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Thakkar AB, Subramanian R, Thakkar VR, Bhatt SV, Chaki S, Vaidya YH, Patel V, Thakor P. Apoptosis induction capability of silver nanoparticles capped with Acorus calamus L. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex DC. against lung carcinoma cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24400. [PMID: 38304770 PMCID: PMC10831608 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared using a one-step reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a capping agent. Plant extracts from D. sissoo (DS) and A. calamus L. (AC) leaves were incorporated during the synthesis process. The crystalline nature of the AgNPs was confirmed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), confirming the face-centered cubic structure, with a lattice constant of 4.08 Å and a crystallite size of 18 nm. Field Emission Gun Transmission Electron Microscopy (FEG-TEM) revealed spherical AgNPs (10-20 nm) with evident PVP adsorption, leading to size changes and agglomeration. UV-Vis spectra showed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 417 nm for AgNPs and a redshift to 420 nm for PVP-coated AgNPs, indicating successful synthesis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identified functional groups and drug-loaded samples exhibited characteristic peaks, confirming effective drug loading. The anti-cancer potential of synthesized NPs was assessed by MTT assay in human adenocarcinoma lung cancer (A549) and lung normal cells (WI-38) cells. IC50 values for all three NPs (AgPVP NPs, DS@AgPVP NPs, and AC@AgPVP NPs) were 41.60 ± 2.35, 14.25 ± 1.85, and 21.75 ± 0.498 μg/ml on A549 cells, and 420.69 ± 2.87, 408.20 ± 3.41, and 391.80 ± 1.55 μg/ml respectively. Furthermore, the NPs generated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Differential staining techniques were used to investigate the apoptosis-inducing properties of the three synthesized NPs. The colony formation assay indicated that nanoparticle therapy prevented cancer cell invasion. Finally, Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis predicted the expression pattern of many apoptosis-related genes (Caspase 3, 9, and 8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali B. Thakkar
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, India
- P. G. Department of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences (IICISST), Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujrat, India
| | - R.B. Subramanian
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Vasudev R. Thakkar
- P. G. Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Bakrol-Vadtal Road, Bakrol, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandip V. Bhatt
- P. G. Department of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences (IICISST), Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujrat, India
| | - Sunil Chaki
- P. G. Department of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences (IICISST), Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujrat, India
- Department of Physics, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujrat, India
| | - Yati H. Vaidya
- Department of Microbiology, Shri Alpesh N. Patel Post Graduate Institute of Science and Research, Anand, Gujarat, 388120, India
| | - Vikas Patel
- Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre for Applied Research & Testing (SICART), Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, 388120, India
| | - Parth Thakor
- Bapubhai Desaibhai Patel Institute of Paramedical Sciences, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India
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Hooshangi Shayesteh MR, Hami Z, Chamanara M, Parvizi MR, Golaghaei A, Nassireslami E. Evaluation of the protective effect of coenzyme Q 10 on hepatotoxicity caused by acute phosphine poisoning. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2024; 38:3946320241250286. [PMID: 38764158 PMCID: PMC11104032 DOI: 10.1177/03946320241250286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Aluminum phosphide (AlP) poisoning is prevalent in numerous countries, resulting in high mortality rates. Phosphine gas, the primary agent responsible for AlP poisoning, exerts detrimental effects on various organs, notably the heart, liver and kidneys. Numerous studies have documented the advantageous impact of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in mitigating hepatic injuries. The objective of this investigation is to explore the potential protective efficacy of CoQ10 against hepatic toxicity arising from AlP poisoning. Method: The study encompassed distinct groups receiving almond oil, normal saline, exclusive CoQ10 (at a dosage of 100 mg/kg), AlP at 12 mg/kg; LD50 (lethal dose for 50%), and four groups subjected to AlP along with CoQ10 administration (post-AlP gavage). CoQ10 was administered at 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg doses via Intraparietal (ip) injections. After 24 h, liver tissue specimens were scrutinized for mitochondrial complex activities, oxidative stress parameters, and apoptosis as well as biomarkers such as aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT). Results: AlP induced a significant decrease in the activity of mitochondrial complexes I and IV, as well as a reduction in catalase activity, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and Thiol levels. Additionally, AlP significantly elevated oxidative stress levels, indicated by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and resulted in the increment of hepatic biomarkers such as AST and ALT. Administration of CoQ10 led to a substantial improvement in the aforementioned biochemical markers. Furthermore, phosphine exposure resulted in a significant reduction in viable hepatocytes and an increase in apoptosis. Co-treatment with CoQ10 exhibited a dose-dependent reversal of these observed alterations. Conclusion: CoQ10 preserved mitochondrial function, consequently mitigating oxidative damage. This preventive action impeded the progression of heart cells toward apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Hooshangi Shayesteh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Chamanara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Parvizi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Golaghaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nassireslami
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Le VAT, Trinh TX, Chien PN, Giang NN, Zhang XR, Nam SY, Heo CY. Evaluation of the Performance of a ZnO-Nanoparticle-Coated Hydrocolloid Patch in Wound Healing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050919. [PMID: 35267741 PMCID: PMC8912749 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrocolloid dressings are an important method for accelerating wound healing. A combination of a hydrocolloid and nanoparticles (NPs), such as gold (Au), improves the wound healing rate, but Au-NPs are expensive and unable to block ultraviolet (UV) light. Herein, we combined zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) with hydrocolloids for a less expensive and more effective UV-blocking treatment of wounds. Using Sprague–Dawley rat models, we showed that, during 10-day treatment, a hydrocolloid patch covered with ZnO-NPs (ZnO-NPs-HC) macroscopically and microscopically stimulated the wound healing rate and improved wound healing in the inflammation phase as shown by reducing of pro-inflammatory cytokines (CD68, IL-8, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-1β, and M1) up to 50%. The results from the in vitro models (RAW264.7 cells) also supported these in vivo results: ZnO-NPs-HCs improved wound healing in the inflammation phase by expressing a similar level of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α and IL-6) as the negative control group. ZnO-NPs-HCs also encouraged the proliferation phase of the healing process, which was displayed by increasing expression of fibroblast biomarkers (α-SMA, TGF-β3, vimentin, collagen, and M2) up to 60%. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of wound healing by measuring the biomarkers in each phase and suggests a cheaper method for wound dressing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Anh Thi Le
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (V.A.T.L.); (T.X.T.); (P.N.C.); (N.N.G.); (X.-R.Z.)
| | - Tung X. Trinh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (V.A.T.L.); (T.X.T.); (P.N.C.); (N.N.G.); (X.-R.Z.)
| | - Pham Ngoc Chien
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (V.A.T.L.); (T.X.T.); (P.N.C.); (N.N.G.); (X.-R.Z.)
| | - Nguyen Ngan Giang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (V.A.T.L.); (T.X.T.); (P.N.C.); (N.N.G.); (X.-R.Z.)
| | - Xin-Rui Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (V.A.T.L.); (T.X.T.); (P.N.C.); (N.N.G.); (X.-R.Z.)
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Nam
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (V.A.T.L.); (T.X.T.); (P.N.C.); (N.N.G.); (X.-R.Z.)
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.N.); (C.-Y.H.); Tel.: +82-317877222 (S.-Y.N.); +82-317877222 (C.-Y.H.)
| | - Chan-Yeong Heo
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (V.A.T.L.); (T.X.T.); (P.N.C.); (N.N.G.); (X.-R.Z.)
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.N.); (C.-Y.H.); Tel.: +82-317877222 (S.-Y.N.); +82-317877222 (C.-Y.H.)
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4
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Ait-Aissa K, Blaszak SC, Beutner G, Tsaih SW, Morgan G, Santos JH, Flister MJ, Joyce DL, Camara AKS, Gutterman DD, Donato AJ, Porter GA, Beyer AM. Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation defect in the Heart of Subjects with Coronary Artery Disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7623. [PMID: 31110224 PMCID: PMC6527853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death worldwide and frequently associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Detailed understanding of abnormalities in mitochondrial function that occur in patients with CAD is lacking. We evaluated mitochondrial damage, energy production, and mitochondrial complex activity in human non-CAD and CAD hearts. Fresh and frozen human heart tissue was used. Cell lysate or mitochondria were isolated using standard techniques. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), NAD + and ATP levels, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity were evaluated. Proteins critical to the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and function were also evaluated in tissue lysates. PCR analysis revealed an increase in mtDNA lesions and the frequency of mitochondrial common deletion, both established markers for impaired mitochondrial integrity in CAD compared to non-CAD patient samples. NAD+ and ATP levels were significantly decreased in CAD subjects compared to Non-CAD (NAD+ fold change: non-CAD 1.00 ± 0.17 vs. CAD 0.32 ± 0.12* and ATP fold change: non-CAD 1.00 ± 0.294 vs. CAD 0.01 ± 0.001*; N = 15, P < 0.005). We observed decreased respiration control index in CAD tissue and decreased activity of complexes I, II, and III. Expression of ETC complex subunits and respirasome formation were increased; however, elevations in the de-active form of complex I were observed in CAD. We observed a corresponding increase in glycolytic flux, indicated by a rise in pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity, indicating a compensatory increase in glycolysis for cellular energetics. Together, these results indicate a shift in mitochondrial metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in human hearts subjects with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Ait-Aissa
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Scott C Blaszak
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Gisela Beutner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shirng-Wern Tsaih
- Department of Physiology, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Garrett Morgan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Janine H Santos
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, NIHEHS, Raleigh-Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Flister
- Department of Physiology, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David L Joyce
- Department of Surgery, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Amadou K S Camara
- Department of Physiology, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - David D Gutterman
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,VA Medical Center-Salt Lake City, GRECC, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - George A Porter
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine (Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Andreas M Beyer
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA. .,Department of Physiology, Med College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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Daniele JR, Heydari K, Dillin A. Mitochondrial Subtype Identification and Characterization. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CYTOMETRY 2018; 85:e41. [PMID: 29944197 PMCID: PMC6039279 DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Healthy, functional mitochondria are central to many cellular and physiological phenomena, including aging, metabolism, and stress resistance. A key feature of healthy mitochondria is a high membrane potential (Δψ) or charge differential (i.e., proton gradient) between the matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondrial Δψ has been extensively characterized via flow cytometry of intact cells, which measures the average membrane potential within a cell. However, the characteristics of individual mitochondria differ dramatically even within a single cell, and thus interrogation of mitochondrial features at the organelle level is necessary to better understand and accurately measure heterogeneity. Here we describe a new flow cytometric methodology that enables the quantification and classification of mitochondrial subtypes (via their Δψ, size, and substructure) using the small animal model C. elegans. Future application of this methodology should allow research to discern the bioenergetic and mitochondrial component in a number of human disease and aging models, including, C. elegans, cultured cells, small animal models, and human biopsy samples. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Daniele
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kartoosh Heydari
- LKS Flow Cytometry Core, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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6
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Jang S, Lewis TS, Powers C, Khuchua Z, Baines CP, Wipf P, Javadov S. Elucidating Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Supercomplexes in the Heart During Ischemia-Reperfusion. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:57-69. [PMID: 27604998 PMCID: PMC5488255 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Mitochondrial supercomplexes (SCs) are the large supramolecular assembly of individual electron transport chain (ETC) complexes that apparently provide highly efficient ATP synthesis and reduce electron leakage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Oxidative stress during cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR) can result in degradation of SCs through oxidation of cardiolipin (CL). Also, IR induces calcium overload and enhances reactive oxygen species (mitROS) in mitochondria that result in the opening of the nonselective permeability transition pores (PTP). The opening of the PTP further compromises cellular energetics and increases mitROS ultimately leading to cell death. Here, we examined the role of PTP-induced mitROS in disintegration of SCs during cardiac IR. The relationship between mitochondrial PTP, ROS, and SCs was investigated using Langendorff-perfused rat hearts subjected to global ischemia (25 min) followed by short-time (5 min) or long-time (60 min) reperfusion in the presence or absence of the PTP inhibitor, sanglifehrin A (SfA), and the mitochondrial targeted ROS and electron scavenger, XJB-5-131. Also, the effects of CL deficiency on SC degradation, PTP, and mitROS were investigated in tafazzin knockdown (TazKD) mice. RESULTS Cardiac IR induced PTP opening and mitROS generation, inhibited by SfA. Percent distributions of SCs were significantly affected by IR, and the effects were dependent on the reperfusion time and reversed by SfA and XJB-5-131. TazKD mice demonstrated a 40% lower SC I + III+IV with reduced basal mitochondrial PTP, ROS, and ETC complex activity. Innovation and Conclusion: Sustained reperfusion after cardiac ischemia induces disintegration of mitochondrial SCs, and PTP-induced ROS presumably play a causal role in SC disassembly. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 57-69.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehwan Jang
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Taber S. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Corey Powers
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Zaza Khuchua
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Christopher P. Baines
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sabzali Javadov
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Differential susceptibility of mitochondrial complex II to inhibition by oxaloacetate in brain and heart. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1561-1568. [PMID: 27287543 PMCID: PMC4990131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Complex II is a key mitochondrial enzyme connecting the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the electron transport chain. Studies of complex II are clinically important since new roles for this enzyme have recently emerged in cell signalling, cancer biology, immune response and neurodegeneration. Oxaloacetate (OAA) is an intermediate of the TCA cycle and at the same time is an inhibitor of complex II with high affinity (Kd ~ 10− 8 M). Whether or not OAA inhibition of complex II is a physiologically relevant process is a significant, but still controversial topic. We found that complex II from mouse heart and brain tissue has similar affinity to OAA and that only a fraction of the enzyme in isolated mitochondrial membranes (30.2 ± 6.0% and 56.4 ± 5.6% in the heart and brain, respectively) is in the free, active form. Since OAA could bind to complex II during isolation, we established a novel approach to deplete OAA in the homogenates at the early stages of isolation. In heart, this treatment significantly increased the fraction of free enzyme, indicating that OAA binds to complex II during isolation. In brain the OAA-depleting system did not significantly change the amount of free enzyme, indicating that a large fraction of complex II is already in the OAA-bound inactive form. Furthermore, short-term ischemia resulted in a dramatic decline of OAA in tissues, but it did not change the amount of free complex II. Our data show that in brain OAA is an endogenous effector of complex II, potentially capable of modulating the activity of the enzyme. Complex II in mitochondrial membranes is inhibited by tightly-bound oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate binds to the heart enzyme during isolation. In brain a large fraction of Complex II is present in oxaloacetate-bound form. Short-time tissue ischemia does not affect the content of the free Complex II in brain.
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Kiermayer C, Northrup E, Schrewe A, Walch A, de Angelis MH, Schoensiegel F, Zischka H, Prehn C, Adamski J, Bekeredjian R, Ivandic B, Kupatt C, Brielmeier M. Heart-Specific Knockout of the Mitochondrial Thioredoxin Reductase (Txnrd2) Induces Metabolic and Contractile Dysfunction in the Aging Myocardium. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e002153. [PMID: 26199228 PMCID: PMC4608093 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ubiquitous deletion of thioredoxin reductase 2 (Txnrd2) in mice is embryonically lethal and associated with abnormal heart development, while constitutive, heart-specific Txnrd2 inactivation leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and perinatal death. The significance of Txnrd2 in aging cardiomyocytes, however, has not yet been examined. METHODS AND RESULTS The tamoxifen-inducible heart-specific αMHC-MerCreMer transgene was used to inactivate loxP-flanked Txnrd2 alleles in adult mice. Hearts and isolated mitochondria from aged knockout mice were morphologically and functionally analyzed. Echocardiography revealed a significant increase in left ventricular end-systolic diameters in knockouts. Fractional shortening and ejection fraction were decreased compared with controls. Ultrastructural analysis of cardiomyocytes of aged mice showed mitochondrial degeneration and accumulation of autophagic bodies. A dysregulated autophagic activity was supported by higher levels of lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3-I (LC3-I), and p62 in knockout hearts. Isolated Txnrd2-deficient mitochondria used less oxygen and tended to produce more reactive oxygen species. Chronic hypoxia inducible factor 1, α subunit stabilization and altered transcriptional and metabolic signatures indicated that energy metabolism is deregulated. CONCLUSIONS These results imply a novel role of Txnrd2 in sustaining heart function during aging and suggest that Txnrd2 may be a modifier of heart failure.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Autophagy
- Blood Pressure
- Disease Models, Animal
- Energy Metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Heart Failure/enzymology
- Heart Failure/genetics
- Heart Failure/pathology
- Heart Failure/physiopathology
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Metabolomics/methods
- Mice, Knockout
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Heart/enzymology
- Mitochondria, Heart/ultrastructure
- Myocardial Contraction
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/ultrastructure
- Oxidative Stress
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Stroke Volume
- Thioredoxin Reductase 2/deficiency
- Thioredoxin Reductase 2/genetics
- Time Factors
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/enzymology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/genetics
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Function, Left
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kiermayer
- Research Unit Comparative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherberg, Germany
| | - Emily Northrup
- Research Unit Comparative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherberg, Germany
| | - Anja Schrewe
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Reserach Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität MünchenMunich, Germany
| | - Frank Schoensiegel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans Zischka
- Institute of molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität MünchenMunich, Germany
| | - Raffi Bekeredjian
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Boris Ivandic
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Kupatt
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, TU MunichMunich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Munich Heart AllianceMunich, Germany
| | - Markus Brielmeier
- Research Unit Comparative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental HealthNeuherberg, Germany
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Beutner G, Eliseev RA, Porter GA. Initiation of electron transport chain activity in the embryonic heart coincides with the activation of mitochondrial complex 1 and the formation of supercomplexes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113330. [PMID: 25427064 PMCID: PMC4245138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria provide energy in form of ATP in eukaryotic cells. However, it is not known when, during embryonic cardiac development, mitochondria become able to fulfill this function. To assess this, we measured mitochondrial oxygen consumption and the activity of the complexes (Cx) 1 and 2 of the electron transport chain (ETC) and used immunoprecipitation to follow the generation of mitochondrial supercomplexes. We show that in the heart of mouse embryos at embryonic day (E) 9.5, mitochondrial ETC activity and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are not coupled, even though the complexes are present. We show that Cx-1 of the ETC is able to accept electrons from the Krebs cycle, but enzyme assays that specifically measure electron flow to ubiquinone or Cx-3 show no activity at this early embryonic stage. At E11.5, mitochondria appear functionally more mature; ETC activity and OXPHOS are coupled and respond to ETC inhibitors. In addition, the assembly of highly efficient respiratory supercomplexes containing Cx-1, -3, and -4, ubiquinone, and cytochrome c begins at E11.5, the exact time when Cx-1 becomes functional activated. At E13.5, ETC activity and OXPHOS of embryonic heart mitochondria are indistinguishable from adult mitochondria. In summary, our data suggest that between E9.5 and E11.5 dramatic changes occur in the mitochondria of the embryonic heart, which result in an increase in OXPHOS due to the activation of complex 1 and the formation of supercomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Beutner
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 631, Rochester, New York 14642, United States of America
| | - Roman A. Eliseev
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, New York 14642, United States of America
| | - George A. Porter
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, 601 Elmwood Ave., Box 631, Rochester, New York 14642, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Flavonoid rich extract of Murraya Koenigii alleviates in-vitro LDL oxidation and oxidized LDL induced apoptosis in raw 264.7 Murine macrophage cells. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:3367-75. [PMID: 26028717 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidences have established a lineage between Oxidised LDL (Ox-LDL) to apoptosis of macrophages in which the high level of intracellular cholesterol play a crucial role. This study assesses the potency of Murraya koenigii (MK) leaf extract in alleviating LDL oxidation and Ox-LDL induced lipotoxicity in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells. Results indicated that presence of MK extract prevented oxidation of LDL as evidenced by its oxidation kinetics and formation of LDL oxidation products. Also, MK extract accounted for improvement in cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential of Ox-LDL treated cells. The Ox-LDL induced increment in intracellular oxidative stress, nuclear condensation and apoptosis was effectively prevented by MK extract possibly due to their established anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging potentials which may be attributed to the presence of flavonoids present in the extract. Prevention of oxidative modification of LDL, free radical induced damage and Ox-LDL induced death of RAW 264.7 cells provide preliminary evidences of its anti-atherosclerotic potential and warrants further elucidation and validation for its use in-vivo and may be useful as a functional food supplement and an alternative medicine to prevent LDL oxidation and oxidized LDL induced toxicity.
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11
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Feng Q, Crochet JR, Dai Q, Leppert PC, Price TM. Expression of a mitochondrial progesterone receptor (PR-M) in leiomyomata and association with increased mitochondrial membrane potential. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E390-9. [PMID: 24423317 PMCID: PMC5393478 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Clinical evidence supports a role for progestins in the growth of leiomyomata (fibroids). The mechanism(s) for this is thought to involve gene regulation via the nuclear progesterone receptors. Recently a mitochondrial progesterone receptor (PR-M) has been identified with evidence of a progesterone/progestin-dependent increase in cellular respiration. This observation raises a possible new mechanism whereby progesterone/progestin may affect the growth of fibroids. OBJECTIVE The goals of this research were to determine differential expression of PR-M in normal myometrium compared with the edge of a fibroid within the same uterus, to demonstrate a progestin-dependent increase in mitochondria membrane potential using an immortalized human myometrial cell line and to examine mitochondrial membrane potential in transfected cells expressing the complete coding sequence of PR-M. DESIGN Protein levels of PR-M, PR-B, PR-A, mitochondrial porin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were determined in the myometrium and adjacent edge of a fibroid in 10 subjects undergoing hysterectomy for benign indications. Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by fluorescent emission of 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolecarbocyanide iodine in hTERT-HM cells treated with R5020 and in transfected hTERT-HM cells determined by the fluorescent emission of tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester. RESULTS Higher levels of PR-M and mitochondrial porin were found in the fibroid edge compared with adjacent myometrium. Progestin increased mitochondrial membrane potential in hTERT-HM cells, which was not affected by a translation inhibitor. This effect was exaggerated in hTERT-HM cells expressing PR-M after transient transfection. CONCLUSION These studies suggest a mechanism whereby progesterone/progestin may affect the growth of fibroids by altering mitochondrial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanling Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Q.F.), The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Henan Zhengzhou, China 450052; and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (J.R.C., Q.D., P.C.L., T.M.P.), Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, and Department of Pathology (P.C.L.), Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27713
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12
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Ke YJ, Qin XD, Zhang YC, Li H, Li R, Yuan JL, Yang X, Ding SM. In vitro study on cytotoxicity and intracellular formaldehyde concentration changes after exposure to formaldehyde and its derivatives. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:822-30. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113510538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HeLa cells were exposed to formaldehyde and its metabolic derivatives, methanol, formic acid, and acetaldehyde, to investigate that the toxicity of formaldehyde is not caused by the chemical group. After 1 h of treatment with formaldehyde, mitochondrial assays showed that low concentrations (e.g. 10 μmol/L) of formaldehyde promoted growth of the HeLa cells, while higher concentrations (e.g. ≥62.5 μmol/L) inhibited cell growth; while all four chemicals at a concentration of 125 μmol/L affected cell growth, formaldehyde affected the largest. Reactive oxygen species concentration increased with the concentration of the exposure chemical. The endogenous formaldehyde content increased the most in the formaldehyde group, but in other three groups, it did not increase as the exposure concentration increased. Expression of dehydrogenase (formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH)) in the formaldehyde (10.40) and methanol (10.60) groups increased significantly compared with the control (1), while it was similar to the control in formic acid (0.90) and acetaldehyde (1.10) groups. Our results suggest that formaldehyde could affect cell activity and even enter cells. Exposure to formaldehyde changes the endogenous formaldehyde concentration in cells within 24 h, and this induces expression of FDH for formaldehyde degradation to maintain the formaldehyde balance. The toxicity of formaldehyde is not caused by the carbon atoms in the aldehyde, hydroxyl, or carboxyl groups. Formaldehyde is hypothesized to be an important signaling molecule in the regulation of cell growth and maintenance of the endogenous formaldehyde level.
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Affiliation(s)
- YJ Ke
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - XD Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - YC Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - H Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - R Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - JL Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - X Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - SM Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Science, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Kiebish MA, Yang K, Liu X, Mancuso DJ, Guan S, Zhao Z, Sims HF, Cerqua R, Cade WT, Han X, Gross RW. Dysfunctional cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetic, lipidomic, and signaling in a murine model of Barth syndrome. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1312-25. [PMID: 23410936 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m034728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Barth syndrome is a complex metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the mitochondrial transacylase tafazzin. Recently, an inducible tafazzin shRNA knockdown mouse model was generated to deconvolute the complex bioenergetic phenotype of this disease. To investigate the underlying cause of hemodynamic dysfunction in Barth syndrome, we interrogated the cardiac structural and signaling lipidome of this mouse model as well as its myocardial bioenergetic phenotype. A decrease in the distribution of cardiolipin molecular species and robust increases in monolysocardiolipin and dilysocardiolipin were demonstrated. Additionally, the contents of choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipid molecular species containing precursors for lipid signaling at the sn-2 position were altered. Lipidomic analyses revealed specific dysregulation of HETEs and prostanoids, as well as oxidized linoleic and docosahexaenoic metabolites. Bioenergetic interrogation uncovered differential substrate utilization as well as decreases in Complex III and V activities. Transgenic expression of cardiolipin synthase or iPLA2γ ablation in tafazzin-deficient mice did not rescue the observed phenotype. These results underscore the complex nature of alterations in cardiolipin metabolism mediated by tafazzin loss of function. Collectively, we identified specific lipidomic, bioenergetic, and signaling alterations in a murine model that parallel those of Barth syndrome thereby providing novel insights into the pathophysiology of this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kiebish
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
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14
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Canonico B, Luchetti F, Ambrogini P, Arcangeletti M, Betti M, Cesarini E, Lattanzi D, Ciuffoli S, Palma F, Cuppini R, Papa S. Pharmacological doses of melatonin induce alterations in mitochondrial mass and potential, bcl-2 levels and K+currents in UVB-exposed U937 cells. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:213-26. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Canonico
- DiSTeVA, Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’; Urbino; Italy
| | - Francesca Luchetti
- DiSTeVA, Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’; Urbino; Italy
| | - Patrizia Ambrogini
- DiSTeVA, Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’; Urbino; Italy
| | - Marcella Arcangeletti
- DiSTeVA, Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’; Urbino; Italy
| | - Michele Betti
- DiSTeVA, Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’; Urbino; Italy
| | - Erica Cesarini
- DiSTeVA, Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’; Urbino; Italy
| | - Davide Lattanzi
- DiSTeVA, Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’; Urbino; Italy
| | - Stefano Ciuffoli
- DiSTeVA, Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’; Urbino; Italy
| | - Fulvio Palma
- DiSTeVA, Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’; Urbino; Italy
| | - Riccardo Cuppini
- DiSTeVA, Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’; Urbino; Italy
| | - Stefano Papa
- DiSTeVA, Department of Earth, Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’; Urbino; Italy
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15
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Kiebish MA, Yang K, Sims HF, Jenkins CM, Liu X, Mancuso DJ, Zhao Z, Guan S, Abendschein DR, Han X, Gross RW. Myocardial regulation of lipidomic flux by cardiolipin synthase: setting the beat for bioenergetic efficiency. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25086-97. [PMID: 22584571 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.340521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipidomic regulation of mitochondrial cardiolipin content and molecular species composition is a prominent regulator of bioenergetic efficiency. However, the mechanisms controlling cardiolipin metabolism during health or disease progression have remained elusive. Herein, we demonstrate that cardiac myocyte-specific transgenic expression of cardiolipin synthase results in accelerated cardiolipin lipidomic flux that impacts multiple aspects of mitochondrial bioenergetics and signaling. During the postnatal period, cardiolipin synthase transgene expression results in marked changes in the temporal maturation of cardiolipin molecular species during development. In adult myocardium, cardiolipin synthase transgene expression leads to a marked increase in symmetric tetra-18:2 molecular species without a change in total cardiolipin content. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that these alterations result from increased cardiolipin remodeling by sequential phospholipase and transacylase/acyltransferase activities in conjunction with a decrease in phosphatidylglycerol content. Moreover, cardiolipin synthase transgene expression results in alterations in signaling metabolites, including a marked increase in the cardioprotective eicosanoid 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid. Examination of mitochondrial bioenergetic function by high resolution respirometry demonstrated that cardiolipin synthase transgene expression resulted in improved mitochondrial bioenergetic efficiency as evidenced by enhanced electron transport chain coupling using multiple substrates as well as by salutary changes in Complex III and IV activities. Furthermore, transgenic expression of cardiolipin synthase attenuated maladaptive cardiolipin remodeling and bioenergetic inefficiency in myocardium rendered diabetic by streptozotocin treatment. Collectively, these results demonstrate the unanticipated role of cardiolipin synthase in maintaining physiologic membrane structure and function even under metabolic stress, thereby identifying cardiolipin synthase as a novel therapeutic target to attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kiebish
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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16
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Tomitsuka E, Kita K, Esumi H. An anticancer agent, pyrvinium pamoate inhibits the NADH-fumarate reductase system--a unique mitochondrial energy metabolism in tumour microenvironments. J Biochem 2012; 152:171-83. [PMID: 22528668 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased glycolysis is the principal explanation for how cancer cells generate energy in the absence of oxygen. However, in actual human tumour microenvironments, hypoxia is often associated with hypoglycemia because of the poor blood supply. Therefore, glycolysis cannot be the sole mechanism for the maintenance of the energy status in cancers. To understand energy metabolism in cancer cells under hypoxia-hypoglycemic conditions mimicking the tumour microenvironments, we examined the NADH-fumarate reductase (NADH-FR) system, which functions in parasites under hypoxic condition, as a candidate mechanism. In human cancer cells (DLD-1, Panc-1 and HepG2) cultured under hypoxic-hypoglycemic conditions, NADH-FR activity, which is composed of the activities of complex I (NADH-ubiquinone reductase) and the reverse reaction of complex II (quinol-FR), increased, whereas NADH-oxidase activity decreased. Pyrvinium pamoate (PP), which is an anthelmintic and has an anti-cancer effect within tumour-mimicking microenvironments, inhibited NADH-FR activities in both parasites and mammalian mitochondria. Moreover, PP increased the activity of complex II (succinate-ubiquinone reductase) in mitochondria from human cancer cells cultured under normoxia-normoglycemic conditions but not under hypoxia-hypoglycemic conditions. These results indicate that the NADH-FR system may be important for maintaining mitochondrial energy production in tumour microenvironments and suggest its potential use as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Tomitsuka
- Cancer Physiology Project, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan.
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Horstkotte J, Perisic T, Schneider M, Lange P, Schroeder M, Kiermayer C, Hinkel R, Ziegler T, Mandal PK, David R, Schulz S, Schmitt S, Widder J, Sinowatz F, Becker BF, Bauersachs J, Naebauer M, Franz WM, Jeremias I, Brielmeier M, Zischka H, Conrad M, Kupatt C. Mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase is essential for early postischemic myocardial protection. Circulation 2011; 124:2892-902. [PMID: 22144571 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.059253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive formation of reactive oxygen species contributes to tissue injury and functional deterioration after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. Especially, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are capable of opening the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, a harmful event in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion. Thioredoxins are key players in the cardiac defense against oxidative stress. Mutations in the mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase (thioredoxin reductase-2, Txnrd2) gene have been recently identified to cause dilated cardiomyopathy in patients. Here, we investigated whether mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase is protective against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS AND RESULTS In mice, α-MHC-restricted Cre-mediated Txnrd2 deficiency, induced by tamoxifen (Txnrd2-/-ic), aggravated systolic dysfunction and cardiomyocyte cell death after ischemia (90 minutes) and reperfusion (24 hours). Txnrd2-/-ic was accompanied by a loss of mitochondrial integrity and function, which was resolved on pretreatment with the reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetylcysteine and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore blocker cyclosporin A. Likewise, Txnrd2 deletion in embryonic endothelial precursor cells and embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, as well as introduction of Txnrd2-shRNA into adult HL-1 cardiomyocytes, increased cell death on hypoxia and reoxygenation, unless N-acetylcysteine was coadministered. CONCLUSIONS We report that Txnrd2 exerts a crucial function during postischemic reperfusion via thiol regeneration. The efficacy of cyclosporin A in cardiac Txnrd2 deficiency may indicate a role for Txnrd2 in reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, thereby preventing opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Horstkotte
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Munich Heart Alliance, Klinikum Grosshadern of the Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Pardo R, Enguix N, Lasheras J, Feliu JE, Kralli A, Villena JA. Rosiglitazone-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in white adipose tissue is independent of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26989. [PMID: 22087241 PMCID: PMC3210129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazolidinediones, a family of insulin-sensitizing drugs commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes, are thought to exert their effects in part by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis in white adipose tissue through the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Coactivator-1α). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To assess the role of PGC-1α in the control of rosiglitazone-induced mitochondrial biogenesis, we have generated a mouse model that lacks expression of PGC-1α specifically in adipose tissues (PGC-1α-FAT-KO mice). We found that expression of genes encoding for mitochondrial proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, tricarboxylic acid cycle or fatty acid oxidation, was similar in white adipose tissue of wild type and PGC-1α-FAT-KO mice. Furthermore, the absence of PGC-1α did not prevent the positive effect of rosiglitazone on mitochondrial gene expression or biogenesis, but it precluded the induction by rosiglitazone of UCP1 and other brown fat-specific genes in white adipose tissue. Consistent with the in vivo findings, basal and rosiglitazone-induced mitochondrial gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was unaffected by the knockdown of PGC-1α but it was impaired when PGC-1β expression was knockdown by the use of specific siRNA. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that in white adipose tissue PGC-1α is dispensable for basal and rosiglitazone-induced mitochondrial biogenesis but required for the rosiglitazone-induced expression of UCP1 and other brown adipocyte-specific markers. Our study suggests that PGC-1α is important for the appearance of brown adipocytes in white adipose tissue. Our findings also provide evidence that PGC-1β and not PGC-1α regulates basal and rosiglitazone-induced mitochondrial gene expression in white adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Pardo
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Obesity, Unit of Diabetes and Metabolism, Vall d'Hebron-Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natàlia Enguix
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Obesity, Unit of Diabetes and Metabolism, Vall d'Hebron-Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Lasheras
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Obesity, Unit of Diabetes and Metabolism, Vall d'Hebron-Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan E. Feliu
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Obesity, Unit of Diabetes and Metabolism, Vall d'Hebron-Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anastasia Kralli
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Josep A. Villena
- Laboratory of Metabolism and Obesity, Unit of Diabetes and Metabolism, Vall d'Hebron-Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Pal AK, Bello D, Budhlall B, Rogers E. Screening for Oxidative Stress Elicited by Engineered Nanomaterials: Evaluation of Acellular DCFH Assay. Dose Response 2011; 10:308-30. [PMID: 22942866 PMCID: PMC3430394 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.10-036.pal] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The DCFH assay is commonly used for measuring free radicals generated by engineered nanomaterials (ENM), a well-established mechanism of ENM toxicity. Concerns exist over susceptibility of the DCFH assay to: assay conditions, adsorption of DCFH onto ENM, fluorescence quenching and light scattering. These effects vary in magnitude depending on ENM physiochemical properties and concentration. A rigorous evaluation of this method is still lacking. The objective was to evaluate performance of the DCFH assay for measuring ENM-induced free radicals. A series of diverse and well-characterized ENM were tested in the acellular DCFH assay. We investigated the effect of sonication conditions, dispersion media, ENM concentration, and the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on the DCFH results. The acellular DCFH assay suffers from high background signals resulting from dye auto-oxidation and lacks sensitivity and robustness. DCFH oxidation is further enhanced by HRP. The number of positive ENM in the assay and their relative ranking changed as a function of experimental conditions. An inverse dose relationship was observed for several Carbon-based ENM. Overall, these findings indicate the importance of having standardized assays for evaluating ENM toxicity and highlights limitations of the DCFH assay for measuring ENM-induced free radicals.
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Grünewald A, Voges L, Rakovic A, Kasten M, Vandebona H, Hemmelmann C, Lohmann K, Orolicki S, Ramirez A, Schapira AHV, Pramstaller PP, Sue CM, Klein C. Mutant Parkin impairs mitochondrial function and morphology in human fibroblasts. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12962. [PMID: 20885945 PMCID: PMC2946349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in Parkin are the most common cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson disease (PD). The mitochondrially localized E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Parkin has been reported to be involved in respiratory chain function and mitochondrial dynamics. More recent publications also described a link between Parkin and mitophagy. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we investigated the impact of Parkin mutations on mitochondrial function and morphology in a human cellular model. Fibroblasts were obtained from three members of an Italian PD family with two mutations in Parkin (homozygous c.1072delT, homozygous delEx7, compound-heterozygous c.1072delT/delEx7), as well as from two relatives without mutations. Furthermore, three unrelated compound-heterozygous patients (delEx3-4/duplEx7-12, delEx4/c.924C>T and delEx1/c.924C>T) and three unrelated age-matched controls were included. Fibroblasts were cultured under basal or paraquat-induced oxidative stress conditions. ATP synthesis rates and cellular levels were detected luminometrically. Activities of complexes I-IV and citrate synthase were measured spectrophotometrically in mitochondrial preparations or cell lysates. The mitochondrial membrane potential was measured with 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide. Oxidative stress levels were investigated with the OxyBlot technique. The mitochondrial network was investigated immunocytochemically and the degree of branching was determined with image processing methods. We observed a decrease in the production and overall concentration of ATP coinciding with increased mitochondrial mass in Parkin-mutant fibroblasts. After an oxidative insult, the membrane potential decreased in patient cells but not in controls. We further determined higher levels of oxidized proteins in the mutants both under basal and stress conditions. The degree of mitochondrial network branching was comparable in mutants and controls under basal conditions and decreased to a similar extent under paraquat-induced stress. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Parkin mutations cause abnormal mitochondrial function and morphology in non-neuronal human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Grünewald
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa Voges
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Rakovic
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Meike Kasten
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Himesha Vandebona
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claudia Hemmelmann
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Slobodanka Orolicki
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anthony H. V. Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carolyn M. Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christine Klein
- Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Tomitsuka E, Kita K, Esumi H. The NADH-fumarate reductase system, a novel mitochondrial energy metabolism, is a new target for anticancer therapy in tumor microenvironments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1201:44-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Chen X, Zhong Z, Xu Z, Chen L, Wang Y. 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein as a fluorescent probe for reactive oxygen species measurement: Forty years of application and controversy. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:587-604. [DOI: 10.3109/10715761003709802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tripathy MK, Mitra D. Differential modulation of mitochondrial OXPHOS system during HIV-1 induced T-cell apoptosis: up regulation of Complex-IV subunit COX-II and its possible implications. Apoptosis 2010; 15:28-40. [PMID: 19771519 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1) infection leads to CD4+ T cell depletion primarily by apoptosis employing both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Although extensive literature exists about the role of mitochondrial proteins in HIV induced T cell apoptosis, there is little understanding about the role of different components of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system in apoptosis. The OXPHOS system comprises of five enzyme complexes (Complex I, II, III, IV, V), subunits of which have been implicated in various functions in addition to their primary role in energy generating process. Here using differential gene expression analysis, we report that Cytochrome Oxidase-II (COX-II), a subunit of Complex-IV is induced in HIV infected apoptotic T-cells. We also observe a temporal up regulation of this subunit across different T-cell lines and in human PBMCs. Further analysis indicates increase in expression of majority of Complex-IV subunits with concomitant increase in Complex-IV activity in HIV infected T cells. Silencing of COX-II expression leads to reduced apoptosis in infected T-cells, indicating its importance in apoptosis. Furthermore, our results also show that the activities of enzyme complexes I, II and III are decreased while those of Complex IV and V are increased at the time of acute infection and apoptosis. This differential regulation in activities of OXPHOS system complexes indicate a complex modulation of host cell energy generating system during HIV infection that ultimately leads to T cell apoptosis.
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Fearon IM, Faux SP. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease: novel tools give (free) radical insight. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 47:372-81. [PMID: 19481547 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of mortality in the Western world and accounts for up to a third of all deaths worldwide. Cardiovascular disease is multifactorial and involves complex interplay between lifestyle (diet, smoking, exercise, ethanol consumption) and fixed (genotype, age, menopausal status, gender) causative factors. The initiating step in cardiovascular disease is endothelial damage, which exposes these cells and the underlying cell layers to a deleterious inflammatory process which ultimately leads to the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. Intrinsic to lesion formation is cellular oxidative stress, due to the production of damaging free radicals (reactive oxygen and nitrogen species) by many cell types including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and monocytes/macrophages. Exogenous factors such as smoking and the existence of other disease states such as diabetes also contribute to oxidative stress and are strong risk factors for cardiovascular disease. In this review we describe this role of free radicals in atherosclerosis and discuss the mechanisms and cellular systems by which these radicals are produced. We also highlight recent technological advances which have added to the vascular biologist's armoury and which promise to provide new insight into the role of reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Fearon
- British American Tobacco, Group R & D, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
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25
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Kiebish MA, Han X, Cheng H, Chuang JH, Seyfried TN. Cardiolipin and electron transport chain abnormalities in mouse brain tumor mitochondria: lipidomic evidence supporting the Warburg theory of cancer. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:2545-56. [PMID: 18703489 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800319-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Otto Warburg first proposed that cancer originated from irreversible injury to mitochondrial respiration, but the structural basis for this injury has remained elusive. Cardiolipin (CL) is a complex phospholipid found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is intimately involved in maintaining mitochondrial functionality and membrane integrity. Abnormalities in CL can impair mitochondrial function and bioenergetics. We used shotgun lipidomics to analyze CL content and composition in highly purified brain mitochondria from the C57BL/6J (B6) and VM/Dk (VM) inbred strains and from subcutaneously grown brain tumors derived from these strains to include an astrocytoma and ependymoblastoma (B6 tumors), a stem cell tumor, and two microgliomas (VM tumors). Major abnormalities in CL content or composition were found in all tumors. The compositional abnormalities involved an abundance of immature molecular species and deficiencies of mature molecular species, suggesting major defects in CL synthesis and remodeling. The tumor CL abnormalities were also associated with significant reductions in both individual and linked electron transport chain activities. A mathematical model was developed to facilitate data interpretation. The implications of our findings to the Warburg cancer theory are discussed.
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Kiebish MA, Han X, Cheng H, Lunceford A, Clarke CF, Moon H, Chuang JH, Seyfried TN. Lipidomic analysis and electron transport chain activities in C57BL/6J mouse brain mitochondria. J Neurochem 2008; 106:299-312. [PMID: 18373617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the lipidome and electron transport chain activities in purified non-synaptic (NS) and synaptic (Syn) mitochondria from C57BL/6J mouse cerebral cortex. Contamination from subcellular membranes, especially myelin, has hindered past attempts to accurately characterize the lipid composition of brain mitochondria. An improved Ficoll and sucrose discontinuous gradient method was employed that yielded highly enriched mitochondrial populations free of myelin contamination. The activities of Complexes I, II, III, and II/III were lower in Syn than in NS mitochondria, while Complexes I/III and IV activities were similar in both populations. Shotgun lipidomics showed that levels of cardiolipin (Ptd(2)Gro) were lower, whereas levels of ceramide and phosphatidylserine were higher in Syn than in NS mitochondria. Coenzyme Q(9) and Q(10) was also lower in Syn than in NS mitochondria. Gangliosides, phosphatidic acid, sulfatides, and cerebrosides were undetectable in brain mitochondria. The distribution of Ptd(2)Gro molecular species was similar in both populations and formed a unique pattern, consisting of seven major molecular species groups, when arranged according to mass to charge ratios. Remodeling involving choline and ethanolamine phosphoglycerides could explain Ptd(2)Gro heterogeneity. NS and Syn mitochondrial lipidomic heterogeneity could influence energy metabolism, which may contribute to metabolic compartmentation of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kiebish
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
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27
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Brain mitochondrial lipid abnormalities in mice susceptible to spontaneous gliomas. Lipids 2008; 43:951-9. [PMID: 18560917 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in mitochondrial function have long been considered a hallmark of cancer. We compared the lipidome and electron transport chain activities of non-synaptic brain mitochondria in two inbred mouse strains, the C57BL/6J (B6) and the VM/Dk (VM). The VM strain is unique in expressing a high incidence of spontaneous brain tumors (1.5%) that are mostly gliomas. The incidence of gliomas is about 210-fold greater in VM mice than in B6 mice. Using shotgun lipidomics, we found that the mitochondrial content of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid, phosphatidylserine, and ceramide was higher, whereas the content of total choline glycerophospholipid was lower in the VM mice than in B6 mice. Total cardiolipin content was similar in the VM and the B6 mice, but the distribution of cardiolipin molecular species differed markedly between the strains. B6 non-synaptic mitochondria contained 95 molecular species of cardiolipin that were symmetrically distributed over 7 major groups based on mass charge. In contrast, VM non-synaptic mitochondria contained only 42 molecular species that were distributed asymmetrically. The activities of Complex I, I/III, and II/III enzymes were lower, whereas the activity of complex IV was higher in the mitochondria of VM mice than in B6 mice. The high glioma incidence and alterations in electron transport chain activities in VM mice compared to B6 mice could be related to the unusual composition of mitochondrial lipids in the VM mouse brain.
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Zhao Z, Rothery RA, Weiner JH. Effects of site-directed mutations inEscherichia colisuccinate dehydrogenase on the enzyme activity and production of superoxide radicalsThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled CSBMCB — Membrane Proteins in Health and Disease. Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 84:1013-21. [PMID: 17215887 DOI: 10.1139/o06-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli succinate dehydrogenase (SdhCDAB) catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the Krebs cycle, and during turnover, it produces superoxide radicals. SdhCDAB is a good model system for the succinate dehydrogenase (Sdh) found in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (complex II), as the subunits are structural homologues. Although mutations in sdh genes are reportedly associated with a variety of mitochondria-related diseases, the molecular mechanism of these diseases is poorly understood. We have investigated the effects of site-directed mutations around the heme (SdhD-H71L and SdhC-H91L), and at the ubiquinone-binding site (Q site; SdhC-I28E), on enzyme activity and production of superoxide radicals. The mutations SdhD-H71L and SdhC-I28E, but not SdhC-H91L, significantly reduce the succinate–ubiquinone reductase activity of the enzyme. All 3 mutant enzymes produce more superoxide than the wild-type enzyme, indicating that disturbance of the heme or the Q site can enhance superoxide production. The presence of a Q-site inhibitor reduces superoxide production significantly. Furthermore, the yield of superoxide is substrate dependent and increases with succinate concentration from 0.1 to 10 mmol/L. Our results indicate that, in SdhCDAB, the Q site with bound ubiquinone is an important source of superoxide radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhao
- Membrane Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, 474 Medical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
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Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barceló-Coblijn GC, Nussbaum RL. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking alpha-synuclein. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:10190-201. [PMID: 16260631 PMCID: PMC1280279 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.22.10190-10201.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein, implicated in Parkinson disease (PD), binds phospholipids and has a role in brain fatty acid (FA) metabolism. In mice lacking alpha-synuclein (Snca-/-), total brain steady-state mass of the mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin, is reduced 22% and its acyl side chains show a 51% increase in saturated FAs and a 25% reduction in essential n-6, but not n-3, polyunsaturated FAs. Additionally, 23% reduction in phosphatidylglycerol content, the immediate biosynthetic precursor of cardiolipin, was observed without alterations in the content of other brain phospholipids. Consistent with these changes, more ordered lipid head group and acyl chain packing with enhanced rotational motion of diphenylhexatriene (DPH) about its long axis were demonstrated in time-resolved DPH fluorescence lifetime experiments. These abnormalities in mitochondrial membrane properties were associated with a 15% reduction in linked complex I/III activity of the electron transport chain, without reductions in mitochondrial number, complex II/III activity, or individual complex I, II, III, or IV activity. Reduced complex I activity is thought to be a critical factor in the development of PD. Thus, altered membrane composition and structure and impaired complex I/III function in Snca-/- brain suggest a relationship between alpha-synuclein's role in brain lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Ellis
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 49 Convent Dr., MSC 4472, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4472, USA
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Sorice M, Circella A, Cristea IM, Garofalo T, Di Renzo L, Alessandri C, Valesini G, Esposti MD. Cardiolipin and its metabolites move from mitochondria to other cellular membranes during death receptor-mediated apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11:1133-45. [PMID: 15181455 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that during death receptor-mediated apoptosis, cardiolipin (CL) relocates to the cell surface, where it reacts with autoantibodies from antiphospholipid syndrome sera. Here, we analysed the intracellular distribution of CL and its metabolites during the early phase of cell death signalling triggered by Fas stimulation in U937 cells and mouse liver. We found a redistribution of mitochondrial CL to the cell surface by using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. Mass spectrometry revealed that CL and its metabolites relocated from mitochondria to other intracellular organelles during apoptosis, with a conversion into non-mitochondrial lipids. Concomitantly, cytosolic Bid relocated to the light membranes comprised in fraction P100, including the plasma membrane and associated vesicular systems. A direct Bid-CL interaction was demonstrated by the observation that CL and monolysoCL coimmunoprecipitated with Bid especially after Fas stimulation, suggesting a dynamic interaction of the protein with CL and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sorice
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Patologia, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy.
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YOON YOUNGSIL, CHO HYESEONG, LEE JAEHO, YOON GYESOON. Mitochondrial Dysfunction via Disruption of Complex II Activity during Iron Chelation-Induced Senescence-like Growth Arrest of Chang Cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1293.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Yoon YS, Cho H, Lee JH, Yoon G. Mitochondrial dysfunction via disruption of complex II activity during iron chelation-induced senescence-like growth arrest of Chang cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1011:123-32. [PMID: 15126290 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-41088-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
When cells are deprived of iron, their growth is invariably inhibited. However, the mechanism involved remains largely unclear. Recently, we have reported that subcytotoxic concentration of deferoxamine mesylate (DFO), an iron chelator, specifically inhibited transition of Chang cell, a normal hepatocyte cell line, from G1 to S phase, which was accompanied by irreversible appearance of senescent biomarkers. To investigate factors responsible for the irreversible arrest, we examined mitochondrial activities because they require several irons for their proper structure and function. After exposure to 1 M DFO, total cellular ATP level was irreversibly decreased with concurrent disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), implying that it might be one of the crucial factors involved in the arrest. DFO did not directly inhibit the mitochondrial respiratory activities in vitro. Among the respiratory activities, complex II activity was specifically inhibited through a down-regulation of the expression of its iron-sulfur subunit. We also observed that mitochondrial morphology was drastically changed to highly elongated form. Our results suggest that mitochondrial function is sensitive to cellular iron level and iron deprivation might be involved in inducing the senescent arrest. In addition, complex II, which is a part of both oxidative phosphorylation and the Krebs cycle, could be one of the critical factors that regulate mitochondrial function by responding to iron levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sil Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, South Korea
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González-Halphen D, Maslov DA. NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity in the kinetoplasts of the plant trypanosomatid Phytomonas serpens. Parasitol Res 2004; 92:341-6. [PMID: 14727190 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-003-1058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Accepted: 11/25/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity is present in mitochondrial lysates of Phytomonas serpens. Rotenone at 2-10 microM inhibited the activity 50-75%, indicating that it belongs to respiratory complex I. The activity was also inhibited 50-60% in the presence of 10-30 nM atovaquone suggesting that inhibition of complex I represents a likely mechanism of the known antileishmanial activity of this drug. The complex was partially purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and gel-filtration on Sepharose CL-2B. The NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity in this preparation was completely inactivated by 20 nM atovaquone. The partially purified complex was present in a low amount and its subunits could not be discerned by staining with Coomassie. However, one of its components, a homologue of the 39 kDa subunit of the bovine complex I, was identified immunochemically in the original lysate and in the partially purified material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego González-Halphen
- Department of Biology, University of California, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Schaefer WH, Lawrence JW, Loughlin AF, Stoffregen DA, Mixson LA, Dean DC, Raab CE, Yu NX, Lankas GR, Frederick CB. Evaluation of ubiquinone concentration and mitochondrial function relative to cerivastatin-induced skeletal myopathy in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2004; 194:10-23. [PMID: 14728975 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2003.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As a class, hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors can potentially cause skeletal myopathy. One statin, cerivastatin, has recently been withdrawn from the market due to an unacceptably high incidence of rhabdomyolysis. The mechanism underlying statin-induced myopathy is unknown. This paper sought to investigate the relationship among statin-induced myopathy, mitochondrial function, and muscle ubiquinone levels. Rats were administered cerivastatin at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 (mg/kg)/day or dose vehicle (controls) by oral gavage for 15 days. Samples of type I-predominant skeletal muscle (soleus) and type II-predominant skeletal muscle [quadriceps and extensor digitorum longus (EDL)], and blood were collected on study days 5, 10, and 15 for morphological evaluation, clinical chemistry, mitochondrial function tests, and analysis of ubiquinone levels. No histological changes were observed in any of the animals on study days 5 or 10, but on study day 15, mid- and high-dose animals had necrosis and inflammation in type II skeletal muscle. Elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels in blood (a clinical marker of myopathy) correlated with the histopathological diagnosis of myopathy. Ultrastructural characterization of skeletal muscle revealed disruption of the sarcomere and altered mitochondria only in myofibers with degeneration, while adjacent myofibers were unaffected and had normal mitochondria. Thus, mitochondrial effects appeared not to precede myofiber degeneration. Mean coenzyme Q9 (CoQ9) levels in all dose groups were slightly decreased relative to controls in type II skeletal muscle, although the difference was not significantly different in most cases. Mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle was not affected by the changes in ubiquinone levels. The ubiquinone levels in high-dose-treated animals exhibiting myopathy were not significantly different from low-dose animals with no observable toxic effects. Furthermore, ubiquinone levels did not correlate with circulating CK levels in treated animals. The results of this study suggest that neither mitochondrial injury, nor a decrease in muscle ubiquinone levels, is the primary cause of skeletal myopathy in cerivastatin-dosed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Schaefer
- Department of Safety Assessment, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
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Yoon YS, Byun HO, Cho H, Kim BK, Yoon G. Complex II defect via down-regulation of iron-sulfur subunit induces mitochondrial dysfunction and cell cycle delay in iron chelation-induced senescence-associated growth arrest. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:51577-86. [PMID: 14512425 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308489200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a pivotal role as an ATP generator in aerobically growing cells, and their defects have long been implicated in the cellular aging process, although its detailed underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, we found that, in the cellular senescent process of Chang cells induced by desferroxamine mesylate, an iron chelator, a significant decrease of intracellular ATP level was accompanied by decline in complex II activity, which preceded acquisition of the senescent phenotype. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of how the mitochondrial ATP productivity was damaged by iron chelation and how complex II defect was involved in the senescent arrest. The ATP loss was irreversible and accompanied by sustained collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta psi m), but the ATP loss itself did not seem to be essential in progression to the senescent arrest. The Delta psi m disruption was due to decreased mitochondrial respiration, which was primarily associated with the defective complex II activity. Furthermore, we found that the declined activity of complex II was mainly due to down-regulation of protein expression of the iron-sulfur subunit, which was associated with the irreversibility of the arrest. Finally, we demonstrated that specific inhibition of complex II with 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone induced overall delay of the cell cycle, suggesting that the delayed arrest by desferroxamine mesylate might be in part due to inhibition of complex II activity. Taken together, our results suggest that complex II might be considered as one of the primary factors to regulate mitochondrial respiratory function by responding to the cellular iron level, thereby influencing cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sil Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 442-721, South Korea
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Alternative oxidase present in procyclic Trypanosoma brucei may act to lower the mitochondrial production of superoxide. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 414:294-302. [PMID: 12781782 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial electron transfer chain present in the procyclic form of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei contains both cytochrome c oxidase and an alternative oxidase (TAO) as terminal oxidases that reduce oxygen to water. By contrast, the electron transfer chain of the primitive mitochondrion present in the bloodstream form of T. brucei contains only TAO as the terminal oxidase. TAO functions in the bloodstream forms to oxidize the ubiquinol produced by the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle that results in the oxidation of the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate produced by glycolysis. The function, however, of TAO in the procyclic forms is unknown. In this study, we found that inhibition of TAO by the specific inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid stimulates the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in trypanosome mitochondria, resulting in mitochondrial alteration and increased oxidation of cellular proteins. Moreover, the activity and protein content of TAO in procyclic trypanosomes were increased when cells were incubated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide or antimycin A, the cytochrome bc1 complex inhibitor, which also results in increased ROS production. We suggest that one function of TAO in procyclic cells may be to prevent ROS production by removing excess reducing equivalents and transferring them to oxygen.
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Moghaddas S, Hoppel CL, Lesnefsky EJ. Aging defect at the QO site of complex III augments oxyradical production in rat heart interfibrillar mitochondria. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 414:59-66. [PMID: 12745255 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Complex III in the mitochondrial electron transport chain is a proposed site for the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species that contribute to aging in the heart. We describe a defect in the ubiquinol binding site (Q(O)) within cytochrome b in complex III only in the interfibrillar population of cardiac mitochondria during aging. The defect is manifested as a leak of electrons through myxothiazol blockade to reduce cytochrome b and is observed whether cytochrome b in complex III is reduced from the forward or the reverse direction. The aging defect increases the production of reactive oxygen species from the Q(O) site of complex III in interfibrillar mitochondria. A greater leak of electrons from complex III during the oxidation of ubiquinol is a likely mechanism for the enhanced oxidant production from mitochondria that contributes to aging in the rat heart.
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Blatt NB, Bednarski JJ, Warner RE, Leonetti F, Johnson KM, Boitano A, Yung R, Richardson BC, Johnson KJ, Ellman JA, Opipari AW, Glick GD. Benzodiazepine-induced superoxide signals B cell apoptosis: mechanistic insight and potential therapeutic utility. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:1123-32. [PMID: 12393848 PMCID: PMC150800 DOI: 10.1172/jci16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of a proapoptotic 1,4-benzodiazepine, Bz-423, identified through combinatorial chemistry and phenotype screening are described. Bz-423 rapidly generated superoxide (O(2)(-)) in transformed Ramos B cells. This O(2)(-) response originated from mitochondria prior to mitochondrial transmembrane gradient collapse and opening of the permeability transition pore. Bz-423-induced O(2)(-) functioned as an upstream signal that initiated an apoptotic program characterized by cytochrome c release, mitochondrial depolarization, and caspase activation. Pretreatment of cells with agents that either block the formation of Bz-423-induced O(2)(-) or scavenge free radicals attenuated the death cascade, which demonstrated that cell killing by Bz-423 depends on O(2)(-). Parallels between Ramos cells and germinal center B cells prompted experiments to determine whether Bz-423 had therapeutic activity in vivo. This possibility was tested using the (NZB x NZW)F(1) murine model of lupus, in which the pathologically enhanced survival and expansion of germinal center B cells mediate disease. Administration of Bz-423 for 12 weeks specifically controlled germinal center hyperplasia and reduced the histological evidence of glomerulonephritis. Collectively, these studies define a new structure-function relationship for benzodiazepines and point to a new target and mechanism that could be of value for developing improved drugs to manage systemic lupus erythematosus and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal B Blatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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Nakayama S, Sakuyama T, Mitaku S, Ohta Y. Fluorescence imaging of metabolic responses in single mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:23-8. [PMID: 11779127 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.6185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The membrane potentials, rates of NAD(P)H formation, and rates of flavoprotein reduction have been measured for single mitochondria isolated from porcine hearts. These metabolic responses were elicited by the addition of malate and measured using fluorescence microscopy. For the measurements of mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondria were stained with tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester, and the membrane potentials of single mitochondria were determined. Individual mitochondria maintained the membrane potential at around -80 mV before addition of malate. Upon the addition of malate, each mitochondrion was rapidly polarized to around -100 approximately -140 mV and underwent repeated cycles of polarization and depolarization, which were probably caused by openings and closings of permeability transition pores. NAD(P)(+) and flavoprotein were reduced immediately after addition of malate and then slowly became reoxidized. Thus, single mitochondria can undergo rapid and repetitive changes in membrane potential, but not in the redox state of NAD(P)H and flavoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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