis and ELISA. RESULTS Human esophageal epithelial cells robustly responded to PPI stimulation by inducing a set of 479 core genes common between omeprazole and esomeprazole treatments. The transcriptional response to PPIs was partially mediated through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway, as the aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist GNF-351 modified approximately 200 genes, particularly those enriched in metabolic processes and regulation of cell death. PPI treatment reversed approximately 20% of the IL-13 transcriptome. Functional analysis of the PPI-responsive, upregulated genes revealed enrichment in metabolic and oxidation processes, and the unfolded protein response. In contrast, downregulated genes were overrepresented in functional terms related to cell division and cytoskeletal organization, which were also enriched for the genes in the EoE transcriptome reversed by PPIs. Furthermore, PPI treatment decreased the IL-13-induced proliferative response of esophageal epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate broad effects of PPIs on esophageal epithelium, including their ability to curtail transcriptomic processes involved in cellular proliferation and IL-13-induced responses, and they highlight the importance of AHR signaling in mediating these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rochman
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yong Mei Xie
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lydia Mack
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Julie M Caldwell
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Andrea M Klingler
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Garrett A Osswald
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nurit P Azouz
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Al-Sawalha NA, Al-Bo'ul HF, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, Thanawala VJ. Effect of prenatal waterpipe tobacco smoke on airway inflammation in murine model of asthma of adult offspring mice. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 29:366-373. [PMID: 29039230 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1385113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Worldwide popularity of waterpipe tobacco smoking has increased, including in pregnant women. This study investigates the effect of prenatal waterpipe tobacco smoke (WTS) exposure on airway inflammation in a murine model of asthma of adult offspring mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pregnant BALB/c mice were exposed to fresh air or WTS, using a whole-body exposure system that mimics human use during WTS. Adult male offspring mice were divided into; (1) control (prenatal fresh air, postnatal ovalbumin sensitization and saline challenge), (2) postnatal Ova S/C (prenatal fresh air, postnatal ovalbumin sensitization and challenge (Ova S/C)), (3) prenatal WTS (prenatal WTS, postnatal ovalbumin sensitization and saline challenge) and (4) prenatal WTS + postnatal Ova S/C. Cells from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, cytokines, and oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)) from lung homogenates were evaluated. RESULTS Prenatal WTS increased recruitment of cells in lungs and levels of SOD and catalase when compared to unexposed offspring's. The levels of cytokines, GPx and TBARS were not affected by prenatal WTS. Prenatal WTS exposure and postnatal Ova S/C increased airway inflammation and activity of SOD compared to control and Ova S/C mice and reduced IL-18 levels compared to Ova S/C mice. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exposure to WTS induced airway inflammation, further enhanced by a murine model of asthma in adult offspring. Prenatal exposure to WTS adversely affects the lung function of the offspring and careful strategies for increasing public awareness regarding the harmful effects of WTS during pregnancy is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour A Al-Sawalha
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Hanadi F Al-Bo'ul
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- a Faculty of Pharmacy , Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan
| | - Omar F Khabour
- b Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences , Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid , Jordan.,c Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences , Taibah University , Medina , Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity promotes antihelminth immunity, suppresses type 1-driven autoimmune disease, neutralizes toxins, maintains metabolic homeostasis, and regulates wound repair and tissue regeneration pathways following infection or injury. Nevertheless, when type 2 responses are dysregulated, they can become important drivers of disease. Type 2 immunity induces a complex inflammatory response characterized by eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, IL-4-and/or IL-13-conditioned macrophages and T helper 2 (TH2) cells, which are crucial to the pathogenesis of many allergic and fibrotic disorders. As chronic type 2 immune responses promote disease, the mechanisms that regulate their maintenance are thought to function as crucial disease modifiers. This Review discusses the many endogenous negative regulatory mechanisms that antagonize type 2 immunity and highlights how therapies that target some of these pathways are being developed to treat type 2-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Program in Barrier Immunity and Repair, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0425, USA
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Abstract
Type 2 immune responses are defined by the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, which can either be host protective or have pathogenic activity. Type 2 immunity promotes antihelminth immunity, suppresses type 1-driven autoimmune disease, neutralizes toxins, maintains metabolic homeostasis, and regulates wound repair and tissue regeneration pathways following infection or injury. Nevertheless, when type 2 responses are dysregulated, they can become important drivers of disease. Type 2 immunity induces a complex inflammatory response characterized by eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, type 2 innate lymphoid cells, IL-4-and/or IL-13-conditioned macrophages and T helper 2 (TH2) cells, which are crucial to the pathogenesis of many allergic and fibrotic disorders. As chronic type 2 immune responses promote disease, the mechanisms that regulate their maintenance are thought to function as crucial disease modifiers. This Review discusses the many endogenous negative regulatory mechanisms that antagonize type 2 immunity and highlights how therapies that target some of these pathways are being developed to treat type 2-mediated disease.
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Rovina N, Dima E, Bakakos P, Tseliou E, Kontogianni K, Papiris S, Koutsoukou A, Koulouris NG, Loukides S. Low interleukin (IL)-18 levels in sputum supernatants of patients with severe refractory asthma. Respir Med 2015; 109:580-7. [PMID: 25840484 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe refractory asthma (SRA) is characterized by persistent asthma symptoms, amplified airway inflammation despite treatment with high dose inhaled steroids and increased airway bacterial colonization. Interleukin (IL)-18 is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine that modulates airway inflammation. Furthermore, as a product of the inflammasome, IL-18 is involved in host defence against viral and bacterial stimuli by modulating the immune response. OBJECTIVE To determine IL-18 levels in sputum supernatants of patients with asthma and to investigate whether underlying severity affects its levels. Furthermore, possible associations with atopy and mediators and cells involved in the inflammatory process of the airways were examined. METHODS Forty-five patients with mild intermittent asthma (21 smokers) and 18 patients with SRA in stable state were studied. All subjects underwent lung function tests, skin prick tests, and sputum induction for cell count identification. IL-18 and ECP levels were measured in sputum supernatants. Furthermore, sputum samples were examined for the commonest respiratory pathogens and viruses by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Patients with SRA had significantly lower IL-18 levels in sputum supernatants compared to mild asthmatics (p < 0.001). Twelve out of eighteen patients with SRA were colonized by viruses and/or bacterial pathogens. IL-18 levels correlated with the percentage of macrophages (r = 0.635, p = 0.026) and inversely correlated with the percentage of neutrophils in sputum (r = -0.715, p = 0.009). No correlations were found between IL-18, ECP and the percentage of eosinophils in the sputum of SRA. CONCLUSIONS In SRA IL-18 is possibly involved in chronic airway inflammation through an eosinophil independent pathway. The decreased levels of IL-18 in SRA support the hypothesis of deregulated inflammasome activation, justifying the susceptibility of these patients for bacterial colonization or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Rovina
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1st Department of Pulmonary Medicine, "Sotiria" District Chest Diseases Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece.
| | - Efrossini Dima
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1st Department of Pulmonary Medicine, "Sotiria" District Chest Diseases Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Petros Bakakos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1st Department of Pulmonary Medicine, "Sotiria" District Chest Diseases Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Eleni Tseliou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1st Department of Pulmonary Medicine, "Sotiria" District Chest Diseases Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kontogianni
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1st Department of Pulmonary Medicine, "Sotiria" District Chest Diseases Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Spyros Papiris
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Pulmonary Medicine, "Atticon" Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Antonia Koutsoukou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1st Department of Pulmonary Medicine, "Sotiria" District Chest Diseases Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Nikolaos G Koulouris
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1st Department of Pulmonary Medicine, "Sotiria" District Chest Diseases Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
| | - Stelios Loukides
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Pulmonary Medicine, "Atticon" Hospital, Athens Medical School, Greece
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Traister RS, Wenzel SE. Revisiting fatal asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 112:4-5. [PMID: 24331384 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell S Traister
- University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Sally E Wenzel
- University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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12
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Okano M, Fujiwara T, Makihara S, Fujiwara R, Higaki T, Kariya S, Noda Y, Haruna T, Nishizaki K. Characterization of IL-18 expression and release in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2012; 160:275-86. [PMID: 23075512 DOI: 10.1159/000341668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family that affects chronic inflammation. We sought to characterize IL-18 expression and investigate its release during chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). METHODS The expression of IL-18 in nasal polyps (NPs) and uncinate tissues (UTs) from both CRS and non-CRS patients was examined via immunohistochemistry. After culturing dispersed NP cells (DNPCs) with or without various stimulations, IL-18 levels were measured in the culture supernatants. Furthermore, the effect of IL-18 neutralization on staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced cytokine production was also examined. RESULTS Similar expression of IL-18 in the epithelial layers was observed between the NPs and UTs. However, there was a significantly higher number of IL-18(+) cells in the lamina propria from NPs compared to UTs without CRS. This increased number was significantly correlated with the radiological severity of sinusitis and local eosinophilia. After the dispersion, IL-18 was spontaneously released by NP cells in a phase-dependent manner. While SEB, fungal antigens, and TLR agonists did not enhance the release, exposure to protease or one cycle of a freeze-and-thaw treatment did induce release of IL-18 from rested DNPCs. In addition, neutralization of IL-18 significantly suppressed SEB-induced IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ, but not IL-17A production. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the pro-inflammatory effect of IL-18 released by danger signals may be involved in the pathogenesis of CRS, which includes eosinophilic inflammation and NP formation, via the augmentation of both Th2- and Th1-associated cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Okano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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13
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Kurt E, Aksu K, Dokumacioglu A, Alatas O. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in seasonal allergic rhinitis patients is associated with increased IL-18 during natural pollen exposure. Cytokine 2012; 60:100-3. [PMID: 22819246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.06.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is not certain in seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) patients. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of natural pollen exposure on IL-18 and its relationship with BHR. METHODS Thirty-two SAR patients with grass pollen sensitivity, 14 nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) patients and 17 normal-controls were included. Sixteen SAR patients had BHR during pollen season and off-season. Serum IL-18 levels were measured in SAR patients during pollen season between May-August and off-season between November-February. IL-18 levels were measured in NAR patients and normal controls once. RESULTS During pollen season, SAR patients with BHR had significantly increased levels of IL-18 than those without BHR (279.2 ± 161.1 versus 145.3 ± 101.0 pg/ml, p=0.012). Serum IL-18 levels were not different between SAR patients with and without BHR during off-season (233.8 ± 139.7 versus 183.2 ± 162.9 pg/ml, p=0.16). Serum IL-18 levels in SAR patients during pollen season (212.3 ± 148.8 pg/ml) and off-season (208.5 ± 151.5 pg/ml) were not different than those NAR patients (224.8 ± 180.1 pg/ml, p=0.98 and p=1.0, respectively) and normal controls (174.8 ± 76.0 pg/ml, p=0.60 and p=0.76, respectively). CONCLUSION The results suggested us that BHR in SAR patients is associated with increased IL-18 during natural pollen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Kurt
- Departments of Allergy, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey.
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14
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Mullane K. Asthma translational medicine: report card. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:567-85. [PMID: 21741955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, scientific research into asthma has focused almost exclusively on one component of the disorder - airway inflammation - as being the key underlying feature. These studies have provided a remarkably detailed and comprehensive picture of the events following antigen challenge that lead to an influx of T cells and eosinophils in the airways. Indeed, in basic research, even the term "asthma" has become synonymous with a T helper 2 cell-mediated disorder. From this cascade of cellular activation processes and mediators that have been identified it has been possible to pinpoint critical junctures for therapeutic intervention, leading experimentalists to produce therapies that are very effective in decreasing airway inflammation in animal models. Many of these compounds have now completed early Phase 2 "proof-of-concept" clinical trials so the translational success of the basic research model can be evaluated. This commentary discusses clinical results from 39 compounds and biologics acting at 23 different targets, and while 6 of these drugs can be regarded as a qualified success, none benefit the bulk of asthma sufferers. Despite this disappointing rate of success, the same immune paradigm and basic research models, with a few embellishments to incorporate newly identified cells and mediators, continue to drive target identification and drug discovery efforts. It is time to re-evaluate the focus of these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mullane
- Profectus Pharma Consulting, Inc, San Jose, CA 95125, United States.
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15
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Patil SP, P.Wisnivesky J, Busse PJ, Halm EA, Li XM. Detection of immunological biomarkers correlated with asthma control and quality of life measurements in sera from chronic asthmatic patients. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 106:205-13. [PMID: 21354022 PMCID: PMC4648242 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2010.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical outcomes of patients with asthma are highly variable. Immunological biomarkers associated with asthma control have not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE To identify the association between clinical control of asthma and serum immunological profiles of asthmatics and compare these profiles with those of healthy controls by using a multiplex assay. METHODS Sera were obtained from 28 nonsmokers 18 to 55 years of age with moderate and severe persistent asthma. Patients were classified as having well-controlled (WC, n = 14) or poorly controlled (PC, n = 14) asthma based on their responses to the Asthma Control Questionnaire and Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. Sera from nonasthmatic control individuals (NAC, n = 14) were used for comparison. Levels of 50 analytes, including cytokines, chemokines, angiogenic, and growth factors, were determined, using a multiplex assay. RESULTS Twelve of the 29 cytokines levels were significantly higher in patients with asthma than in NACs, but only interferon gamma levels were significantly lower in patients with asthma than in the NAC group. Among these, interleukin (IL)-3 and IL-18 levels were significantly higher in the PC group than the WC group. Five of the 12 tested chemokine levels were significantly higher in patients with asthma than in NACs. Five of six growth factor levels were significantly higher in patients with asthma than in NACs, and 3 were higher in PC than WC. Interleukin-18, fibroblast growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and stem cell growth factor-beta were positively correlated with poor asthma control and negatively with quality of life scores. CONCLUSIONS Increased serum levels of fibroblast growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and stem cell growth factor-beta might be useful biomarkers of asthma control status and targets of future asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita P Patil
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Juan P.Wisnivesky
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Paula J Busse
- Division of Adult Allergy and Immunology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ethan A. Halm
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Xiu-Min Li
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
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16
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IL-18 does not increase allergic airway disease in mice when produced by BCG. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2007:67276. [PMID: 18299704 PMCID: PMC2235931 DOI: 10.1155/2007/67276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst BCG inhibits allergic airway responses in murine models, IL-18 has adversary effects depending on its environment. We therefore constructed a BCG strain producing murine IL-18 (BCG-IL-18) and evaluated its efficiency to prevent an asthma-like reaction in mice. BALB/cByJ mice were sensitized (day (D) 1 and D10) by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA)-alum and primary (D20–22) and secondary (D62, 63) challenged with OVA aerosols. BCG or BCG-IL-18 were intraperitonealy administered 1 hour before each immunization (D1 and D10). BCG-IL-18 and BCG were shown to similarly inhibit the development of AHR, mucus production, eosinophil influx, and local Th2 cytokine production in BAL, both after the primary and secondary challenge.
These data show that IL-18 did not increase allergic airway responses in the context of the mycobacterial infection, and suggest that BCG-IL-18 and BCG are able to prevent the development of local Th2 responses and therefore inhibit allergen-induced airway responses even after restimulation.
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17
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Finkelman FD, Hogan SP, Hershey GKK, Rothenberg ME, Wills-Karp M. Importance of cytokines in murine allergic airway disease and human asthma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:1663-74. [PMID: 20130218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a common, disabling inflammatory respiratory disease that has increased in frequency and severity in developed nations. We review studies of murine allergic airway disease (MAAD) and human asthma that evaluate the importance of Th2 cytokines, Th2 response-promoting cytokines, IL-17, and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in MAAD and human asthma. We discuss murine studies that directly stimulate airways with specific cytokines or delete, inactivate, neutralize, or block specific cytokines or their receptors, as well as controversial issues including the roles of IL-5, IL-17, and IL-13Ralpha2 in MAAD and IL-4Ralpha expression by specific cell types. Studies of human asthmatic cytokine gene and protein expression, linkage of cytokine polymorphisms to asthma, cytokine responses to allergen stimulation, and clinical responses to cytokine antagonists are discussed as well. Results of these analyses establish the importance of specific cytokines in MAAD and human asthma and have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Finkelman
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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18
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Takai T, Karasuyama H. The study of allergy by Japanese researchers: a historical perspective. Int Immunol 2009; 21:1311-6. [PMID: 19858072 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been over a hundred years since Shibasaburo Kitasato and Emil Adolf von Boehring's finding of a serum component that neutralizes bacterial toxins and the subsequent development of antiserum therapy. Over that time, many Japanese researchers have greatly contributed to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms for allergic and inflammatory diseases. This article is aimed at introducing such individual work and how these areas have contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms of allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Takai
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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19
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Wegmann M. Th2 cells as targets for therapeutic intervention in allergic bronchial asthma. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:85-100. [PMID: 19099351 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.9.1.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Th2 cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of allergic bronchial asthma, since each of their characteristic cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 contributes to hallmarks of this disease, including airway eosinophilia, increased mucus production, production of allergen-specific IgE and development of airway hyper-responsiveness. Therefore, these cells are predisposed as target cells for therapeutic intervention. Experimental approaches targeted Th2-type effector cytokines, Th2-cell recruitment and Th2-cell development. Another strategy uses the immunomodulatory potential of tolerance-inducing cytokines such as IL-10 or of cytokines such as IL-12, IL-18 and IFN-gamma that are able to induce a counterbalancing Th1 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wegmann
- Bereich Experimentelle Pneumologie, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften, Parkallee 1, D-23845 Borstel, Germany.
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20
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Hossny EM, El-Sayed SS, El-Hadidi ES, Moussa SR. Serum interleukin-18 expression in children with bronchial asthma. World Allergy Organ J 2009; 2:63-8. [PMID: 23283012 PMCID: PMC3650996 DOI: 10.1097/wox.0b013e3181a33649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Interleukin 18 (IL-18) is reported to have regulatory functions on Th1 and Th2 cytokine production and proinflammatory effects through promoting recruitment of memory Th1 cells to inflammatory sites. We sought to investigate the expression of the serum IL-18 in childhood bronchial asthma in relation to disease activity and severity. METHODS : Serum IL-18 was measured by enzymatic immunoassay in 25 asthmatic children during exacerbation and after complete quiescence of symptoms and signs. The results were compared to those of 35 nonallergic age- and sex-matched children. RESULTS : Serum IL-18 levels during asthma exacerbation [median = 125 pg/mL; mean (SD) = 128.6 (43.3) pg/mL] were significantly lower than the follow-up levels during stability [median = 250 pg/mL; mean (SD) = 291.6 (66.7) pg/mL] and both levels correlated positively with each other. The corresponding values of the control group were higher than those of the asthmatic patients whether during exacerbation or stability [median = 380 pg/mL; mean (SD) = 476.1 (259.6) pg/mL]. The serum IL-18 concentrations did not vary significantly according to asthma severity, family history of atopy, or passive smoking. The influence of inhaled corticosteroids on IL-18 expression was not impressive and neither was the relation between serum IL-18 and the peripheral blood eosinophil count or serum total IgE expression. CONCLUSIONS : Serum IL-18 was found underexpressed in a group of asthmatic children especially during exacerbation. Further studies are needed to outline its exact role in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eman S El-Hadidi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Yamagata S, Tomita K, Sato R, Niwa A, Higashino H, Tohda Y. Interleukin-18-deficient mice exhibit diminished chronic inflammation and airway remodelling in ovalbumin-induced asthma model. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 154:295-304. [PMID: 18826499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18, which is produced by activated monocytes/macrophages and airway epithelial cells, is suggested to contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma by modulating airway inflammation. However, the involvement of IL-18 on modulating chronic airway inflammation and airway remodelling, which are characterized in a refractory asthma model exposed to long-term antigen, has not been investigated sufficiently. We examined the role of IL-18 in chronic airway inflammation and airway remodelling by long-term antigen exposure. IL-18-deficient and C57BL/6-wild-type mice were sensitized by ovalbumin (OVA) and were then exposed to aerosolized OVA twice a week for 12 weeks. We assessed airway inflammation by assessing the infiltration of cells into the airspace and lung tissues, and airway remodelling by airway mucus expression, peribronchial fibrosis and smooth muscle thickness. In IL-18-deficient mice, when exposed to OVA, the total cells and neutrophils of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were diminished, as were the number of infiltrated cells in the lung tissues. IL-18-deficient mice exposed to OVA after 12 weeks showed significantly decreased levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-13 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in the BALF. The airway hyperresponsiveness to acetyl-beta-methacholine chloride was inhibited in IL-18-deficient mice in comparison with wild-type mice. In addition, IL-18-deficient mice exposed to OVA had fewer significant features of airway remodelling. These findings suggest that IL-18 may enhance chronic airway inflammation and airway remodelling through the production of IFN-gamma, IL-13 and TGF-beta1 in the OVA-induced asthma mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yamagata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan.
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22
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Hartwig C, Constabel H, Neumann D, Gerd Hoymann H, Tschernig T, Behrens GMN. Impact of boostering for the strength of asthma parameters and dendritic cell numbers in a C57BL/6 model of allergic airway inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 60:425-34. [PMID: 18650075 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Murine models assist in elucidating the pathogenesis of allergic asthma and evaluation of new therapeutic strategies. We aimed to assess the requirement of boostering needed in the BL/6 murine asthma model and its influence on DC populations in lungs and bronchial lymph nodes. METHODS AND RESULTS Two injections of OVA+alum - one sensitization and one booster - followed by two aerosol challenges were sufficient to induce a distinct asthma-like inflammation in BL/6 mice, including significant increased immunoglobulin (IgE) level, influx of eosinophils in the airway lumen, and evident histopathology. Using this protocol, CD11chighMHC-II+ DC counts in lungs and lymph nodes doubled with no changes of CD8+ DC in the lungs but increase in lung-draining lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS Given the site-specific changes of dendritic cell (DC) subpopulations during allergic asthma we propose a distinct regulation of antigen transport and antigen presentation in the murine asthma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hartwig
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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23
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Lee CC, Lin WY, Wan L, Tsai Y, Tsai CH, Huang CM, Chen CP, Tsai FJ. Association of interleukin-18 gene polymorphism with asthma in Chinese patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2008; 22:39-44. [PMID: 18200581 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Like other allergic diseases, asthma results from multiple conditions. Asthmatic beginning and severity are mediated by both environmental and genetic factors. In asthma studies, important work is realization of the genetic background and identification of genetic factors resulting in asthma development and phenomena. Here, we investigated whether interleukin (IL)-18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are involved in Chinese asthma patients. IL-18 (IL-18) SNP was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction analysis in 201 patients with asthma and 60 normal controls. Significant differences were found in the genotype distribution of IL-18 SNP between asthma patients and controls (P=0.000003). Allelic frequency of the IL-18 gene distinguished asthma patients from controls (P=0.000066). The results revealed a significant difference between asthma patients and normal controls in IL-18 SNP and a statistical correlation between IL-18 polymorphisms (105A/C) and asthma formation. We concluded that Chinese who carry the C/C homozygote of the IL-18-105A/C gene polymorphism in coding regions may have a higher risk of developing asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chun Lee
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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24
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Hartwig C, Tschernig T, Mazzega M, Braun A, Neumann D. Endogenous IL-18 in experimentally induced asthma affects cytokine serum levels but is irrelevant for clinical symptoms. Cytokine 2008; 42:298-305. [PMID: 18387310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
T cells and T cell derived cytokines are involved in the complex pathogenesis of asthma. The role of the cytokine IL-18 however, is not clearly defined so far. On the one hand side IL-18 induces Th1-type cytokines and thereby might counter-regulate Th2-mediated allergic asthma. On the other hand IL-18 also bears pro-inflammatory effects possibly enhancing experimental asthma. In order to elucidate the role of IL-18 in allergic pulmonary inflammation typical symptoms were compared after induction of experimental asthma in IL-18(-/-) and in wild type mice. Asthma was induced using ovalbumin (OVA) as allergen for sensitization and challenge. Sham sensitized and OVA challenged mice served as controls. Bronchoalveolar lavage-fluid cytology, leukocyte infiltration in lung tissues, serum levels of OVA-specific IgE and cytokines, and lung function were analyzed. Clear differences could be observed between control and asthmatic mice, both in wild type and IL-18(-/-) animals. Surprisingly, no differences were found between asthmatic wild type and IL-18(-/-) mice. Thus, in contrast to conflicting data in the literature IL-18 did not suppress or enhance the pulmonary allergic immune response in a murine experimental model of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hartwig
- Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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25
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Salagianni M, Wong KL, Loon WK, Thomas MJ, Noble A, Kemeny DM. An essential role for IL-18 in CD8 T cell-mediated suppression of IgE responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4771-8. [PMID: 17404257 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.4771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of CD8 T cells to suppress IgE responses is well established. Previously, we demonstrated that CD8 T cells inhibit IgE responses via the induction of IL-12, which promotes Th1 and suppresses Th2 responses. In this study, we show that IL-18 also plays an essential role in IgE suppression. In vitro, IL-18 synergized with IL-12 to promote Th1/T cytotoxic 1 and inhibit Th2/T cytotoxic 2 differentiation. OVA-specific TCR transgenic (OT-I) CD8 cells induced both IL-12 and IL-18 when cultured with OVA(257-264) peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. In vivo, IL-18(-/-) mice exhibited higher IgE and IgG1 levels compared with wild-type mice after immunization with OVA/alum. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells from OVA-primed mice suppressed IgE responses in OVA/alum-immunized mice, but not in IL-18(-/-) mice. IgE suppression in IL-18(-/-) mice was restored if CD8 T cells were coadoptively transferred with IL-18-competent wild-type bone marrow dendritic cell progenitors, demonstrating an essential role of IL-18 in CD8 T cell-mediated suppression of IgE responses. The data suggest that CD8 T cells induce IL-18 production during a cognate interaction with APCs that synergizes with IL-12 to promote immune deviation away from the allergic phenotype. Our data identify IL-18 induction as a potentially useful target in immunotherapy of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Salagianni
- Department of Asthma, Allergy, and Respiratory Science, King's College London School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Williams MA, Porter M, Horton M, Guo J, Roman J, Williams D, Breysse P, Georas SN. Ambient particulate matter directs nonclassic dendritic cell activation and a mixed TH1/TH2-like cytokine response by naive CD4+ T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:488-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gladkevich A, Nelemans SA, Kauffman HF, Korf J. Microarray profiling of lymphocytes in internal diseases with an altered immune response: potential and methodology. Mediators Inflamm 2006; 2005:317-30. [PMID: 16489251 PMCID: PMC1323332 DOI: 10.1155/mi.2005.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently it has become possible to investigate
expression of all human genes with microarray technique. The
authors provide arguments to consider peripheral white blood cells
and in particular lymphocytes as a model for the investigation of
pathophysiology of asthma, RA, and SLE diseases in which
inflammation is a major component. Lymphocytes are an alternative
to tissue biopsies that are most often difficult to collect
systematically. Lymphocytes express more than 75% of the human
genome, and, being an important part of the immune system, they
play a central role in the pathogenesis of asthma, RA, and SLE.
Here we review alterations of gene expression in lymphocytes and
methodological aspects of the microarray technique in these
diseases. Lymphocytic genes may become activated because of a
general nonspecific versus disease-specific mechanism.
The authors suppose that in these diseases microarray profiles of
gene expression in lymphocytes can be disease specific, rather
than inflammation specific. Some potentials and pitfalls of the
array technologies are discussed. Optimal clinical designs aimed
to identify disease-specific genes are proposed. Lymphocytes can
be explored for research, diagnostic, and possible treatment
purposes in these diseases, but their precise
value should be clarified in future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy Gladkevich
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Nakajima H, Takatsu K. Role of cytokines in allergic airway inflammation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2006; 142:265-73. [PMID: 17124428 DOI: 10.1159/000097357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by intense infiltration of eosinophils and CD4+ T cells into the submucosal tissue of airways. Accumulating evidence indicates that T helper type 2 cell-derived cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 play critical roles in orchestrating and amplifying allergic inflammation in asthma. In addition, it has been suggested that newly identified cytokines including thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-25 and IL-33 are involved in the induction of allergic inflammation in asthma. In this review, we discuss the role of individual cytokines in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba City, Chiba, Japan.
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Wyburn K, Wu H, Chen G, Yin J, Eris J, Chadban S. Interleukin-18 affects local cytokine expression but does not impact on the development of kidney allograft rejection. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:2612-21. [PMID: 17049054 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 is predominantly a macrophage-derived cytokine with a key role in inflammation and cell-mediated immunity. Having previously demonstrated IL-18 upregulation in a rat model of kidney rejection, here we examined IL-18 in a fully MHC-mismatched murine model of acute kidney rejection using IL-18-deficient recipients (IL-18-/-) and animals administered neutralizing IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP). Gene expression of IL-18 and its receptor were significantly upregulated in allografts compared to isografts, as was the cellular infiltrate (T cells and macrophages) (p < 0.001). Allografts developed kidney dysfunction (p < 0.05) and tubulitis (p < 0.01) not observed in controls. There was a significant reduction in gene expression of IL-18 downstream pro-inflammatory molecules (iNOS, TNFalpha and IFNgamma) in IL-18-/- recipients (p < 0.01), and IL-18BP-treated animals. The CD4+ infiltrate and IL-4 mRNA expression was greater in the IL-18-/- recipients than wild-type (WT) allografts and IL-18BP-treated animals (p < 0.05), suggesting a Th2-bias which was supported by IFNgamma and IL-4 ELISPOT data and an increased eosinophil accumulation (p < 0.001). Neither IL-18 deficiency nor neutralization prevented renal dysfunction or tubulitis. This study demonstrates increased production of IL-18 in murine kidney allograft rejection and provides evidence that IL-18-induced pathways of inflammation are active. However, neither IL-18 deficiency nor neutralization was protective against the development of allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wyburn
- Collaborative Transplant Laboratory, The University of Sydney & Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Lee KS, Kim SR, Park SJ, Min KH, Lee KY, Jin SM, Yoo WH, Lee YC. Antioxidant down-regulates interleukin-18 expression in asthma. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:1184-93. [PMID: 16822930 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.024737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An alteration in the balance between a T-helper type 2 cell (Th2) response and a Th1 response may predispose to the development of bronchial asthma. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) has an ability to promote both Th1 and Th2 responses, depending on the surrounding cytokine environment. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Recent studies have demonstrated that antioxidants are able to reduce airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in animal models of asthma. In this study, we used a C57BL/6 mouse model of allergic asthma to examine the effects of antioxidants on the regulation of IL-18 expression. Our present study with ovalbumin-induced murine model of asthma revealed that ROS production in cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluids was increased and that administration of L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid or alpha-lipoic acid reduced the increased levels of ROS, the increased expression of IL-18 protein and mRNA, airway inflammation, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Our results also showed that antioxidants down-regulated a transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), activity. These results indicate that antioxidants may reduce IL-18 expression in asthma by inhibiting the activity of NF-kappaB and suggest that ROS regulate the IL-18 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Sun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School, San 2-20, Geumamdong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-180, South Korea
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31
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Tworek D, Bocheńska-Marciniak M, Kupczyk M, Górski P, Kuna P. The effect of 4 weeks treatment with desloratadine (5mg daily) on levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-18 and TGF beta in patients suffering from seasonal allergic rhinitis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006; 20:244-9. [PMID: 16530440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory effect of desloratadine (DL), including, but not limited to depression of production of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8, has been shown in several in vitro experiments but only a few in vivo studies refer to this findings. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the influence of DL on levels of IL-4, IL-10, IL-18 and TGF-beta in sera of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). Sixty-nine subjects suffering from SAR with hypersensitivity to grass pollen were included into the evaluation of clinical efficacy of DL (5mg once daily). None of them was taking any H(1) receptor antagonist during the pollen season before inclusion into the study. Samples of peripheral blood were taken before and after 4 weeks of treatment. Levels of cytokines were determined using the ELISA method. The mean level of IL-4 was 0.212+/-0.07pg/ml before and 0.221+/-0.1pg/ml after the treatment (p=0.52); IL-10 5.13+/-3.14 and 4.71+/-0.88 (p=0.69); IL-18 54.45+/-26.09 and 44.80+/-22.42 (p=0.48); TGF beta 949.17+/-401.5 and 955.7+/-391.2 (p=0.97)pg/ml before and after the treatment, respectively. Unless in vitro DL demonstrates not only anti-allergic but also anti-inflammatory activities data from this in vivo study in a group of patients suffering from SAR do not support previous pre-clinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Tworek
- Division of Pneumonology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 22 Kopcińskiego Str., 90-153 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract
There have been numerous studies of mice rendered genetically deficient of various genes in the context of allergic inflammatory airway disease. These studies have provided invaluable information about basic immune processes, but have also been considered to be useful in predicting novel pharmacological targets. In this review, the effect of a wide range of individual knockouts (KO) on the development of asthma-like pathologies in mice is compiled and considered. How the results of these studies compare with effects of agents that interfere with the function of each gene product, where known, is also described. Finally, a personal view of the utility of these studies in drug development is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Moffatt
- The Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, 5th Floor Hodgkin Building, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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Epstein MM. Targeting memory Th2 cells for the treatment of allergic asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 109:107-36. [PMID: 16081161 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Th2 memory cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Evidence from patients and experimental models indicates that memory Th2 cells reside in the lungs during disease remission and, upon allergen exposure, become activated effectors involved in disease exacerbation. The inhibition of memory Th2 cells or their effector functions in allergic asthma influence disease progression, suggesting their importance as therapeutic targets. They are allergen specific and can potentially be suppressed or eliminated using this specificity. They have distinct activation, differentiation, cell surface phenotype, migration capacity, and effector functions that can be targeted singularly or in combination. Furthermore, memory Th2 cells residing in the lungs can be treated locally. Capitalizing on these unique attributes is important for drug development for allergic asthma. The aim of this review is to present an overview of therapeutic strategies targeting Th2 memory cells in allergic asthma, emphasizing Th2 generation, differentiation, activation, migration, effector function, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Epstein
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Dermatology, Lazarettgasse 19, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
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Biet F, Duez C, Kremer L, Marquillies P, Amniai L, Tonnel AB, Locht C, Pestel J. Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG producing IL-18 reduces IL-5 production and bronchoalveolar eosinophilia induced by an allergic reaction. Allergy 2005; 60:1065-72. [PMID: 15969689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00826.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic reactions occur through the exacerbated induction of a Th2 cell type expression profile and can be prevented by agents favoring a Th1 profile. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is able to induce high IFN-gamma levels and has been shown to decrease experimentally induced allergy. The induction of IFN-gamma is mediated by interleukin (IL)-12 known to be secreted upon mycobacterial infections and can be enhanced by IL-18 acting in synergy with IL-12. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the ability of a recombinant BCG strain producing IL-18 (rBCG) to modify the Th2 type responses in a murine model of ovalbumin (OVA)-dependent allergic reaction. METHODS Mice were injected intraperitoneally or intranasally with OVA at days 0 and 15 and exposed to an OVA aerosol challenge at days 29, 30, 31 and 34. At days 0 and 15, two additional groups of mice received OVA together with 5 x 10(6) colony forming units of either rBCG or nonrecombinant BCG. RESULTS A time-course analysis of OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E, IgG1 and IgG2a levels indicated no significant difference between the three groups of mice. However, following in vitro stimulation with OVA, lymph node cells from rBCG-treated mice produced less IL-5 and more IFN-gamma than those of mice injected with nonrecombinant BCG. In addition, 48 h after the last OVA challenge, a strong reduction of bronchoalveolar eosinophilia was found in the rBCG-injected mice compared to the nontreated or nonrecombinant BCG-treated groups. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the production of IL-18 by rBCG may enhance the immunomodulatory properties of BCG that suppress pulmonary Th2 responses and, in particular, decrease airway eosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Biet
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Génétique et Moléculaire, INSERM U629, Lille, France
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Xu J, Park PW, Kheradmand F, Corry DB. Endogenous attenuation of allergic lung inflammation by syndecan-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5758-65. [PMID: 15843578 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.9.5758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The airway plays a vital role in allergic lung diseases by responding to inhaled allergens and initiating allergic inflammation. Various proinflammatory functions of the airway epithelium have been identified, but, equally important, anti-inflammatory mechanisms must also exist. We show in this study that syndecan-1, the major heparan sulfate proteoglycan of epithelial cells, attenuates allergic lung inflammation. Our results show that syndecan-1-null mice instilled with allergens exhibit exaggerated airway hyperresponsiveness, glycoprotein hypersecretion, eosinophilia, and lung IL-4 responses. However, administration of purified syndecan-1 ectodomains, but not ectodomain core proteins devoid of heparan sulfate, significantly inhibits these inflammatory responses. Furthermore, syndecan-1 ectodomains are shed into the airway when wild-type mice are intranasally instilled with several biochemically distinct inducers of allergic lung inflammation. Our results also show that syndecan-1 ectodomains bind to the CC chemokines (CCL7, CCL11, and CCL17) implicated in allergic diseases, inhibit CC chemokine-mediated T cell migration, and suppress allergen-induced accumulation of Th2 cells in the lung through their heparan sulfate chains. Together, these findings uncover an endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanism of the airway epithelium where syndecan-1 ectodomains attenuate allergic lung inflammation via suppression of CC chemokine-mediated Th2 cell recruitment to the lung.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/deficiency
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/metabolism
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Fungal/administration & dosage
- Aspergillus fumigatus/immunology
- Cell Migration Inhibition
- Chemokines, CC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/physiology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Inflammation Mediators/physiology
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/physiology
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteoglycans/deficiency
- Proteoglycans/genetics
- Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Proteoglycans/physiology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/genetics
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/prevention & control
- Syndecan-1
- Syndecans
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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McKay A, Komai-Koma M, MacLeod KJ, Campbell CC, Kitson SM, Chaudhuri R, Thomson L, McSharry C, Liew FY, Thomson NC. Interleukin-18 levels in induced sputum are reduced in asthmatic and normal smokers. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:904-10. [PMID: 15196278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-18 is a cytokine which is known to have an important role in the development of a Th1 lymphocyte response. As such, it may have a regulatory role in asthma by modifying Th2 lymphocyte responses. Cigarette smoking may amplify the airway inflammation associated with asthma. OBJECTIVE This study investigated if IL-18 could be detected in induced sputum from asthmatics and normal subjects and if smoking altered IL-18 levels. METHODS Induced sputum was obtained from asthmatic (31 smokers, 35 non-smokers) and normal (20 smokers, 20 non-smokers) subjects. All smokers had a smoking history of > or =15 pack years. IL-18 levels in sputum supernatant were measured by ELISA. IL-18 mRNA expression and cellular localization were assessed by quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry, respectively. RESULTS Smoking was associated with a significant reduction in IL-18 levels (median (interquartile range) - smokers 20 (0-102) pg/mL vs. non-smokers 358 (50-876) pg/mL, P<0.001). This was more pronounced in asthmatics (smokers, 47 (40-64) pg/mL vs. non-smokers, 530 (30-1484) pg/mL; P<0.001) than in normal subjects (smokers, 25 (0-78) pg/mL vs. non-smokers, 247 (50-656) pg/mL; P<0.01). Within each of the smoking and non-smoking groups there was no significant difference in IL-18 levels between asthmatic and normal subjects. There was no correlation between sputum IL-18 levels and any specific cell type in the sputum samples nor serum IgE levels. IL-18 mRNA expression was reduced in asthmatic smokers compared with non-smokers. IL-18 production was localized to sputum macrophages by immunocytochemistry. CONCLUSIONS IL-18 is detectable in induced sputum samples from both asthmatic and normal subjects. Cigarette smoking significantly reduces sputum IL-18 levels. This effect is more pronounced in asthmatics than in normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McKay
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Garofalo RP, Hintz KH, Hill V, Ogra PL, Welliver RC. Production of interferon gamma in respiratory syncytial virus infection of humans is not associated with interleukins 12 and 18. J Med Virol 2004; 73:289-94. [PMID: 15122806 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand early events in the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, we studied the presence of various chemokines and cytokines in respiratory secretions of human infants with RSV infection. Interferon gamma (IFNgamma) was present in 30/39 (76.9%) subjects tested, but the IFNgamma-inducing cytokines interleukin (IL)12 and IL18 were detectable in 6/40 (15%) and 11/38 (28.9%) subjects, respectively. Quantities of IL12 and IL18 did not correlate with those of IFNgamma. IL18, but neither IFNgamma nor IL12 was found in significantly greater concentrations in subjects with mild, nonhypoxic forms of bronchiolitis than in those with upper respiratory illness alone or hypoxic bronchiolitis. The findings suggest that IFNgamma may be induced independently of the activities of IL12 and IL18 during RSV infection. Immune responses characterized by relatively greater release of IL18 may be associated with milder forms of bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto P Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Heinzmann A, Gerhold K, Ganter K, Kurz T, Schuchmann L, Keitzer R, Berner R, Deichmann KA. Association study of polymorphisms within interleukin-18 in juvenile idiopathic arthritis and bronchial asthma. Allergy 2004; 59:845-9. [PMID: 15230817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-18 (IL-18) plays an important role in the regulation of TH1 as well as TH2 immunologic responses and thus in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. Positive association studies of polymorphisms in IL-18 with different diseases have underlined the involvement of IL-18 in the pathogenetics processes. Our interest was to test polymorphisms of IL-18 for association with a typical TH1-mediated disease--juvenile idiopathic arthritis--and the TH2-mediated disease bronchial asthma in Caucasian children. METHODS We genotyped five polymorphisms that were in association with chronic inflammatory diseases (-607C, -137C, 113G, 127T, and -133G). This was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism in populations of asthmatic children, control individuals, and children with antinuclear antibodies (ANA)-positive juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Statistical analysis was performed by the Armitage trend test; haplotypes were calculated by the Arlequine program. RESULTS No significant association was found between any single nucleotide polymorphism or any haplotype and bronchial asthma or ANA-positive juvenile idiopathic arthritis. CONCLUSION We conclude that the effect of IL-18 in the immunologic context of diseases like bronchial asthma or juvenile arthritis might be too complex to be reflected in a simple one-way association study. Furthermore, the polymorphisms under investigation might be nonfunctional.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heinzmann
- University Children's Hospital, University of Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Lynch EL, Little FF, Wilson KC, Center DM, Cruikshank WW. Immunomodulatory cytokines in asthmatic inflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2004; 14:489-502. [PMID: 14563351 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(03)00056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of asthmatic inflammation involves a complex array of cytokines that promote the recruitment and activation of a number of different immune cells. While factors involved in initiating and establishing inflammation are well characterized, the process by which this pro-inflammatory cascade is regulated is less well understood. The identification and characterization of immunomodulatory cytokines in asthma has been a difficult proposition. Many of the putative regulatory factors have pleiotropic bioactivities and have been characterized as pro-inflammatory in association with certain pathologic conditions. This chapter addresses the potential role of several endogenous factors which appear to attenuate asthmatic inflammation. Understanding the integration of these factors into the regulation of the inflammatory process will likely result in novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Lynch
- Pulmonary Center, R-304, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA
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40
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Abstract
IL-13 was first recognized for its effects on B cells and monocytes, where it upregulated class II expression, promoted IgE class switching and inhibited inflammatory cytokine production. It was also thought to be functionally redundant with IL-4. However, studies conducted with knockout mice, neutralizing antibodies, and novel antagonists demonstrate that IL-13 possesses several unique effector functions that distinguish it from IL-4. Resistance to most gastrointestinal nematodes is mediated by type-2 cytokine responses, in which IL-13 plays a dominant role. By regulating cell-mediated immunity, IL-13 modulates resistance to intracellular organisms including Leishmania major, Leishmania mexicana, and Listeria monocytogenes. In the lung, IL-13 is the central mediator of allergic asthma, where it regulates eosinophilic inflammation, mucus secretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Manipulation of IL-13 effector function may also prove useful in the treatment of some cancers like B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease, where IL-13 modulates apoptosis or tumor cell growth. IL-13 can also inhibit tumor immunosurveillance. As such, inhibitors of IL-13 might be effective as cancer immunotherapeutics by boosting type-1-associated anti-tumor defenses. Finally, IL-13 was revealed as a potent mediator of tissue fibrosis in both schistosomiasis and asthma, which indicates that it is a key regulator of the extracellular matrix. The mechanisms that regulate IL-13 production and/or function have also been investigated, and IL-4, IL-12, IL-18, IFN-gamma, IL-10, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, and the IL-4/IL-13 receptor complex play important roles. This review highlights the effector functions of IL-13 and describes multiple pathways for modulating its activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Higa S, Hirano T, Mayumi M, Hiraoka M, Ohshima Y, Nambu M, Yamaguchi E, Hizawa N, Kondo N, Matsui E, Katada Y, Miyatake A, Kawase I, Tanaka T. Association between interleukin-18 gene polymorphism 105A/C and asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:1097-102. [PMID: 12911784 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-18 has been shown to exert anti-allergic or allergy-promoting activities, but the existence of genetic polymorphisms in the coding regions of IL-18 gene has not been demonstrated. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether polymorphism is present in the coding regions of the IL-18 gene and, if so, to further analyse the association between polymorphism and asthma in a case-control study. METHODS We screened the coding regions of the IL-18 gene for polymorphisms by using PCRsingle-stranded conformation polymorphism and direct sequencing of PCR products, followed by analysis of the association between polymorphism and asthma. RESULTS We identified one polymorphism (105A/C) in the coding regions. The frequency of the 105A allele was significantly higher in asthmatic patients than in controls (P<0.01; odds ratio (OR)=1.83 (1.37-2.26)). Significant linkage disequilibrium was observed between the 105A/C and -137G/C polymorphisms in the 5' flanking region of the IL-18 gene (D=0.58, P<0.0001). However, in asthmatic patients the 105A allele was not associated with either total serum IgE or IL-18 levels. CONCLUSION The 105A/C polymorphism of the IL-18 gene may be associated with the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Higa
- Department III of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Osaka Department of Pediatrics, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, Fukui, Japan
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Larché M, Robinson DS, Kay AB. The role of T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 111:450-63; quiz 464. [PMID: 12642820 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2003.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence to support a role for T cells in asthma, particularly the involvement of T(H)2 cells both in atopic allergic asthma and in nonatopic and occupational asthma. There might also be a minor contribution from T(C)2 CD8+ T cells. Several T(H)2 cytokines have the potential to modulate airway inflammation, particularly IL-13, which induces airway hyperresponsiveness independently of IgE and eosinophilia in animal models. The identification of transcription factors controlling T(H)1 and T(H)2 development further support the T(H)2 hypothesis because GATA3 is overexpressed and T-bet is underexpressed in the asthmatic airway. Specific T cell directed immunotherapy might allow induction, modulation, or both of T-cell responses, and elucidation of the mechanisms of regulatory T cells might allow further optimization of immunotherapy. Recent advances in our understanding of dendritic cell function in directing T-cell responses might uncover further therapeutic targets. The efficacy of cyclosporin A and anti-CD4 treatment in patients with chronic severe asthma argues for continued T-cell involvement, but whether remodeling contributes to pathology inaccessible to anti-inflammatory treatment or T-cell immunotherapy will be an important future question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Larché
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
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43
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Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a recently described member of the IL-1 cytokine superfamily, is now recognized as an important regulator of innate and acquired immune responses. IL-18 is expressed at sites of chronic inflammation, in autoimmune diseases, in a variety of cancers, and in the context of numerous infectious diseases. This short review will describe the basic biology of IL-18 and thereafter address its potential effector and regulatory role in several human disease states including autoimmunity and infection. IL-18, previously known as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducing factor, was identified as an endotoxin-induced serum factor that stimulated IFN-gamma production by murine splenocytes [(1) ]. IL-18 was cloned from a murine liver cell cDNA library generated from animals primed with heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes and subsequently challenged with lipopolysaccharide [(2) ]. Nucleotide sequencing of murine IL-18 predicted a precursor polypeptide of 192 amino acids lacking a conventional signal peptide and a mature protein of 157 amino acids. Subsequent cloning of human IL-18 cDNA revealed 65% homology with murine IL-18 [(3) ] and showed that both contain an unusual leader sequence consisting of 35 amino acids at their N terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alastair Gracie
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, University of Glasgow, 10 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ER, Scotland, UK
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Kodama T, Kuribayashi K, Nakamura H, Fujita M, Fujita T, Takeda K, Dakhama A, Gelfand EW, Matsuyama T, Kitada O. Role of interleukin-12 in the regulation of CD4+ T cell apoptosis in a mouse model of asthma. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:199-205. [PMID: 12562378 PMCID: PMC1808630 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, is characterized by the presence of T helper 2 cells and eosinophils in sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, and mucosal biopsy specimens. Although the T helper 1-promoting cytokine, interleukin-12, is capable of inhibiting the T helper 2-driven asthma symptoms and bronchial responsiveness, the specific mechanisms underlying these interleukin-12 actions are unclear. The anti-allergic response to interleukin-12 is only partially dependent on interferon-gamma, which induces apoptosis by enhancing expression of Fas antigen. We therefore investigated in vivo whether the anti-allergic action of interleukin-12 is mediated through induction of apoptosis. C57BL/6 mice immunized to ovalbumin by intraperitoneal injection were challenged three times with an ovalbumin aerosol every second day for 7 days. Recombinant interleukin-12 was administered intravenously after the final challenge. After the last ovalbumin challenge, mice were examined for effects of interleukin-12 on inflammatory cell infiltration and apoptosis in the lung as detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate nick end-labelling. Administration of interleukin-12 reduced ovalbumin-induced pulmonary eosinophilia (P < 0.01) and CD4+ T cell infiltration (P < 0.01). Moreover, treatment with interleukin-12 shortly after ovalbumin inhalation resulted in both increased interferon-gamma production (P < 0.01) and enhanced apoptosis of CD4+ T cells in allergic airway infiltrates (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the beneficial effects of interleukin-12 in asthma may include enhancement of apoptosis of CD4+ T cells in airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kodama
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, USA.
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Abstract
Allergic diseases are associated with excessive type 2 immunity, yet the endogenous controls - if any - responsible for limiting induction of such responses remain unclear. Using IL-12-deficient mice, we recently showed that endogenous IL-12 is not essential for preventing development of allergic responses. Here, we examine the roles of endogenous IFN-gamma and IL-18 production in limiting the occurrence and severity of type 2 immunity. Lack of endogenous IFN-gamma synthesis results in significantly higher type 2 cytokine (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13) and chemokine (TARC) production following exogenous antigen exposure. Thus, IFN-gamma, but not IL-12, is a key negative regulator of the type 2 immune response. IL-18, in addition to its established role as an inducer of IFN-gamma, also negatively regulates CD4(+) T cell-derived IL-4 synthesis via an IFN-gamma-independent mechanism, thereby further limiting the development of type 2 immune responses. Together, these results identify endogenous IFN-gamma and IL-18 as potent, independent, negative regulators of the development of type 2 immunity to ubiquitous environmental antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Lewkowich
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Abstract
Asthma continues to be a significant health care problem, as reflected by the increasing rise in disease morbidity and mortality. Because steroids are relatively safe, clinically effective, and easy to administer, they remain the gold standard of treatment. After many decades of use, however, it is apparent that inhaled corticosteroids have failed to halt the progression of the asthma epidemic. Newer, more effective drugs are being developed to combat this disease, and the interest in developing new medications to treat allergic disease and asthma has increased exponentially. The financial burden of asthma has also been a significant motivating factor in the development of new medications. It is estimated that in 1998 the total cost of asthma on society was $11 billion [175]. This consideration has further intensified the quest to develop more effective asthma medications. Table 1 reviews the wide array of drugs currently being investigated. With the development and approval of novel asthma treatments, millions of asthma sufferers will undoubtedly have increased therapeutic options for control of their disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Leonard
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, MRB 8.104, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Hosohara K, Ueda H, Kashiwamura SI, Yano T, Ogura T, Marukawa S, Okamura H. Interleukin-18 induces acute biphasic reduction in the levels of circulating leukocytes in mice. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:777-83. [PMID: 12093672 PMCID: PMC120031 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.4.777-783.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the acute hematological changes caused by interleukin-18 (IL-18) in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of IL-18 (2 microg/mouse) resulted in biphasic decreases in the number of leukocytes in the blood. The first phase of decrease occurred within 2 h of IL-18 administration and was followed by a transient increase at 5 h. The second phase of decrease occurred at around 6 h, reaching a nadir which lasted for more than 24 h. In mice deficient in inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, the first phase of reduction of leukocytes did not occur although the second phase of decrease was observed. In mice deficient in gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) or in mice depleted of natural killer cells and incapable of producing IFN-gamma, IL-18 had no effect on the number of circulating leukocytes. Levels of nitrite and/or nitrate in the serum were elevated within 2 h after administration of IL-18, reaching a peak at 4 h and then decreasing gradually to the basal level over a 24-h period of time. On the other hand, serum IFN-gamma levels changed in a biphasic manner, reaching a peak at 2 h after IL-18 administration, followed by a decrease in the basal level and a second increase at 6 h. Levels of IL-18 receptor mRNAs also showed biphasic changes in correlation with the changes in serum IFN-gamma levels. These results suggest that the changes in the leukocyte number following IL-18 administration are mediated by NO and IFN-gamma, with NO being involved in the first phase of reduction and IFN-gamma being involved in both phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsushi Hosohara
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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Riffo-Vasquez Y, Spina D. Role of cytokines and chemokines in bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2002; 94:185-211. [PMID: 12113798 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(02)00217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade there has been an intense interest in the potential role of cytokines and chemokines as important mediators in various atopic diseases, including asthma and the mechanisms by which these mediators regulate airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. This research effort has recently culminated in the publication of clinical studies that have assessed the role of interleukin (IL)-4 [Borish et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160, 1816-1823 (1999)], IL-5 [Leckie et al., Lancet 356, 2144-2148 (2000)], and IL-12 [Bryan et al., Lancet 356, 2149-2153 (2000)] in allergic asthma, and the results have been disappointing. This is not surprising given the pleiotropic role cytokines play in the allergic response confirmed by numerous animal studies providing evidence of functional redundancy. The alternative view is that our current concepts in asthma pathogenesis need significant revision. This review will summarise the evidence for the role of cytokines and chemokines in various aspects of asthma pathophysiology; namely, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil recruitment to the airways, mucus secretion, and airway remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Riffo-Vasquez
- The Sacker Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, 5th Floor Hodgkin Building, GKT School of Biomedical Science, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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Ho LP, Davis M, Denison A, Wood FT, Greening AP. Reduced interleukin-18 levels in BAL specimens from patients with asthma compared to patients with sarcoidosis and healthy control subjects. Chest 2002; 121:1421-6. [PMID: 12006423 DOI: 10.1378/chest.121.5.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To investigate whether differing airway interleukin (IL)-18 levels may be implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and sarcoidosis. SETTING University teaching hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS IL-18 levels were measured in BAL fluid and in the supernatant of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated alveolar macrophages obtained by BAL from 15 patients with sarcoidosis, 11 patients with asthma, and 13 healthy subjects. We also examined the relationship between IL-18 levels and macrophage and lymphocyte concentrations in BAL fluid. IL-18 was measured using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS IL-18 levels were significantly lower in BAL fluid from patients with asthma (median, 0.0 pg/mL; interquartile range, 0.0 to 0.0 pg/mL) compared to patients with sarcoidosis (median, 222.0 pg/10(6); interquartile range, 110 to 340 pg/mL; p = 0.009, Mann Whitney rank-sum test) and healthy control subjects (median, 162 pg/mL; interquartile range, 38 to 203 pg/mL; p = 0.025, Mann Whitney rank-sum test). Individual analyses comparing IL-18 levels with BAL macrophage counts, and IL-18 with lymphocyte counts in the three groups showed no correlation between these indexes. The mean levels of IL-18 in unstimulated macrophage supernatants were 410 pg/10(6) cells for patients with asthma, 723.4 pg/10(6) cells for patients with sarcoidosis, and 734.8 pg/10(6) cells for healthy control subjects (p > 0.05). Stimulated macrophages from patients with sarcoidosis responded with increasing amounts of IL-18 at lower doses of LPS than macrophages from healthy control subjects or patients with asthma. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that inherently low levels of IL-18 may be associated with the pathogenesis of asthmatic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Pei Ho
- Osler Chest Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Kuribayashi K, Kodama T, Okamura H, Sugita M, Matsuyama T. Effects of post-inhalation treatment with interleukin-12 on airway hyper-reactivity, eosinophilia and interleukin-18 receptor expression in a mouse model of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:641-9. [PMID: 11972614 DOI: 10.1046/j.0954-7894.2002.01346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correcting Th1/Th2 imbalance with administration of IL-12 before and during antigen challenge holds therapeutic promise in asthma. However, the effects of IL-12 on the established asthmatic responses have not fully been examined. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether IL-12 administered after antigen challenge could diminish airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) and eosinophilia in mice actively sensitized to ovalbumin. We also have investigated the ability of administered IL-12 to induce IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) expression that may lead possible synergic action of IL-12 with endogenous IL-18. METHODS C57BL/6 mice immunized to ovalbumin (OVA) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, were challenged three times with an aerosol of OVA every second day for 8 days. Recombinant IL-12 (500 ng) was intravenously administered on a single occasion 1 h after the final challenge of mice. Mice were analysed for effects of IL-12 on AHR, inflammatory cell infiltration and cytokine levels in lung tissue as well as serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels. Immunohistochemistry for IL-18R was performed using rat monoclonal antibody specific for murine IL-18Ralpha (IL-1 receptor related protein; IL-1Rrp). RESULTS An intravenous IL-12 administration diminished AHR, pulmonary eosinophilia and T lymphocyte infiltration, serum IgE, IL-4 and IL-13 in lung tissue. Expression of IL-18R was induced in the mononuclear cells in the lung of mice exposed to OVA. IL-12 administration enhanced the IL-18R expression compared with the control. CONCLUSION These data indicate that IL-12 can attenuate established antigen-induced AHR and inflammation. In this mechanism it would be interpreted as follows: IL-12 administration in OVA-challenged mice decreased IL-4 production and IgE production thereafter through direct effect on inhibiting the activation of established Th2 cells response and also combined effect with up-regulation of IL-18R expression by inflammatory cells in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kuribayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
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