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Danesh Mesgaran M, Kargar H, Danesh Mesgaran S, Javadmanesh A. Peripartal Rumen-Protected L-Carnitine Manipulates the Productive and Blood Metabolic Responses in High-Producing Holstein Dairy Cows. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:769837. [PMID: 35004923 PMCID: PMC8739927 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.769837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to monitor the effect of including rumen-protected L-carnitine (Carneon 20 Rumin-Pro, Kaesler Nutrition GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) in the transition diet on the productive and metabolic responses of multiparous high-producing Holstein dairy cows. Thirty-two multiparous cows were allocated in a completely randomized design to receive the same diet plus 60 g fat prill containing 85% palmitic acid (control, n = 16) or 100 g rumen-protected L-carnitine (RLC, n = 16); at 28 days before expected calving until 28 days in milk (DIM). Fat prill was included in the control diet to balance the palmitic acid content of both experimental diets. Milk production over the 28 DIM for the control and RLC groups was 46.5 and 47.7 kg, respectively. Milk fat content tended to increase upon rumen-protected L-carnitine inclusion (p = 0.1). Cows fed rumen-protected L-carnitine had higher fat- and energy-corrected milk compared with the control group. Pre- and post-partum administration of L-carnitine decreased both high- and low-density lipoprotein concentrations in peripheral blood of post-partum cows. The results of this study indicated that the concentration of triglycerides and beta-hydroxybutyrate was not significantly different between the groups, whereas the blood non-esterified fatty acid concentration was markedly decreased in cows supplemented with L-carnitine. Animals in the RLC group had a significant (p < 0.05) lower blood haptoglobin concentration at 7 and 14 DIM than the control. Animals in the RLC group had a lower concentration of blood enzymes than those of the control group. The mRNA abundance of Toll-like receptors 4, cluster of differentiation 14, and myeloid differential protein 2 did not significantly change upon the supplementation of L-carnitine in the transition diet. In summary, the dietary inclusion of RLC improved dairy cow's performance during the early lactation period. Greater production, at least in part, is driven by improved energy utilization efficiency and enhanced metabolic status in animals during the periparturient period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Danesh Mesgaran
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Kargar
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ali Javadmanesh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Nava-Trujillo H, Valeris-Chacin R, Quintero-Moreno A, Escalona-Muñoz J. Milk yield at first lactation, parity, and season of calving affect the reproductive performance of water buffalo cows. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an18420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Profitability of water buffalo systems depends on a calving interval (CI) <400 days. Several factors affect the achievement of this target. However, milk yield at first lactation has received little attention.
Aims
Determine the effect of milk yield at first lactation, parity, season of calving and farm, on the length of CI and the probability of a CI ≤ 400 days in water buffaloes.
Methods
A retrospective analysis of milk yield at first lactation and reproductive records of 1459 water buffaloes was carried out. Milk yield was categorised as Group 1 (≤1090 kg), Group 2 (1090–1377 kg), Group 3 (1377–1684 kg) and Group 4 (>1684 kg); parity was categorised as parity 1, 2 and ≥ 3; and month of calving was grouped into three seasons: December–March, April–July, and August–November. Data were analysed using linear and logistic mixed models.
Key results
CI increased from 425.3 days (95% CI: 418.8–431.8 days) in group 1 to 463.3 days (95% CI: 456–470.6 days) in group 4 (P < 0.05), while the probability of having a CI ≤ 400 days decreased from 0.5 (95% CI: 0.46–0.54) to 0.26 (95% CI: 0.22–0.29), respectively (P < 0.05). CI decreased from 466 days (95% CI: 460.8–471.3 days) in parity 1 to 410.5 days (95% CI: 405.2–415.8 days) in parity ≥3, whereas the probability of a CI ≤ 400 days increased from 0.26 (95% CI: 0.24–0.29) to 0.51 (95% CI: 0.47–0.54) respectively (P < 0.05). Water buffaloes calving in August–November showed significantly shorter CI and, along with those calving between December–March, showed the highest probability of a CI ≤ 400 days. An interaction between milk yield at first lactation and parity on both outcomes was observed.
Conclusions
Shorter CI and higher probability of a CI <400 days were associated with lower milk yields at first lactation, higher parity and calving between August–November. Higher milk yield at first lactation affected negatively the reproductive performance of water buffaloes, especially at parity 1 and 2.
Implications
These results highlight the importance of adequate nutritional management to allow water buffaloes to cope with the challenge of the postpartum negative energy balance and have a calving interval less than 400 days.
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Oliveira HR, Lourenco DAL, Masuda Y, Misztal I, Tsuruta S, Jamrozik J, Brito LF, Silva FF, Cant JP, Schenkel FS. Single-step genome-wide association for longitudinal traits of Canadian Ayrshire, Holstein, and Jersey dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9995-10011. [PMID: 31477296 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estimating single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) effects over time is essential to identify and validate candidate genes (or quantitative trait loci) associated with time-dependent variation of economically important traits and to better understand the underlying mechanisms of lactation biology. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to estimate time-dependent effects of SNP and identifying candidate genes associated with milk (MY), fat (FY), and protein (PY) yields, and somatic cell score (SCS) in the first 3 lactations of Canadian Ayrshire, Holstein, and Jersey breeds, as well as suggest their potential pattern of phenotypic effect over time. Random regression coefficients for the additive direct genetic effect were estimated for each animal using single-step genomic BLUP, based on 2 random regression models: one considering MY, FY, and PY in the first 3 lactations and the other considering SCS in the first 3 lactations. Thereafter, SNP solutions were obtained for random regression coefficients, which were used to estimate the SNP effects over time (from 5 to 305 d in lactation). The top 1% of SNP that showed a high magnitude of SNP effect in at least 1 d in lactation were selected as relevant SNP for further analyses of candidate genes, and clustered according to the trajectory of their SNP effects over time. The majority of SNP selected for MY, FY, and PY increased the magnitude of their effects over time, for all breeds. In contrast, for SCS, most selected SNP decreased the magnitude of their effects over time, especially for the Holstein and Jersey breeds. In general, we identified a different set of candidate genes for each breed, and similar genes were found across different lactations for the same trait in the same breed. For some of the candidate genes, the suggested pattern of phenotypic effect changed among lactations. Among the lactations, candidate genes (and their suggested phenotypic effect over time) identified for the second and third lactations were more similar to each other than for the first lactation. Well-known candidate genes with major effects on milk production traits presented different suggested patterns of phenotypic effect across breeds, traits, and lactations in which they were identified. The candidate genes identified in this study can be used as target genes in studies of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Oliveira
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
| | - D A L Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - Y Masuda
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - I Misztal
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - S Tsuruta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - J Jamrozik
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, ON, N1K 1E5, Canada
| | - L F Brito
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - F F Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - J P Cant
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - F S Schenkel
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Mogheiseh A, Ahmadi MR, Nazifi S, Mirzaei A, Fallah E. Destination of corpus luteum in postpartum clinical endometritis cows and factors affecting self-recovery. Vet Anim Sci 2019; 9:100067. [PMID: 32734100 PMCID: PMC7386640 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The most cyclic clinical endometritis cows revealed new CL two weeks after clean test. The uterus of most of cyclic clinical endometritis cows was clean 14 days after 30 ± 3 days postpartum. About two third of clinical endometritis cows with persistent CL remained infected after second examination and considered as pyometric cows. Concentration of some metabolic or steroid hormones and production and reproduction factors influenced self-recovery of cows from clinical endometritis. Size and position of reproductive tract influenced self-healing from clinical endometritis.
In this study, the fate of corpus luteum was investigated in cows affected by severe clinical endometritis. Also, concentration of IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, adiponectin, leptin, progesterone (P4), PGFM, insulin, and IGF-1 were studied in severe clinical endometritis cows at day 30 ± 3 postpartum. Eighty-seven dairy cows affected by severe clinical endometritis were selected and their reproductive tract was examined by ultrasonography at day 30 ± 3 postpartum (first examination) and 14 days later (second examination). The majority of the cows with CL and affected by clinical endometritis at first examination had new CL 14 days later, and most of these cows were clean without any treatment (self-healing). The CL of about 28.7% of all cows with clinical endometritis at first examination persisted two weeks later and the uterus of most of them remained infected as pyometric cows. Most of the anestrous cows (83.3%) were pregnant, but only 51% of cows with new CL were pregnant at the end of next six month period. There was a significant difference in the means of lactation number, uterine lumen diameter, cervical diameter, and size of uterine horn, milk production at first examination, concentrations of insulin, COX-2, P4, IL-1β, and IL-6 among persistent CL, new CL, and anestrous cows. The pregnancy rate and the discharge score were different among persistent CL, new CL, and anestrous cows. In conclusion, CL on ovary of cows and its fate could affect recovery from severe clinical endometritis. The concentration of some metabolic hormones influenced the self-recovery of cows from clinical endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Mogheiseh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz P.O. Box 71441-69155, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahim Ahmadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz P.O. Box 71441-69155, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz P.O. Box 71441-69155, Iran
| | - Abdollah Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz P.O. Box 71441-69155, Iran
| | - Eisa Fallah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz P.O. Box 71441-69155, Iran
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Pesántez-Pacheco JL, Heras-Molina A, Torres-Rovira L, Sanz-Fernández MV, García-Contreras C, Vázquez-Gómez M, Feyjoo P, Cáceres E, Frías-Mateo M, Hernández F, Martínez-Ros P, González-Martin JV, González-Bulnes A, Astiz S. Influence of Maternal Factors (Weight, Body Condition, Parity, and Pregnancy Rank) on Plasma Metabolites of Dairy Ewes and Their Lambs. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E122. [PMID: 30925737 PMCID: PMC6523727 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy and lactation are challenging states that affect maternal and lamb health. In Lacaune dairy sheep, we evaluated the impact of parity, pregnancy rank, and body condition on body weight and the condition of ewes and lambs in mid-pregnancy (75 ± 5 d), in late pregnancy (142 ± 4d), and postpartum (52 ± 5d pp). Maternal age was associated with initial decreases, followed by increases, in body weight and condition. After lambing, both mature and maiden ewes lost weight and body condition. Maternal indices of glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism were within physiological values during pregnancy, but postpartum values depended on maternal parity and pregnancy rank, with multiple-pregnant ewes showing a postpartum increase in glucose and maiden sheep a postpartum increase in plasma cholesterol concentration. Male lambs were heavier than female lambs at birth, and lambs born to mothers with higher body condition scores were heavier. Lambs born as singletons were heavier than those born in litters. Maternal age and pregnancy rank did not influence lamb metabolic indicators. Sex affected plasma concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Maternal metabolic indicators showed minimal effects on lamb phenotype. These results suggest that, when appropriately fed, dairy sheep can cover the metabolic demands of pregnancy and milk production, regardless of age and pregnancy rank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Pesántez-Pacheco
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Cuenca, Avda. Doce de Octubre, 010220 Cuenca, Ecuador.
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Heras-Molina
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Torres-Rovira
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Victoria Sanz-Fernández
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Consolación García-Contreras
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Vázquez-Gómez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Feyjoo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elisa Cáceres
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Millán Frías-Mateo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fernando Hernández
- Technical Department, Granja Cerromonte SL, 05358 San Juan de la Encinilla, Ávila, 05358, Spain.
| | - Paula Martínez-Ros
- Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Tirant lo Blanc, 7. 46115 Alfara del Patriarca Valencia, Spain.
| | - Juan Vicente González-Martin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Technical Department, TRIALVET SL, C/ Encina 22, Cabanillas de la Sierra, 28721 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Susana Astiz
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Avda Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Impact of endometritis on post-partum ovarian cyclicity in dairy cows. Vet J 2019; 248:8-13. [PMID: 31113569 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Endometritis in dairy cows is a major global issue and has been associated with a decrease in reproductive performance. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of endometritis (as defined by the presence of any abnormal vaginal discharge after 21 days post-partum) on post-partum ovarian cyclicity in dairy cows. Milk progesterone analysis was used to monitor reproductive cyclicity in 170 dairy cows across three different commercial herds. Associations between the occurrence of endometritis and the incidence risk of a variety of atypical cycle profiles during the calving to conception period were investigated to establish the importance of endometritis on post-partum ovarian activity. Endometritis increased the incidence odds of atypical ovarian profiles (P < 0.05) with prolonged luteal activity being the most affected (P < 0.05), but also showed prolonged time (3 days) to onset of luteal activity after parturition (P < 0.05). Using milk progesterone analysis, we found a relatively low incidence odds for reproductive cycle problems in healthy cows during the calving to conception period. However, the incidence odds of cycle problems, in particular prolonged luteal activity, were high in cows that had experienced endometritis, which would have significantly impaired reproductive function.
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Greenham T, Oikonomou G, Grove-White D. A description of interestrus and interservice intervals and associated fertility in 16 United Kingdom dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:824-832. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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El-Tarabany MS, AL-Marakby KM. Effect of synchronization protocols on reproductive indices, progesterone profile and fertility under subtropical environmental conditions in repeat breeder Holstein cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2018; 54:234-242. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud S. El-Tarabany
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Zagazig University; Sharkia Egypt
| | - Khaled M. AL-Marakby
- Department of Animal production, Faculty of Agriculture; Zagaig University; Sharkia Egypt
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Physiological Adaptations to Milk Production that Affect the Fertility of High Yielding Dairy Cows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/s0263967x00040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe high yielding dairy cow is expected to produce a substantial milk output every year and at the same time to conceive and maintain a pregnancy to term. To fulfil lifetime production potential a balance between yield, fertility and other influential factors has to be achieved. Any inability on the part of the management system to identify and rectify problems or on the part of the cow to cope with metabolic demands invariably results in economic or welfare issues. Our studies of high yielding dairy cows have revealed that some animals are capable of normal reproductive function whilst others are classic repeat breeders (requiring 3+ services per conception) or simply fail to rebreed. It is well established that the somatotrophic axis (growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors) drives lactation in ruminants but it is also intimately involved in reproductive processes. An awareness of metabolic adaptations to lactation that impact on reproduction in dairy cows is needed for appropriate management.The objective of our studies was to explore the metabolic profiles of high yielding dairy cows to identify factors influencing their ovarian function and fertility, hence to characterise the physiological adaptations involved. Our studies revealed different relationships between progesterone profile categories and metabolic status post partum. Delayed ovulation (DOV) or persistent corpora lutea (PCL) may be an appropriate response to a nutritional state or physiological situation and it may therefore be inaccurate to refer to these as ‘abnormal’. Whilst associated with high milk yields, not all profile categories detrimentally affected fertility parameters. Delayed ovulation postcalving (DOV1) was identified as the most prevalent abnormal profile encountered in first lactation high yielding cows. This may have occurred because the cows were not yet physically mature and unable to sustain both milk production and growth. The condition lasted long enough (71 ± 8.3 days from calving) to have a detrimental impact on their overall fertility parameters and was associated with significant physiological changes, representative of tissue mobilisation. Although the incidence of persistent luteal phases (PCL1 and PCL2) in dairy cows is increasing, this condition was not found to have any substantial detrimental effects on fertility or production parameters of the primiparous or multiparous cows in these studies. The main reproductive problems in our high yielding primiparous and multiparous cows appeared to be a failure to ovulate and conceive at the expected time or to maintain a pregnancy. These situations were associated predominantly with high milk yields and low concentrations of plasma IGF-I. A failure to ovulate appears to occur when body reserves are mobilised to maintain milk yield at the expense of reproduction and seems most likely to occur in primiparous high yielding cows or those experiencing GH-resistance (low IGF-I) due to excessive body condition loss, reduced feed intakes and factors such as stress and disease. More detailed investigations of dietary means of increasing IGF-I and optimising insulin concentrations, targeted at important reproductive times, are required in high yielding dairy cows, to aid in their management.
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Effects of parity on productive, reproductive, metabolic and hormonal responses of Holstein cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 191:9-21. [PMID: 29471977 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects that parity may have on production, reproduction and the metabolic status of Holstein cows managed in a production system based on total mixed ration and pasture. Primiparous (n = 22) and multiparous (n = 24) cows from a dairy farm research station in Uruguay were used in a completely randomized design. Body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS) and backfat thickness (BFT) were recorded weekly from -30 to 70 days postpartum. Milk production was measured daily, and milk composition was determined weekly. Resumption of postpartum ovarian activity and progesterone profiles were measured three times a week based on milk progesterone. Blood was collected to determine the levels of glucose, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1), insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), albumin, total protein and cholesterol. Milk production and components were lower for primiparous cows (p < 0.01) than multiparous cows. Body weights were also lower in primiparous cows than in multiparous cows (p < 0.05); however, BCS and BFT were greater (p < 0.01) in primiparous cows than in multiparous cows. Primiparous cows had greater levels of glucose, insulin and IGF-1 and lower concentrations of NEFA and BHB (p < 0.01) than multiparous cows. The intervals from calving to first ovulation were not affected by parity; however, primiparous cows showed less abnormal cycles (27.2%) than multiparous cows (50.0%) (p < 0.01). The present study found that a feeding system based on TMR and pasture was sufficient to produce over 25 L of milk per day without extending their calving to first ovulation interval in primiparous and multiparous cows. However, multiparous cows showed a greater imbalance in metabolic and hormonal profiles than primiparous cows, causing abnormal ovarian activity.
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Sorg D, Wensch-Dorendorf M, Schöpke K, Martin G, Schafberg R, Reinhold N, Pache S, Swalve H. Genetic analysis of new progesterone-based fertility traits in dairy cows measured on-farm. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8205-8219. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bruinjé TC, Colazo MG, Gobikrushanth M, Ambrose DJ. Relationships among early postpartum luteal activity, parity, and insemination outcomes based on in-line milk progesterone profiles in Canadian Holstein cows. Theriogenology 2017; 100:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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McDermott A, De Marchi M, Berry DP, Visentin G, Fenelon MA, Lopez-Villalobos N, McParland S. Cow and environmental factors associated with protein fractions and free amino acids predicted using mid-infrared spectroscopy in bovine milk. J Dairy Sci 2017. [PMID: 28624276 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to identify the factors associated with both the protein composition and free amino acid (FAA) composition of bovine milk predicted using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Milk samples were available from 7 research herds and 69 commercial herds. The spectral data from the research herds comprised 94,286 separate morning and evening milk samples; the spectral data from the commercial herds comprised 40,260 milk samples representing a composite sample of both the morning and evening milkings. Mid-infrared spectroscopy prediction models developed in a previous study were applied to all spectra. Factors associated with the predicted protein and FAA composition were quantified using linear mixed models. Factors considered in the model included the fixed effects of calendar month of the test, milking time (i.e., morning, evening, or both combined), parity (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and ≥6), stage of lactation, the interaction between parity and stage of lactation, breed proportion of the cow (Friesian, Jersey, Norwegian Red, Montbéliarde, and other), and both the general heterosis and recombination coefficients of the cow. Contemporary group as well as both within- and across-lactation permanent environmental effects were included in all models as random effects. Total proteins (i.e., total casein, CN; total whey; and total β-lactoglobulin) and protein fractions (with the exception of α-lactalbumin) decreased postcalving until 36 to 65 days in milk and increased thereafter. After adjusting the statistical model for differences in crude protein content and milk yield separately, irrespective of stage of lactation, younger animals produced more total proteins (i.e., total CN, total whey, and total β-lactoglobulin) as well as more total FAA, Glu, and Asp than their older contemporaries. The concentration of all protein fractions (except β-CN) in milk was greatest in the evening milk, even after adjusting for differences in the crude protein content of the milk. Relative to a purebred Holstein cow, Jersey cows, on average, produced a greater concentration of all CN fractions but less total FAA, Glu, Gly, Asp, and Val in milk. Relative to their respective purebred parental average, first-cross cows produced more total CN and more β-CN. Results from the present study indicate that many cow-level factors, as well as other factors, are associated with protein composition and FAA composition of bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McDermott
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M De Marchi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - D P Berry
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - G Visentin
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Universita 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M A Fenelon
- Teagasc, Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - N Lopez-Villalobos
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - S McParland
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
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Teixeira HCA, Barbosa EA, Souto PLG, Mariante ADS, Ramos AF. Postpartum hormone and energy profiles and their influence on the resumption of ovarian cyclicity in Curraleiro Pé-Duro cows. Theriogenology 2017; 95:133-140. [PMID: 28460667 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate hormone and energy profiles in the postpartum period and to correlate these profiles with the resumption of ovarian cyclicity, as well as characterizing the postpartum short estrous cycle of Curraleiro Pé-Duro cows. Twelve Curraleiro Pé-Duro cows were examined via rectal palpation and ultrasound at 10 days postpartum, and subsequently examined daily to evaluate the resumption of ovarian cyclicity as well as every five days in order to evaluate uterine involution. Upon analysis of the data, it was possible to observe the formation of two distinct groups, one of which was comprised of those animals which returned to cyclicity within 60 days postpartum and another comprised of those animals which returned to cyclicity more than 105 days postpartum. Therefore, animals were divided into two groups; precocious, designated Ov Group, and delayed, designated NOv Group, wherein the cut-off time for all tests was 60 days postpartum. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) between the groups occurred only regarding the day of 1st ovulation, which in the Ov Group averaged 51.4 ± 9.3 days and in the NOv Group averaged 138.3 ± 19.8 days postpartum. The other postpartum short estrous cycle variables assessed did not show statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) between the groups. NEFA, BHBA and thyroxine concentration levels did not differ (P > 0.05) between the groups in any of the statistical analyses. However, in the analysis comparing growth curves, triglycerides levels were higher for the Ov Group (P = 0.04) and cholesterol levels were higher for the NOv Group (P = 0.02). In this experiment, a small influence of a negative energy balance between the groups was observed, suggesting that these animals can present significant genetic variability due to natural selection, as evidenced by the formation of groups of animals with precocious and delayed reproductive characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor Castro Alves Teixeira
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Center, Brasília, DF, Brazil; University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Eleonora Araújo Barbosa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Center, Brasília, DF, Brazil; University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Paula Lorenna Grangeira Souto
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Center, Brasília, DF, Brazil; University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Extending the duration of treatment with progesterone and equine chorionic gonadotropin improves fertility in suckled beef cows with low body condition score subjected to timed artificial insemination. Theriogenology 2016; 86:536-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Ghanem ME, Tezuka E, Sasaki K, Takahashi M, Yamagishi N, Izaike Y, Osawa T. Correlation of blood metabolite concentrations and body condition scores with persistent postpartum uterine bacterial infection in dairy cows. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:457-463. [PMID: 27349443 PMCID: PMC5081732 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To analyze the relationship of blood metabolite concentrations and body condition score (BCS) with persistent bacterial uterine infection, specifically that caused by Trueperella pyogenes and anaerobic bacteria, uterine bacteriological swabs (n = 128) were collected from 64 Holstein cows at 5 (W5) and 7 (W7) weeks postpartum, and the percentage of neutrophils in the endometrium was evaluated. Blood glucose, total cholesterol (T-cho), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations were analyzed at 3 weeks (W-3) and 1 week (W-1) prepartum and W3, W5, and W7 postpartum. BCS were evaluated at W-3, W3, and W7. Blood glucose concentrations at W-3 and W-1 in cows with persistent bacterial infection were lower (P = 0.05) than in the rest of the cows. Total BUN concentrations in cows with persistent bacterial infection were lower (P < 0.01) than those in other cows, although the association between the pre or postpartum time and status of infection was not significant. Total NEFA concentrations in cows with persistent bacterial infection were similar to those in uninfected cows and cows positive for infection at W5 but not W7. Total BCS in cows with persistent bacterial infection were lower (P < 0.01) than those in cows positive for infection at both W5 but not W7 and W7 but not W5; however, the association between the pre or postpartum time and status of infection was not significant. Glucose concentrations at W-3 and W-1 negatively correlated with persistent bacterial infection at W5 and W7 (P < 0.01). BUN concentrations at W3 (P < 0.01), W5 (P < 0.05), and W7 (P < 0.05) and BCS at W3 (P < 0.01) negatively correlated with persistent postpartum bacterial infection. Decreased prepartum blood glucose concentrations might be an important risk factor for persistent postpartum bacterial uterine infection in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elshabrawy Ghanem
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
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17
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Lüttgenau J, Kögel T, Bollwein H. Effects of GnRH or PGF2α in week 5 postpartum on the incidence of cystic ovarian follicles and persistent corpora lutea and on fertility parameters in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2016; 85:904-913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Bedere N, Delaby L, Ducrocq V, Leurent-Colette S, Disenhaus C. Toward improved postpartum cyclicity of primiparous dairy cows: Effects of genetic merit for production traits under contrasting feeding systems. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:1266-1276. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Strucken EM, Laurenson YCSM, Brockmann GA. Go with the flow-biology and genetics of the lactation cycle. Front Genet 2015; 6:118. [PMID: 25859260 PMCID: PMC4374477 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactation is a dynamic process, which evolved to meet dietary demands of growing offspring. At the same time, the mother's metabolism changes to meet the high requirements of nutrient supply to the offspring. Through strong artificial selection, the strain of milk production on dairy cows is often associated with impaired health and fertility. This led to the incorporation of functional traits into breeding aims to counteract this negative association. Potentially, distributing the total quantity of milk per lactation cycle more equally over time could reduce the peak of physiological strain and improve health and fertility. During lactation many factors affect the production of milk: food intake; digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients; blood glucose levels; activity of cells in the mammary gland, liver, and adipose tissue; synthesis of proteins and fat in the secretory cells; and the metabolic and regulatory pathways that provide fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. Whilst the endocrine regulation and physiology of the dynamic process of milk production seems to be understood, the genetics that underlie these dynamics are still to be uncovered. Modeling of longitudinal traits and estimating the change in additive genetic variation over time has shown that the genetic contribution to the expression of a trait depends on the considered time-point. Such time-dependent studies could contribute to the discovery of missing heritability. Only very few studies have estimated exact gene and marker effects at different time-points during lactation. The most prominent gene affecting milk yield and milk fat, DGAT1, exhibits its main effects after peak production, whilst the casein genes have larger effects in early lactation. Understanding the physiological dynamics and elucidating the time-dependent genetic effects behind dynamically expressed traits will contribute to selection decisions to further improve productive and healthy breeding populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Strucken
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Yan C S M Laurenson
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Gudrun A Brockmann
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin, Germany
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Obese F, Martin G, Blackberry M, Ayim-Akonor M, Gomda Y. Upgrading local cattle in tropical west Africa: Metabolic hormone concentrations during the post-partum period in Sanga and Friesian–Sanga crossbred cows. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Parturition to resumption of ovarian cyclicity: comparative aspects of beef and dairy cows. Animal 2014; 8 Suppl 1:40-53. [PMID: 24680122 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a variable anoestrous period following parturition in the cow. Follicular growth generally resumes within 7 to 10 days in the majority of cows associated with a transient FSH rise that occurs within 3 to 5 days of parturition. Dairy cows that are not nutritionally stressed generally ovulate their first postpartum dominant follicle (~15 days), whereas beef suckler cows in good body condition normally have a mean of 3.2±0.2 dominant follicles (~30 days) to first ovulation; moreover, beef cows in poor body condition have a mean of 10.6±1.2 dominant follicles (~70 to 100 days) to first ovulation. The lack of ovulation of dominant follicles during the postpartum period is associated with infrequent LH pulses, with both maternal-offspring bonding and low body condition score (BCS) at calving being implicated as the predominant causes of delayed resumption of cyclicity in nursed beef cows. In dairy cows, the normal pattern of early resumption of ovulation may be delayed in high-yielding Holstein type cows generally owing to the effects of severe negative energy balance, dystocia, retained placental membranes and uterine infections. First ovulation, in both dairy and beef cows, is generally silent (i.e., no behavioural oestrus) and followed by a short inter-ovulatory interval (>70%). The key to optimizing the resumption of ovulation in both beef and dairy cows is appropriate pre-calving nutrition and management so that cows calve down in optimal body condition (BCS; 2.75 to 3.0) with postpartum body condition loss restricted to <0.5 BCS units.
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22
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Aoki M, Ohshita T, Aoki Y, Sakaguchi M. Plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, vitamin A and vitamin E levels and resumption of postpartum ovarian activity in dairy cows. Anim Sci J 2014; 85:532-41. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Aoki
- Dairy Production Research Division; Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center; National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Sapporo Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohshita
- Dairy Production Research Division; Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center; National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Sapporo Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Aoki
- Dairy Production Research Division; Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center; National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Sapporo Japan
| | - Minoru Sakaguchi
- Dairy Production Research Division; Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center; National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO); Sapporo Japan
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23
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Strüve K, Herzog K, Magata F, Piechotta M, Shirasuna K, Miyamoto A, Bollwein H. The effect of metritis on luteal function in dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:244. [PMID: 24304943 PMCID: PMC3899931 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disturbed uterine involution impairs ovarian function in the first weeks after calving. This study analyzed the long-term effect of metritis on luteal function of 47 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows during the first four postpartum estrous cycles. Cows with abnormal uterine enlargement and malodorous lochia were classified as having metritis (group M, n = 18), and all others were considered healthy (group H, n = 29). Luteal size was measured once between days 9 and 13 of the first (group H, n = 11; group M, n = 12), second (group H, n = 23; group M, n = 18) and fourth (group H, n = 11; group M, n = 7) postpartum luteal phases. Serum progesterone concentration was measured at the same time. Sixteen cows (group H, n = 9; group M, n = 7) underwent transvaginal luteal biopsy for gene expression analysis of steroidogenic regulatory proteins during the second and fourth cycles. Cows with persistence of the corpus luteum (CL) underwent determination of luteal size, luteal biopsy and serum progesterone measurement once between days 29 and 33, followed by prostaglandin treatment to induce luteolysis. The same procedures were repeated once between days 9 and 13 of the induced cycle. Results The cows in group M had smaller first-cycle CLs than the cows in group H (p = 0.04), but progesterone concentrations did not differ between groups. Luteal size, progesterone concentration and gene expression did not differ between the two groups during the second and fourth cycles. Compared with healthy cows (10%), there was a trend (p = 0.07) toward a higher prevalence of persistent CLs in cows with metritis (33%). Persistent CLs were limited to the first cycle. Persistent CLs and the induced cyclic CLs did not differ with regard to the variables investigated. Conclusions An effect of metritis on luteal activity was apparent in the first postpartum estrous cycle. However, after the first postpartum cycle, no differences occurred in analyzed parameters between metritis and control cows. Therefore, a metritis is able to impair luteal activity transiently, but does not seem to have a long-term effect on luteal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Strüve
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173, Hannover, Germany.
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Valour D, Hue I, Degrelle SA, Déjean S, Marot G, Dubois O, Germain G, Humblot P, Ponter AA, Charpigny G, Grimard B. Pre- and Post-Partum Mild Underfeeding Influences Gene Expression in the Reproductive Tract of Cyclic Dairy Cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 48:484-99. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - S Déjean
- Institut de Mathématiques; UMR5219 Université de Toulouse et CNRS; F-31062; Toulouse; France
| | - G Marot
- INRA; UR337 Station de Génétique Quantitative et Appliquée; F-78352; Jouy-en-Josas; France
| | | | | | - P Humblot
- UNCEIA; Recherche et Développement; F-94704; Maisons-Alfort; France
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25
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Mellado M, Zuñiga A, Veliz F, de Santiago A, Garcia J, Mellado J. Factors influencing pregnancy per artificial insemination in repeat-breeder cows induced to ovulate with a CIDR-based protocol. Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 134:105-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Nutritional regulation of body condition score at the initiation of the transition period in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows under grazing conditions: milk production, resumption of post-partum ovarian cyclicity and metabolic parameters. Animal 2012; 6:292-9. [PMID: 22436187 DOI: 10.1017/s175173111100142x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different body condition score (BCS) at 30 days before calving (-30 days) induced by a differential nutritional management from -100 days until -30 days on productive parameters, the interval to first ovulation and blood parameters in primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows under grazing conditions until 60 days post partum. The experimental arrangement was a randomized complete block design, where cows were blocked according to BW and expected calving date and then randomly assigned to different nutritional treatments from -100 to -30 days relative to calving to induce different BCS. As the assignment of cows to treatments was random, cows had to lose, maintain or gain BCS; thus, different planes of nutrition were offered with approximately 7, 14 or 20 kg dry matter per day. The BCS score was assessed every 15 days and animals were reassigned in order to achieve the desired BCS at -30 days. Only animals that responded to nutritional treatment were considered and this was defined as follows: primiparous and multiparous high cows (PH and MH) had to gain 0.5 points of BCS, primiparous low (PL) had to lose 0.5 points of BCS and multiparous low (ML) had to maintain BCS at least in two subsequent observations from -100 to -30 days. From -30 days to calving, primiparous and multiparous cows (P and M cows) were managed separately and cows were offered a diet once a day. From calving to 60 days post partum, cows of different groups grazed in separate plots a second year pasture. Cows were also supplemented individually with whole-plant maize silage and commercial concentrate. Cows had similar BCS at -100 days and differed after the nutritional treatment; however, all groups presented similar BCS at 21 days post partum. The daily milk production and milk yield at 60 days post partum was higher in M than P cows. The percentage of milk fat was higher in PH cows compared with PL cows. Concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were affected by the BCS at -30 days within parity, and in PH cows the concentration of NEFA was higher than in PL cows. The concentrations of total protein were higher in M cows. A lower probability of cycling was found in PL than in PH cows (P < 0.05) and in ML than in MH cows (P < 0.05). Treatment affected various endocrine/metabolic profiles according to parity, suggesting that the metabolic reserves signal the productive/reproductive axis so as to induce a differential nutrient partitioning in adult v. first-calving cows.
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Grimard B, Marquant-Leguienne B, Remy D, Richard C, Nuttinck F, Humblot P, Ponter AA. Postpartum Variations of Plasma IGF and IGFBPs, Oocyte Production and Quality in Dairy Cows: Relationships With Parity and Subsequent Fertility. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 48:183-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Towards a better understanding of the respective effects of milk yield and body condition dynamics on reproduction in Holstein dairy cows. Animal 2012; 6:476-87. [DOI: 10.1017/s175173111100173x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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29
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Gilmore HS, Young FJ, Patterson DC, Wylie ARG, Law RA, Kilpatrick DJ, Elliott CT, Mayne CS. An evaluation of the effect of altering nutrition and nutritional strategies in early lactation on reproductive performance and estrous behavior of high-yielding Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:3510-26. [PMID: 21700039 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive performance in the high-yielding dairy cow has severely decreased in the last 40 yr. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 4 nutritional strategies in improving the reproductive performance of high-yielding dairy cows. It was hypothesized that offering cows a high-starch ration in early lactation would enhance the onset of luteal activity, and that decreasing the severity of negative energy balance in the early postcalving period would improve reproductive parameters. Nutritional regimens aimed at improving fertility were applied to 96 Holstein-Friesian dairy animals. Upon calving, animals were allocated in a balanced manner to one of 4 dietary treatments. Primiparous animals were balanced according to live weight, body condition score and calving date. Multiparous animals were balanced according to parity, previous lactation milk yield, liveweight, body condition score and calving date. Treatment 1 was based on an industry best practice diet (control) to contain 170 g of crude protein/kg of dry matter. Treatment 2 was an individual cow feeding strategy, whereby the energy balance (EB) of individual animals was managed so as to achieve a predetermined target daily EB profile (±10 MJ/d). Treatment 3 was a high-starch/high-fat combination treatment, whereby an insulinogenic (high-starch) diet was offered in early lactation to encourage cyclicity and followed by a lipogenic (low-starch, high-fat) diet to promote embryo development. Treatment 4 was a low-protein diet, containing 140 g of crude protein/kg of dry matter, supplemented with protected methionine at an inclusion level of 40 g per animal per day. The nutritional strategies implemented in this study had no statistically significant effects on cow fertility measures, which included the onset of luteal activity, conception rate, in-calf rate, and the incidence of atypical cycles. The individual cow feeding strategy improved EB in early lactation but had no benefit on conception rate to first insemination. However, conception rate to second insemination, 100-d pregnancy rate (from the commencement of breeding), and overall pregnancy rate tended to be higher in this group. The high-starch/high-fat treatment tended to decrease the proportion of delayed ovulations and increase the proportion of animals cycling by d 50 postcalving. Animals that failed to conceive to first insemination had a significantly longer luteal phase in the first cycle postpartum and a longer inter-ovulatory interval in the second cycle postpartum. With regards to estrous behavior, results indicate that as the size of the sexually active group increased, the intensity of estrus and the expression of mounting or attempting to mount another cow also increased. Furthermore, cows that became pregnant displayed more intense estrous behavior than cows that failed to become pregnant.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Gilmore
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Agriculture Branch, Hillsborough, BT26 6DR UK
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30
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Strucken EM, Bortfeldt RH, de Koning DJ, Brockmann GA. Genome-wide associations for investigating time-dependent genetic effects for milk production traits in dairy cattle. Anim Genet 2011; 43:375-82. [PMID: 22497459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02278.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic variation in milk production traits has been described over the course of a lactation as well as between different parities. The objective of this study was to investigate whether variation in production is affected by different loci across lactations. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a 50-k SNP chip was conducted in 152 divergent German Holstein Friesian cows to test for association with milk production traits over different lactations. The first four lactations were analysed regarding milk yield, fat, protein, lactose, milk urea nitrogen yield and content as well as somatic cell score. Two approaches were used: (i) Wilmink curve parameters were used to assess the genetic effects over the course of a lactation and (ii) test-day yield deviations (YD) were used as a normative approach for a GWAS. The significant effects were largest for markers affecting curve parameters for which there was a statistical power <0.8 of detection even in this small design. While significant markers for YDs were detected in this study, the power to detect effects of a similar magnitude was only 0.11, suggesting that many loci may have been missed with this approach in the present design. Furthermore, all significant effects were specific for a single lactation, leading to the conclusion that the variance explained by a certain locus changes from lactation to lactation. We confirm the common evidence that most production traits vary in the degree of persistency after the peak as a result of genetic influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Strucken
- Breeding Biology and Molecular Genetics, Department for Crop and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
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The relationship between postpartum vaginal discharge symptoms and progesterone profile characteristics in lactating dairy cows in Denmark. Theriogenology 2011; 75:1016-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Valergakis GE, Oikonomou G, Arsenos G, Banos G. Phenotypic association between energy balance indicators and reproductive performance in primiparous Holstein cows. Vet Rec 2011; 168:189. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c6259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Valergakis
- Department of Animal Production; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; PO Box 393 542 24 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - G. Oikonomou
- Department of Animal Production; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; PO Box 393 542 24 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - G. Arsenos
- Department of Animal Production; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; PO Box 393 542 24 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - G. Banos
- Department of Animal Production; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; PO Box 393 542 24 Thessaloniki Greece
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33
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Ranasinghe R, Nakao T, Yamada K, Koike K, Hayashi A, Dematawewa C. Characteristics of prolonged luteal phase identified by milk progesterone concentrations and its effects on reproductive performance in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:116-27. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Effects of clinical mastitis from calving to first service on reproductive performance in dual-purpose cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 121:12-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Yusuf M, Nakao T, Ranasinghe RBK, Gautam G, Long ST, Yoshida C, Koike K, Hayashi A. Reproductive performance of repeat breeders in dairy herds. Theriogenology 2010; 73:1220-9. [PMID: 20226515 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to characterize repeat breeding in dairy cows, including reproductive performance and risk factors. Data from 613 Holstein Friesian cows in nine dairy herds across Japan were enrolled. A repeat breeder was defined as a cow that did not become pregnant after three inseminations, despite no clinically detectable reproductive disorders. In contrast, cows that became pregnant within three inseminations were considered to have normal fertility. Of the 613 cows, 87.3% eventually became pregnant after repeated AI (maximum calving to conception interval was 435 d). Mean (+/-SEM) first AI conception rate, days in milk at first AI, calving to conception interval and service per conception were 38.3%, 82+/-2 d, 125+/-3 d, and 2.0+/-0.1 times, respectively. Normal fertility cows (n=479) required only 114+/-3 d to conceive and 1.7+/-0.1 inseminations per pregnancy, whereas repeat breeders (n=86) required significantly more days to conceive (211+/-10) and more inseminations per pregnancy (4.7+/-0.2). Based on survival analysis, it took 94 d after calving for 50% of normal fertility cows to become pregnant, compared to 155 d for repeat breeders. For repeat breeders, 31.4, 50.0, and 58.1% became pregnant within 210, 300, and 435 d after calving, respectively. The risk factors for repeat breeding were parity (relative risk [RR]=0.809; P=0.058), resumption of postpartum ovarian cycles (RR=1.928; P=0.009), and days in milk at first AI (RR=0.991; P=0.039). In conclusion, repeat breeder dairy cows had very poor reproductive performance. Lower parity, abnormal resumption of postpartum ovarian cycles, and shorter days in milk at first AI were risk factors for repeat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yusuf
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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36
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Kafi M, Mirzaei A. Effects of first postpartum progesterone rise, metabolites, milk yield, and body condition score on the subsequent ovarian activity and fertility in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2010; 42:761-7. [PMID: 20140511 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Seventy multiparous healthy lactating Holstein cows (fat-corrected milk yield = 7,561.8 kg) were monitored from 14 days before to 70 days after calving. Transrectal ultrasound scanning was performed twice weekly from 7 to 65 days postpartum. Blood samples were also collected twice weekly to measure serum P(4) and biweekly to detect serum beta-hydroxybutyrate (betaHB) and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations. Body condition score (BCS) was taken biweekly after calving. Based on the serum P(4) profile of 59 cows (11 cows were excluded due to the occurrence of postpartum diseases) studied, 27 (45.8%) had normal ovarian activity, while 21 (35.6%), six (10.1%), three (5.1%), and two (3.4%) had delayed ovulation (DOV), prolonged luteal phase (PLP), short luteal phase (SLP), and cessation of ovarian activity, respectively. Cows with PLP had an earlier ovulation compared to that of cows with normal ovarian activity (23.16 +/- 4.02 vs 31.9 +/- 8.35 days; P < 0.05). PLP cows also had a greater mean +/- standard deviation peak milk yield (44.2 +/- 5.8 vs 37.2 +/- 5.7 kg/day, 75 days postpartum; P < 0.05) than cows with normal postpartum ovarian activity. The PLP group also had greater milk production in the previous lactation period. Logistic regression analysis indicated that cows with P(4) concentration > or =1 ng/ml on day 24 after calving were more at risk for PLP by 1.1 for each 1 kg increase in mean peak milk yield during 75 days after calving. BCS was lower in cows with DOV compared to that of cows with normal ovarian activity at any time after calving (P < 0.05). Serum betaHB concentrations in DOV cows were significantly higher than that of normal cows on day 42 after calving (0.69 +/- 0.29 vs 0.54 +/- 0.12 mmol/L, P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the mean concentrations of NEFA between cows in different groups at any time after calving (P > 0.05). The concentrations of P(4) on days 28 and 31 were negatively correlated with betaHB concentration on day 42 after calving in cows with normal ovarian activity (R = -0.44, P = 0.02). In conclusion, these findings suggest that early ovulation and hence early postpartum P(4) rise in addition to the high milk production could partly be responsible for the occurrence of PLP in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Kafi
- Department of Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71345, Iran
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37
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Defining delayed resumption of ovarian activity postpartum and its impact on subsequent reproductive performance in Holstein cows. Theriogenology 2010; 73:180-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Sheldon IM, Price SB, Cronin J, Gilbert RO, Gadsby JE. Mechanisms of infertility associated with clinical and subclinical endometritis in high producing dairy cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 44 Suppl 3:1-9. [PMID: 19660075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and subclinical endometritis are common causes of infertility and subfertility in high producing dairy cattle, delaying the onset of ovarian cyclic activity after parturition, extending luteal phases and reducing conception rates. Escherichia coli and Arcanobacterium pyogenes cause endometrial damage and inflammation. Components of microbes, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are detected by Toll-like receptors on endometrial cells, leading to secretion of cytokines, chemokines and antimicrobial peptides. Long luteal phases associated with endometritis are probably caused by a switch in endometrial prostaglandin production from prostaglandin F2a (PGF) to prostaglandin E2. In addition, LPS impairs the function of the hypothalamus and pituitary, and directly perturbs ovarian granulosa cells steroidogenesis, providing mechanisms to explain the association between uterine disease and anovulatory anoestrus. Cows with uterine disease that ovulate have lower peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations that may further reduce the chance of conception associated with endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Sheldon
- Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK.
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39
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Effect of growth and development during the rearing period on the subsequent fertility of nulliparous Holstein-Friesian heifers. Theriogenology 2009; 72:408-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Abstract
There is a variable anoestrous period following parturition in the cow. Follicular growth generally resumes within 7-10 days in the majority of cows associated with a transient follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) rise that occurs within 3-5 days of parturition. Dairy cows that are not nutritionally stressed generally ovulate their first post-partum dominant follicle (approximately 15 days), whereas beef suckler cows in good body condition normally have a mean of 3.2 +/- 0.2 dominant follicles (approximately 30 days) to first ovulation; and beef cows in poor body condition have a mean of 10.6 +/- 1.2 dominant follicles (approximately 70-100 days) to first ovulation. The lack of ovulation of dominant follicles during the post-partum period is associated with infrequent luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses, with both suckling and low level of nutrition being implicated in the prolonged suppression of LH pulses in the absence of progesterone. In dairy cows, the normal pattern of early resumption of ovulation may be delayed in high-yielding Holstein-type cows generally because of the effects of severe negative energy balance, dystocia, retained placental membranes and uterine infections. First ovulation in both dairy and beef cows is generally silent (i.e., no behavioural oestrus) and is generally (>70%) followed by a short cycle. The key to optimizing resumption of ovulation in both beef and dairy cows is appropriate pre-calving nutrition and management so that cows calve down in optimal body condition (body condition score; BCS; 2.75-3.0) with post-partum body condition loss restricted to <0.5 BCS units.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Crowe
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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41
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AluI polymorphism of the bovine growth hormone (GH) gene, resumption of ovarian cyclicity, milk production and loss of body condition at the onset of lactation in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2009; 71:553-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2006] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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42
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Mortality in Holstein-Friesian calves and replacement heifers, in relation to body weight and IGF-I concentration, on 19 farms in England. Animal 2009; 3:1175-82. [DOI: 10.1017/s175173110900456x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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43
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Velazquez MA, Spicer LJ, Wathes DC. The role of endocrine insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in female bovine reproduction. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2008; 35:325-42. [PMID: 18703307 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) plays a pivotal role in cattle fertility, acting as a monitoring signal that allows reproductive events to occur when nutritional conditions for successful reproduction are reached. However, endocrine IGF-I is not a predictor of reproductive events, but rather an indirect estimator of the suitability of the animal to achieve the reproductive event in question. Although measuring circulating IGF-I concentrations might not have any clinical application in the cattle industry, endocrine IGF-I screening will continue to be important for the study of interactions between nutrition and reproduction. In addition, endocrine IGF-I screening could be used as an ancillary test for the selection of cattle for high reproductive potential, especially in herds of high genetic merit for milk production, in which a decline in fertility has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Velazquez
- Escuela Superior de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Calle 53 s/n, C.P. 24350, Escárcega, Campeche, Mexico.
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44
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Falkenberg U, Haertel J, Rotter K, Iwersen M, Arndt G, Heuwieser W. Relationships Between the Concentration of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 in Serum in Dairy Cows in Early Lactation and Reproductive Performance and Milk Yield. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:3862-8. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Samarütel J, Ling K, Waldmann A, Jaakson H, Kaart T, Leesmäe A. Field Trial on Progesterone Cycles, Metabolic Profiles, Body Condition Score and their Relation to Fertility in Estonian Holstein Dairy Cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43:457-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Windig J, Beerda B, Veerkamp R. Relationship Between Milk Progesterone Profiles and Genetic Merit for Milk Production, Milking Frequency, and Feeding Regimen in Dairy Cattle. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:2874-84. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Weber WJ, Wallace CR, Hansen LB, Chester-Jones H, Crooker BA. Effects of genetic selection for milk yield on somatotropin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and placental lactogen in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:3314-25. [PMID: 17582117 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cows from static, low-merit control (CL) and contemporary, high-merit select (SL) lines that differed in milk yield by more than 4,000 kg/305-d lactation (SL > CL) were used to determine effects of selection for milk yield on blood serum concentrations of somatotropin (ST), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), and placental lactogen (PL). Cows were exposed to the same environment and management conditions and fed the same diets. Serum and milk samples were collected from primiparous (18 CL, 18 SL) and multiparous (12 CL, 18 SL) cows relative to day of lactation (from -28 to 280 d for nonpregnant cows and to subsequent calving for cows that conceived). Data were analyzed as repeated measures using mixed model procedures. Serum ST increased at calving, remained elevated for a longer interval in SL than in CL cows, and was greater in SL than in CL cows. Serum IGF-I decreased at calving, remained low through 14 DIM, and gradually returned to precalving concentrations as lactation progressed. Postpartum concentrations of IGF-I were less in SL than CL through 84 DIM and were similar through the remainder of lactation, resulting in a line by day interaction. Serum IGF-I and PL were not affected by merit during gestation. There was an interaction of merit and postconception interval on IGF-I, with the difference in IGF-I concentration between lines decreasing as gestation progressed. Change in serum IGF-I and PL appeared to be synchronous. Results indicate that selection for milk yield increased serum ST, prolonged the postpartum reduction in serum IGF-I, and did not alter serum PL. Results also indicate a positive relationship between PL and IGF-I and support the concept that PL plays a role in the regulation of serum IGF-I during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Weber
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108-6118, USA
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48
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Ling K, Waldmann A, Samarütel J, Jaakson H, Kaart T, Leesmäe A. Field trial on the relationship of blood metabolites and body condition score with the recurrence of luteal activity in Estonian Holstein cows. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2007; 54:337-41. [PMID: 17718804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Associations of body condition scores and blood metabolites, measured before calving and at different periods during early lactation, with recurrence of luteal activity were investigated in a 250-head commercial dairy farm during a 4-year period (1999-2002). The study was conducted on 48 dairy cows (60 lactations) with average 305-day milk yield of 8149 kg per cow. Blood samples taken 1-14 days before calving and 1-14, 28-42 and 63-77 days after calving were analysed for aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, ketone bodies, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids and cholesterol. Milk progesterone (P(4)) profiles (samples collected twice a week, P(4) levels measured in whole milk by enzyme immunoassay) were used to evaluate the interval from calving to first luteal response, P(4) >5 ng/ml, and the interval from calving to first normal cycle. The MIXED procedure of the sas system was used to study the association of investigated parameters. A higher concentration of ketone bodies before calving was associated with shorter interval to recurrence of first normal cycle (P = 0.007) and tended to be related to shorter interval from calving to first luteal response (P = 0.071). A lower prepartum aminotransferase activity showed a tendency to be associated with shorter interval from calving to first luteal response (P = 0.084). Results suggest metabolic status up to 2 weeks prepartum to be related to the resumption of postpartum luteal activity in Estonian Holstein dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ling
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia.
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49
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Petersson KJ, Gustafsson H, Strandberg E, Berglund B. Atypical progesterone profiles and fertility in Swedish dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:2529-38. [PMID: 16772571 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of normal and atypical progesterone profiles in Swedish dairy cows was studied. Data were collected from an experimental herd over 15 yr, and included 1,049 postpartum periods from 183 Swedish Holstein and 326 Swedish Red and White dairy cows. Milk progesterone samples were taken twice weekly until initiation of cyclical ovarian activity and less frequently thereafter. Progesterone profiles were 1) normal profile: first rise in milk progesterone above the threshold value before d 56 postpartum, followed by regular cyclical ovarian activity (70.4%); 2) delayed onset of cyclical ovarian activity: low milk progesterone the first 56 d postpartum (15.6%); 3) cessation of cyclical ovarian activity: ovarian activity resumed within 56 d postpartum, but ceased for a period of 14 d or more (6.6%); and 4) prolonged luteal phase: ovarian activity resumed within 56 d postpartum, but milk progesterone remained elevated in the nonpregnant cow for a period of 20 d or more (7.3%). Swedish Holsteins had 1.5 times higher risk of atypical profile than Swedish Red and Whites. Risk of atypical profiles was 0.5 and 0.7 times lower for older cows compared with first-parity cows; 2.3 times higher for cows in tie-stalls compared with those in loose housing; 2.6 times higher for cows calving during winter compared with summer; 0.5 times lower for cows in earlier (1994-1999) calving-year groups compared with the most recent (2000-2002); 2.5 times higher for cows with planned extended calving interval compared with conventional calving interval; and 2.2 times higher for an atypical profile in previous lactation compared with a normal profile. Cows with atypical profiles had a 15-d increase in interval from calving to first artificial insemination and an 18-d increase in interval from calving to conception. Progesterone samples taken within the first 60 d postpartum were used to calculate the percentage of samples above the threshold value of luteal activity. This measure had a significantly different mean in profiles and can be used to separate delayed onset of cyclical ovarian activity profiles and prolonged luteal phase profiles from normal. Thereby, it may be a more effective tool than measurements based only on the onset of ovarian cyclical activity in genetic evaluation of early postpartum fertility in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-J Petersson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala, PO Box 7023, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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50
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Swali A, Wathes DC. Influence of the dam and sire on size at birth and subsequent growth, milk production and fertility in dairy heifers. Theriogenology 2006; 66:1173-84. [PMID: 16647111 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic selection has resulted in larger cows with high milk production potential but a tendency for poor fertility. In multiparous cows fetal development competes for nutrients with concurrent milk production. This study tested the hypotheses that (a) maternal age and milk yield during pregnancy alter calf birth size and (b) birth weight influences subsequent productivity and fertility. Concurrently born Holstein-Friesian heifers (n=65) with multiparous dams and three sires were monitored from birth to the end of their first lactation to assess effects of birth weight on growth, milk production and fertility. Calves were analyzed as three subgroups: low (L), average (A) and high (H) birth weight (BW) calves (n=21-22 per group). LBW calves were born 10 kg lighter than HBW calves and remained significantly lighter throughout the study. They were generally smaller in other measured indices (length, height, girth, ponderal index) between birth and 9 months and were more likely to have older dams (lactations 3-6) with higher peak yields (>42 kg/day). Milk production parameters were indistinguishable between the 3 birthweight groups and metabolic parameters (IGF-I, insulin, glucose) measured around first calving were unaffected. HBW offspring were more likely to have persistent corpora lutea following their first calving and other fertility parameters also tended to be worse. Sire influenced gestation length but not birth size. Sire heritability estimates showed that weight, IGF-I and insulin concentrations after first calving and fertility in the first lactation were all heritable. The results support the hypothesis that high milk production in the dam may predispose to birth of a smaller calf. Smaller birth size did not, however, have any subsequent adverse effects on productivity or fertility in the first lactation and sire was more influential at this stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Swali
- Reproduction, Genes and Development Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, UK
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