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Norris SCP, Kawecki NS, Davis AR, Chen KK, Rowat AC. Emulsion-templated microparticles with tunable stiffness and topology: Applications as edible microcarriers for cultured meat. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121669. [PMID: 35853359 PMCID: PMC9834440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cultured meat has potential to diversify methods for protein production, but innovations in production efficiency will be required to make cultured meat a feasible protein alternative. Microcarriers provide a strategy to culture sufficient volumes of adherent cells in a bioreactor that are required for meat products. However, cell culture on inedible microcarriers involves extra downstream processing to dissociate cells prior to consumption. Here, we present edible microcarriers that can support the expansion and differentiation of myogenic cells in a single bioreactor system. To fabricate edible microcarriers with a scalable process, we used water-in-oil emulsions as templates for gelatin microparticles. We also developed a novel embossing technique to imprint edible microcarriers with grooved topology in order to test if microcarriers with striated surface texture can promote myoblast proliferation and differentiation in suspension culture. In this proof-of-concept demonstration, we showed that edible microcarriers with both smooth and grooved surface topologies supported the proliferation and differentiation of mouse myogenic C2C12 cells in a suspension culture. The grooved edible microcarriers showed a modest increase in the proliferation and alignment of myogenic cells compared to cells cultured on smooth, spherical microcarriers. During the expansion phase, we also observed the formation of cell-microcarrier aggregates or 'microtissues' for cells cultured on both smooth and grooved microcarriers. Myogenic microtissues cultured with smooth and grooved microcarriers showed similar characteristics in terms of myotube length, myotube volume fraction, and expression of myogenic markers. To establish feasibility of edible microcarriers for cultured meat, we showed that edible microcarriers supported the production of myogenic microtissue from C2C12 or bovine satellite muscle cells, which we harvested by centrifugation into a cookable meat patty that maintained its shape and exhibited browning during cooking. These findings demonstrate the potential of edible microcarriers for the scalable production of cultured meat in a single bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam C P Norris
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - N Stephanie Kawecki
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ashton R Davis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kathleen K Chen
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amy C Rowat
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Broad Stem Cell Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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2
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Yang GH, Lee J, Kim G. The fabrication of uniaxially aligned micro-textured polycaprolactone struts and application for skeletal muscle tissue regeneration. Biofabrication 2019; 11:025005. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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3
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Monico MD, Tahriri M, Fahmy MD, Ghassemi H, Vashaee D, Tayebi L. Cartilage and facial muscle tissue engineering and regeneration: a mini review. Biodes Manuf 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-018-0011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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4
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Jana S, Leung M, Chang J, Zhang M. Effect of nano- and micro-scale topological features on alignment of muscle cells and commitment of myogenic differentiation. Biofabrication 2014; 6:035012. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Cei D, Malena A, de Maria C, Loro E, Sandri F, del Moro G, Bettio S, Vergani L, Vozzi G. In vitrodevelopment of engineered muscle using a scaffold based on the pressure-activated microsyringe (PAM) technique. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:138-152. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Cei
- Research Centre ‘E. Piaggio’; University of Pisa; Italy
| | - Adriana Malena
- Department of Neuroscience SNPSRR; University of Padova; Italy
| | - Carmelo de Maria
- Research Centre ‘E. Piaggio’; University of Pisa; Italy
- Department of Ingegneria dell'Informazione; Pisa Italy
| | - Emanuele Loro
- Department of Neuroscience SNPSRR; University of Padova; Italy
| | - Federica Sandri
- Department of Neuroscience SNPSRR; University of Padova; Italy
| | - Giulia del Moro
- Department of Neuroscience SNPSRR; University of Padova; Italy
| | - Sara Bettio
- Department of Neuroscience SNPSRR; University of Padova; Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Vozzi
- Research Centre ‘E. Piaggio’; University of Pisa; Italy
- Department of Ingegneria dell'Informazione; Pisa Italy
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6
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Lee SJ, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Recent Applications of Polymeric Biomaterials and Stem Cells in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. POLYMER-KOREA 2014. [DOI: 10.7317/pk.2014.38.2.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Salimath AS, García AJ. Biofunctional hydrogels for skeletal muscle constructs. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 10:967-976. [PMID: 24616405 DOI: 10.1002/term.1881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel scaffolds encapsulating C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells have been engineered as in vitro constructs towards regenerative medicine therapies for the enhancement and inducement of functional skeletal muscle formation. Previous work has largely involved two-dimensional (2D) muscle strips, naturally occurring hydrogels and incomplete examination of the effects of the scaffold and/or biological functionalization on myogenic differentiation in a controllable manner. The goal of this study was to identify key properties in functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-maleimide (MAL) synthetic hydrogels that promote cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation for the formation of multinucleated myotubes and functional skeletal muscle tissue constructs. Significant differences in myoblast viability were observed as a function of cell seeding density, polymer weight percentage and bioadhesive ligands. The identified optimized conditions for cell survival, required for myotube development, were carried over for differentiation assays. PEG hydrogels (5% weight/volume), functionalized with 2.0 mm RGD adhesive peptide and crosslinked with protease-cleavable peptides, incubated for 3 days before supplementation with 2% horse serum, significantly increased expression of differentiated skeletal muscle markers by 50%; 17% more multinucleated cells and a 40% increase in the number of nuclei/differentiated cell compared to other conditions. Functionality of cell-laden hydrogels was demonstrated by a 20% decrease in the extruded length of the hydrogel when stimulated with a contractile agent, compared to 7% for a saline control. This study provided strategies to engineer a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment, using synthetic hydrogels to promote the development of differentiated muscle tissue from skeletal muscle progenitor cells to form contractile units. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva S Salimath
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrés J García
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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8
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Çatıker E, Sancaktar E. Blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with poly(β-alanine) and its derivatives. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efkan Çatıker
- Department of Chemistry; Ordu University; Ordu 52200 Turkey
| | - Erol Sancaktar
- Department of Polymer Engineering; University of Akron; Akron Ohio 44325-0301
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9
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Ricotti L, Fujie T, Vazão H, Ciofani G, Marotta R, Brescia R, Filippeschi C, Corradini I, Matteoli M, Mattoli V, Ferreira L, Menciassi A. Boron nitride nanotube-mediated stimulation of cell co-culture on micro-engineered hydrogels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71707. [PMID: 23977119 PMCID: PMC3743765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the effects of the combination of topographical, mechanical, chemical and intracellular electrical stimuli on a co-culture of fibroblasts and skeletal muscle cells. The co-culture was anisotropically grown onto an engineered micro-grooved (10 µm-wide grooves) polyacrylamide substrate, showing a precisely tuned Young’s modulus (∼ 14 kPa) and a small thickness (∼ 12 µm). We enhanced the co-culture properties through intracellular stimulation produced by piezoelectric nanostructures (i.e., boron nitride nanotubes) activated by ultrasounds, thus exploiting the ability of boron nitride nanotubes to convert outer mechanical waves (such as ultrasounds) in intracellular electrical stimuli, by exploiting the direct piezoelectric effect. We demonstrated that nanotubes were internalized by muscle cells and localized in both early and late endosomes, while they were not internalized by the underneath fibroblast layer. Muscle cell differentiation benefited from the synergic combination of topographical, mechanical, chemical and nanoparticle-based stimuli, showing good myotube development and alignment towards a preferential direction, as well as high expression of genes encoding key proteins for muscle contraction (i.e., actin and myosin). We also clarified the possible role of fibroblasts in this process, highlighting their response to the above mentioned physical stimuli in terms of gene expression and cytokine production. Finally, calcium imaging-based experiments demonstrated a higher functionality of the stimulated co-cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ricotti
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- Center of MicroBioRobotics @ SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- WPI - Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Helena Vazão
- Biocant - Center of Biotechnology Innovation Center, Cantanhede, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Center of MicroBioRobotics @ SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Carlo Filippeschi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Center of MicroBioRobotics @ SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Corradini
- Fondazione Filarete, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Center of MicroBioRobotics @ SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lino Ferreira
- Biocant - Center of Biotechnology Innovation Center, Cantanhede, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arianna Menciassi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
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10
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Martins PM, Ribeiro S, Ribeiro C, Sencadas V, Gomes AC, Gama FM, Lanceros-Méndez S. Effect of poling state and morphology of piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43499k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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11
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Shah R, Ready D, Knowles JC, Hunt NP, Lewis MP. Sequential identification of a degradable phosphate glass scaffold for skeletal muscle regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:801-10. [PMID: 23086759 DOI: 10.1002/term.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has the potential to overcome limitations associated with current management of skeletal muscle defects. This study aimed to sequentially identify a degradable phosphate glass scaffold for the restoration of muscle defects. A series of glass compositions were investigated for the potential to promote bacterial growth. Thereafter, the response of human craniofacial muscle-derived cells was determined. Glass compositions containing Fe4- and 5 mol% did not promote greater Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis growth compared to the control (p > 0.05). Following confirmation of myogenicity, further studies assessed the biocompatibility of glasses containing Fe5 mol%. Cells seeded on collagen-coated disks demonstrated comparable cellular metabolic activity to control. Upregulation of genes encoding for myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) confirmed myofibre formation and there was expression of developmental MYH genes. The use of 3-D aligned fibre scaffolds supported unidirectional cell alignment and upregulation of MRF and developmental MYH genes. Compared to the 2-D disks, there was also expression of MYH2 and MYH7 genes, indicating further myofibre maturation on the 3-D scaffolds and confirming the importance of key biophysical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishma Shah
- Orthodontic Unit, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, UK; Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, UK
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12
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Ricotti L, Polini A, Genchi GG, Ciofani G, Iandolo D, Vazão H, Mattoli V, Ferreira L, Menciassi A, Pisignano D. Proliferation and skeletal myotube formation capability of C2C12 and H9c2 cells on isotropic and anisotropic electrospun nanofibrous PHB scaffolds. Biomed Mater 2012; 7:035010. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/7/3/035010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Weist MR, Wellington MS, Bermudez JE, Kostrominova TY, Mendias CL, Arruda EM, Larkin LM. TGF-β1 enhances contractility in engineered skeletal muscle. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:562-71. [PMID: 22371337 DOI: 10.1002/term.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scaffoldless engineered 3D skeletal muscle tissue created from satellite cells offers the potential to replace muscle tissue that is lost due to severe trauma or disease. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) plays a vital role in mediating migration and differentiation of satellite cells during the early stages of muscle development. Additionally, TGF-β1 promotes collagen type I synthesis in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of skeletal muscle, which provides a passive elastic substrate to support myofibres and facilitate the transmission of force. To determine the role of TGF-β1 in skeletal muscle construct formation and contractile function in vitro, we created tissue-engineered 3D skeletal muscle constructs with varying levels of recombinant TGF-β1 added to the cell culture medium. Prior to the addition of TGF-β1, the primary cell population was composed of 75% Pax7-positive cells. The peak force for twitch, tetanus and spontaneous force were significantly increased in the presence of 2.0 ng/ml TGF-β1 when compared to 0, 0.5 and 1.0 ng/ml TGF-β1. Visualization of the cellular structure with H&E and with immunofluorescence staining for sarcomeric myosin heavy chains and collagen type I showed denser regions of better organized myofibres in the presence of 2.0 ng/ml TGF-β1 versus 0, 0.5 and 1.0 ng/ml. The addition of 2.0 ng/ml TGF-β1 to the culture medium of engineered 3D skeletal muscle constructs enhanced contractility and extracellular matrix organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Weist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
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14
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Bian W, Bursac N. Soluble miniagrin enhances contractile function of engineered skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2011; 26:955-65. [PMID: 22075647 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-187575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neural agrin plays a pleiotropic role in skeletal muscle innervation and maturation, but its specific effects on the contractile function of aneural engineered muscle remain unknown. In this study, neonatal rat skeletal myoblasts cultured within 3-dimensional engineered muscle tissue constructs were treated with 10 nM soluble recombinant miniagrin and assessed using histological, biochemical, and functional assays. Depending on the treatment duration and onset time relative to the stage of myogenic differentiation, miniagrin was found to induce up to 1.7-fold increase in twitch and tetanus force amplitude. This effect was associated with the 2.3-fold up-regulation of dystrophin gene expression at 6 d after agrin removal and enhanced ACh receptor (AChR) cluster formation, but no change in cell number, expression of muscle myosin, or important aspects of intracellular Ca(2+) handling. In muscle constructs with endogenous ACh levels suppressed by the application of α-NETA, miniagrin increased AChR clustering and twitch force amplitude but failed to improve intracellular Ca(2+) handling and increase tetanus-to-twitch ratio. Overall, our studies suggest that besides its synaptogenic function that could promote integration of engineered muscle constructs in vivo, neural agrin can directly promote the contractile function of aneural engineered muscle via mechanisms distinct from those involving endogenous ACh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Bian
- Department of Anesthesia and Medicine and Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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15
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Rossi CA, Pozzobon M, De Coppi P. Advances in musculoskeletal tissue engineering: moving towards therapy. Organogenesis 2011; 6:167-72. [PMID: 21197219 DOI: 10.4161/org.6.3.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle can self-repair, but is unable to restore significant tissue loss, as consequence of trauma, congenital defects, tumor ablation or denervation. Intramuscular injection of autologous or allogenic derived myogenic cells (namely satellite cells and myoblasts) did not lead to efficient regeneration because of poor cell retention and survival, as well as immunorejection. In the last decade, tissue engineering looked at overcoming these problems by investigating alternative treatment options, i.e., the suspension of myogenic precursors in temporary matrix, formed by biodegradable and biocompatible materials. This approach allows to engineer custom architectured preconditioned implants, and locally deliver paracrine factors.This article reviews current and potential strategies for the repair of damaged muscle and suggests some innovative approaches for the translation to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Alberto Rossi
- Surgery Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Abstract
Current strategies of regenerative medicine are focused on the restoration of pathologically altered tissue architectures by transplantation of cells in combination with supportive scaffolds and biomolecules. In recent years, considerable interest has been given to biologically active scaffolds which are based on similar analogs of the extracellular matrix that have induced synthesis of tissues and organs. To restore function or regenerate tissue, a scaffold is necessary that will act as a temporary matrix for cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition, with subsequent ingrowth until the tissues are totally restored or regenerated. Scaffolds have been used for tissue engineering such as bone, cartilage, ligament, skin, vascular tissues, neural tissues, and skeletal muscle and as vehicle for the controlled delivery of drugs, proteins, and DNA. Various technologies come together to construct porous scaffolds to regenerate the tissues/organs and also for controlled and targeted release of bioactive agents in tissue engineering applications. In this paper, an overview of the different types of scaffolds with their material properties is discussed. The fabrication technologies for tissue engineering scaffolds, including the basic and conventional techniques to the more recent ones, are tabulated.
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17
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Electrophysiological characterization of embryonic hippocampal neurons cultured in a 3D collagen hydrogel. Biomaterials 2009; 30:4377-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Current opportunities and challenges in skeletal muscle tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2009; 3:407-15. [DOI: 10.1002/term.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Propst JT, Fann SA, Franchini JL, Lessner SM, Rose JR, Hansen KJ, Terracio L, Yost MJ. Focused in vivo genetic analysis of implanted engineered myofascial constructs. J INVEST SURG 2009; 22:35-45. [PMID: 19191156 DOI: 10.1080/08941930802566748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Successfully engineering functional muscle tissue either in vitro or in vivo to treat muscle defects rather than using the host muscle transfer would be revolutionary. Tissue engineering is on the cutting edge of biomedical research, bridging a gap between the clinic and the bench top. A new focus on skeletal muscle tissue engineering has led investigators to explore the application of satellite cells (autologous muscle precursor cells) as a vehicle for engineering tissues either in vitro or in vivo. However, few skeletal muscle tissue-engineering studies have reported on successful generation of living tissue substitutes for functional skeletal muscle replacement. Our model system combines a novel aligned collagen tube and autologous skeletal muscle satellite cells to create an engineered tissue repair for a surgically created ventral hernia as previously reported [SA Fann, L Terracio, W Yan, et al., A model of tissue-engineered ventral hernia repair, J Invest Surg. 2006;19(3):193-205]. Several key features we specifically observe are the significant persistence of transplanted skeletal muscle cell mass within the engineered repair, the integration of new tissue with adjacent native muscle, and the presence of significant neovascularization. In this study, we report on our experience investigating the genetic signals important to the integration of neoskeletal muscle tissue. The knowledge gained from our model system applies to the repair of severely injured extremities, maxillofacial reconstructions, and restorative procedures following tumor excision in other areas of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Propst
- Department of Surgery, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29209, USA.
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Choi JS, Lee SJ, Christ GJ, Atala A, Yoo JJ. The influence of electrospun aligned poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/collagen nanofiber meshes on the formation of self-aligned skeletal muscle myotubes. Biomaterials 2008; 29:2899-906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Developing scaffolds that mimic the architecture of tissue at the nanoscale is one of the major challenges in the field of tissue engineering. The development of nanofibers has greatly enhanced the scope for fabricating scaffolds that can potentially meet this challenge. Currently, there are three techniques available for the synthesis of nanofibers: electrospinning, self-assembly, and phase separation. Of these techniques, electrospinning is the most widely studied technique and has also demonstrated the most promising results in terms of tissue engineering applications. The availability of a wide range of natural and synthetic biomaterials has broadened the scope for development of nanofibrous scaffolds, especially using the electrospinning technique. The three dimensional synthetic biodegradable scaffolds designed using nanofibers serve as an excellent framework for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Therefore, nanofibers, irrespective of their method of synthesis, have been used as scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering (including bone, cartilage, ligament, and skeletal muscle), skin tissue engineering, vascular tissue engineering, neural tissue engineering, and as carriers for the controlled delivery of drugs, proteins, and DNA. This review summarizes the currently available techniques for nanofiber synthesis and discusses the use of nanofibers in tissue engineering and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Vasita
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology - Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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22
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Goessler UR, Stern-Straeter J, Riedel K, Bran GM, Hörmann K, Riedel F. Tissue engineering in head and neck reconstructive surgery: what type of tissue do we need? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 264:1343-56. [PMID: 17628823 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-007-0369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial tissue loss due to congenital defects, disease or injury is a major clinical problem. The head and neck region is composed of several tissues. The most prevalent method of reconstruction is autologous grafting. Often, there is insufficient host tissue for adequate repair of the defect side, and extensive donor site morbidity may result from the secondary surgical procedure. The field of tissue engineering has the potential to create functional replacements for damaged or pathologic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Reinhart Goessler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68135, Mannheim, Germany.
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23
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Beier JP, Stern-Straeter J, Foerster VT, Kneser U, Stark GB, Bach AD. Tissue engineering of injectable muscle: three-dimensional myoblast-fibrin injection in the syngeneic rat animal model. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 118:1113-1121. [PMID: 17016175 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000221007.97115.1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical treatment of skeletal muscle loss resulting from trauma, tumor ablation, or inborn tissue defects is hampered by the scarcity of functional substitute tissue. By using techniques of tissue engineering, reconstitution of skeletal muscle defects might become a more viable option. However, it is necessary to develop an adequate, practical method for delivering myoblasts within a three-dimensional scaffold in vivo. The aim of this study was to create and evaluate a novel method for the transfer of myoblasts with clinically approved components within a three-dimensional matrix. METHODS The authors injected expanded primary male myoblasts into muscle defects in female syngeneic rats using a two-way syringe (Duploject) within a three-dimensional fibrin matrix. Detection and evaluation were performed using Y chromosome in situ hybridization, antidesmin immunostaining, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. To identify possible differences by means of integration, the injected myoblasts were compared with 7 days of precultivated constructs. RESULTS Injected myoblasts showed increasing integration into host muscle fibers in a time-dependent manner, exclusively at the injection site. Antidesmin staining revealed a conserved myogenic phenotype of transplanted cells. The fibrin matrix resolved over a period of 12 weeks, with no indication of an inflammatory reaction. No significant difference in the number of detected Y chromosome-positive nuclei was found between the two transplantation groups. CONCLUSIONS The presented technique of myoblast-fibrin injection indicates a clinical potential for reconstruction of skeletal muscle defects in vivo using a ready-to-use device in combination with tissue-engineering methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus P Beier
- Erlangen and Freiburg, Germany From the Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital of Erlangen, and the Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Tissue Engineering Laboratory, University Hospital of Freiburg
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Kamochi H, Kurokawa MS, Yoshikawa H, Ueda Y, Masuda C, Takada E, Watanabe K, Sakakibara M, Natuki Y, Kimura K, Beppu M, Aoki H, Suzuki N. Transplantation of Myocyte Precursors Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells Transfected with IGFII Gene in a Mouse Model of Muscle Injury. Transplantation 2006; 82:516-26. [PMID: 16926596 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000229388.97549.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reconstruction of skeletal muscle tissue is hampered by the lack of availability of functional substitution of the tissue. METHODS Embryonic stem (ES) cells were transfected with the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) II gene and were selected with G418. The resultant cell clones were analyzed regarding their myogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The cells expressed early and late myogenic differentiation markers, including myoD, myogenin, and dystrophin in vitro. They had phosphorylated Akt within the cells, suggesting their activation by the secreted IGFII. Transplantation of the cells to injured anterior tibial muscle of mice significantly improved their motor functions compared to injured mice transplanted with undifferentiated ES cells and injured mice given vehicle alone. The transfected cells adapted to the injured muscle, formed myofibers positive for dystrophin and negative for MyoD and myogenin. Trichrome staining and toluidine blue staining support myofiber formation in vivo. The enzymatic activity of acetylcholine esterase suggested the functional activity of the regenerated motor units. The evoked electromyogram of anterior tibial muscle transplanted with the transfected cells showed significantly higher potentials compared to that transplanted with undifferentiated ES cells and that injected with phosphate-buffered saline (control injury). Electron microscopic examination confirmed the myofiber formation in the cells in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Transfection of IGFII gene into ES cells may be applicable for transplantation therapy of muscle damage due to injury and myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Kamochi
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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25
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Das M, Gregory CA, Molnar P, Riedel LM, Wilson K, Hickman JJ. A defined system to allow skeletal muscle differentiation and subsequent integration with silicon microstructures. Biomaterials 2006; 27:4374-80. [PMID: 16647113 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work documents the development of an in vitro cell culture model consisting of a novel serum-free medium and a non-biological growth substrate, N-1[3 (trimethoxysilyl) propyl] diethylenetriamine (DETA), to enable functional myotube integration with cantilevers fabricated using MEMS technology. This newly developed, defined in vitro model was used to study the differentiation of fetal rat skeletal muscle and it promoted the formation of myotubes from the dissociated rat fetal muscle cells. The myotubes were characterized by morphological analysis, immunocytochemistry and electrophysiology. Further, it was demonstrated that when the dissociated muscle cells were plated on fabricated microcantilevers, the muscle cells aligned along the major axis of the cantilever and formed robust myotubes. This novel system could not only find applications in skeletal muscle differentiation and biocompatibility studies but also in bioartificial muscle engineering, hybrid actuation system development, biorobotics and for a better understanding of myopathies and neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainak Das
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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Riboldi SA, Sampaolesi M, Neuenschwander P, Cossu G, Mantero S. Electrospun degradable polyesterurethane membranes: potential scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2005; 26:4606-15. [PMID: 15722130 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue engineering represents an attractive approach to overcome problems associated with autologous transfer of muscle tissue and provides a valid alternative in muscle regeneration enhancement. The aim of this study was to investigate the suitability, as scaffold for skeletal muscle tissue engineering, of a known biodegradable block copolymer (DegraPol) processed by electrospinning in the novel form of microfibrous membranes. Scaffolds were characterized with reference to their morphological, degradative and mechanical properties. Subsequently, cell viability, adhesion and differentiation on coated and uncoated DegraPol) slides were investigated using line cells (C2C12 and L6) and primary human satellite cells (HSCs). The membranes exhibited absence of toxic residuals and satisfactory mechanical properties (linear elastic behavior up to 10% deformation, E modulus in the order of magnitude of MPa). A promising cellular response was also found in preliminary experiments: both line cells and HSCs adhered, proliferated and fused on differently coated electrospun membranes. Positive staining for myosin heavy chain expression indicated that differentiation of C2C12 multinucleated cells occurred within the porous elastomeric substrate. Together the results of this study provide significant evidence of the suitability of electrospun DegraPol) membranes as scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering and that they represent a promising alternative to scaffolds currently used in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania A Riboldi
- Department of Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Shah R, Sinanan ACM, Knowles JC, Hunt NP, Lewis MP. Craniofacial muscle engineering using a 3-dimensional phosphate glass fibre construct. Biomaterials 2005; 26:1497-505. [PMID: 15522751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2003] [Accepted: 04/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current technique to replace missing craniofacial skeletal muscle is the surgical transfer of local or free flaps. This is associated with donor site morbidity, possible tissue rejection and limited supply. The alternative is to engineer autologous skeletal muscle in vitro, which can then be re-implanted into the patient. A variety of biomaterials have been used to engineer skeletal muscle with limited success. This study investigated the use of phosphate-based glass fibres as a potential scaffold material for the in vitro engineering of craniofacial skeletal muscle. Human masseter (one of the muscles of mastication)--derived cell cultures were used to seed the glass fibres, which were arranged into various configurations. Growth factors and matrix components were to used to manipulate the in vitro environment. Outcome was determined with the aid of microscopy, time-lapse footage, immunofluorescence imaging and CyQUANT proliferation, creatine kinase and protein assays. A 3-dimensional mesh arrangement of the glass fibres was the best at encouraging cell attachment and proliferation. In addition, increasing the density of the seeded cells and using Matrigel and insulin-like growth factor I enhanced the formation of prototypic muscle fibres. In conclusion, phosphate-based glass fibres can support the in vitro engineering of human craniofacial muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Shah
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD, UK
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Abstract
The reconstruction of skeletal muscle tissue either lost by traumatic injury or tumor ablation or functional damage due to myopathies is hampered by the lack of availability of functional substitution of this native tissue. Until now, only few alternatives exist to provide functional restoration of damaged muscle tissues. Loss of muscle mass and their function can surgically managed in part using a variety of muscle transplantation or transposition techniques. These techniques represent a limited degree of success in attempts to restore the normal functioning, however they are not perfect solutions. A new alternative approach to addressing difficult tissue reconstruction is to engineer new tissues. Although those tissue engineering techniques attempting regeneration of human tissues and organs have recently entered into clinical practice, the engineering of skeletal muscle tissue ist still a scientific challenge. This article reviews some of the recent findings resulting from tissue engineering science related to the attempt of creation and regeneration of functional skeletal muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Bach
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Erlangen Medical Centre, Erlangen, D-91054, Germany.
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Beier JP, Kneser U, Stern-Sträter J, Stark GB, Bach AD. Y chromosome detection of three-dimensional tissue-engineered skeletal muscle constructs in a syngeneic rat animal model. Cell Transplant 2004; 13:45-53. [PMID: 15040604 DOI: 10.3727/000000004772664888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical reconstruction of muscle tissue lost by trauma or tumor ablation is limited by the lack of availability of functional native tissue substitution. Moreover, so far most inherited or acquired muscle diseases are lacking sufficient treatment, because only few alternatives exist to provide functional restoration of lost muscle tissues. Engineering those tissues and transplantation into sites of dysfunction may be an alternative approach and may allow replacement of such damaged or failing skeletal muscle tissues. Techniques attempting reconstruction of some human tissues and organs (tissue engineering) have been introduced into clinical practice recently. One major problem that previous transplantation studies were facing is the ability of detection of transplanted cells after integration. Using the Y chromosome in situ hybridization technique in a syngeneic rat model allows transplantation of cell constructs orthotopically, without manipulation of the cells, with no rejection or immunosuppression being implied, but providing a nondilutable genetic marker to identify transplanted cells. The purpose of our study was to create functional skeletal muscle tissue in vivo using the transplantation of primary myoblasts precultivated within a three-dimensional (3D) fibrin matrix and to determine the fate of the transplanted cells using the Y chromosome detection technique. 3D myoblast cultures were established derived from male donor rats and after 7 days of cultivation we performed an orthotopic transplantation of 3D cell constructs into a created muscle defect within the gracilis muscle of syngeneic female rats. Anti-desmin immunostaining and Y chromosome in situ hybridization indicated the survival and integration of transplanted male myoblasts into the female recipient animal, thus demonstrating the feasibility of this approach in tissue engineering and the research of cell transplantation in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Beier
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Tissue Engineering Laboratory, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
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Strasser H, Marksteiner R, Margreiter E, Pinggera GM, Mitterberger M, Fritsch H, Klima G, Rädler C, Stadlbauer KH, Fussenegger M, Hering S, Bartsch G. Stammzelltherapie der Harninkontinenz. Urologe A 2004; 43:1237-41. [PMID: 15549161 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-004-0700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical studies investigated whether urinary incontinence can be effectively treated with transurethral ultrasound-guided injections of autologous myoblasts and fibroblasts.This new therapy was performed in eight female pigs. It could be shown that the injected cells survived well and that new muscle tissue was formed. Next, 42 patients (29 women, 13 men) suffering from urinary stress incontinence were treated. The fibroblasts were mixed with a small amount of collagen as carrier material and injected into the urethral submucosa to treat atrophies of the mucosa. The myoblasts were directly injected into the rhabdosphincter to reconstruct the muscle and to heal morphological and functional defects. In 35 patients urinary incontinence could be completely cured. In seven patients who had undergone multiple surgical procedures and radiotherapy urinary incontinence improved. No side effects or complications were encountered postoperatively. The experimental as well as the clinical data clearly demonstrate that urinary incontinence can be treated effectively with autologous stem cells. The present data support the conclusion that this new therapeutic concept may represent a very promising treatment modality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Strasser
- Klinik für Urologie, Medizinische Universität, Innsbruck.
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Abstract
The loss or failure of an organ or tissue is one of the most frequent, devastating, and costly problems in health care. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is an emerging interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of biology and engineering to the development of viable substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve the function of human tissues and organs. Tissue engineering science has provided critical new knowledge that will deepen our understanding of the phenotype of an important category of cell types-the muscle cells-and this knowledge may enable meaningful advances in musculoskeletal tissue engineering. There are two principle strategies for the replacement of impaired muscle tissues. One approach uses the application of isolated and differentiated cells (in vivo tissue engineering), using a transport matrix for the cell delivery; the other uses in vitro-designed and pre-fabricated tissue equivalents (in vitro tissue engineering). Future developments and the decision regarding which approach is more promising depend on the elucidation of the relationships among cell growth and differentiation, the three-dimensional environment, the architecture of the cells, and gene expression of the developmental process and the survival of the cells and integration in the host in in vivo experiments. As the techniques of tissue engineering become more sophisticated and as issues such as vascularization and innervation are addressed, the usefulness of these methods for reconstructive surgery may grow significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Bach
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, University of Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Bunaprasert T, Hadlock T, Marler J, Kobler J, Cowan D, Faquin W, Varvares M. Tissue engineered muscle implantation for tongue reconstruction: a preliminary report. Laryngoscope 2003; 113:1792-7. [PMID: 14520108 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200310000-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Because current tongue reconstructive methods introduce adynamic, variably sensate tissue into the mouth, the critical functions of the tongue in articulation and deglutition may be compromised. The objective of this work was to introduce a combination of myoblasts and scaffolding material into rat hemiglossectomy defects and to examine the extent of neomuscle formation in the reconstructed area, under the hypothesis that the presence of myoblasts leads to formation of new muscle. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, prospective animal study. METHODS Myoblasts were harvested from neonatal Lewis rats, and a growth factor enriched collagen gel was prepared. Syngeneic adult animals received either hemiglossectomy alone or reconstruction with one of four experimental reconstructive preparations: collagen gel alone, collagen gel with suspended myoblasts, the gel-cell combination in undifferentiated muscle construct form by way of tissue culture for 7 days in a preformed mold, or differentiated constructs, cultured in myoblast fusion medium. After 6 or 16 weeks, animal weight gain was recorded, animals were killed, and the tongues harvested. The tissue was examined histologically, and quality of the muscular regenerate was rated on a scale according to predefined criteria. RESULTS Animals in all groups gained weight appropriately. In groups receiving hemiglossectomy alone or acellular (gel only) reconstruction, there was significant scarring and lack of neomuscle formation. In groups receiving myoblast transplantation, either by way of gel suspension or in the form of undifferentiated or differentiated constructs, muscle quality was superior to controls. CONCLUSIONS Myoblast transplantation into hemiglossectomy defects appears to lead to new muscle formation and does not inhibit normal weight gain in animals after tongue implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanom Bunaprasert
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Abstract
The size and complexity of wounds following soft-tissue sarcoma resection have increased over the years. Many advances have been made in reconstructive surgery during the past 30 years. These advances have occurred because of refined knowledge of muscle, skin, and fascial blood flow and through the development of free tissue transfer techniques. In this review, current methods of reconstruction following sarcoma resection are discussed, and advances are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Chang
- University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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