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Lijina P, Gnanesh Kumar BS. Discrimination of raffinose and planteose based on porous graphitic carbon chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1224:123758. [PMID: 37245448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Raffinose and planteose are non-reducing, isomeric trisaccharides present in many higher plants. Structurally, they differ in the linkage of α-D-galactopyranosyl to either glucose C(6) or to C (6') of fructose, respectively and thus differentiating each other is very challenging. The negative ion mode mass spectrometric analysis is shown to distinguish planteose and raffinose. However, to facilitate the robust identification of planteose in complex mixtures, herein, we have demonstrated the use of porous graphitic carbon (PGC) chromatography combined with QTOF-MS2 analysis. The separation of planteose and raffinose was achieved on PGC, wherein both have recorded different retention time. Detection through MS2 analysis revealed the specific fragmentation patterns for planteose and raffinose that are distinctive to each other. The applicability of this method on oligosaccharides pool extracted from different seeds showed clear separation of planteose that allowed unambiguous identification from complex mixtures. Therefore, we propose PGC-LC-MS/MS can be employed for sensitive, throughput screening of planteose from wider plant sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lijina
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - B S Gnanesh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI), Mysuru 570020, Karnataka, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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The melREDCA Operon Encodes a Utilization System for the Raffinose Family of Oligosaccharides in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00109-19. [PMID: 31138628 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00109-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a heterotrophic soil bacterium that hydrolyzes different polysaccharides mainly found in the decomposed plants. These carbohydrates are mainly cellulose, hemicellulose, and the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs). RFOs are soluble α-galactosides, such as raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose, that rank second only after sucrose in abundance. Genome sequencing and transcriptome analysis of B. subtilis indicated the presence of a putative α-galactosidase-encoding gene (melA) located in the msmRE-amyDC-melA operon. Characterization of the MelA protein showed that it is a strictly Mn2+- and NAD+-dependent α-galactosidase able to hydrolyze melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose. Transcription of the msmER-amyDC-melA operon is under control of a σA-type promoter located upstream of msmR (P msmR ), which is negatively regulated by MsmR. The activity of P msmR was induced in the presence of melibiose and raffinose. MsmR is a transcriptional repressor that binds to two binding sites at P msmR located upstream of the -35 box and downstream of the transcriptional start site. MsmEX-AmyCD forms an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that probably transports melibiose into the cell. Since msmRE-amyDC-melA is a melibiose utilization system, we renamed the operon melREDCA IMPORTANCE Bacillus subtilis utilizes different polysaccharides produced by plants. These carbohydrates are primarily degraded by extracellular hydrolases, and the resulting oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides are transported into the cytosol via phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase systems (PTS), major facilitator superfamily, and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. In this study, a new carbohydrate utilization system of B. subtilis responsible for the utilization of α-galactosides of the raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) was investigated. RFOs are synthesized from sucrose in plants and are mainly found in the storage organs of plant leaves. Our results revealed the modus operandi of a new carbohydrate utilization system in B. subtilis.
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Liu Y, Zhang L, Chen L, Ma H, Ruan Y, Xu T, Xu C, He Y, Qi M. Molecular cloning and expression of an encoding galactinol synthase gene (AnGolS1) in seedling of Ammopiptanthus nanus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36113. [PMID: 27786294 PMCID: PMC5081558 DOI: 10.1038/srep36113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the galactinol synthase (AnGolS1) fragment sequence from a cold-induced Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) library derived from Ammopiptanthus nanus (A. nanus) seedlings, AnGolS1 mRNA (including the 5' UTR and 3' UTR) (GenBank accession number: GU942748) was isolated and characterized by rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR). A substrate reaction test revealed that AnGolS1 possessed galactinol synthase activity in vitro and could potentially be an early-responsive gene. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated that AnGolS1 was responded to cold, salts and drought stresses, however, significantly up-regulated in all origans by low temperatures, especially in plant stems. In addition, the hybridization signals in the fascicular cambium were strongest in all cells under low temperature. Thus, we propose that AnGolS1 plays critical roles in A. nanus low-temperature stress resistance and that fascicular cambium cells could be involved in AnGolS1 mRNA transcription, galactinol transportation and coordination under low-temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuDong Liu
- Horticulture Department, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Suround Bohai Gulf Region, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China
| | - LiJing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Liaoning Province, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China
| | - YanYe Ruan
- Liaoning Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China
| | - Tao Xu
- Horticulture Department, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Suround Bohai Gulf Region, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China
| | - ChuanQiang Xu
- Horticulture Department, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Suround Bohai Gulf Region, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China
| | - Yi He
- Horticulture Department, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China
| | - MingFang Qi
- Horticulture Department, Shenyang Agricultural University, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Suround Bohai Gulf Region, No. 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District 110866, P.R. China
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Fritsch C, Vogel RF, Toelstede S. Fermentation performance of lactic acid bacteria in different lupin substrates-influence and degradation ability of antinutritives and secondary plant metabolites. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:1075-88. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Fritsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV; Freising Germany
| | - R. F. Vogel
- Technische Universität München; Technische Mikrobiologie Weihenstephan; Freising Germany
| | - S. Toelstede
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV; Freising Germany
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Sengupta S, Mukherjee S, Basak P, Majumder AL. Significance of galactinol and raffinose family oligosaccharide synthesis in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:656. [PMID: 26379684 PMCID: PMC4549555 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress induces differential expression of genes responsible for the synthesis of raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) in plants. RFOs are described as the most widespread D-galactose containing oligosaccharides in higher plants. Biosynthesis of RFOs begin with the activity of galactinol synthase (GolS; EC 2.4.1.123), a GT8 family glycosyltransferase that galactosylates myo-inositol to produce galactinol. Raffinose and the subsequent higher molecular weight RFOs (Stachyose, Verbascose, and Ajugose) are synthesized from sucrose by the subsequent addition of activated galactose moieties donated by Galactinol. Interestingly, GolS, the key enzyme of this pathway is functional only in the flowering plants. It is thus assumed that RFO synthesis is a specialized metabolic event in higher plants; although it is not known whether lower plant groups synthesize any galactinol or RFOs. In higher plants, several functional importance of RFOs have been reported, e.g., RFOs protect the embryo from maturation associated desiccation, are predominant transport carbohydrates in some plant families, act as signaling molecule following pathogen attack and wounding and accumulate in vegetative tissues in response to a range of abiotic stresses. However, the loss-of-function mutants reported so far fail to show any perturbation in those biological functions. The role of RFOs in biotic and abiotic stress is therefore still in debate and their specificity and related components remains to be demonstrated. The present review discusses the biology and stress-linked regulation of this less studied extension of inositol metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Sengupta
- *Correspondence: Arun L. Majumder and Sonali Sengupta, Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, C.I.T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India, ;
| | - Sritama Mukherjee
- †Present address: Sritama Mukherjee, Department of Botany, Bethune College, Kolkata 700006, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Arun L. Majumder
- *Correspondence: Arun L. Majumder and Sonali Sengupta, Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, C.I.T. Road, Scheme - VIIM, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India, ;
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Höller S, Hajirezaei MR, von Wirén N, Frei M. Ascorbate metabolism in rice genotypes differing in zinc efficiency. PLANTA 2014; 239:367-79. [PMID: 24173698 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Effects of zinc (Zn) deficiency on shoot metabolites were investigated in contrasting rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes with special focus on ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis, recycling, and catabolism. The genotypes IR74 (sensitive) and RIL46 (tolerant) were subjected to -Zn and control treatments for 3 weeks, and samples were taken at three different stages representing the pre-stress phase, emergence of visible stress, and severe visible stress. The emergence of visible symptoms was paralleled by an increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in AsA concentration in the sensitive, but not in the tolerant genotype. The tolerant RIL46 showed enhanced transcript levels of several genes involved in the mannose/L-galactose pathway to AsA biosynthesis, and significant up-regulation of a gene involved in the putative alternative myo-inositol pathway under low Zn stress. The level of most AsA precursors was negatively affected by Zn deficiency, but RIL46 had a constitutively higher level of non-phosphorylated precursors. Products of AsA catabolism such as oxalate and threonate did not accumulate in either genotype, suggesting that AsA degradation did not contribute to the stress-induced decline of the AsA pool in IR74. Further factors possibly contributing to tolerance in RIL46 included an almost fivefold higher proline level under -Zn stress and significantly higher trehalose content. The implications of these compounds in AsA metabolism and Zn efficiency thus deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Höller
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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O'Connell KJ, O'Connell Motherway M, O'Callaghan J, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP, Ventura M, Stanton C, van Sinderen D. Metabolism of four α-glycosidic linkage-containing oligosaccharides by Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6280-92. [PMID: 23913435 PMCID: PMC3811189 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01775-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Bifidobacterium are common inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other mammals, where they ferment many diet-derived carbohydrates that cannot be digested by their hosts. To extend our understanding of bifidobacterial carbohydrate utilization, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which 11 strains of Bifidobacterium breve metabolize four distinct α-glucose- and/or α-galactose-containing oligosaccharides, namely, raffinose, stachyose, melibiose, and melezitose. Here we demonstrate that all B. breve strains examined possess the ability to utilize raffinose, stachyose, and melibiose. However, the ability to metabolize melezitose was not common to all B. breve strains tested. Transcriptomic and functional genomic approaches identified a gene cluster dedicated to the metabolism of α-galactose-containing carbohydrates, while an adjacent gene cluster, dedicated to the metabolism of α-glucose-containing melezitose, was identified in strains that are able to use this carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Joan O'Connell
- Department of Microbiology
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary O'Connell Motherway
- Department of Microbiology
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John O'Callaghan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Research Centre Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerald F. Fitzgerald
- Department of Microbiology
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Research Centre Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Genetics, Biology of Microorganisms, Anthropology and Evolution, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Teagasc Research Centre Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- Department of Microbiology
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Palmer GH. SUCROSE AND RAFFINOSE UTILIZATION DURING THE EARLY STAGES OF BARLEY GERMINATION. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.1969.tb03238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bom I, van Wassenaar D, Boot J. Hybrid affinity chromatography of alpha-galactosidase from Verbascum thapsus L. J Chromatogr A 1998; 808:133-9. [PMID: 9652115 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purification of alpha-galactosidase from the roots of Verbascum thapsus L. was difficult to achieve using conventional methods due to the presence of coloured contaminants. A newly developed procedure, hybrid affinity chromatography, which was based on a mixed matrix separation procedure, using a substrate analogue and an immobilized metal affinity matrix as ligands, respectively, allowed the purification of this enzyme with good recovery. The method should be applicable to other proteins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bom
- Unilever Research Laboratory, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
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Ion Stimulation, UDP Inhibition and Effects of Sulfhydryl Reagents on the Activity of Galactinol Synthase from Leaves of Cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0044-328x(82)80171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
alpha-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22) activity was observed in cell-free extracts of Lactobacillus fermenti, L. brevis, L. buchneri, L. cellobiosis, and L. salivarius subsp. salivarius. The cultural conditions under which the enzyme activity was detected suggest that the enzyme is constitutive and present in the soluble fraction in the cell. The enzyme preparations readily hydrolyzed melibiose and other oligosaccharides containing alpha(1 --> 6) linked galactose. Although the cell-free extracts of L. fermenti and L. brevis are negative for beta-fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26), they hydrolyzed melibiose, stachyose, and raffinose in decreasing order of activity. The beta-fructofuranosidase-positive L. buchneri, L. cellobiosis, and L. salivarius preparations hydrolyzed melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose in decreasing rates of activity. The alpha-galactosidases from different lactobacilli showed optimum activity in pH range 5.2 to 5.9. L. fermenti and L. salivarius preparations exhibited maximum activity between 40 to 44 C and 48 to 51 C, respectively, whereas a 38 to 42 C range was observed for other lactobacilli. Cell-free extract of L. cellobiosis was studied for transgalactosylase activity. When incubated with melibiose, a new compound was detected and tentatively identified as manninotriose.
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Abstract
Invertase activity from Streptococcus mutans GS-5 has been partially purified and shown to possess beta-fructofuranosidase specificity. The enzyme has a broad pH optimum between pH 5.5 and 7.5 and exhibits maximal activity at 37 C. Fructose, but not the glucose analogue alpha-methyl-d-glucoside, acts as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. None of the common glycolytic intermediates or adenine nucleotides had any significant effect on enzyme activity. A molecular weight of approximately 47,000 was estimated for the enzyme. The enzyme does not appear to be catabolically repressed by glucose nor inducible by sucrose. Higher specific activities of the enzyme are observed in fructose or glucose-grown cells compared to sucrose-grown cells. These results are discussed in terms of the regulation of invertase activity in vivo.
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Teichmann B. Zum papierchromatographischen verhalten von homologen linearpolymeren. J Chromatogr A 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)91062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Shallenberger RS, Acree TE. Chemical Structure of Compounds and Their Sweet and Bitter Taste. TASTE 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-65245-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kluge H. Jahresperiodische Schwankungen des Kohlenhydratgehaltes in Siebröhrensäften, Blättern und Wurzeln einiger Holzgewächse1)1)Einige Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sind Teil einer Dissertation (Kluge 1967). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(17)31028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Tanner W. THE FUNCTION OF MYO-INOSITOL GLYCOSIDES IN YEASTS AND HIGHER PLANTS *. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1970. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1970.tb56438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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BAILEY RW, PRIDHAM JB. Oligosaccharides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963; 17:121-67. [PMID: 13969021 DOI: 10.1016/s0096-5332(08)60135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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