1
|
Maji L, Sengupta S, Purawarga Matada GS, Teli G, Biswas G, Das PK, Panduranga Mudgal M. Medicinal chemistry perspective of JAK inhibitors: synthesis, biological profile, selectivity, and structure activity relationship. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10794-5. [PMID: 38236444 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
JAK-STAT signalling pathway was discovered more than quarter century ago. The JAK-STAT pathway protein is considered as one of the crucial hubs for cytokine secretion which mediates activation of different inflammatory, cellular responses and hence involved in different etiological factors. The various etiological factors involved are haematopoiesis, immune fitness, tissue repair, inflammation, apoptosis, and adipogenesis. The presence of the active mutation V617K plays a significant role in the progression of the JAK-STAT pathway-related disease. Consequently, targeting the JAK-STAT pathway could be a promising therapeutic approach for addressing a range of causative factors. In this current review, we provided a comprehensive discussion for the in-detail study of anatomy and physiology of the JAK-STAT pathway which contributes structural domain rearrangement, activation, and negative regulation associated with the downstream signaling pathway, relationship between different cytokines and diseases. This review also discussed the recent development of clinical trial entities. Additionally, this review also provides updates on FDA-approved drugs. In the current investigation, we have classified recently developed small molecule inhibitors of JAK-STAT pathway according to different chemical classes and we emphasized their synthetic routes, biological evaluation, selectivity, and structure-activity relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lalmohan Maji
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sindhuja Sengupta
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Ghanshyam Teli
- School of Pharmacy, Sangam University, Atoon, Bhilwara, 311001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gourab Biswas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Brainware University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pronoy Kanti Das
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Allen CNS, Banks DA, Shuster M, Vogel SN, O’Connor TJ, Briken V. Legionella pneumophila inhibits type I interferon signaling to avoid cell-intrinsic host cell defense. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0036523. [PMID: 37843413 PMCID: PMC10652965 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00365-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The host type I interferon (IFN) response protects against Legionella pneumophila infections. Other bacterial pathogens inhibit type I IFN-mediated cell signaling; however, the interaction between this signaling pathway and L. pneumophila has not been well described. Here, we demonstrate that L. pneumophila inhibits the IFN-β signaling pathway but does not inhibit IFN-γ-mediated cell signaling. The addition of IFN-β to L. pneumophila-infected macrophages limited bacterial growth independently of NOS2 and reactive nitrogen species. The type IV secretion system of L. pneumophila is required to inhibit IFN-β-mediated cell signaling. Finally, we show that the inhibition of the IFN-β signaling pathway occurs downstream of STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, our findings describe a novel host cell signaling pathway inhibited by L. pneumophila via its type IV secretion system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles N. S. Allen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Dallas A. Banks
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Shuster
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tamara J. O’Connor
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pang Q, You L, Meng X, Li Y, Deng T, Li D, Zhu B. Regulation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway: The promising targets for cardiovascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115587. [PMID: 37187275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Individuals have known that Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway was involved in the growth of the cell, cell differentiation courses advancement, immune cellular survival, as well as hematopoietic system advancement. Researches in the animal models have already uncovered a JAK/STAT regulatory function in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI), acute myocardial infarction (MI), hypertension, myocarditis, heart failure, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Evidences originating in these studies indicate a therapeutic JAK/STAT function in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In this retrospection, various JAK/STAT functions in the normal and ill hearts were described. Moreover, the latest figures about JAK/STAT were summarized under the background of CVDs. Finally, we discussed the clinical transformation prospects and technical limitations of JAK/STAT as the potential therapeutic targets for CVDs. This collection of evidences has essential meanings for the clinical application of JAK/STAT as medicinal agents for CVDs. In this retrospection, various JAK/STAT functions in the normal and ill hearts were described. Moreover, the latest figures about JAK/STAT were summarized under the background of CVDs. Finally, we discussed the clinical transformation prospects and toxicity of JAK/STAT inhibitors as potential therapeutic targets for CVDs. This collection of evidences has essential meanings for the clinical application of JAK/STAT as medicinal agents for CVDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Pang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu You
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangmin Meng
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Deng
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Deyong Li
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingmei Zhu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Valle-Mendiola A, Gutiérrez-Hoya A, Soto-Cruz I. JAK/STAT Signaling and Cervical Cancer: From the Cell Surface to the Nucleus. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1141. [PMID: 37372319 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway constitutes a rapid signaling module from the cell surface to the nucleus, and activates different cellular responses, such as proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and inflammation. When the JAK/STAT pathway is altered, it contributes to cancer progression and metastasis. STAT proteins play a central role in developing cervical cancer, and inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling may be necessary to induce tumor cell death. Several cancers show continuous activation of different STATs, including cervical cancer. The constitutive activation of STAT proteins is associated with a poor prognosis and overall survival. The human papillomavirus (HPV) oncoproteins E6 and E7 play an essential role in cervical cancer progression, and they activate the JAK/STAT pathway and other signals that induce proliferation, survival, and migration of cancer cells. Moreover, there is a crosstalk between the JAK/STAT signaling cascade with other signaling pathways, where a plethora of different proteins activate to induce gene transcription and cell responses that contribute to tumor growth. Therefore, inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway shows promise as a new target in cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the role of the JAK/STAT pathway components and the role of the HPV oncoproteins associated with cellular malignancy through the JAK/STAT proteins and other signaling pathways to induce tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Valle-Mendiola
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Batalla 5 de Mayo s/n, Colonia Ejército de Oriente, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| | - Adriana Gutiérrez-Hoya
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Batalla 5 de Mayo s/n, Colonia Ejército de Oriente, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
- Cátedra CONACYT, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| | - Isabel Soto-Cruz
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Cell Differentiation and Cancer Research Unit, FES Zaragoza, National University of Mexico, Batalla 5 de Mayo s/n, Colonia Ejército de Oriente, Mexico City 09230, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saga Y, Shimoyama Y, Yamada Y, Morikawa N, Kawata T. The cytosolic lncRNA dutA affects STATa signaling and developmental commitment in Dictyostelium. Genes Cells 2023; 28:111-128. [PMID: 36504347 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
STATa is a pivotal transcription factor for Dictyostelium development. dutA is the most abundant RNA transcribed by RNA polymerase II in Dictyostelium, and its functional interplay with STATa has been suggested. This study demonstrates that dutA RNA molecules are distributed as spot-like structures in the cytoplasm, and that its cell type-specific expression changes dramatically during development. dutA RNA was exclusively detectable in the prespore region of slugs and then predominantly localized in prestalk cells, including the organizer region, at the Mexican hat stage before most dutA transcripts, excluding those in prestalk O cells, disappeared as culmination proceeded. dutA RNA was not translated into small peptides from any potential open reading frame, which confirmed that it is a cytoplasmic lncRNA. Ectopic expression of dutA RNA in the organizer region of slugs caused a prolonged slug migration period. In addition, buffered suspension-cultured cells of the strain displayed reduced STATa nuclear translocation and phosphorylation on Tyr702. Analysis of gene expression in various dutA mutants revealed changes in the levels of several STATa-regulated genes, such as the transcription factors mybC and gtaG, which might affect the phenotype. dutA RNA may regulate several mRNA species, thereby playing an indirect role in STATa activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukika Saga
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yudai Shimoyama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Morikawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kawata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kay RR, Weijer CJ. Jeffrey G. Williams (1948-2022): a pioneer molecular biologist in development. Development 2022. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.201254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Kay
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology 1 , Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB1 0QH , UK
| | - Cornelis J. Weijer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee 2 , Dowstreet, Dundee, DD1 5EH , UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu X, Li J, Fu M, Zhao X, Wang W. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway: from bench to clinic. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:402. [PMID: 34824210 PMCID: PMC8617206 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 716] [Impact Index Per Article: 238.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway was discovered more than a quarter-century ago. As a fulcrum of many vital cellular processes, the JAK/STAT pathway constitutes a rapid membrane-to-nucleus signaling module and induces the expression of various critical mediators of cancer and inflammation. Growing evidence suggests that dysregulation of the JAK/STAT pathway is associated with various cancers and autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the composition, activation, and regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Moreover, we highlight the role of the JAK/STAT pathway and its inhibitors in various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Maorong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Heidorn-Czarna M, Heidorn HM, Fernando S, Sanislav O, Jarmuszkiewicz W, Mutzel R, Fisher PR. Chronic Activation of AMPK Induces Mitochondrial Biogenesis through Differential Phosphorylation and Abundance of Mitochondrial Proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111675. [PMID: 34769115 PMCID: PMC8584165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis is a highly controlled process that depends on diverse signalling pathways responding to cellular and environmental signals. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a critical metabolic enzyme that acts at a central control point in cellular energy homeostasis. Numerous studies have revealed the crucial roles of AMPK in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis; however, molecular mechanisms underlying this process are still largely unknown. Previously, we have shown that, in cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum, the overexpression of the catalytic α subunit of AMPK led to enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, which was accompanied by reduced cell growth and aberrant development. Here, we applied mass spectrometry-based proteomics of Dictyostelium mitochondria to determine the impact of chronically active AMPKα on the phosphorylation state and abundance of mitochondrial proteins and to identify potential protein targets leading to the biogenesis of mitochondria. Our results demonstrate that enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis is associated with variations in the phosphorylation levels and abundance of proteins related to energy metabolism, protein synthesis, transport, inner membrane biogenesis, and cellular signalling. The observed changes are accompanied by elevated mitochondrial respiratory activity in the AMPK overexpression strain. Our work is the first study reporting on the global phosphoproteome profiling of D. discoideum mitochondria and its changes as a response to constitutively active AMPK. We also propose an interplay between the AMPK and mTORC1 signalling pathways in controlling the cellular growth and biogenesis of mitochondria in Dictyostelium as a model organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Heidorn-Czarna
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (H.-M.H.); (R.M.)
- Department of Cellular Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-375-62-73
| | - Herbert-Michael Heidorn
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (H.-M.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Sanjanie Fernando
- Discipline of Microbiology, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (S.F.); (O.S.); (P.R.F.)
| | - Oana Sanislav
- Discipline of Microbiology, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (S.F.); (O.S.); (P.R.F.)
| | - Wieslawa Jarmuszkiewicz
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Rupert Mutzel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (H.-M.H.); (R.M.)
| | - Paul R. Fisher
- Discipline of Microbiology, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; (S.F.); (O.S.); (P.R.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Saga Y, Iwade Y, Araki T, Ishikawa M, Kawata T. Analysis of DrkA kinase's role in STATa activation. Genes Cells 2019; 24:422-435. [PMID: 31002205 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dictyostelium STATa is a homologue of metazoan signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) and is important for morphogenesis. STATa is activated by phosphorylation on Tyr702 when cells are exposed to extracellular cAMP. Although two tyrosine kinase-like (TKL) proteins, Pyk2 and Pyk3, have been definitively identified as STATc kinases, no kinase is known for STATa activation. Based on homology to the previously identified tyrosine-selective TKLs, we identified DrkA, a member of the TKL family and the Dictyostelium receptor-like kinase (DRK) subfamily, as a candidate STATa kinase. The drkA gene is almost exclusively expressed in prestalk A (pstA) cells, where STATa is activated. Transient over-expression of DrkA increased STATa phosphorylation, although over-expression of the protein causes a severe growth defect and cell death. Furthermore, recombinant DrkA protein is auto-phosphorylated on tyrosine and threonine residues, and an in vitro kinase assay shows that DrkA can phosphorylate STATa on Tyr702 in a STATa-SH2 (phosphotyrosine binding) domain-dependent manner. These observations strongly suggest that DrkA is one of the key regulators of STATa tyrosine phosphorylation and is consistent with it being the kinase that directly activates STATa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukika Saga
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Yumi Iwade
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Araki
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, JBC/WTB/MSI Complex, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.,Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Ishikawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kawata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Herrera SC, Bach EA. JAK/STAT signaling in stem cells and regeneration: from Drosophila to vertebrates. Development 2019; 146:dev167643. [PMID: 30696713 PMCID: PMC6361132 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The JAK/STAT pathway is a conserved metazoan signaling system that transduces cues from extracellular cytokines into transcriptional changes in the nucleus. JAK/STAT signaling is best known for its roles in immunity. However, recent work has demonstrated that it also regulates critical homeostatic processes in germline and somatic stem cells, as well as regenerative processes in several tissues, including the gonad, intestine and appendages. Here, we provide an overview of JAK/STAT signaling in stem cells and regeneration, focusing on Drosophila and highlighting JAK/STAT pathway functions in proliferation, survival and cell competition that are conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador C Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Erika A Bach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Amacher JF, Hobbs HT, Cantor AC, Shah L, Rivero M, Mulchand SA, Kuriyan J. Phosphorylation control of the ubiquitin ligase Cbl is conserved in choanoflagellates. Protein Sci 2018; 27:923-932. [PMID: 29498112 PMCID: PMC5916117 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cbl proteins are E3 ubiquitin ligases specialized for the regulation of tyrosine kinases by ubiquitylation. Human Cbl proteins are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation, thus setting up a feedback loop whereby the activation of tyrosine kinases triggers their own degradation. Cbl proteins are targeted to their substrates by a phosphotyrosine-binding SH2 domain. Choanoflagellates, unicellular eukaryotes that are closely related to metazoans, also contain Cbl. The tyrosine kinase complement of choanoflagellates is distinct from that of metazoans, and it is unclear if choanoflagellate Cbl is regulated similarly to metazoan Cbl. Here, we performed structure-function studies on Cbl from the choanoflagellate species Salpingoeca rosetta and found that it undergoes phosphorylation-dependent activation. We show that S. rosetta Cbl can be phosphorylated by S. rosetta Src kinase, and that it can ubiquitylate S. rosetta Src. We also compared the substrate selectivity of human and S. rosetta Cbl by measuring ubiquitylation of Src constructs in which Cbl-recruitment sites are placed in different contexts with respect to the kinase domain. Our results indicate that for both human and S. rosetta Cbl, ubiquitylation depends on proximity and accessibility, rather than being targeted toward specific lysine residues. Our results point to an ancient interplay between phosphotyrosine and ubiquitin signaling in the metazoan lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine F. Amacher
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Present address:
Department of ChemistryWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWashington.
| | - Helen T. Hobbs
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Aaron C. Cantor
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Lochan Shah
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Marco‐Jose Rivero
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - Sarah A. Mulchand
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
| | - John Kuriyan
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCalifornia
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCalifornia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 is a key signalling protein engaged by a multitude of growth factors and cytokines to elicit diverse biological outcomes including cellular growth, differentiation, and survival. The complete loss of STAT3 is not compatible with life and even partial loss of function mutations lead to debilitating pathologies like hyper IgE syndrome. Conversely, augmented STAT3 activity has been reported in as many as 50% of all human tumours. The dogma of STAT3 activity posits that it is a tyrosine phosphorylated transcription factor which modulates the expression of hundreds of genes. However, the regulation and biological consequences of STAT3 activation are far more complex. In addition to tyrosine phosphorylation, STAT3 is decorated with a plethora of post-translational modifications which regulate STAT3's nuclear function in addition to its non-genomic activities. In addition to these emerging complexities in the biochemical regulation of STAT3 activity, recent studies reveal that STAT3 is either oncogenic or a tumour suppressor. This review will explore these complexities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleks C Guanizo
- a Centre for Cancer Research , Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton , VIC , Australia
- b Department of Molecular and Translational Science , Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia
| | - Chamira Dilanka Fernando
- a Centre for Cancer Research , Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton , VIC , Australia
- b Department of Molecular and Translational Science , Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia
| | - Daniel J Garama
- a Centre for Cancer Research , Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton , VIC , Australia
- b Department of Molecular and Translational Science , Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia
| | - Daniel J Gough
- a Centre for Cancer Research , Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton , VIC , Australia
- b Department of Molecular and Translational Science , Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dunn JD, Bosmani C, Barisch C, Raykov L, Lefrançois LH, Cardenal-Muñoz E, López-Jiménez AT, Soldati T. Eat Prey, Live: Dictyostelium discoideum As a Model for Cell-Autonomous Defenses. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1906. [PMID: 29354124 PMCID: PMC5758549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil-dwelling social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum feeds on bacteria. Each meal is a potential infection because some bacteria have evolved mechanisms to resist predation. To survive such a hostile environment, D. discoideum has in turn evolved efficient antimicrobial responses that are intertwined with phagocytosis and autophagy, its nutrient acquisition pathways. The core machinery and antimicrobial functions of these pathways are conserved in the mononuclear phagocytes of mammals, which mediate the initial, innate-immune response to infection. In this review, we discuss the advantages and relevance of D. discoideum as a model phagocyte to study cell-autonomous defenses. We cover the antimicrobial functions of phagocytosis and autophagy and describe the processes that create a microbicidal phagosome: acidification and delivery of lytic enzymes, generation of reactive oxygen species, and the regulation of Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ availability. High concentrations of metals poison microbes while metal sequestration inhibits their metabolic activity. We also describe microbial interference with these defenses and highlight observations made first in D. discoideum. Finally, we discuss galectins, TNF receptor-associated factors, tripartite motif-containing proteins, and signal transducers and activators of transcription, microbial restriction factors initially characterized in mammalian phagocytes that have either homologs or functional analogs in D. discoideum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Dan Dunn
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Bosmani
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Barisch
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lyudmil Raykov
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Louise H Lefrançois
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elena Cardenal-Muñoz
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Thierry Soldati
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pan C, Wang W, Yuan H, Yang L, Chen B, Li D, Chen J. The immediate early protein WSV187 can influence viral replication via regulation of JAK/STAT pathway in Drosophila. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 72:89-96. [PMID: 28232015 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The world production of shrimp is seriously affected by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Viral immediate-early (IE) genes encode regulatory proteins critical for the viral lifecycle. In spite of their importance, only five out of the 21 identified WSSV IE genes are functionally characterized. Here, we report the use of Drosophila melanogaster as a model to explore the role of WSSV IE gene wsv187. In vivo expression of WSV187 in transgenic flies show WSV187 localized in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of wsv187 results wing defects consistent with phenotypes observed in JAK/STAT exacerbated flies. After artificial infection of the DCV virus, the flies expressing wsv187 showed a lower viral load, a higher survival rate and an up-regulated STAT92E expression. These data demonstrate wsv187 plays a role in the controlling of virus replication by activating host JAK/STAT pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changkun Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Huifang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Lirong Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Baoru Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Dengfeng Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Classification and Lineage Tracing of SH2 Domains Throughout Eukaryotes. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28092027 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6762-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Today there exists a rapidly expanding number of sequenced genomes. Cataloging protein interaction domains such as the Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain across these various genomes can be accomplished with ease due to existing algorithms and predictions models. An evolutionary analysis of SH2 domains provides a step towards understanding how SH2 proteins integrated with existing signaling networks to position phosphotyrosine signaling as a crucial driver of robust cellular communication networks in metazoans. However organizing and tracing SH2 domain across organisms and understanding their evolutionary trajectory remains a challenge. This chapter describes several methodologies towards analyzing the evolutionary trajectory of SH2 domains including a global SH2 domain classification system, which facilitates annotation of new SH2 sequences essential for tracing the lineage of SH2 domains throughout eukaryote evolution. This classification utilizes a combination of sequence homology, protein domain architecture and the boundary positions between introns and exons within the SH2 domain or genes encoding these domains. Discrete SH2 families can then be traced across various genomes to provide insight into its origins. Furthermore, additional methods for examining potential mechanisms for divergence of SH2 domains from structural changes to alterations in the protein domain content and genome duplication will be discussed. Therefore a better understanding of SH2 domain evolution may enhance our insight into the emergence of phosphotyrosine signaling and the expansion of protein interaction domains.
Collapse
|
16
|
Saga Y, Inamura T, Shimada N, Kawata T. Regulation ofecmFgene expression and genetic hierarchy among STATa, CudA, and MybC on several prestalk A-specific gene expressions inDictyostelium. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:383-99. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukika Saga
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Toho University; Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Tomoka Inamura
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Toho University; Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Nao Shimada
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Toho University; Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Takefumi Kawata
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Toho University; Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bathige SDNK, Umasuthan N, Park HC, Lee J. An invertebrate signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) ortholog from the disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus: Genomic structure, early developmental expression, and immune responses to bacterial and viral stresses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:46-56. [PMID: 26616564 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family members are key signaling molecules that transduce cellular responses from the cell membrane to the nucleus upon Janus kinase (JAK) activation. Although seven STAT members have been reported in mammals, very limited information on STAT genes in molluscans is available. In this study, we identified and characterized a STAT paralog that is homologous to STAT5 from the disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus, and designated as AbSTAT5. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence for AbSTAT5 (790 amino acids) with other counterparts revealed conserved residues important for functions and typical domain regions, including the N-terminal domain, coiled-coil domain, DNA-binding domain, linker domain, and Src homology 2 (SH2) domains as mammalian counterparts. Analysis of STAT phylogeny revealed that AbSTAT5 was clustered with the molluscan subgroup in STAT5 clade with distinct evolution. According to the genomic structure of AbSTAT5, the coding sequence was distributed into 20 exons with 19 introns. Immunologically essential transcription factor-binding sites, such as GATA-1, HNF, SP1, C/EBP, Oct-1, AP1, c-Jun, and Sox-2, were predicted at the 5'-proximal region of AbSTAT5. Expression of AbSTAT5 mRNA was detected in different stages of embryonic development and observed at considerably higher levels in the morula and late veliger stages. Tissue-specific expressional studies revealed that the highest level of AbSTAT5 transcripts was detected in hemocytes, followed by gill tissues. Temporal expressions of AbSTAT5 were analyzed upon live bacterial (Vibrio parahemolyticus and Listeria monocytogenes), viral (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus), and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (lipopolysaccharides and Poly I:C) stimulations, and significant elevations indicated immune modulation. These results suggest that AbSTAT5 may be involved in maintaining innate immune responses from developmental to adult stages in the disk abalone. Further, this study provides a basis for structural and functional exploration of STAT members in the invertebrate JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Chul Park
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan, Gyeonggido 425-707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Santhanam B, Cai H, Devreotes PN, Shaulsky G, Katoh-Kurasawa M. The GATA transcription factor GtaC regulates early developmental gene expression dynamics in Dictyostelium. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7551. [PMID: 26144553 PMCID: PMC4506546 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In many systems, including the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, development is often marked by dynamic morphological and transcriptional changes orchestrated by key transcription factors. However, efforts to examine sequential genome-wide changes of gene regulation in developmental processes have been fairly limited. Here we report the developmental regulatory dynamics of GtaC, a GATA-type zinc-finger transcription factor, through the analyses of serial ChIP- and RNA-sequencing data. GtaC is essential for developmental progression, decoding extracellular cAMP pulses during early development and may play a role in mediating cell-type differentiation at later stages. We find that GtaC exhibits temporally distinctive DNA-binding patterns concordant with each developmental stage. We identify direct GtaC targets and observe cotemporaneous GtaC-binding and developmental expression regulation. Our results suggest that GtaC regulates multiple physiological processes as Dictyostelium transitions from a group of unicellular amoebae to an integrated multicellular organism. Development involves dynamic transcriptional changes. By serial ChIP- and RNA-sequencing, here, the authors show that GtaC, a GATA type transcription factor, exhibits temporally distinctive DNA binding and regulation of gene expression concordant with the development in the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Santhanam
- 1] Graduate Program in Structural and Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Huaqing Cai
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Peter N Devreotes
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Gad Shaulsky
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mariko Katoh-Kurasawa
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sugden C, Urbaniak MD, Araki T, Williams JG. The Dictyostelium prestalk inducer differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) triggers unexpectedly complex global phosphorylation changes. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 26:805-20. [PMID: 25518940 PMCID: PMC4325849 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-08-1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation-inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) is a polyketide that induces Dictyostelium amoebae to differentiate as prestalk cells. We performed a global quantitative screen for phosphorylation changes that occur within the first minutes after addition of DIF-1, using a triple-label SILAC approach. This revealed a new world of DIF-1-controlled signaling, with changes in components of the MAPK and protein kinase B signaling pathways, components of the actinomyosin cytoskeletal signaling networks, and a broad range of small GTPases and their regulators. The results also provide evidence that the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin plays a role in DIF-1 signaling to the DimB prestalk transcription factor. At the global level, DIF-1 causes a major shift in the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation equilibrium toward net dephosphorylation. Of interest, many of the sites that are dephosphorylated in response to DIF-1 are phosphorylated in response to extracellular cAMP signaling. This accords with studies that suggest an antagonism between the two inducers and also with the rapid dephosphorylation of the cAMP receptor that we observe in response to DIF-1 and with the known inhibitory effect of DIF-1 on chemotaxis to cAMP. All MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001555.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Sugden
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Urbaniak
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, United Kingdom
| | - Tsuyoshi Araki
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey G Williams
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kicinska A, Leluk J, Jarmuszkiewicz W. Acanthamoeba castellanii STAT protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111345. [PMID: 25338074 PMCID: PMC4206453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) proteins are one of the important mediators of phosphotyrosine-regulated signaling in metazoan cells. We described the presence of STAT protein in a unicellular, free-living amoebae with a simple life cycle, Acanthamoeba castellanii. A. castellanii is the only, studied to date, Amoebozoan that does not belong to Mycetozoa but possesses STATs. A sequence of the A. castellanii STAT protein includes domains similar to those of the Dictyostelium STAT proteins: a coiled coil (characteristic for Dictyostelium STAT coiled coil), a STAT DNA-binding domain and a Src-homology domain. The search for protein sequences homologous to A. castellanii STAT revealed 17 additional sequences from lower eukaryotes. Interestingly, all of these sequences come from Amoebozoa organisms that belong to either Mycetozoa (slime molds) or Centramoebida. We showed that there are four separated clades within the slime mold STAT proteins. The A. castellanii STAT protein branches next to a group of STATc proteins from Mycetozoa. We also demonstrate that Amoebozoa form a distinct monophyletic lineage within the STAT protein world that is well separated from the other groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kicinska
- Department of Bioenergetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacek Leluk
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chowdhury FZ, Farrar JD. STAT2: A shape-shifting anti-viral super STAT. JAKSTAT 2014; 2:e23633. [PMID: 24058798 PMCID: PMC3670274 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.23633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT2 is unique among the STAT family of transcription factors in that its activation is driven predominantly by only two classes of cell surface receptors: Type I and III interferon receptors. As such, STAT2 plays a critical role in host defenses against viral infections. Viruses have evolved to target STAT2 by either inhibiting its expression, blocking its activity, or by targeting it for degradation. Consequently, these viral onslaughts have driven remarkable divergence in the STAT2 gene across species that is not observed in other STAT family members. Thus, the evolution of STAT2 may preserve its activity and protect each species in the face of an ever-changing viral community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Z Chowdhury
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Biology; UT Southwestern Medical Center; Dallas, TX USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Timofeeva OA, Tarasova NI. Alternative ways of modulating JAK-STAT pathway: Looking beyond phosphorylation. JAKSTAT 2014; 1:274-84. [PMID: 24058784 PMCID: PMC3670285 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.22313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most attempts to develop inhibitors of STAT transcription factors target either activating phosphorylation of tyrosine residue or SH2 domains. However, all six domains of STATs are highly conserved between the species and play important roles in the function of this family of transcription factors. STATs are involved in numerous protein-protein interactions that are likely to regulate and fine tune transcriptional activity. Targeting these interactions can provide plentiful opportunities for the discovery of novel drug candidates and powerful chemical biology tools. Using N-terminal domains as an example we describe alternative rational approaches to the development of modulators of JAK-STAT signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Timofeeva
- Departments of Oncology; Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center; Georgetown University Medical Center; Washington, DC USA ; Department of Radiation Medicine; Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center; Georgetown University Medical Center; Washington, DC USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pears CJ, Lakin ND. Emerging models for DNA repair: Dictyostelium discoideum as a model for nonhomologous end-joining. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 17:121-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
24
|
Silver-Morse L, Li WX. JAK-STAT in heterochromatin and genome stability. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e26090. [PMID: 24069569 PMCID: PMC3772121 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.26090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical JAK-STAT signaling pathway transmits signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus, to regulate transcription of particular genes involved in development and many other physiological processes. It has been shown in Drosophila that JAK and STAT also function in a non-canonical mode, to regulate heterochromatin. This review discusses the non-canonical functioning of JAK and STAT, and its effects on biological processes. Decreased levels of activated JAK and increased levels of unphosphorylated STAT generate higher levels of heterochromatin. These higher heterochromatin levels result in suppression of hematopoietic tumor-like masses, increased resistance to DNA damage, and longer lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Silver-Morse
- Department of Medicine; University of California San Diego; La Jolla, CA USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Much of our knowledge of molecular cellular functions is based on studies with a few number of model organisms that were established during the last 50 years. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum is one such model, and has been particularly useful for the study of cell motility, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, endocytic vesicle traffic, cell adhesion, pattern formation, caspase-independent cell death, and, more recently, autophagy and social evolution. As nonmammalian model of human diseases D. discoideum is a newcomer, yet it has proven to be a powerful genetic and cellular model for investigating host-pathogen interactions and microbial infections, for mitochondrial diseases, and for pharmacogenetic studies. The D. discoideum genome harbors several homologs of human genes responsible for a variety of diseases, -including Chediak-Higashi syndrome, lissencephaly, mucolipidosis, Huntington disease, IBMPFD, and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. A few genes have already been studied, providing new insights on the mechanism of action of the encoded proteins and in some cases on the defect underlying the disease. The opportunities offered by the organism and its place among the nonmammalian models for human diseases will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Bozzaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kraskouskaya D, Duodu E, Arpin CC, Gunning PT. Progress towards the development of SH2 domain inhibitors. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:3337-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35449k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
27
|
Kölsch V, Shen Z, Lee S, Plak K, Lotfi P, Chang J, Charest PG, Romero JL, Jeon TJ, Kortholt A, Briggs SP, Firtel RA. Daydreamer, a Ras effector and GSK-3 substrate, is important for directional sensing and cell motility. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 24:100-14. [PMID: 23135995 PMCID: PMC3541958 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-04-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Daydreamer (DydA), a new Mig10/RIAM/lamellipodin family adaptor protein, is a Ras effector required for cell polarization and directional movement during chemotaxis. DydA is phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase-3, which is required for some, but not all, of DydA's functions. gskA− cells exhibit very strong chemotactic phenotypes, a subset of which are exhibited by dydA− cells. How independent signaling pathways are integrated to holistically control a biological process is not well understood. We have identified Daydreamer (DydA), a new member of the Mig10/RIAM/lamellipodin (MRL) family of adaptor proteins that localizes to the leading edge of the cell. DydA is a putative Ras effector that is required for cell polarization and directional movement during chemotaxis. dydA− cells exhibit elevated F-actin and assembled myosin II (MyoII), increased and extended phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) activity, and extended phosphorylation of the activation loop of PKB and PKBR1, suggesting that DydA is involved in the negative regulation of these pathways. DydA is phosphorylated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), which is required for some, but not all, of DydA's functions, including the proper regulation of PKB and PKBR1 and MyoII assembly. gskA− cells exhibit very strong chemotactic phenotypes, as previously described, but exhibit an increased rate of random motility. gskA− cells have a reduced MyoII response and a reduced level of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate production, but a highly extended recruitment of PI3K to the plasma membrane and highly extended kinetics of PKB and PKBR1 activation. Our results demonstrate that GSK-3 function is essential for chemotaxis, regulating multiple substrates, and that one of these effectors, DydA, plays a key function in the dynamic regulation of chemotaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kölsch
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kawata T, Hirano T, Ogasawara S, Aoshima R, Yachi A. Evidence for a functional link between Dd-STATa and Dd-PIAS, a Dictyostelium PIAS homologue. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 53:897-909. [PMID: 21933174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2011.01296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several mammalian protein families inhibit the activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. The protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) was initially identified through its ability to interact with human STAT proteins. We isolated a gene (pisA) encoding a Dictyostelium orthologue of PIAS, Dd-PIAS, which possesses almost all the representative motifs and domains of mammalian PIAS proteins. A Dd-PIAS null mutant strain displays a normal terminal morphology but with accelerated development once cells are aggregated. In contrast, Dd-PIAS overexpressor strains demonstrate delayed aggregation, almost no slug phototaxis, impaired slug motility, and a prolonged slug migration period. This strain is a near phenocopy of the Dd-STATa null mutant, although it eventually forms a fruiting body, albeit inefficiently. The expression of several Dd-STATa-activated genes is upregulated in the Dd-PIAS null mutant and there is ectopic expression of pstAB makers. The concentration of a PIAS-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein, expressed under the PIAS promoter, is greatest in the pstO cells and gradually decreases with proximity to the tip of the slug and culminant: a pattern diametrically opposite to that of Dd-STATa. Our results suggest a functional interrelationship between Dd-PIAS and Dd-STATa that influences gene expression and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Kawata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu BA, Shah E, Jablonowski K, Stergachis A, Engelmann B, Nash PD. The SH2 domain-containing proteins in 21 species establish the provenance and scope of phosphotyrosine signaling in eukaryotes. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra83. [PMID: 22155787 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2002105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Src homology 2 (SH2) domains are participants in metazoan signal transduction, acting as primary mediators for regulated protein-protein interactions with tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates. Here, we describe the origin and evolution of SH2 domain proteins by means of sequence analysis from 21 eukaryotic organisms from the basal unicellular eukaryotes, where SH2 domains first appeared, through the multicellular animals and increasingly complex metazoans. On the basis of our results, SH2 domains and phosphotyrosine signaling emerged in the early Unikonta, and the numbers of SH2 domains expanded in the choanoflagellate and metazoan lineages with the development of tyrosine kinases, leading to rapid elaboration of phosphotyrosine signaling in early multicellular animals. Our results also indicated that SH2 domains coevolved and the number of the domains expanded alongside protein tyrosine kinases and tyrosine phosphatases, thereby coupling phosphotyrosine signaling to downstream signaling networks. Gene duplication combined with domain gain or loss produced novel SH2-containing proteins that function within phosphotyrosine signaling, which likely have contributed to diversity and complexity in metazoans. We found that intra- and intermolecular interactions within and between SH2 domain proteins increased in prevalence along with organismal complexity and may function to generate more highly connected and robust phosphotyrosine signaling networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A Liu
- Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins are one of the important mediators of phosphotyrosine-regulated signaling in metazoan cells. These proteins are components of JAK/STAT signal transduction pathways, which regulate immune responses, cell fate, proliferation, cell migration, and programmed cell death in multicellular organisms. The cellular slime mould, Dictyostelium discoideum, is the simplest multicellular organism using molecules homologous to STATs, Dd-STATa-d. The Dd-STATa null mutant displays delayed aggregation, no phototaxis and fails culmination. Here, the functions of Dictyostelium STATs during development and their associated signaling molecules are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Kawata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sebé-Pedrós A, de Mendoza A, Lang BF, Degnan BM, Ruiz-Trillo I. Unexpected repertoire of metazoan transcription factors in the unicellular holozoan Capsaspora owczarzaki. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 28:1241-1254. [PMID: 21087945 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
How animals (metazoans) originated from their single-celled ancestors remains a major question in biology. As transcriptional regulation is crucial to animal development, deciphering the early evolution of associated transcription factors (TFs) is critical to understanding metazoan origins. In this study, we uncovered the repertoire of 17 metazoan TFs in the amoeboid holozoan Capsaspora owczarzaki, a representative of a unicellular lineage that is closely related to choanoflagellates and metazoans. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses with the broadest possible taxonomic sampling allowed us to formulate new hypotheses regarding the origin and evolution of developmental metazoan TFs. We show that the complexity of the TF repertoire in C. owczarzaki is strikingly high, pushing back further the origin of some TFs formerly thought to be metazoan specific, such as T-box or Runx. Nonetheless, TF families whose beginnings antedate the origin of the animal kingdom, such as homeodomain or basic helix-loop-helix, underwent significant expansion and diversification along metazoan and eumetazoan stems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Sebé-Pedrós
- Departament de Genètica & Institut de Recerca en Biodiversitat (Irbio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex de Mendoza
- Departament de Genètica & Institut de Recerca en Biodiversitat (Irbio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B Franz Lang
- Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, H3C 3J7 Montréal, Canada
| | - Bernard M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Departament de Genètica & Institut de Recerca en Biodiversitat (Irbio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana per a la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA); Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation controls many cellular functions. Yet the three-part toolkit that regulates phosphotyrosine signaling-tyrosine kinases, phosphotyrosine phosphatases, and Src Homology 2 (SH2) domains-is a relatively new innovation. Genomic analyses reveal how this revolutionary signaling system may have originated and why it rapidly became critical to metazoans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendell A Lim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shimada N, Inouye K, Sawai S, Kawata T. SunB, a novel Sad1 and UNC-84 domain-containing protein required for development of Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Growth Differ 2010; 52:577-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2010.01189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
34
|
Bertet C, Rauzi M, Lecuit T. Repression of Wasp by JAK/STAT signalling inhibits medial actomyosin network assembly and apical cell constriction in intercalating epithelial cells. Development 2010; 136:4199-212. [PMID: 19934015 DOI: 10.1242/dev.040402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis requires stereotyped cell shape changes, such as apical cell constriction in the mesoderm and cell intercalation in the ventrolateral ectoderm of Drosophila. Both processes require force generation by an actomyosin network. The subcellular localization of Myosin-II (Myo-II) dictates these different morphogenetic processes. In the intercalating ectoderm Myo-II is mostly cortical, but in the mesoderm Myo-II is concentrated in a medial meshwork. We report that apical constriction is repressed by JAK/STAT signalling in the lateral ectoderm independently of Twist. Inactivation of the JAK/STAT pathway causes germband extension defects because of apical constriction ventrolaterally. This is associated with ectopic recruitment of Myo-II in a medial web, which causes apical cell constriction as shown by laser nanosurgery. Reducing Myo-II levels rescues the JAK/STAT mutant phenotype, whereas overexpression of the Myo-II heavy chain (also known as Zipper), or constitutive activation of its regulatory light chain, does not cause medial accumulation of Myo-II nor apical constriction. Thus, JAK/STAT controls Myo-II localization by additional mechanisms. We show that regulation of actin polymerization by Wasp, but not by Dia, is important in this process. Constitutive activation of Wasp, a branched actin regulator, causes apical cell constriction and promotes medial 'web' formation. Wasp is inactivated at the cell cortex in the germband by JAK/STAT signalling. Lastly, wasp mutants rescue the normal cortical enrichment of Myo-II and inhibit apical constriction in JAK/STAT mutants, indicating that Wasp is an effector of JAK/STAT signalling in the germband. We discuss possible models for the role of Wasp activity in the regulation of Myo-II distribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bertet
- IBDML, UMR6216 CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée, Campus de Luminy, case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jin J, Xie X, Chen C, Park JG, Stark C, James DA, Olhovsky M, Linding R, Mao Y, Pawson T. Eukaryotic protein domains as functional units of cellular evolution. Sci Signal 2009; 2:ra76. [PMID: 19934434 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Modular protein domains are functional units that can be modified through the acquisition of new intrinsic activities or by the formation of novel domain combinations, thereby contributing to the evolution of proteins with new biological properties. Here, we assign proteins to groups with related domain compositions and functional properties, termed "domain clubs," which we use to compare multiple eukaryotic proteomes. This analysis shows that different domain types can take distinct evolutionary trajectories, which correlate with the conservation, gain, expansion, or decay of particular biological processes. Evolutionary jumps are associated with a domain that coordinately acquires a new intrinsic function and enters new domain clubs, thereby providing the modified domain with access to a new cellular microenvironment. We also coordinately analyzed the covalent and noncovalent interactions of different domain types to assess the molecular compartment occupied by each domain. This reveals that specific subsets of domains demarcate particular cellular processes, such as growth factor signaling, chromatin remodeling, apoptotic and inflammatory responses, or vesicular trafficking. We suggest that domains, and the proteins in which they reside, are selected during evolution through reciprocal interactions with protein domains in their local microenvironment. Based on this scheme, we propose a mechanism by which Tudor domains may have evolved to support different modes of epigenetic regulation and suggest a role for the germline group of mammalian Tudor domains in Piwi-regulated RNA biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Centre for Systems Biology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ogasawara S, Shimada N, Kawata T. Role of an expansin-like molecule in Dictyostelium morphogenesis and regulation of its gene expression by the signal transducer and activator of transcription protein Dd-STATa. Dev Growth Differ 2009; 51:109-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2009.01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
Ozawa T, Okazaki K. CH/pi hydrogen bonds determine the selectivity of the Src homology 2 domain to tyrosine phosphotyrosyl peptides: an ab initio fragment molecular orbital study. J Comput Chem 2008; 29:2656-66. [PMID: 18484636 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The CH/pi hydrogen bond is a weak molecular force occurring between CH groups (soft acids) and pi-systems (soft bases), and has been recognized to be important in the interaction of proteins with their specific ligands. For instance, it is well known that Src homology-2 protein (SH2) recognizes its specific pTyr peptide in two key regions, pTyr-binding region and specificity-determining region, by the use of attractive molecular forces, including the CH/pi hydrogen bond. We hypothesized that the CH/pi hydrogen bond plays a key role in determining the selectivity of SH2 proteins, and studied this issue by the ab initio fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method. The FMO calculations were carried out, at the HF/6-31G* and MP2/6-31G* level, for SH2 domains of Src, Grb2, P85alpha(N), Syk, and SAP, in complex with corresponding pTyr peptides. CH/pi hydrogen bonds have in fact been found to be important in stabilizing the structure of the complexes. We conclude that the CH/pi hydrogen bond plays an indispensable role in the recognition of SH2 domains with their specific pTyr peptides, thus playing a vital role in the signal transduction system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonaga Ozawa
- Central Research Laboratory, Kissei Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 4365-1 Kashiwabara, Hotaka, Azumino-City, Nagano-Pref. 399-8304, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
O'Day DH, Poloz Y, Myre MA. Differentiation inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) induces gene and protein expression of the Dictyostelium nuclear calmodulin-binding protein nucleomorphin. Cell Signal 2008; 21:317-23. [PMID: 19000924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2008] [Revised: 10/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The nucleomorphin gene numA1 from Dictyostelium codes for a multi-domain, calmodulin binding protein that regulates nuclear number. To gain insight into the regulation of numA, we assessed the effects of the stalk cell differentiation inducing factor-1 (DIF-1), an extracellular signalling molecule, on the expression of numA1 RNA and protein. For comparison, the extracellular signalling molecules cAMP (mediates chemotaxis, prestalk and prespore differentiation) and ammonia (NH(3)/NH(4)(+); antagonizes DIF) were also studied. Starvation, which is a signal for multicellular development, results in a greater than 80% decrease in numA1 mRNA expression within 4 h. Treatment with ammonium chloride led to a greater than 90% inhibition of numA1 RNA expression within 2 h. In contrast, the addition of DIF-1 completely blocked the decrease in numA1 gene expression caused by starvation. Treatment of vegetative cells with cAMP led to decreases in numA1 RNA expression that were equivalent to those seen with starvation. Western blotting after various morphogen treatments showed that the maintenance of vegetative levels of numA1 RNA by DIF-1 in starved cells was reflected in significantly increased numA1 protein levels. Treatment with cAMP and/or ammonia led to decreased protein expression and each of these morphogens suppressed the stimulatory effects of DIF-1. Protein expression levels of CBP4a, a calcium-dependent binding partner of numA1, were regulated in the same manner as numA1 suggesting this potential co-regulation may be related to their functional relationship. NumA1 is the first calmodulin binding protein shown to be regulated by developmental morphogens in Dictyostelium being upregulated by DIF-1 and down-regulated by cAMP and ammonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danton H O'Day
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada L5L 1C6.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
The review considers the up to date achievements in the role of membrane phosphoinositides and keys enzymes of the lipid branch of the phosphoinositide signal pathway (PI-pathway) in unicellular eukaryotes. Particular attention is paid to mechanisms of phospholipase C (PLC) activation and the PLC interaction both with cell surface receptors and with the effector cytoplasm targets. The role of protein kinase C (PKC) in intracellular signaling and the relationship of the PI-pathway key enzymes with protein tyrosine kinases (PTK)-signaling and cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Shemarova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Brown S, Zeidler MP. Unphosphorylated STATs go nuclear. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2008; 18:455-60. [PMID: 18840523 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway has traditionally been viewed as a cytokine-stimulated activator of gene expression consisting of a straightforward receptor/JAK kinase/STAT transcription factor cascade. Recent studies in Drosophila, have, however consistently identified a range of chromatin-remodelling factors as regulators of in vivo JAK/STAT signalling. Now, the detailed analysis of one of these, heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), has provided an insight into an unexpected non-canonical in vivo role for STAT. In this model, unphosphorylated STATs associate with and maintain the stability of transcriptionally repressed heterochromatin--an effect countered by the recruitment of STAT to the canonical pathway. We examine the background of this new model and its implications for JAK/STAT pathway requirements in stem cell maintenance and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Brown
- Faculty of Life Science, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
CudA, a nuclear protein required for Dictyostelium prespore-specific gene expression, binds in vivo to the promoter of the cotC prespore gene. A 14 nucleotide region of the cotC promoter binds CudA in vitro and ECudA, an Entamoeba CudA homologue, also binds to this site. The CudA and ECudA DNA-binding sites contain a dyad and, consistent with a symmetrical binding site, CudA forms a homodimer in the yeast two-hybrid system. Mutation of CudA binding sites within the cotC promoter reduces expression from cotC in prespore cells. The CudA and ECudA proteins share a 120 amino acid core of homology, and clustered point mutations introduced into two highly conserved motifs within the ECudA core region decrease its specific DNA binding in vitro. This region, the presumptive DNA-binding domain, is similar in sequence to domains in two Arabidopsis proteins and one Oryza protein. Significantly, these are the only proteins in the two plant species that contain an SH2 domain. Such a structure, with a DNA-binding domain located upstream of an SH2 domain, suggests that the plant proteins are orthologous to metazoan STATs. Consistent with this notion, the DNA sequence of the CudA half site, GAA, is identical to metazoan STAT half sites, although the relative positions of the two halves of the dyad are reversed. These results define a hitherto unrecognised class of transcription factors and suggest a model for the evolution of STATs and their DNA-binding sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Masashi Fukuzawa
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ceccarelli A, Zhukovskaya N, Kawata T, Bozzaro S, Williams J. Characterisation of a DNA sequence element that directs Dictyostelium stalk cell-specific gene expression. Differentiation 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2000.660405.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
43
|
Abstract
This unit describes culturing and imaging of D. discoideum amoebae to study fundamental cellular responses, such as motility and directed migration. The system displays powerful molecular genetics that can be used to link structural determinants of proteins with in vivo cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C A Parent
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Shimada N, Kanno-Tanabe N, Minemura K, Kawata T. GBF-dependent family genes morphologically suppress the partially active Dictyostelium STATa strain. Dev Genes Evol 2008; 218:55-68. [PMID: 18204858 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-008-0202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor Dd-STATa, a functional Dictyostelium homologue of metazoan signal transducers and activators of transcription proteins, is necessary for culmination during development. We have isolated more than 18 putative multicopy suppressors of Dd-STATa using genetic screening. One was hssA gene, whose expression is known to be G-box-binding-factor-dependent and which was specific to prestalk A (pstA) cells, where Dd-STATa is activated. Also, hssA mRNA was expressed in pstA cells in the Dd-STATa-null mutant. At least 40 hssA-related genes are present in the genome and constitute a multigene family. The tagged HssA protein was translated; hssA encodes an unusually high-glycine-serine-rich small protein (8.37 kDa), which has strong homology to previously reported cyclic-adenosine-monophosphate-inducible 2C and 7E proteins. Overexpression of hssA mRNA as well as frame-shifted versions of hssA RNA suppressed the phenotype of the partially active Dd-STATa strain, suggesting that translation is not necessary for suppression. Although overexpression of prespore-specific genes among the family did not suppress the parental phenotype, prestalk-specific family members did. Although overexpression of the hssA did not revert the expression of Dd-STATa target genes, and although its suppression mechanism remains unknown, morphological reversion implies functional relationships between Dd-STATa and hssA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nao Shimada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shimada N, Kawata T. Evidence that noncoding RNA dutA is a multicopy suppressor of Dictyostelium discoideum STAT protein Dd-STATa. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2007; 6:1030-40. [PMID: 17435008 PMCID: PMC1951520 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00035-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dd-STATa, a Dictyostelium discoideum homologue of metazoan STAT transcription factors, is necessary for culmination. We created a mutant strain with partial Dd-STATa activity and used it to screen for unlinked suppressor genes. We screened approximately 450,000 clones from a slug-stage cDNA library for their ability to rescue the culmination defect when overexpressed. There were 12 multicopy suppressors of Dd-STATa, of which 4 encoded segments of a known noncoding RNA, dutA. Expression of dutA is specific to the pstA zone, the region where Dd-STATa is activated. In suppressed strains the expression patterns of several putative Dd-STATa target genes become similar to the wild-type strain. In addition, the amount of the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of Dd-STATa is significantly increased in the suppressed strain. These results indicate that partial copies of dutA may act upstream of Dd-STATa to regulate tyrosine phosphorylation by an unknown mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nao Shimada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Markham K, Schuurmans C, Weiss S. STAT5A/B activity is required in the developing forebrain and spinal cord. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 35:272-82. [PMID: 17462911 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 02/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the CNS requires the coordination and integration of processes such as cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, neuronal migration, axon tract formation and synaptogenesis, all of which must occur at precise times and places during development. Although growth factors are known to play a role in regulating many of these processes, very little is known of the signaling events immediately downstream of ligand-receptor interactions in the developing CNS. Here we present evidence that STAT5, an important mediator of cytokine signaling, is required for some aspects of CNS development. We show that phosphorylated and hence activated forms of STAT5 (pSTAT5) are expressed in a temporally restricted manner in a subset of early-born telencephalic neurons and axons. Accordingly, Stat5 mutants have reduced numbers of interneurons in the cortical marginal zone, suggestive of migration defects. Moreover, corticofugal axons develop aberrantly in Stat5 mutants, indicative of a role for pSTAT5 in axon guidance. Notably, pSTAT5 is also expressed in commissural axons in the embryonic spinal cord, where it is also required for their guidance. Taken together, we provide the first evidence that STAT5 is a key effector molecule in the developing mammalian CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Markham
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, HSC 2153, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 4N1.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
STAT transcription factors have been implicated in many biological processes, particularly host immune defense and development. Here we characterize a STAT orthologue from the nematode, C. elegans. We show that this protein, termed STA-1, is structurally and functionally related to other vertebrate and invertebrate STAT proteins, recognizing a cis DNA element conserved through phylogeny. Unexpectedly, STA-1 lacks the conserved amino-terminal oligomerization domain found in vertebrate and other invertebrate STAT proteins, a feature also lacking in orthologues from a distantly related nematode species and from the slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. This absence suggests that a primordial STAT protein lacked this domain, which was accreted later in evolution to provide further regulatory control of STAT signaling. Derivation of null mutants demonstrated that STA-1 is not required for nematode viability, despite its widespread expression in multiple tissues of the worm. However, mutant STA-1 proteins that lack functional coiled-coil and DNA binding domains could still be activated and accumulated in the nucleus, suggesting that DNA binding is not a necessary prerequisite for nuclear retention of activated STAT proteins. Our results shed new light on the evolution and function of the STAT signaling pathway and on the structural requirements for STAT activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaming Wang
- Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 550 1st Ave. MSB548, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lim CP, Cao X. Structure, function, and regulation of STAT proteins. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2006; 2:536-50. [PMID: 17216035 DOI: 10.1039/b606246f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) family of proteins was first discovered in the 1990's as key proteins in cytokine signaling. Since then, the field has greatly advanced in the past 15 years, providing significant insight into the structure, function, and regulation of STATs. STATs are latent cytoplasmic transcription factors consisting of seven mammalian members. They are Tyr phosphorylated upon activation, a post-translational modification critical for dimerization, nuclear import, DNA binding, and transcriptional activation. In recent years, unphosphorylated STATs have also been observed to dimerize and drive transcription, albeit by yet an obscure mechanism. In addition, the function of cytoplasmic STATs is beginning to emerge. Here, we describe the structure, function, and regulation of both unphosphorylated and phosphorylated STATs. STAT isoforms from alternative splicing or proteolytic processing, and post-translational modifications affecting STAT activities are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheh Peng Lim
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Liu BA, Jablonowski K, Raina M, Arcé M, Pawson T, Nash PD. The human and mouse complement of SH2 domain proteins-establishing the boundaries of phosphotyrosine signaling. Mol Cell 2006; 22:851-868. [PMID: 16793553 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SH2 domains are interaction modules uniquely dedicated to the recognition of phosphotyrosine sites and are embedded in proteins that couple protein-tyrosine kinases to intracellular signaling pathways. Here, we report a comprehensive bioinformatics, structural, and functional view of the human and mouse complement of SH2 domain proteins. This information delimits the set of SH2-containing effectors available for PTK signaling and will facilitate the systems-level analysis of pTyr-dependent protein-protein interactions and PTK-mediated signal transduction. The domain-based architecture of SH2-containing proteins is of more general relevance for understanding the large family of protein interaction domains and the modular organization of the majority of human proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard A Liu
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research and the Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Karl Jablonowski
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research and the Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Monica Raina
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Michael Arcé
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research and the Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Tony Pawson
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Piers D Nash
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research and the Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Andrioli LP, Souza GM, da Silva AM. Staurosporine induces tyrosine phosphorylation in Dictyostelium discoideum proteins. Cell Biochem Funct 2006; 25:555-61. [PMID: 16924591 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of cells with staurosporine results in inhibition and less frequently activation of protein kinases, in a cell-type specific manner. In the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, staurosporine induces marked changes in cell morphology affecting growth and development. Here we describe that incubation of D. discoideum growing or starved cells with staurosporine results in a rapid and unexpected tyrosine phosphorylation on two polypeptides of approximately 64 and approximately 62 kDa. These proteins emerge as novel substrates for tyrosine phosphorylation opening up new perspectives for the study of cell signalling in D. discoideum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Paulo Andrioli
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|