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Weckmann M, Thiele D, Liboschik L, Bahmer T, Pech M, Dittrich AM, Fuchs O, Happle C, Schaub B, Ricklefs I, Rabe KF, von Mutius E, Hansen G, König IR, Kopp MV. Cytokine levels in children and adults with wheezing and asthma show specific patterns of variability over time. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 204:152-164. [PMID: 33202033 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of cytokines are used for in-depth characterization of patients with asthma; however, the variability over time might be a critical confounder. To analyze the course of serum cytokines in children, adolescents and adults with asthma and in healthy controls and to propose statistical methods to control for seasonal effects. Of 532 screened subjects, 514 (91·5%) were included in the All Age Asthma Cohort (ALLIANCE). The cohort included 279 children with either recurrent wheezing bronchitis (more than two episodes) or doctor-diagnosed asthma, 75 healthy controls, 150 adult asthmatics and 31 adult healthy controls. Blood samples were collected and 25 μl serum was used for analysis with the Bio-Plex Pr human cytokine 27-Plex assay. Mean age, body mass index and gender in the three groups of wheezers, asthmatic children and adult asthmatics were comparable to healthy controls. Wheezers (34·5%), asthmatic children (78·7%) and adult asthmatics (62·8%) were significantly more often sensitized compared to controls (4·5, 22 and 22·6%, respectively). Considering the entire cohort, interleukin (IL)-1ra, IL-4, IL-9, IL-17, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1- α and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α showed seasonal variability, whereas IL-1β, IL-7, IL-8, IL-13, eotaxin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)-10, MIP-1 β and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB did not. Significant differences between wheezers/asthmatics and healthy controls were observed for IL-17 and PDGF-BB, which remained stable after adjustment for the seasonality of IL-17. Seasonality has a significant impact on serum cytokine levels in patients with asthma. Because endotyping has achieved clinical importance to guide individualized patient-tailored therapy, it is important to account for seasonal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Weckmann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.,Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Lübeck, Germany
| | - D Thiele
- Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Lübeck, Germany.,Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - L Liboschik
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.,Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Lübeck, Germany
| | - T Bahmer
- Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Lübeck, Germany.,Departement for Internal Medicine I, Pneumology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Pneumology, Lungen Clinic Grosshansdorf, Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - M Pech
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.,Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Lübeck, Germany
| | - A-M Dittrich
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Lübeck, Germany
| | - O Fuchs
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.,Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Happle
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Lübeck, Germany
| | - B Schaub
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Allergology, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Comprehensive Pneumology Center München (CPC-M), Lübeck, Germany
| | - I Ricklefs
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.,Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Lübeck, Germany
| | - K F Rabe
- Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Lübeck, Germany.,Departement for Internal Medicine I, Pneumology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - E von Mutius
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Allergology, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Comprehensive Pneumology Center München (CPC-M), Lübeck, Germany
| | - G Hansen
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Lübeck, Germany
| | - I R König
- Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Lübeck, Germany.,Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - M V Kopp
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology and Allergology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany.,Member of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Lübeck, Germany.,Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Appiya Santharam M, Khan FU, Naveed M, Ali U, Ahsan MZ, Khongorzul P, Shoaib RM, Ihsan AU. Interventions to chronic prostatitis/Chronic pelvic pain syndrome treatment. Where are we standing and what's next? Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 857:172429. [PMID: 31170381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is a frustrating syndrome. The pathogenesis and state of the art treatment of CP/CPPS are not known. A wide variety of therapies including anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, alpha-blockers, neuropathic pain modulators, and 5α-reductase inhibitors are in practice. These treatment strategies focus on alleviating symptoms in specific domains without treating root-cause and therapeutic outcome is far from satisfactory. We review the literature on current pharmacological treatments for CP/CPPS in detail and suggest future perspectives to modify the treatment strategies. We suggest that introducing novel treatment strategies such as gene editing, and Tregs expressing chimeric receptors may improve the treatment outcomes by inducing immune tolerance and controlling expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madanraj Appiya Santharam
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Farhan Ullah Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, PR China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211166, PR China
| | - Usman Ali
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Zaeem Ahsan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Puregmaa Khongorzul
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rana Muhammad Shoaib
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Awais Ullah Ihsan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211198, PR China.
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Commensal bacterial modulation of the host immune response to ameliorate pain in a murine model of chronic prostatitis. Pain 2018; 158:1517-1527. [PMID: 28715352 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human commensal microflora plays an essential role in modulating the immune response to control homeostasis. Staphylococcus epidermidis, a commensal bacterium most commonly associated with the skin exerts such effects locally, modulating local immune responses during inflammation and preventing superinfection by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Although the prostate is considered by many to be sterile, multiple investigations have shown that small numbers of gram-positive bacterial species such as S. epidermidis can be isolated from the expressed prostatic secretions of both healthy and diseased men. Chronic pelvic pain syndrome is a complex syndrome with symptoms including pain and lower urinary tract dysfunction. It has an unknown etiology and limited effective treatments but is associated with modulation of prostate immune responses. Chronic pelvic pain syndrome can be modeled using murine experimental prostatitis (EAP), where CD4+ve IL17A+ve T cells have been shown to play a critical role in disease orchestration and development of pelvic tactile allodynia. Here, we report that intraurethral instillation of a specific S. epidermidis strain (designated NPI [non-pain inducing]), isolated from the expressed prostatic secretion of a healthy human male, into EAP-treated mice reduced the pelvic tactile allodynia responses and increased CD4+ve IL17A+ve T-cell numbers associated with EAP. Furthermore, a cell wall constituent of NPI, lipoteichoic acid, specifically recapitulates these effects and mediates increased expression of CTLA4-like ligands PDL1 and PDL2 on prostatic CD11b+ve antigen-presenting cells. These results identify a new potential therapeutic role for commensal S. epidermidis NPI lipoteichoic acid in the treatment of prostatitis-associated pain.
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Ye C, Xiao G, Xu J, Qin S, Luo Y, Chen G, Lai HH, Zhou T. Differential expression of immune factor between patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and the healthy volunteers. Int Urol Nephrol 2017; 50:395-399. [PMID: 29235061 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-017-1763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immune mechanisms have been hypothesized to contribute to the development of CP/CPPS. In this study, we investigated the differential expression of immune factors between patients with CP/CPPS and healthy volunteers. METHODS This study was registered in Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. Healthy volunteers and patients with CP/CPPS were enrolled in this study. The inclusion criteria for patients were below: (1) aged 18-45 years old; (2) prostatitis-related syndrome longer than 3 months; (3) normal routine urine culture and negative bacterial culture in prostatic fluid. Patients were further classified into two groups: types IIIA and IIIB CP/CPPS according to the results of EPS routine test. Serum immune markers include IgA, IgM, IgG, CD4+ and CD8+. RESULTS There are total 23 CP/CPPS patients, including 12 type IIIB and 11 type IIIA. Relatively, there are 26 healthy volunteers. The serum levels of IgG were higher in CP/CPPS patients compared to healthy volunteers (1141.2 ± 204.3 vs 1031.9 ± 173.7 mg/L, p = 0.045), while the serum levels of CD8+ were lower in CP/CPPS patients compared to healthy volunteers (492.8 ± 185.6 vs 640.0 ± 246.8 cells/μL, p = 0.021). Furthermore, serum levels of IgG were higher in patients with IIIA CP/CPPS compared to those with IIIB (1244.3 ± 151.6 vs 1054.3 ± 209.3 mg/L, p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS Differential levels of IgG and CD8+ between CPPS patients and healthy volunteers suggest a contributing role of immune mechanisms to the development of CP/CPPS; and IgG may play an important role in inflammatory CPPS. Clinical Study registration number ACTRN12613000792729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ye
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang'an Xiao
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengfei Qin
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Luo
- Department of Urology, Haining People's Hospital, QianJiang West Road, Haining City, ZheJiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guanghua Chen
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - H Henry Lai
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Tie Zhou
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Spath P, Tisato V, Gianesini S, Tessari M, Menegatti E, Manfredini R, Occhionorelli S, Secchiero P, Zamboni P. The calendar of cytokines: Seasonal variation of circulating cytokines in chronic venous insufficiency. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 6:2048004017729279. [PMID: 28959442 PMCID: PMC5593209 DOI: 10.1177/2048004017729279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess if in chronic venous insufficiency, there is a seasonal variation of cytokines levels which could explain the typical worsening of symptoms during Spring and Summer. Participants From 193 chronic venous insufficiency patients, we selected 32 patients in clinical stage C2–C3 of the Clinical–Etiology–Anatomy–Pathophysiology classification. Design A prospective, comparative and blinded cytokines assessment in two different seasons. Setting We sorted patients by two homogenous groups, 17 Autumn Group and 15 Spring Group. A complete clinical and haemodynamic assessment and laboratory analysis of 22 circulating cytokines were performed on each patient. Main outcome measures Circulating cytokines levels assessment. Results The two groups resulted homogenous for age, gender, clinical class, and haemodynamic parameters. Comparing cytokines expressions in Autumn Group vs. Spring Group, we found a significant difference of 11 out of 22 circulating cytokines (p < 0.05). Particularly Eotaxin, Interleukin-8, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, Tumour Necrosis Factor-α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor were increased in Autumn compared to the Control Group (p < 0.001); while significantly reduced in Spring, within the normal range (p, not significant). Conclusions Symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency are self-reported by patients more intense during warm seasons. Surprisingly, in our study, cytokines levels were significantly higher during Autumn and downregulated in Spring. These variations show for the first time the presence of a ‘Calendar of Cytokines’ in chronic venous insufficiency, which needs to be further investigated.
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Rajaei T, Farajifard H, Rafatpanah H, Bustani R, Valizadeh N, Rajaei B, Rezaee SA. Role of IL-21 in HTLV-1 infections with emphasis on HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Med Microbiol Immunol 2017; 206:195-201. [PMID: 28378248 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-017-0492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) enhances the survival and cytotoxic properties of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) and exhibits essential roles in controlling chronic viral infections. HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the nervous system. The main determinant of disease progression is efficiency of the CTL response to Human T lymphotropic virus types I (HTLV-1). In this study, the expression of host IL-21 and HTLV-I Tax and proviral load (PVL) was evaluated to understand the role and mechanism of IL-21 in HTLV-1 infections and the subsequent development of HAM/TSP. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 20 HAM/TSP patients, 20 asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers (ACs) and 20 healthy controls (HCs) to evaluate the expression of IL-21 and Tax and PVL in non-activated and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-ionomycin-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The mean mRNA expression of IL-21 in the non-activated and activated PBMCs was higher (by 5-13 times) in the HAM/TSP patients than in ACs and HCs (p < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference between ACs and HCs. In contrast to the IL-21 mRNA expression, the serum level of the IL-21 protein was significantly lower in the HAM/TSP patients than in ACs and HCs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, higher expression of Tax and PVL was observed in the HAM/TSP subjects than ACs (p < 0.05). In addition, Tax gene expression was positively correlated with PVL (R = 0.595, p = 0.000) and IL-21 gene expression (R = 0.395, p = 0.021) in the HTLV-1-infected subjects. In conclusion, the increase in IL-21 mRNA expression may reflect the attempt of infected T cells to induce an appropriate antiviral response, and the decrease in IL-21 protein expression may reflect the inhibition of IL-21 mRNA translation by viral factors in favour of virus evasion and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taraneh Rajaei
- Immunology Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Farajifard
- Department of Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Bustani
- Department of Neurology and HTLV-1 Foundation, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Narges Valizadeh
- Immunology Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahareh Rajaei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Castellani ML, Salini V, Frydas S, Donelan J, Tagen M, Madhappan B, Petrarca C, Falasca K, Neri G, Tete S, Vecchiet J. The Proinflammatory Interleukin-21 Elicits Anti-Tumor Response and Mediates Autoimmunity. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 19:247-51. [PMID: 16831291 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M L Castellani
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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Toivonen RK, Emani R, Munukka E, Rintala A, Laiho A, Pietilä S, Pursiheimo JP, Soidinsalo P, Linhala M, Eerola E, Huovinen P, Hänninen A. Fermentable fibres condition colon microbiota and promote diabetogenesis in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2014; 57:2183-92. [PMID: 25031069 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Gut microbiota (GM) and diet both appear to be important in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Fermentable fibres (FFs), of which there is an ample supply in natural, diabetes-promoting diets, are used by GM as a source of energy. Our aim was to determine whether FFs modify GM and diabetes incidence in the NOD mouse. METHODS Female NOD mice were weaned to a semisynthetic diet and the effects of FF supplementation on diabetes incidence and insulitis were evaluated. Real-time quantitative PCR was employed to determine the effects imposed to gene transcripts in the colon and lymph nodes. Changes to GM were analysed by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS NOD mice fed semisynthetic diets free from FFs were largely protected from diabetes while semisynthetic diets supplemented with the FFs pectin and xylan (PX) resulted in higher diabetes incidence. Semisynthetic diet free from FFs altered GM composition significantly; addition of PX changed the composition of the GM towards that found in natural-diet-fed mice and increased production of FF-derived short-chain fatty acid metabolites in the colon. The highly diabetogenic natural diet was associated with expression of proinflammatory and stress-related genes in the colon, while the semisynthetic diet free from FFs promoted Il4, Il22, Tgfβ and Foxp3 transcripts in the colon and/or pancreatic lymph node. PX in the same diet counteracted these effects and promoted stress-related IL-18 activation in gut epithelial cells. 16S RNA sequencing revealed each diet to give rise to its particular GM composition, with different Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratios, and enrichment of mucin-degrading Ruminococcaceae following diabetes-protective FF-free diet. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION FFs condition microbiota, affect colon homeostasis and are important components of natural, diabetes-promoting diets in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raine K Toivonen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520, Turku, Finland,
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Abstract
The cause of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) has yet to be established. Since the late 1980s, cytokine, chemokine, and immunological classification studies using human samples have focused on identifying biomarkers for CPPS, but no diagnostically beneficial biomarkers have been identified, and these studies have done little to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying chronic prostatic pain. Given the large number of men thought to be affected by this condition and the ineffective nature of current treatments, there is a pressing need to elucidate these mechanisms. Prostatitis types IIIa and IIIb are classified according to the presence of pain without concurrent presence of bacteria; however, it is becoming more evident that, although levels of bacteria are not directly associated with levels of pain, the presence of bacteria might act as the initiating factor that drives primary activation of mast-cell-mediated inflammation in the prostate. Mast cell activation is also known to suppress regulatory T cell (Treg) control of self-tolerance and also activate neural sensitization. This combination of established autoimmunity coupled with peripheral and central neural sensitization can result in the development of multiple symptoms, including pelvic pain and bladder irritation. Identifying these mechanisms as central mediators in CPPS offers new insight into the prospective treatment of the disease.
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McLachlan SM, Rapoport B. Breaking tolerance to thyroid antigens: changing concepts in thyroid autoimmunity. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:59-105. [PMID: 24091783 PMCID: PMC3895862 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid autoimmunity involves loss of tolerance to thyroid proteins in genetically susceptible individuals in association with environmental factors. In central tolerance, intrathymic autoantigen presentation deletes immature T cells with high affinity for autoantigen-derived peptides. Regulatory T cells provide an alternative mechanism to silence autoimmune T cells in the periphery. The TSH receptor (TSHR), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and thyroglobulin (Tg) have unusual properties ("immunogenicity") that contribute to breaking tolerance, including size, abundance, membrane association, glycosylation, and polymorphisms. Insight into loss of tolerance to thyroid proteins comes from spontaneous and induced animal models: 1) intrathymic expression controls self-tolerance to the TSHR, not TPO or Tg; 2) regulatory T cells are not involved in TSHR self-tolerance and instead control the balance between Graves' disease and thyroiditis; 3) breaking TSHR tolerance involves contributions from major histocompatibility complex molecules (humans and induced mouse models), TSHR polymorphism(s) (humans), and alternative splicing (mice); 4) loss of tolerance to Tg before TPO indicates that greater Tg immunogenicity vs TPO dominates central tolerance expectations; 5) tolerance is induced by thyroid autoantigen administration before autoimmunity is established; 6) interferon-α therapy for hepatitis C infection enhances thyroid autoimmunity in patients with intact immunity; Graves' disease developing after T-cell depletion reflects reconstitution autoimmunity; and 7) most environmental factors (including excess iodine) "reveal," but do not induce, thyroid autoimmunity. Micro-organisms likely exert their effects via bystander stimulation. Finally, no single mechanism explains the loss of tolerance to thyroid proteins. The goal of inducing self-tolerance to prevent autoimmune thyroid disease will require accurate prediction of at-risk individuals together with an antigen-specific, not blanket, therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M McLachlan
- Thyroid Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, and University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048
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Han D, Cai X, Wen J, Kenyon NS, Chen Z. From biomarkers to a clue of biology: a computation-aided perspective of immune gene expression profiles in human type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol 2012; 3:320. [PMID: 23112798 PMCID: PMC3480653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated expression of key immune genes may cause breakdown of immunological tolerance and development of autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). General immune insufficiencies have also been implicated as a trigger of autoimmunity, due to their potential impact on immune homeostasis. Recent studies have detected evidence of systemic reduction in immune gene expression in long-term diabetic patients but the changes were not present before or at T1D onset. The changes could not be merely correlated with alteration in metabolic parameters. The studies also identified a dynamic expression pattern of several well-known as well as little-studied, immune-related genes during the course of T1D. An intriguing “ratio profile” of immune regulatory genes, such as CTLA4 and members of the S100 family, versus “baseline” immune genes, such as CD3G, prompted us to further examine immune gene expression relationships for a set of molecules representing T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells. No evidence was found to suggest an overall breach of tolerance equilibrium in T1D. Perplexingly, patients with long-term T1D presented a gene expression profile that was surprisingly more coordinated in analyses of “networking” relationship. Computational analyses of the “ratio profiles” or “relationship profiles” of immune gene expression might provide a clue for further studies of immunobiology in human T1D and other autoimmune diseases, as to how the profiles may be related to the pathogenic cause of the disease, to the effect of the diseases on immune homeostasis, or to an immunological process associated with the course of the diseases but is neither a direct cause nor a direct effect of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Han
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
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12
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IFN-γ induced by IL-12 administration prevents diabetes by inhibiting pathogenic IL-17 production in NOD mice. J Autoimmun 2012; 38:20-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ramanathan S, Dubois S, Gagnon J, Leblanc C, Mariathasan S, Ferbeyre G, Rottapel R, Ohashi PS, Ilangumaran S. Regulation of cytokine-driven functional differentiation of CD8 T cells by suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 controls autoimmunity and preserves their proliferative capacity toward foreign antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:357-66. [PMID: 20519645 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that naive CD8 T cells exposed to IL-7 or IL-15 in the presence of IL-21 undergo Ag-independent proliferation with concomitant increase in TCR sensitivity. In this study, we examined whether CD8 T cells that accumulate in suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1)-deficient mice because of increased IL-15 signaling in vivo would respond to an autoantigen expressed at a very low level using a mouse model of autoimmune diabetes. In this model, P14 TCR transgenic CD8 T cells (P14 cells) adoptively transferred to rat insulin promoter-glycoprotein (RIP-GP) mice, which express the cognate Ag in the islets, do not induce diabetes unless the donor cells are stimulated by exogenous Ag. Surprisingly, SOCS1-deficient P14 cells, which expanded robustly following IL-15 stimulation, proliferated poorly in response to Ag and failed to cause diabetes in RIP-GP mice. SOCS1-deficient CD8 T cells expressing a polyclonal TCR repertoire also showed defective expansion following in vivo Ag stimulation. Notwithstanding the Ag-specific proliferation defect, SOCS1-null P14 cells produced IFN-gamma and displayed potent cytolytic activity upon Ag stimulation, suggesting that SOCS1-null CD8 T cells underwent cytokine-driven functional differentiation that selectively compromised their proliferative response to Ag but not to cytokines. Cytokine-driven homeostatic expansion in lymphopenic RIP-GP mice allowed SOCS1-null, but not wild-type, P14 cells to exert their pathogenic potential even without Ag stimulation. These findings suggest that by attenuating cytokine-driven proliferation and functional differentiation, SOCS1 not only controls the pathogenicity of autoreactive cells but also preserves the ability of CD8 T cells to proliferate in response to Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela Ramanathan
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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14
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Abstract
Reconstitution Graves' disease occurs in three settings. First, bone marrow transplantation from a donor with Graves' disease may cause this disease to appear in the recipient, as a result of adoptive immunity, although disordered immunoregulation secondary to graft-versus-host disease may also play a role. Second, alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis leads to the development of Graves' disease in up to a third of patients during the phase of naive T-cell expansion, which follows therapeutic lymphocyte depletion. Other reconstitution autoimmune phenomena, including immune thrombocytopaenic purpura, are also recognised after alemtuzumab administration. Finally, reconstitution Graves' disease may occur during a similar phase of CD4(+) T-cell expansion, which follows highly active antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Again, this complication is part of a broader spectrum of immunoregulatory disturbances, which can arise after immune reconstitution. The mechanisms responsible for reconstitution Graves' disease are at present unclear, but may include a relative bias towards a Th2-mediated immune response and reduced competition for autoreactive lymphocytes to expand during the time when recovery from lymphopenia commences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Weetman
- School of Medicine, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
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15
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Xia J, Liu W, Hu B, Tian Z, Yang Y. IL-15 promotes regulatory T cell function and protects against diabetes development in NK-depleted NOD mice. Clin Immunol 2009; 134:130-9. [PMID: 19875339 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IL-15, an anti-apoptotic cytokine, has been reported to promote the survival and function of NK cells and T cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here we examined the effect of repeated injections of IL-15 on the development of diabetes in NOD mice. Injection of recombinant murine IL-15, once a day for 2 weeks, neither inhibited nor accelerated diabetes development in untreated NOD mice. However, treatment with IL-15 significantly reduced the incidence and delayed the onset of diabetes in NOD mice that were depleted of NK cells, while NK cell depletion alone had no protection against the disease development. The protective effect in IL-15-treated, NK cell-depleted NOD mice was associated with an increase in immunosuppressive activity of CD4(+)CD25(+) Tregs. IL-15 also enhanced Foxp3 expression in CD4(+)CD25(+) cells in an in vitro culture system, and such an effect of IL-15 was abrogated by IL-15-activated NK cells. Inhibition of IL-15-induced Foxp3 expression by IL-15-activated NK cells likely resulted from their IFN-gamma production, as recombinant IFN-gamma, or the culture supernatant of IL-15-activated wild-type mouse NK cells but not of IL-15-activated IFN-gamma-deficient NK cells, mediated a similar inhibition. IFN-gamma also diminished the stimulatory effect of IL-15 on Treg function in vitro. These results indicate that IL-15 has the potential to promote Treg function and protect against diabetes development in NOD mice, but such an activity can be eliminated by simultaneous activation of NK cells in IL-15-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Xia
- Institute of Immunology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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16
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Interleukin-21 (IL-21)-mediated pathways in T cell-mediated disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20:185-91. [PMID: 19261537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is produced mostly by activated CD4+ T cells and controls the differentiation and functional activity of effector T helper cells, counteracts the suppressive effects of regulatory T cells, and stimulates non-immune cells to make inflammatory mediators. IL-21-driven tissue damage has been demonstrated in a number of organs, such as the gut, pancreas, and brain. Therefore new treatment modalities to neutralise IL-21 in vivo would be a valuable addition to the therapeutic armamentarium to combat immune-mediated inflammation. Here we describe the emerging role of IL-21 in the initiation and progress of the tissue-damaging inflammatory response in immune-mediated pathologies.
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17
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Sgouroudis E, Albanese A, Piccirillo CA. Impact of protective IL-2 allelic variants on CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cell function in situ and resistance to autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:6283-92. [PMID: 18941219 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type I diabetes (T1D) susceptibility is inherited through multiple insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) genes. NOD.B6 Idd3 congenic mice, introgressed with an Idd3 allele from T1D-resistant C57BL/6 mice (Idd3(B6)), show a marked resistance to T1D compared with control NOD mice. The protective function of the Idd3 locus is confined to the Il2 gene, whose expression is critical for naturally occurring CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (nT(reg)) cell development and function. In this study, we asked whether Idd3(B6) protective alleles in the NOD mouse model confer T1D resistance by promoting the cellular frequency, function, or homeostasis of nT(reg) cells in vivo. We show that resistance to T1D in NOD.B6 Idd3 congenic mice correlates with increased levels of IL-2 mRNA and protein production in Ag-activated diabetogenic CD4(+) T cells. We also observe that protective IL2 allelic variants (Idd3(B6) resistance allele) also favor the expansion and suppressive functions of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) nT(reg) cells in vitro, as well as restrain the proliferation, IL-17 production, and pathogenicity of diabetogenic CD4(+) T cells in vivo more efficiently than control do nT(reg) cells. Lastly, the resistance to T1D in Idd3 congenic mice does not correlate with an augmented systemic frequency of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) nT(reg) cells but more so with the ability of protective IL2 allelic variants to promote the expansion of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) nT(reg) cells directly in the target organ undergoing autoimmune attack. Thus, protective, IL2 allelic variants impinge the development of organ-specific autoimmunity by bolstering the IL-2 producing capacity of self-reactive CD4(+) T cells and, in turn, favor the function and homeostasis of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) nT(reg) cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evridiki Sgouroudis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and McGill Center for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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18
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Savinov AY, Strongin AY. Matrix metalloproteinases, T cell homing and beta-cell mass in type 1 diabetes. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 80:541-62. [PMID: 19251049 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00618-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes begins with the activation of autoimmune T killer cells and is followed by their homing into the pancreatic islets. After penetrating the pancreatic islets, T cells directly contact and destroy insulin-producing beta cells. This review provides an overview of the dynamic interactions which link T cell membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and the signaling adhesion CD44 receptor with T cell transendothelial migration and the subsequent homing of the transmigrated cells to the pancreatic islets. MT1-MMP regulates the functionality of CD44 in diabetogenic T cells. By regulating the functionality of T cell CD44, MT1-MMP mediates the transition of T cell adhesion to endothelial cells to the transendothelial migration of T cells, thus, controlling the rate at which T cells home into the pancreatic islets. As a result, the T cell MT1-MMP-CD44 axis controls the severity of the disease. Inhibition of MT1-MMP proteolysis of CD44 using highly specific and potent synthetic inhibitors, which have been clinically tested in cancer patients, reduces the rate of transendothelial migration and the homing of T cells. Result is a decrease in the net diabetogenic efficiency of T cells and a restoration of beta cell mass and insulin production in NOD mice. The latter is a reliable and widely used model of type I diabetes in humans. Overall, existing experimental evidence suggests that there is a sound mechanistic rationale for clinical trials of the inhibitors of T cell MT1-MMP in human type 1 diabetes patients.
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19
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Savinov AY, Rozanov DV, Strongin AY. Specific inhibition of autoimmune T cell transmigration contributes to beta cell functionality and insulin synthesis in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:32106-11. [PMID: 17761671 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705348200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human diabetes mellitus (IDDM; type I diabetes) is a T cell-mediated disease that is closely modeled in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The pathogenesis of IDDM involves the transmigration of autoimmune T cells into the pancreatic islets and the subsequent destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Therapeutic interventions leading to beta cell regeneration and the reversal of established IDDM are exceedingly limited. We report here that specific inhibition of T cell intra-islet transmigration by using a small molecule proteinase inhibitor restores beta cell functionality, increases insulin-producing beta cell mass, and alleviates the severity of IDDM in acutely diabetic NOD mice. As a result, acutely diabetic NOD mice do not require insulin injections for survival for a significant time period, thus providing a promising clue to effect IDDM reversal in humans. The extensive morphometric analyses and the measurements of both the C-peptide blood levels and the proinsulin mRNA levels in the islets support our conclusions. Diabetes transfer experiments suggest that the inhibitor specifically represses the T cell transmigration and homing processes as opposed to causing immunosuppression. Overall, our data provide a rationale for the pharmacological control of the T cell transmigration step in human IDDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Y Savinov
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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20
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Modulation of autoimmunity by the latest interleukins (with special emphasis on IL-32). Autoimmun Rev 2007; 6:131-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Czopik AK, Bynoe MS, Palm N, Raine CS, Medzhitov R. Semaphorin 7A is a negative regulator of T cell responses. Immunity 2006; 24:591-600. [PMID: 16713976 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins play an essential role in axonal guidance, and emerging evidence points to diverse functions of several Semaphorin family members in the immune system. Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A) promotes axonal growth in the central nervous system. Here, we show that Sema7A also plays a critical role in negative regulation of T cell activation and function. T cells deficient in Sema7A exhibit enhanced homeostatic and antigen-induced proliferative response. Moreover, autoreactive Sema7A-deficient T cells mediate aggressive autoimmune disease. The deficiency in Sema7A leads to defective TCR downmodulation and T cell hyperresponsiveness. These results demonstrate an important role of Sema7A in limiting autoimmune responses and add to growing evidence of shared signaling pathways used by the immune and nervous systems.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Autoimmunity
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Semaphorins/immunology
- Semaphorins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Czopik
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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22
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Gauld SB, Merrell KT, Cambier JC. Silencing of autoreactive B cells by anergy: a fresh perspective. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:292-7. [PMID: 16616480 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signals are crucial for initiation of humoral immune responses and must be actively modulated and/or terminated in preparation for receipt of subsequent cues for progression. BCR signaling is also actively inhibited in autoreactive cells in which unresponsiveness is maintained by anergy. This serves to prevent cell activation and autoimmunity. Importantly, the feedback mechanisms that modulate and/or terminate signaling during normal antigen-induced B-cell activation appear to also be involved in maintaining B-cell anergy. In fact, it is suggested that anergy reflects nothing more than the normal inability of cells to respond to antigen following preceding stimulation of normal inhibitory feedback mechanisms. Thus, the time-honored two-signal hypothesis is almost certainly correct, with second signals being required to release the cell from inhibitory BCR-specific and trans-active feedback regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Gauld
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Science Center and National Jewish Medical Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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23
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Tian J, Zekzer D, Lu Y, Dang H, Kaufman DL. B cells are crucial for determinant spreading of T cell autoimmunity among beta cell antigens in diabetes-prone nonobese diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:2654-61. [PMID: 16456028 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The determinant spreading of T cell autoimmunity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and in the protective mechanism of Ag-based immunotherapy in NOD mice. However, little is known about the role of APCs, particularly B cells, in the spreading of T cell autoimmunity. We studied determinant spreading in NOD/scid or Igmu(-/-) NOD mice reconstituted with NOD T and/or B cells and found that mice with mature B cells (TB NOD/scid and BMB Igmu(-/-) NOD), but not mice that lacked mature B cells (T NOD/scid and BM Igmu(-/-) NOD), spontaneously developed Th1 autoimmunity, which spread sequentially among different beta cell Ags. Immunization of T NOD/scid and BM Igmu(-/-) NOD mice with a beta cell Ag could prime Ag-specific Th1 or Th2 responses, but those T cell responses did not spread to other beta cell Ags. In contrast, immunization of TB NOD/scid and BMB Igmu(-/-) NOD mice with a beta cell Ag in IFA induced Th2 responses, which spread to other beta cell Ags. Furthermore, we found that while macrophages and dendritic cells could evoke memory and effector T cell responses in vitro, B cells significantly enhanced the detection of spontaneously primed and induced Th1 responses to beta cell Ags. Our data suggest that B cells, but not other APCs, mediate the spreading of T cell responses during the type 1 diabetes process and following Ag-based immunotherapy. Conceivably, the modulation of the capacity of B cells to present Ag may provide new interventions for enhancing Ag-based immunotherapy and controlling autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA.
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24
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Chang X, Zheng P, Liu Y. FoxP3: a genetic link between immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2005; 5:399-402. [PMID: 16890893 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has long been observed that patients with autoimmune diseases also have immune deficiency. How these two opposite extremes of immunity can be found in the same individual is largely unclear. Here we review the evidence that a FoxP3 defect may provide a critical link between autoimmunity and immune deficiency. Disruption of FoxP3 results in severe autoimmune syndromes in both human and mice. Bone marrow chimera experiments indicate that FoxP3 defects in both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells are required for the development of severe autoimmune disease. FoxP3 mutation in the hematopoietic cells impairs the development of regulatory T cells (Treg). Our data demonstrate that the mutation in non-hematopoietic cells results in deficient thymopoiesis. Defective T cell production may be an underlying cause of T cell hyperproliferation, which together with Treg defects, may lead to fatal autoimmune disease in mouse and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chang
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 1645 Neil Avenue, 129 Hamilton Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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