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Periostin deletion suppresses late-phase response in mouse experimental allergic conjunctivitis. Allergol Int 2019; 68:233-239. [PMID: 30420208 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the potential roles of periostin (POSTN), an extracellular matrix preferentially expressed in Th2-skewed conditions in the pathophysiology of allergic conjunctivitis. METHODS The roles of POSTN in ragweed-induced experimental allergic conjunctivitis (RW-EAC) were evaluated using both POSTN-knockout (KO) and congenic BALB/c wild-type mice. Histological analysis was carried out to enumerate eosinophils/basophils in the conjunctival tissue. Th2 cytokine expression was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR), and microarray analysis was performed to elucidate genes differentially expressed in POSTN-KO and wild-type mice in the RW-EAC model. RESULTS Upregulation of POSTN expression and eosinophil infiltration was observed in subconjunctival tissue of RW-EAC in the wild-type mice. The number of infiltrating eosinophils in the conjunctivae of RW-EAC was diminished in POSTN-KO mice compared to wild-type mice. Q-PCR analysis of conjunctival tissue showed induction of Th2 cytokine (Ccl5, Il4, Il5, Il13) expression in the RW-EAC and attenuated Ccl5, Il4, Il13 mRNA expression in the conjunctivae of the RW-EAC using POSTN-KO mice. Microarray analysis and immunohistochemical analysis showed diminished basophil marker (Mcpt8) expression and reduced numbers of infiltrating basophils in the conjunctivae of RW-EAC in POSTN-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS POSTN expression in conjunctival tissue plays an indispensable role in the late-phase reaction of the RW-EAC model by facilitating eosinophil/basophil infiltration and augmenting Th2 cytokine expression.
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Jankowski R, Kagey-Sobotka A, Proud D, Liechtenstein LM, Baroody FM, Naclerio RM. Hot, Humid Air Partially Decreases the Response to Nasal Challenge with Antigen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2500/105065895781808865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis affects individuals in multiple environmental settings. We hypothesized that the environmental conditions of temperature and humidity had no effect on the early response to nasal challenge with antigen. To test this hypothesis, we selected 16 subjects with allergic rhinitis and challenged them intranasally with either ragweed or grass antigen after they were acclimatized for 1 hour in an environmental chamber to the following conditions: 4°C and 30% relative humidity (RH) (cold and dry environment), 22°C and 50% RH (normal indoor environment), and 37°C and 90% RH (hot and humid environment). The subjects remained in the chamber and were challenged with three increasing doses of antigen. Their response was measured by counting the number of sneezes and measuring the levels of histamine, N-alpha-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME)-esterase activity, albumin, and lacto ferrin in recovered nasal lavage fluids. The levels of TAME-esterase activity and albumin were significantly less during exposure to hot, humid conditions compared to normal or cold, dry environments. The other parameters were also less, although they did not reach statistical significance. We conclude that the temperature and humidity of inspired air affect the immediate allergic response. The mechanism for this reduction needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Jankowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Otolaryngology, Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Anne Kagey-Sobotka
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - David Proud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Lawrence M. Liechtenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Fuad M. Baroody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Otolaryngology, Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Robert M. Naclerio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Division of Otolaryngology, Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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Doyle WJ, Skoner DP, Seroky JT, Fireman P. Effect of Experimental Influenza A Infection on the Nasal Response to Histamine Challenge in Allergic and Non-Allergic Subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2500/105065893781976311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To determine if a viral upper respiratory tract infection can alter the responsiveness of the nasal mucosa, paired intranasal histamine challenge sessions were performed before and after (8 days) intranasal inoculation with influenza A virus in 16 nonallergic and 16 allergic subjects. The nasal response to a 1-mg histamine challenge was measured as symptom scores for rhinorrhea and congestion, counts for sneezing, weight for expelled secretions, and inspiratory conductance for nasal patency. After inoculation, a total of 25 subjects (11 allergic, 14 nonallergic) became infected with influenza A virus. In infected subjects the measured responses to histamine for secretion weight and rhinorrhea symptom score were significantly greater at 8 days postinfection when compared to those responses recorded prior to inoculation. No significant between session differences were observed for the other responses, or for any of the responses in the uninfected subjects. Significant differences between infected allergic and nonallergic subjects were not observed for any response. These results document an increased secretory response of the nose to histamine during the postsymptomatic period of influenza A viral infection in both allergic and nonallergic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Doyle
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - David P. Skoner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy/Immunology/Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - James T. Seroky
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Philip Fireman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy/Immunology/Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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Hosoki K, Redding D, Itazawa T, Chakraborty A, Tapryal N, Qian S, Qi H, Aguilera-Aguirre L, Brasier AR, Phani VS, Hazra TK, Boldogh I, Sur S. Innate mechanism of pollen- and cat dander-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in the airways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1436-1439.e5. [PMID: 28583369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koa Hosoki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | - David Redding
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | - Toshiko Itazawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | - Nisha Tapryal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | - Sun Qian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | - Huibin Qi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | | | - Allan R Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | - Veeranki Sreenivas Phani
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | - Tapas K Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex
| | - Sanjiv Sur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex; Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex.
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Okuma Y, Okamoto Y, Yonekura S, Iinuma T, Sakurai T, Hamasaki S, Ohki Y, Yamamoto H, Sakurai D. Persistent nasal symptoms and mediator release after continuous pollen exposure in an environmental challenge chamber. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 117:150-7. [PMID: 27263086 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immediate- and late-phase reactions are associated with nasal symptoms of patients with allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE To examine the symptoms and mediators released after continuous allergen exposure in an environmental challenge chamber (ECC). METHODS Fifteen patients with Japanese cedar pollinosis were enrolled in this study and continuously exposed to cedar pollen at a concentration of 8,000 grains/m(3) for 3 hours in an ECC. Nasal function tests were performed, and nasal secretions were collected before pollen exposure (0 hour), immediately after exiting the ECC (3 hours), and 6 hours after exiting the ECC (9 hours). Symptom scores were recorded every 30 minutes in the ECC and every 3 hours after exiting the ECC. The frequency of sneezing and nose blowing also was monitored. RESULTS The severity of symptoms in the ECC peaked approximately 2 hours after the beginning of pollen exposure and continued more than 6 hours after leaving the ECC. Concentrations of histamine, tryptase, interleukins 5, 3, 33, and 31, and substance P increased over time, whereas that of nasal fractional exhaled nitric oxide decreased. CONCLUSION Various mediators are released during continuous allergen exposure, which subsequently induce persistent nasal symptoms. Effective treatment is required to control the intense inflammation observed after allergen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Okuma
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Okamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Syuji Yonekura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Iinuma
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshioki Sakurai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sawako Hamasaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuji Ohki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Daiju Sakurai
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Pelikan Z. Cytological Changes in Nasal Secretions Accompanying Delayed Nasal Response to Allergen Challenge. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013. [DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2013.27.3933a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients with allergic rhinitis when challenged with allergen develop various types of nasal response, such as an immediate nasal response (INR), late nasal response (LNR), dual late nasal response (DLNR), or delayed nasal response (DYNR), probably because of different hypersensitivity mechanisms. This study was designed to investigate the cytological changes in the nasal secretions (NSs) during the DYNR, beginning 24–32 hours, reaching maximum at 32–36 hours, and resolving within 56 hours after the nasal provocation tests (NPTs) with allergens. Methods In 45 allergic rhinitis patients developing 45 positive DYNRs (p < 0.01), the NPTs and the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) controls were repeated and supplemented with cytological examination of the NSs and determination of interferon (IFN) γ and IL-4 in nasal lavage fluid (NLF). Results The repeated DYNR (p < 0.001) was accompanied by significant changes (p < 0.05) in the counts of neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, epithelial and goblet cells, and, to a limited extent, of plasma cells and platelets in the NSs and increased concentrations of IFN-γ but not of IL-4, in NLF between 24 and 48 hours after the NPT. No significant cytological changes were found in NSs during the PBS controls (p > 0.1). Conclusion The DYNR is associated with cytological profiles in the NS different from those observed during the INR or LNR. The significant count changes of neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, epithelial and goblet cells in NSs, and increased IFN-γ but not of IL-4 concentrations in the NLF, suggest a possible involvement of the cell-mediated hypersensitivity in the DYNR. These results also emphasize the diagnostic value of NPTs combined with cytological examination of the NSs in patients with nasal allergy.
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Mizutani N, Nabe T, Shimazu M, Yoshino S, Kohno S. Effect of Ganoderma lucidum on pollen-induced biphasic nasal blockage in a guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis. Phytother Res 2011; 26:325-32. [PMID: 21698671 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (GL), an oriental medical mushroom, has been used in Asia for the prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases. However, the effect of GL on allergic rhinitis has not been well defined. The current study describes the inhibitory effect of GL on the biphasic nasal blockage and nasal hyperresponsiveness induced by repeated antigen challenge in a guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis. Intranasally sensitized guinea pigs were repeatedly challenged by inhalation of Japanese cedar pollen once every week. Ganoderma lucidum was orally administered once daily for 8 weeks from the time before the first challenge. The treatment with GL dose-dependently inhibited the early and late phase nasal blockage at the fifth to ninth antigen challenges. Furthermore, nasal hyperresponsiveness to intranasally applied leukotriene D₄ on 2 days after the eighth antigen challenge was also inhibited by the treatment with GL. However, Cry j 1-specific IgE antibody production was not affected by the treatment. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the pollen-induced biphasic nasal blockage and nasal hyperresponsiveness were suppressed by the daily treatment with GL in the guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis. These results suggest that GL may be a useful therapeutic drug for treating patients with allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Mizutani
- Department of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Kajiwara D, Aoyagi H, Shigeno K, Togawa M, Tanaka K, Inagaki N, Miyoshi K. Role of hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase in biphasic nasal obstruction in guinea pig model of experimental allergic rhinitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 667:389-95. [PMID: 21645503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (H-PGDS) in biphasic nasal obstruction in allergic rhinitis using a new specific inhibitor, (N-methoxy-N-methyl)-4-(5-benzoylbenzimidazole-2-yl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (TAS-204). First, we developed a novel guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis. Guinea pigs sensitized to ovalbumin without adjuvant were challenged with intranasal exposure to ovalbumin once a week. After the 3rd antigen challenge, they exhibited biphasic nasal obstruction. Additionally, analysis of nasal lavage fluid revealed an increase in the level of prostaglandin D(2) in both early and late phases. Treatment with oral TAS-204 for 15 days during the period of antigen challenges suppressed increases in nasal airway resistance in both phases. It is noteworthy that the late phase nasal obstruction was almost completely abrogated by inhibiting H-PGDS alone. Eosinophil infiltration in nasal lavage fluid and nasal hyperresponsiveness to histamine was also reduced by TAS-204 administration. These findings suggest that H-PGDS plays a critical role in the development of allergic rhinitis, especially in the induction of late phase nasal obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kajiwara
- Discovery & Development Laboratory 2, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 3, Ohkubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2611, Japan.
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The effects of overexpression of histamine releasing factor (HRF) in a transgenic mouse model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11077. [PMID: 20552026 PMCID: PMC2884026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is a disease that affects all ages, races and ethnic groups. Its incidence is increasing both in Westernized countries and underdeveloped countries. It involves inflammation, genetics and environment and therefore, proteins that exacerbate the asthmatic, allergic phenotype are important. Our laboratory purified and cloned a histamine releasing factor (HRF) that was a complete stimulus for histamine and IL-4 secretion from a subpopulation of allergic donors' basophils. Throughout the course of studying HRF, it was uncovered that HRF enhances or primes histamine release and IL-13 production from all anti-IgE antibody stimulated basophils. In order to further delineate the biology of HRF, we generated a mouse model. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We constructed an inducible transgenic mouse model with HRF targeted to lung epithelial cells, via the Clara cells. In antigen naïve mice, overproduction of HRF yielded increases in BAL macrophages and statistical increases in mRNA levels for MCP-1 in the HRF transgenic mice compared to littermate controls. In addition to demonstrating intracellular HRF in the lung epithelial cells, we have also been able to document HRF's presence extracellularly in the BAL fluid of these transgenic mice. Furthermore, in the OVA challenged model, we show that HRF exacerbates the allergic, asthmatic responses. We found statistically significant increases in serum and BAL IgE, IL-4 protein and eosinophils in transgenic mice compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This mouse model demonstrates that HRF expression enhances allergic, asthmatic inflammation and can now be used as a tool to further dissect the biology of HRF.
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Onogawa M, Sun G, Takuma D, Hamada A, Yokota J, Yoshioka S, Kusunose M, Miyamura M, Kyotani S, Nishioka Y. Animal studies supporting the inhibition of mast cell activation by Eriobotrya japonica seed extract. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.02.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The potent antioxidant activity of Eriobotrya japonica seed extract (ESE) and its usefulness in the prevention and treatment of various disorders has been reported previously. Its antioxidant activity associated with β-sitosterol and polyphenols contained in the extract was also validated. In this study, anti-allergic activity of Eriobotrya japonica seed extract was investigated.
Methods
The inhibition of histamine release-mediated type 1 allergy by Eriobotrya japonica seed extract was used as an index.
Key findings
The administration of this extract inhibited histamine release from rat mast cells, suggesting its usefulness in allergic disease treatment. In an experiment using a guineapig allergic rhinitis model, this extract reduced the frequency of sneezing and nose-scratching.
Conclusions
These results suggest that Eriobotrya japonica seed extract may contribute to the relief of allergic disease-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Onogawa
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kochi Medical Graduate School, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, Japan
| | - Guangchen Sun
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kochi Medical Graduate School, Kochi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takuma
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kochi Medical Graduate School, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, Japan
| | - Atsuhide Hamada
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, Japan
| | - Junko Yokota
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Miyanokuchi, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, Japan
| | - Saburo Yoshioka
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kusunose
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Miyamura
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, Japan
| | - Shojiro Kyotani
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nishioka
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kochi Medical Graduate School, Kochi, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Kochi Medical School Hospital, Tosayamada, Kami, Kochi, Japan
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Mizutani N, Aoki Y, Nabe T, Ishiwara M, Yoshino S, Takagaki H, Kohno S. Effect of TA-270, a novel quinolinone derivative, on antigen-induced nasal blockage in a guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 602:138-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Involvement of peroxynitrite in pollen-induced nasal blockage in guinea pigs. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 582:139-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Xie QM, Deng JF, Deng YM, Shao CS, Zhang H, Ke CK. Effects of cryptoporus polysaccharide on rat allergic rhinitis associated with inhibiting eotaxin mRNA expression. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 107:424-30. [PMID: 16765544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous extract from the fruiting body of Cryptoporus volvatus has been reported to present anti-tumor, anti-allergy, anti-inflammation and immunomodulatory activities. However, the effect mechanisms of anti-allergy and anti-inflammation are poorly understood. The aim of study is to evaluate whether Cryptoporus polysaccharides (CP) extracted from fruiting body of Cryptoporus volvatus decrease the development of nasal symptoms, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine (MCh) and the infiltration of eosinophils in nasal mucosa in rat model of allergic rhinitis, and investigate a possible action mechanism of CP by detecting the expression of eotaxin mRNA in nasal mucosa and lung tissues. Rats were immunized with ovalbumin and consecutive topical antigen instillation was performed. Repeated intranasal ovalbumin challenge caused rhinitis symptom, AHR to MCh, eosinophil infiltration and histological alterations into the nasal mucosa and increase of eotaxin mRNA expression in nasal mucosa and lung tissue were examined. Pretreatment with CP 3, 9 and 27 mg kg(-1) (ig) decreased the numbers of sneezing 27.4%, 38.4% and 44.3% and nasal rubbing 27.5%, 34.9% and 47.7% comparison with model group, respectively. CP caused a dose-related inhibition of MCh-induced AHR. CP 27 mg kg(-1) decreased the expression of eotaxin mRNA in the nasal mucosa by 35%. These results suggest CP can relieve the symptom, eosinophil infiltration and injury of tissue in nasal mucosa and lung tissue and AHR of allergic rhinitis in rats. Its action mechanism may be associated with the decrease of eotaxin mRNA expression.
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MESH Headings
- Airway Resistance/drug effects
- Animals
- Anti-Allergic Agents/isolation & purification
- Anti-Allergic Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Allergic Agents/therapeutic use
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/prevention & control
- Bronchial Provocation Tests
- Chemokine CCL11
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Eosinophils/drug effects
- Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/chemistry
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung Compliance/drug effects
- Methacholine Chloride
- Nasal Mucosa/drug effects
- Nasal Mucosa/metabolism
- Nasal Mucosa/pathology
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Polyporaceae/chemistry
- Polysaccharides/isolation & purification
- Polysaccharides/pharmacology
- Polysaccharides/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/pathology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Min Xie
- Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hnagzhou 310031, China.
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16
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Miyahara S, Miyahara N, Takeda K, Joetham A, Gelfand EW. Physiologic assessment of allergic rhinitis in mice: role of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 116:1020-7. [PMID: 16275370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been few reports using animal models to study the development of allergic rhinitis. Characterization of such a model in mice would be advantageous given the availability of reagents and gene-manipulated strains. OBJECTIVE We sought to develop a murine model of allergic rhinitis in the absence of lower airway changes. METHODS After sensitization and challenge, both wild-type and FcepsilonRI-deficient mice were studied for their ability to develop early- and late-phase nasal responses. In the invasive approach, direct measurements of nasal airway resistance (R(NA)) were obtained; in the noninvasive approach using whole-body plethysmography, respiratory frequency and expiratory and inspiratory times were monitored. In both approaches, nasal responses were determined either acutely after challenge (early phase) or 24 hours after challenge (late phase). RESULTS After challenge of sensitized mice, R(NA) significantly increased. In parallel, respiratory frequency significantly decreased and was highly correlated with the increases in R(NA). Sensitized wild-type mice had an early-phase nasal response and persistent nasal blockage (late-phase response) after allergen challenge. In contrast, sensitized and challenged FcepsilonRI alpha-chain-deficient mice did not have an early-phase nasal reaction and exhibited reduced nasal blockage and lower IL-13 levels in nasal tissue homogenates. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that FcepsilonRI is essential to development of an early-phase nasal response and contributes to the development of the late-phase nasal response. These invasive and noninvasive approaches provide new opportunities to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the development of nasal responses to allergen and to assess various therapeutic interventions.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Airway Resistance
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Eosinophils/pathology
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin E/blood
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-13/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nasal Cavity/metabolism
- Nasal Cavity/pathology
- Nasal Cavity/physiopathology
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Receptors, IgE/deficiency
- Receptors, IgE/metabolism
- Respiratory Mechanics
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/pathology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Miyahara
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Nakanishi Y, Nabe T, Mizutani N, Takenaka H, Kohno S. Synergism between cysteinyl leukotrienes and thromboxane A2 to induce allergic late phase nasal blockage in guinea pigs. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2005; 74:125-37. [PMID: 15560121 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2004.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and thromboxane (TX) A2 are synergistically involved in a cedar pollen-induced allergic late phase nasal blockage in guinea pigs. Sensitized animals were repeatedly challenged by pollen inhalation once every week. Combined treatment with pranlukast (a CysLT antagonist) and seratrodast (a TXA2 antagonist) inhibited late phase nasal blockage, but the magnitude of inhibition (approximately 50%) was equal to those of the respective single treatments, suggesting that CysLTs produced late after challenge induces TXA2 production in the nasal tissue, as in the case of the lung of this species. However, pranlukast did not affect TXB2 increase in the nasal tissue. In contrast, combined intranasal instillation of LTD4 and U-46619 (a TXA2 mimetic) produced much greater nasal blockage than single administration of each agonist in sensitized animals. Therefore, allergic late phase nasal blockage should be induced by synergistic activity of CysLTs and TXA2 at the effector organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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19
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Nabe T, Mizutani N, Kohno S. [Pharmacological analyses of mechanisms underlying nasal blockage using a guinea-pig model of allergic rhinitis]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2005; 125:271-7. [PMID: 15997163 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.125.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
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20
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Abstract
This review is focused on the effects of histamine and platelet-activating factor (PAF) in allergic rhinitis and the plausible implications for therapy. Rhinitis is defined as a heterogeneous disorder resulting from an IgE-mediated reaction associated with nasal inflammation of variable intensity. Two phases of response are triggered by an IgE/allergen cross-linking event: the first is the release of preformed mediators such as histamine or interleukins from mast cells and basophils; the second begins when cells start producing lipid-derived mediators. One of these mediators is PAF. Apart from leukotrienes, PAF is perhaps the most potent inflammatory mediator in allergic rhinitis for inducing vascular leakage, a response that may contribute to the appearance of rhinorrhea and nasal congestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Alfaro
- Department of Physiology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Kawasaki H, Kaise T, Manabe H, Watanabe A. The Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitor Prevents Antigen-induced Biphasic Nasal Obstruction in Brown Norway Rats. Allergol Int 2005. [DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.54.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Mizutani N, Nabe T, Takenaka H, Kohno S. Acquired nasal hyperresponsiveness aggravates antigen-induced rhinitis in the guinea pig. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 93:437-45. [PMID: 14737014 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.93.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether a state of nasal hyperresponsiveness influences antigen-induced biphasic nasal blockage and sneezing were examined using a guinea pig model of allergic rhinitis. Sensitized animals were challenged with an antigen, Japanese cedar pollen, once every week. Before the 13th challenge, the animals were randomly divided into 2 groups, and then the 13th challenge was performed (Groups A-0 and B-0). The 14th challenge was done on day 2 (Group A-2) and on day 7 (Group B-7) after the 13th challenge, on which nasal hyperresponsiveness was present and absent, respectively. Biphasic nasal blockage and sneezing after the challenge in Group A-2 were more severe than those in Group A-0, while those of Group B-7 were almost the same as those of Group B-0. An anti-histaminic, mepyramine, inhibited sneezing but not the biphasic nasal blockage in Group B-7. A cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) antagonist, pranlukast, suppressed the late nasal blockage but not the early blockage and sneezing in Group B-7. In contrast, in Group A-2, mepyramine significantly attenuated not only sneezing but also the early nasal blockage. Pranlukast significantly inhibited both nasal blockage and sneezing in Group A-2. In conclusion, nasal hyperresponsiveness aggravated the antigen-induced nasal responses, to which histamine and CysLTs considerably contributed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Mizutani
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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23
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Fransson M, Benson M, Wennergren G, Cardell LO. A role for neutrophils in intermittent allergic rhinitis. Acta Otolaryngol 2004; 124:616-20. [PMID: 15267182 DOI: 10.1080/00016480310015173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In patients with intermittent allergic rhinitis, allergen challenge may induce both early- and late-phase responses. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between inflammatory cells in the nasal lavage fluid and clinical parameters following pollen challenge. MATERIAL AND METHODS Nasal lavage fluids were obtained from 29 patients with intermittent allergic rhinitis before and 1 and 6 h after allergen provocation, representing the control, early and late phases, respectively. Symptom and rhinoscopic scores were registered on the same occasions. Inflammatory cells were determined in the nasal fluid. RESULTS The early phase was characterized by increased symptom scores, rhinoscopic signs of oedema and secretion and neutrophilia. In the late phase, symptom scores had diminished, but the signs of ongoing secretion remained. Both the total nasal symptom score and the secretion score correlated with the number of neutrophils in lavage fluids at 1 h. The eosinophil count did not increase during the early or late phases. CONCLUSION A single allergen provocation induces an early-phase response dominated by neutrophils, with secretion being the only clinical sign remaining during the late phase. The increase in neutrophil numbers correlated with the registration of secretory symptoms. The presented data indicate a role for neutrophils in intermittent allergic rhinitis and their relation with secretory parameters makes it intriguing to speculate that neutrophils may function as promoters of nasal secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Fransson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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Fukuda S, Midoro K, Gyoten M, Kawano Y, Ashida Y, Nabe T, Kohno S, Nagaya H. Effects of TAK-427 on acute nasal symptoms and nasal obstruction in guinea pig model of experimental allergic rhinitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 476:239-47. [PMID: 12969771 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)02188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
TAK-427 (2-[6-[[3-[4-(diphenylmethoxy)piperidino]propyl]amino]imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-2-yl]-2-methylpropionic acid dihydrate) is a novel anti-allergic agent that has both histamine H1-receptor antagonist and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of TAK-427 on acute nasal responses and nasal obstruction using various guinea pig models of allergic rhinitis. TAK-427 inhibited the histamine-induced nasal reactions with an ID50 value of 0.633 mg/kg, p.o. TAK-427 (0.1-10 mg/kg, p.o.) and most histamine H1-receptor antagonists tested inhibited the increase in intranasal pressure, nasal hypersecretion, sneezing and nasal itching caused by a single antigen challenge in sensitized guinea pigs. In addition, TAK-427 (0.3, 30 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly inhibited the development of nasal obstruction when sensitized guinea pigs were repeatedly challenged via inhalation with Japanese cedar pollen, whereas the histamine H1-receptor antagonist, azelastine (1 mg/kg, p.o.), and ketotifen (1 mg/kg, p.o.) were without effect. These results suggest that TAK-427 might not only suppress acute nasal symptoms but also ameliorate nasal obstruction via the effects other than those as a histamine H1-receptor antagonist.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Guinea Pigs
- Histamine/metabolism
- Histamine H1 Antagonists/pharmacology
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Male
- Nasal Obstruction/drug therapy
- Nasal Obstruction/immunology
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Pollen/immunology
- Pyridazines/pharmacology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/drug therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/physiopathology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/drug therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/physiopathology
- Sneezing/drug effects
- Sneezing/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Fukuda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd, 2-17-85, Juso-Honmachi, Yodogawa, Osaka 532-8686, Japan.
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25
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Sugahara S, Nabe T, Mizutani N, Takenaka H, Kohno S. Kinins are involved in the development of allergic nasal hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 476:229-37. [PMID: 12969770 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)02185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated roles of kinins in allergen-induced nasal blockage and sneezing, and development of nasal hyperresponsiveness to leukotriene D4 in a Japanese cedar pollen-induced allergic rhinitis model of guinea pigs. Sensitised guinea pigs were repeatedly challenged by pollen inhalation once every week. Neither a bradykinin B1 receptor antagonist, des-Arg9-[Leu8]bradykinin nor a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, icatibant suppressed allergen-induced sneezing and nasal blockage. However, development of nasal hyperresponsiveness to leukotriene D4 was significantly suppressed by them. The amount of bradykinin in nasal cavity lavage fluid was immediately increased after the challenge. In non-sensitised animals, hyperresponsiveness to leukotriene D4 was developed by a bradykinin B2 receptor agonist, bradykinin, but not by a bradykinin B1 receptor agonist, des-Arg10-kallidin, while in the sensitised-challenged animal, both agonists developed hyperresponsiveness. In conclusion, the nasal hyperresponsiveness appeared to be induced by kinins produced in response to the antigen challenge through activation of not only bradykinin B2 but also B1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Sugahara
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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26
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Mizutani N. [Studies on the experimental allergic rhinitis induced by Japanese cedar pollen--role of cysteinyl leukotrienes in nasal allergic symptoms]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2003; 123:1-8. [PMID: 12607939 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.123.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs: LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) are a family of potent inflammatory mediators that appear to contribute to the pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis. Because treatment with a CysLT1 receptor antagonist and a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor modified allergen-induced nasal blockage in patients with allergic rhinitis, and CysLTs were detected in nasal cavity lavage fluid, it has been suggested that CysLTs act as significant inflammatory mediators in allergic rhinitis. The role of CysLTs was evaluated in our experimental allergic rhinitis model in sensitized guinea pigs which shows biphasic nasal blockage, sneezing and nasal hyperresponsiveness to LTD4 induced by repetitive inhalation challenge with Japanese cedar pollen. In this model, the CysLT1 receptor antagonist pranlukast suppressed the late-phase nasal blockage but not early blockage and sneezing. Nasal hyperresponsiveness (nasal blockage) to LTD4 was largely blocked by pranlukast, naphazoline, and N omega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester. The results demonstrate that nasal blockage induced by CysLTs is mainly due to dilatation of nasal blood vessels, which can be induced by the nitric oxide produced through CysLT1 receptor activation. On the other hand, when pollen inhalation challenge was performed in the presence of nasal hyperresponsiveness, antigen-induced biphasic nasal blockage and sneezing were considerably enhanced and CysLTs contributed to both symptoms, suggesting that nasal hyperresponsiveness induces aggravation of antigen-induced nasal symptoms. The results presented in this study further suggest that our model is a good representative of human allergic rhinitis and offer evidence that CysLTs are chemical mediators mainly responsible for allergic nasal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Mizutani
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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Ronchetti R, Villa MP, Martella S, La Grutta S, Ronchetti F, Biscione GL, Pagani J, Falasca C, Guglielmi F, Barreto M. Nasal cellularity in 183 unselected schoolchildren aged 9 to 11 years. Pediatrics 2002; 110:1137-42. [PMID: 12456911 DOI: 10.1542/peds.110.6.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although rhinitis is extremely frequent in children, methods for assessing the severity of nasal inflammation produce results with wide variability and hence weak clinical significance. We designed this epidemiologic investigation to define the clinical usefulness of assessing nasal cellularity in children. METHODS We studied 183 of 203 eligible unselected schoolchildren who were aged 9 to 11 years and whose parents gave informed consent and completed a questionnaire on the history of atopic and respiratory symptoms. In all children, nasal swabs were obtained from both nostrils and eluted in saline and slides were prepared from cytospin preparations for staining and white cell counts. Children also underwent determination of nasal volume, skin prick tests with 7 common local allergens, flow volume curves, and nitric oxide measurement in expired air. Blood samples were drawn for the measurement of total immunoglobulin E, eosinophil percentage, and detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies. C pneumoniae DNA was also sought in eluates from nasal swabs. The percentage, standard deviations, and percentiles of the various nasal white cell populations were determined. RESULTS No correlation of the percentage of these cells was found with the history of allergies or respiratory disease or with functional or laboratory finding. Repeat nasal swabs obtained 1 month after the initial examination in 31 children (20 with neutrophils higher and 11 lower than 14%) in 77.4% of the cases confirmed the previous (high or normal) result. Twelve of the 16 eligible children with persistently high nasal neutrophil counts completed a 15-day cycle of intranasal flunisolide therapy (200 micro g twice a day). Therapy significantly reduced nasal neutrophil percentage and increased nasal volume. CONCLUSIONS Increased nasal neutrophils, although related neither to the clinical history nor to laboratory variables, are a common important finding in children. A 15-day cycle of intranasal flunisolide is sufficient to restore normal nasal neutrophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Ronchetti
- Department of Pediatrics, II Faculty of Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Sander C, Rajakulasingam K. Leukotriene receptor antagonists for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:4-7. [PMID: 12002735 DOI: 10.1046/j.0022-0477.2001.01275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Assanasen P, Baroody FM, Naureckas E, Naclerio RM. Hot, humid air increases cellular influx during the late-phase response to nasal challenge with antigen. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:1913-22. [PMID: 11737044 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalation of hot, humid air (HHA: 37 degrees C, > 95% relative humidity (RH)) partially inhibits the early response to nasal challenge with antigen. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether HHA inhibited the late-phase response to nasal challenge with antigen and increased hyper-responsiveness of the nasal mucosa to histamine. METHODS Twenty subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis, outside of their allergy season, participated in a randomized, 2-way cross-over study. The subjects continuously breathed room air (25 degrees C, 30% RH) or HHA delivered via a face mask during the entire experiment. Subjects were challenged intranasally with antigen 1 h after beginning conditioning. The response was monitored by symptoms and nasal lavage at 2-h intervals after the last antigen challenge. Eight hours after antigen challenge, nasal challenge with histamine was performed. RESULTS Exposure to HHA significantly increased nasal mucosal temperature from baseline without affecting nasal secretion osmolality. HHA significantly inhibited antigen-induced sneezes, congestion, pruritus, and human serum albumin levels during the early response to antigen challenge. HHA exposure, however, was associated with an 8-fold increase in the eosinophil influx and a 15-fold increase in the levels of eosinophil cationic protein during the late-phase response compared to room air. There were no significant differences in nasal hyper-responsiveness to histamine during either exposure. CONCLUSION HHA partially decreases the early response to nasal challenge with antigen, but dramatically increases eosinophil influx. Increasing eosinophil number had no effects on the hyper-responsiveness to histamine. We speculate that the physical conditions of air differentially impact the stages of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Assanasen
- The Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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30
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Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108:S147-334. [PMID: 11707753 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2001.118891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2094] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Bousquet
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital and INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Imai A, Nabe T, Mizutani N, Sakurai H, Takenaka H, Kohno S. Involvement of nitric oxide in pollen-induced biphasic nasal blockage in sensitised guinea pigs. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 423:63-70. [PMID: 11438308 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a reproducible allergic rhinitis model showing biphasic nasal blockage on repetitive inhalation challenge with Japanese cedar pollen in sensitised guinea pigs. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in inducing nasal blockage was evaluated with this model. N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a non-selective NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, intravenously administered before the challenge, significantly inhibited both early and late nasal blockage by approximately 80% and 50%, respectively. When L-NAME treatment was performed after the challenge, the late response was inhibited by approximately 70%. This inhibition was completely reversed by co-administration of L-arginine. However, aminoguanidine and L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine, selective inhibitors of inducible NOS, negligibly influenced the degree of nasal blockage. Meanwhile, the alpha-adrenergic agonist, naphazoline, strongly suppressed both early and late nasal blockage. These results indicate that NO, likely produced by constitutive rather than inducible NOS, plays a major role in the occurrence of biphasic nasal blockage, primarily by inducing vasodilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Imai
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi, Misasagi, Yamashina, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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Sobol SE, Christodoulopoulos P, Hamid QA. Inflammatory patterns of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2001; 1:193-201. [PMID: 11892036 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-001-0005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rhinitis is a chronic condition of the nasal mucosa that affects a large segment of the population. The symptoms of rhinitis occur in a variety of sinonasal conditions, which may be broadly classified as allergic (seasonal or perennial) or nonallergic (infectious or a number of noninfectious etiologies) based on the presence or absence of atopy. The cytokine profile and inflammatory patterns underlying these two conditions vary because of certain differences in their pathophysiology as discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Sobol
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 2P2, Canada.
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Nabe T, Mizutani N, Osaki S, Sugahara S, Takenaka H, Kohno S. Comparison of cedar pollen-induced allergic rhinitis in passively and actively sensitized guinea pigs. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2001; 85:409-15. [PMID: 11388645 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.85.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an allergic rhinitis model in guinea pigs using Japanese cedar pollen as antigen. In the present study, we examined whether provocation by pollen induces similar magnitudes of rhinitis symptoms in passively and actively sensitized guinea pigs. One group of animals was actively sensitized by intranasal application of pollen extract, and another was passively sensitized by intraperitoneal injection with anti-pollen serum. Actively and passively sensitized groups were then challenged by repeated and a single pollen inhalation, respectively. In both groups, sneeze was induced immediately after the challenge. The actively sensitized animals developed not only early but also late nasal blockage, whereas the passively sensitized animals showed only early nasal blockage. In both groups, an H1 antagonist, mepyramine, inhibited the occurrence of sneezing but did not inhibit nasal blockage. Nasal hyperresponsiveness to intranasal instillation of leukotriene D4 was obvious only in the actively sensitized animals. We thus conclude that although early nasal blockage is induced by a single antigen-antibody reaction, repetitive anaphylactic reaction is required for occurrence of late nasal blockage and hyperresponsiveness to stimuli. Furthermore, histamine plays a central role in induction of sneezing but not in nasal blockage, irrespective of whether animals are actively or passively sensitized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nabe
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Japan
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Assanasen P, Baroody FM, Abbott DJ, Naureckas E, Solway J, Naclerio RM. Natural and induced allergic responses increase the ability of the nose to warm and humidify air. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106:1045-52. [PMID: 11112885 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.110472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis out of season had a reduced ability to warm and humidify air compared with normal subjects. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether allergic reactions induced by either seasonal exposure or nasal challenge with antigen would decrease the capacity of the nose to condition cold, dry air. METHODS We performed two prospective studies comparing the effects of allergic inflammation, induced by either seasonal exposure or nasal challenge with antigen, on nasal conditioning capacity (NCC). The total water gradient (WG) across the nose was used to represent the NCC. In the first study, the NCC was measured and compared before and during the allergy season in 10 subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis. In the second study, 20 subjects with seasonal allergic rhinitis were recruited outside of the allergy season. NCC was measured and compared before and 24 hours after challenge with antigen. RESULTS In the first study, seasonal allergic subjects in season showed a significant increase in NCC when compared with their preseason baseline (total WG in season: 2050 +/- 138 mg vs total WG preseason: 1524 +/- 100 mg; P <.01). In the second study, antigen challenge led to early-phase and late-phase responses. There was a statistically significant increase in NCC 24 hours after antigen challenge compared with that before antigen challenge (total WG after antigen challenge: 1938 +/- 101 mg vs total WG before antigen challenge: 1648 +/- 84 mg; P =.01). CONCLUSION Allergic reactions induced by either seasonal exposure or antigen challenge increase the ability of the nose to condition inspired air. We speculate that allergic inflammation increases this ability by changing the perimeter of the nasal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Assanasen
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Bacon AS, Ahluwalia P, Irani AM, Schwartz LB, Holgate ST, Church MK, McGill JI. Tear and conjunctival changes during the allergen-induced early- and late-phase responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106:948-54. [PMID: 11080719 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2000.110930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic eye disease is common, but little is known about the underlying disease mechanisms. Conjunctival allergen challenge causes symptoms similar to those of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and is a useful model to study. OBJECTIVE We have used allergen challenge to investigate the course of the ocular response, tear inflammatory mediators, tissue adhesion protein expression, and cellular infiltration. METHODS Eighteen atopic patients and 4 nonatopic control subjects were challenged with extracted mixed grass or Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in one eye and control vehicle in the other. The clinical response was recorded, and tears were collected over a 6-hour period. Conjunctival biopsy specimens were taken from the challenged eye at 6 or 24 hours. RESULTS An early-phase response (maximal at 20 minutes) showed a significant increase in tear histamine and tryptase levels, reducing to control levels again by 40 minutes. At 6 hours, a late-phase response occurred with increased symptoms, a second peak of tear histamine and eosinophil cationic protein but not tryptase, upregulation of the adhesion molecules E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule, and a cellular infiltrate of mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and basophils, with T cells increased only in bulbar biopsy specimens. CONCLUSIONS The early peaks of tear histamine plus tryptase indicate that the mast cell is responsible for the early-phase response, but basophils may be involved in the late-phase response. Both tear and biopsy findings underline the significance of the late-phase response as the transition between a type I response and clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Bacon
- Southampton Eye Unit and Allergy and Inflammation Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Wang DY, Clement P. Pathogenic mechanisms underlying the clinical symptoms of allergic rhinitis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 2000; 14:325-33. [PMID: 11068658 DOI: 10.2500/105065800781329483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews our previous studies on an objective evaluation of nasal symptoms, a quantitative determination of biochemical mediators, and inflammatory cells in nasal secretions of atopic patients after nasal allergen challenge (NAC) and during natural allergen exposure. The use of the microsuction technique has proved to be a useful and reliable nasal sampling method permitting quantitative analysis of important mediators in nasal secretions. This has provided accurate data on the activity of some important inflammatory cells such as mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils in allergic rhinitis. Our studies demonstrate that a significant increase in the concentrations of histamine, tryptase, and LTC4 in nasal secretions occurs within seconds or minutes after NAC, and this is accompanied by itching, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal obstruction. The infiltration and activation of eosinophils are found to be the predominant condition during the late-phase reaction (LPR), which is mainly characterized by unilateral and/or bilateral nasal obstruction with little sneezing and rhinorrhea. The latter condition is found to be very much similar to the pathophysiology of patients with ongoing allergic rhinitis. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that patients with ongoing allergic rhinitis seem to be in a continuous late phase state of eosinophilia and increased mediator release, a condition that can explain priming and nonspecific hyperreactivity of the nasal mucous membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Gaga M, Lambrou P, Papageorgiou N, Koulouris NG, Kosmas E, Fragakis S, Sofios C, Rasidakis A, Jordanoglou J. Eosinophils are a feature of upper and lower airway pathology in non-atopic asthma, irrespective of the presence of rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:663-9. [PMID: 10792358 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma and rhinitis often co-exist and there are data to suggest that they may be two ends of the same disease spectrum. Immunohistochemical studies have shown that eosinophilia in the airways is a feature of rhinitic patients without asthma. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to examine whether cellular infiltration exists in the nasal mucosa of asthmatics even in the absence of symptoms and signs of rhinitis. METHODS Nasal mucosa biopsies were taken from 27 non-atopic subjects and comprised nine asthmatic rhinitic patients (AR), eight asthmatic non-rhinitic patients (ANR) and 10 healthy control subjects (N). Bronchial mucosa biopsies were also taken simultaneously from some of the patients (n = 10) to determine whether there was an association between cellular infiltration in the nose and the lungs. The alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method was used on 6 microm thick cryostat sections using monoclonal antibodies against T cells (CD4, CD8), eosinophils (EG2) and mast cells (mast cell tryptase). Slides were counted blind and results expressed as cells per field. RESULTS The results showed that eosinophil counts were higher in both asthma groups compared with control nasal biopsies (median values AR 8.3, ANR 9.2, N 2.1 cells per field, P < 0.01). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between eosinophil cell counts in the nose and the airways (r = 0.851 P < 0.001). No differences in eosinophil numbers were detected between the two groups of asthmatics. Also, no differences were noted for any other cell type (i.e. CD4, CD8, tryptase) among the three study groups. CONCLUSIONS These results show that eosinophil infiltration was present in the nasal mucosa of asthmatic patients even in the absence of rhinitis, and add further support to the hypothesis that asthma and rhinitis are clinical expressions of the same disease entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gaga
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Athens University, School of Medicine and ENT Department of Sotiria Hospital, Greece
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Gauvreau GM, Lee JM, Watson RM, Irani AM, Schwartz LB, O'Byrne PM. Increased numbers of both airway basophils and mast cells in sputum after allergen inhalation challenge of atopic asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:1473-8. [PMID: 10806141 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9908090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are metachromatic cells that participate in allergic inflammation. Allergen challenge to the airways of atopic asthmatic individuals increases levels of metachromatic cells, which may reflect an increase in mast cells, basophils, or both. We conducted a study to characterize the kinetics of basophil and mast cell recruitment to the airways of atopic asthmatic subjects after allergen inhalation challenge, using monoclonal antibodies specific for each type of cell. Of 19 subjects, 14 developed both early- and late-phase asthmatic responses (dual responders [DRs]), whereas five developed only early asthmatic responses (early responders [ERs]) after allergen inhalation. There was a significant increase in the number of sputum eosinophils (p < 0.002) and basophils (p < 0.002) at 7 h and 24 h after challenge in both ERs and DRs. There was also a significant increase in the number of activated eosinophils (p = 0. 00002) and mast cells (p = 0.009) in sputum at 7 h and 24 h after challenge in DRs, but not in ERs (p > 0.4). DRs had a significantly higher number of allergen-induced sputum basophils than did ERs (p < 0.01), and sputum basophils correlated significantly with airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine at 24 h after challenge (r = 0.66, p = 0.002). DRs tended to have higher allergen-induced basophil levels than did ERs, which may contribute to the observed AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Gauvreau
- Asthma Research Group, St. Joseph's Hospital, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Christodoulopoulos P, Cameron L, Durham S, Hamid Q. Molecular pathology of allergic disease. II: Upper airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105:211-23. [PMID: 10669839 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(00)90068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Allergic upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis are an increasing problem. Although the pathogenesis remains elusive, an individual's genetic predisposition as well as exposure to the allergen are currently considered factors in their development. Clinical symptoms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and congestion are primarily a consequence of granulocyte release of chemical mediators such as histamine, prostanoids, and leukotrienes as well as the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Observations subsequent to allergen provocation are comparable to natural exposure and as such much of our understanding of allergic responses is derived from this model. A prominence of CD4(+) T cells and eosinophils, synthesis and release of T(H)2 cytokines, and the coordinate expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules are all characteristic of the allergic response observed in rhinitis and sinusitis. Corticosteroids and immunotherapy target these inflammatory processes and have been observed to successfully reduce and shift the predominantly T(H)2 environment toward T(H)1 cytokine expression. As our understanding of the pathophysiologic features of allergic upper airway disease improves, as well as the relationship between their development and that of lower airway disease, new strategies of diagnosis and treatment will allow for more effective modulation of the allergic process and associated morbidity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chronic Disease
- Humans
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/pathology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/pathology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/therapy
- Sinusitis/immunology
- Sinusitis/metabolism
- Sinusitis/pathology
- Sinusitis/therapy
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Meltzer EO. Role for cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist therapy in asthma and their potential role in allergic rhinitis based on the concept of "one linked airway disease". Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 84:176-85; quiz 185-7. [PMID: 10719774 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62750-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review focuses on the shared pathophysiology of asthma and allergic rhinitis. The similarities illustrate the "one linked airway disease" concept, a unifying theory of these upper and lower airway inflammatory disorders. Since leukotrienes are mediators in both conditions, studies have been performed to assess the potential therapeutic role of cysteinyl leukotriene antagonists. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the accumulating data concerning these agents in treating asthma and allergic rhinitis. DATA SOURCES Relevant publications obtained from a literature review. STUDY SELECTION Relevant publications on the topics of leukotrienes, leukotriene receptor antagonists, asthma, and allergic rhinitis were critically evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Studies to date have documented the efficacy of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists for asthma. The pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis and its similarities to asthma suggest that these agents could play a significant therapeutic role in managing this upper airway disorder. Because the leukotriene antagonists are oral agents, they may be valuable in treating not only either condition but also both at the same time when they coexist. They appear to be beneficial when prescribed as the initial medicine and when used in conjunction with other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Meltzer
- Allergy and Asthma Medical Group and Research Center, San Diego, California 92123, USA
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American Thoracic Society Workshop. Immunobiology of asthma and rhinitis. Pathogenic factors and therapeutic options. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:1778-87. [PMID: 10556156 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.ats7-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
MESH Headings
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/physiopathology
- Asthma/therapy
- Humans
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/physiopathology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/physiopathology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/therapy
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Miadonna A, Milazzo N, Gibelli S, Salmaso C, Lorini M, Tedeschi A. Nasal response to a single antigen challenge in patients with allergic rhinitis - inflammatory cell recruitment persists up to 48 hours. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29:941-9. [PMID: 10383595 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen challenge in some patients with respiratory allergy is followed by an early and a late reaction. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the duration of mediator release and inflammatory cell recruitment during the late antigen-induced nasal response. METHODS Eight patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis due to grass pollen underwent local challenge with the relevant allergen, a non-relevant allergen (Parietaria judaica), and nebulized saline solution. Nasal lavages were performed at baseline and 6, 24, 48, 72 h after challenge. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), leukotriene C4 (LTC4), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) myeloperoxidase (MPO) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) levels were radioimmunoassayed and histamine concentration was measured by an automated fluorometric method. RESULTS Nasal challenge with the relevant antigen induced a response 6 h after stimulation, which subsided within 24 h. Eosinophilia, observed in the nasal lavages collected from 6 to 24 h after this challenge, was accompanied by ECP release. Neutrophilia were found in the nasal lavages collected from 6 to 24 h after challenge. The increase in neutrophil number correlated with MPO levels and LTB4 concentrations, but not with the intensity of nasal obstruction. Antigen challenge also induced significant recruitment of mononuclear cells 48 h after provocation. The challenge significantly raised histamine, but not PGD2, levels in the nasal lavages collected 6 h after provocation. A trend towards an increase in LTC4 levels in the nasal lavages collected 6 h after specific antigen challenge was also found. Nasal challenge with a non-relevant allergen or with saline solution did not cause either inflammatory cell recruitment or mediator release. CONCLUSION Nasal challenge with the relevant antigen can induce a late response characterized by local accumulation of eosinophils, neutrophils and mononuclear cells persisting for 48 h and accompanied by release of ECP, MPO, LTB4 and histamine. These results indicate that a single antigen challenge in patients with allergic rhinitis causes prolonged inflammatory alterations which may contribute to the development of airway hyperreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miadonna
- Respiratory Allergy and Immunology Unit, Third Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Naclerio R. Clinical manifestations of the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103:S382-5. [PMID: 10069897 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the symptoms that are characteristic of the early- and late-phase allergic reaction. Each of the cardinal symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis (sneezing, pruritus, rhinorrhea, congestion) is discussed, as is the role of various chemical mediators in the expression of these clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Naclerio
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Chicago, Ill., USA
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de Bruin-Weller MS, Weller FR, De Monchy JG. Repeated allergen challenge as a new research model for studying allergic reactions. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29:159-65. [PMID: 10051718 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Repeated allergen challenge might be a more relevant model for studying symptomatic disease, because it gives more information on the patient's handling of chronic allergen exposure. Thus, this experimental model has more resemblance to the situation of natural allergen exposure, and the allergen load can be standardized. However, the response to repeated allergen challenge in individual patients can show a large variation, that is from a strongly enhanced response to complete diminution of the response. Successful allergen immunotherapy can change the response pattern of repeated allergen challenge in the skin into down-regulation of the late reaction. Chronic or repeated allergen exposure may result in an enhanced allergen-specific allergic response, involving allergen-specific T-cell activation. Different subsets of T cells can exert either activating or suppressive effects on inflammatory cells involved in subsequent allergic reactions. CD8+ T cells might exert suppressive effects, because they seem to be associated with a subsequent down-regulation of the late skin reaction after repeated allergen challenge (Fig. 4). Further studies are needed to compare the responses to repeated allergen challenge with the response to natural seasonal allergen exposure in the same patients and to explore possible underlying mechanisms using, for example, nasal biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S de Bruin-Weller
- Department of Dermatology/Allergology, University Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Toth J, Schultze-Werninghaus C, Marks B, Temmel AF, Stübner P, Jäger S, Horak F. Environmental priming influences allergen-specific nasal reactivity. Allergy 1998; 53:1172-7. [PMID: 9930593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preceding mucosal response to one allergen leads to the priming of the nasal mucosal response to another allergen. This study aimed to determine whether environmental allergens, especially ubiquitous animal dander, can induce nasal priming. METHODS We investigated 26 grass-pollen-allergic subjects with additional sensitization to other aeroallergens. We performed continuous allergen challenge for 2 h with 1500 Dactylis glomerata pollen/m3 in the Vienna challenge chamber. The nasal flow at 150 Pa was examined, and subjective scores were obtained every 15 min. Statistical analysis was calculated from the area under curve of nasal flow reduction by Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney U-test. Alpha was 0.05. RESULTS In subjects with positive cat-dander RAST (class of > or = 3), besides grass-pollen allergy, the specific nasal allergic reaction to Dactylis challenge was significantly pronounced (P < 0.01), and an earlier onset of reaction was evident. The same results were obtained with additional sensitization to dog dander (P < 0.05). Concomitant sensitization to mugwort also led to escalating symptoms (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that a specific nasal allergic reaction is augmented by environmental priming caused by ubiquitous animal dander and possibly is influenced by the daily use of spices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Toth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
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Zweiman B, von Allmen C, Schwartz LB, Atkins PC. Patterns of inflammatory responses following rechallenge of skin late-phase allergic reaction sites. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102:94-8. [PMID: 9679852 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested altered responses to repeat skin tests in the sites of IgE-mediated late-phase reactions (LPRs) induced within the previous 48 hours. To explore the possible modulation of LPRs in such rechallenge sites, we compared inflammatory responses in skin chambers induced over previous LPR and control sites. METHODS Skin blisters were induced and unroofed in 12 human subjects over two sites of previous LPRs induced by intradermal injection of pollen antigens 24 hours or 48 hours earlier and two sites previously injected with buffer diluent (B). Skin chambers containing the same antigens were appended to one intradermal antigen site (called Ag/Ag) and one intradermal B site (B/Ag), and B-containing chambers were placed over antigen (Ag/B) and B (B/B) intradermal sites. Fluids were collected after the first and the second through fifth hours of challenge. RESULTS In skin chamber challenges 24 hours after the intradermal injection, there was no significant difference after the first hours between the Ag/Ag or B/Ag sites in either histamine or tryptase levels; both were significantly higher than at Ag/B or B/B sites (p < 0.01). The same pattern of events was seen in fluids obtained from the second through fifth hours. The same pattern of findings was seen in examination of levels of the total leukocyte accumulation, total eosinophil accumulation, and frequency of activated (EG2+) eosinophils. Levels of lactoferrin, released from activated neutrophils, and eosinophil cationic protein, released from activated eosinophils, were also similar at Ag/Ag and B/Ag sites; both were significantly higher than at B/B sites, whereas levels at Ag/B sites were intermediate between those found at B/Ag and B/B sites. The pattern of events in skin chamber challenges 48 hours after intradermal injection was similar to that seen at 24 hours, except that levels of inflammatory mediators/cells in Ag/B sites were more intermediate between the B/Ag and B/B sites. CONCLUSION There is no significant alteration of mediator or inflammatory cell responses after antigen rechallenge of previous LPR sites when compared with those found in antigen challenge of non-LPR sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zweiman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104-6057, USA
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van de Rijn M, Mehlhop PD, Judkins A, Rothenberg ME, Luster AD, Oettgen HC. A murine model of allergic rhinitis: studies on the role of IgE in pathogenesis and analysis of the eosinophil influx elicited by allergen and eotaxin. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102:65-74. [PMID: 9679849 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis is a prevalent disease with significant morbidity. Studies of its pathophysiology in human subjects have been limited. Nasal biopsy specimens are difficult to obtain, and nasal secretions incompletely reflect the cellular and molecular events in the mucosa. IgE-mediated mast cell activation and the elaboration of factors promoting eosinophil development and chemotaxis are likely to participate in pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES We sought to develop a murine model of allergic rhinitis, to use it to assess the role of IgE in pathogenesis, and to study the effects of IL-5 and eotaxin in the nasal mucosa. METHODS A protein extract of Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) was instilled intranasally in mice. Histologic changes were examined in wild-type and IgE-deficient (IgE-/-) animals. The effect of eotaxin administration was assessed in wild-type and IL-5 transgenic mice. RESULTS Af-treated mice developed a nasal mucosal eosinophil influx comparable to that described for humans. This histology was distinct from that observed in a murine model of Af-induced asthma. The pathology appeared over a time course similar to that reported for human subjects. There was no difference in the intensity of the mucosal inflammatory infiltrate of Af-treated IgE-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. Eotaxin was able to recruit eosinophils to the mucosa but only in IL-5 transgenic animals. CONCLUSION We describe a murine model for allergic rhinitis with an eosinophilic infiltrate comparable to that found in human disease and have demonstrated that rhinitis can arise in the absence of IgE. We have shown that the eosinophil influx can be induced by eotaxin in the presence of IL-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van de Rijn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical System, Philadelphia, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Pelikan
- Department of Allergology and Immunology, Institute Medical Science, Ae Breda, The Netherlands
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50
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The mediators released during the allergic inflammatory reaction induce the clinical symptoms of the allergic disease and although there have been numerous studies investigating mediator release in allergen challenge models of allergic rhinitis very few have extended this approach to the study of natural disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of this investigation was therefore to measure mast cell and eosinophil mediator levels and indices of vascular permeability in naturally occurring rhinitis. METHODS Three groups of subjects were studied, normal non-rhinitics, seasonal allergic rhinitics in and out of the grass pollen season and perennial allergic rhinitics. Mediators were recovered using the technique of nasal lavage and the levels of tryptase, histamine, eosinophil cationic protein and albumin were determined. In addition, eosinophils were enumerated in nasal smears as an indices of underlying inflammation. RESULTS The levels of tryptase, eosinophil cationic protein and albumin were significantly higher in the lavage recovered from the symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitics than when asymptomatic (P = 0.05, P = 0.003, P = 0.009, respectively). These levels of eosinophil cationic protein and albumin were also significantly higher than those of the normal non-rhinitics (P = 0.0008, P = 0.0.003, respectively). In the perennial allergic rhinitics the levels of tryptase, eosinophil cationic protein and albumin were higher than the normal non-rhinitics (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0003, P = 0.0001, respectively). The levels of tryptase and histamine were higher in the perennial allergic rhinitics than the seasonal allergic rhinitics (P = 0.0003, P = 0.006, respectively). These changes in mediator levels were accompanied by a significant influx of eosinophils into the nasal mucosa of both the symptomatic seasonal rhinitics, compared with asymptomatic (P = 0.04) and normal controls (P = 0.0006) and the perennial rhinitics compared to normal controls (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION These results indicate that in both naturally occurring seasonal allergic rhinitis and perennial allergic rhinitis mast cell and eosinophil activation occurs and this is accompanied by an increase in vascular permeability. These measurements in lavage fluid provide a method of monitoring the mucosal cellular events in response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wilson
- University Medicine, University of Southampton, UK
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