1
|
Thilakarathna SH, Li V, Chui L. A challenging STEC strain isolation from patients' stools: an O166:H15 STEC strain with the stx2 gene. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0009824. [PMID: 38814093 PMCID: PMC11218488 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00098-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Two patients with acute gastroenteritis tested positive for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and both strains carried the Shiga toxin 2 encoding gene. Since routine culture using CHROMagar STEC failed to recover these isolates, immunomagnetic separation (IMS) targeting the top six non-O157:H7 serotypes was used for isolate recovery. After two subsequent IMS runs, the STEC strains were isolated from trypticase soy broth with and without overnight enrichment for runs 1 and 2, respectively. Serotyping based on whole-genome sequencing revealed that both patients carried the strain O166:H15 STEC with the stx2 gene. Hence, the magnetic beads used in IMS appeared to have cross-reactivity with other E. coli serotypes. When the STEC isolates from both stools were cultured on CHROMagar STEC and sheep blood agar (BAP), two distinct colony sizes were apparent after overnight incubation. The small and large colonies were picked and separately cultured on both media, and colony growth was observed for 2 weeks at room temperature after an initial overnight incubation at 37°C. After 1 week, the colonies showed concentric ring structures with a darker center and a lighter surrounding on CHROMagar STEC and a "fried egg"-resembling structure with a raised circular center and a flat surrounding on BAP. Both colony types remained morphologically different on CHROMagar STEC throughout the 15 days. However, on BAP, their appearance was comparable by day 7. IMPORTANCE Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) infections can lead to severe complications such as bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), especially in young children and the elderly. Strains that carry the shiga toxin 2 gene (stx2), such as O157:H7, have been mostly linked with severe disease outcomes. In recent years, outbreaks caused by non-O157:H7 strains have increased. E. coli O166:H15 has been previously reported causing a gastroenteritis outbreak in 1996 as a non-STEC strain, however the O166:H15 serotype we recovered carried the stx2 gene. It was particularly challenging to isolate this strain from stools by culture. Consequently, we tested immunomagnetic separation for the STEC recovery, which was a novel approach on clinical stools. Virulence genes were included for the characterization of these isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surangi H. Thilakarathna
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Vincent Li
- Alberta Precision Laboratories - Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Edmonton, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratories - Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Edmonton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Azari R, Yousefi MH, Fallah AA, Alimohammadi A, Nikjoo N, Wagemans J, Berizi E, Hosseinzadeh S, Ghasemi M, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Controlling of foodborne pathogen biofilms on stainless steel by bacteriophages: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biofilm 2024; 7:100170. [PMID: 38234712 PMCID: PMC10793095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the potential of using bacteriophages to control foodborne pathogen biofilms on stainless steel surfaces in the food industry. Biofilm-forming bacteria can attach to stainless steel surfaces, rendering them difficult to eradicate even after a thorough cleaning and sanitizing procedures. Bacteriophages have been proposed as a possible solution, as they can penetrate biofilms and destroy bacterial cells within, reducing the number of viable bacteria and preventing the growth and spread of biofilms. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the potential of bacteriophages against different biofilm-forming foodborne bacteria, including Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Listeria monocytogenes. Bacteriophage treatment generally causes a significant average reduction of 38 % in biofilm formation of foodborne pathogens on stainless steel. Subgroup analyses revealed that phages are more efficient in long-duration treatment. Also, applying a cocktail of phages is 1.26-fold more effective than applying individual phages. Phages at concentrations exceeding 107 PFU/ml are significantly more efficacious in eradicating bacteria within a biofilm. The antibacterial phage activity decreases substantially by 3.54-fold when applied at 4 °C compared to temperatures above 25 °C. This analysis suggests that bacteriophages can be a promising solution for controlling biofilms in the food industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Azari
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashem Yousefi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71946-84471, Iran
| | - Aziz A. Fallah
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, 34141, Iran
| | - Arezoo Alimohammadi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Nikjoo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Enayat Berizi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71946-84471, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, P. O. Box 115, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka St., 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li XP, Rudolph MJ, Chen Y, Tumer NE. Structure-Function Analysis of the A1 Subunit of Shiga Toxin 2 with Peptides That Target the P-Stalk Binding Site and Inhibit Activity. Biochemistry 2024; 63:893-905. [PMID: 38467020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a) is the virulence factor of Escherichia coli (STEC), which is associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome, the leading cause of pediatric kidney failure. The A1 subunit of Stx2a (Stx2A1) binds to the conserved C-terminal domain (CTD) of the ribosomal P-stalk proteins to remove an adenine from the sarcin-ricin loop (SRL) in the 28S rRNA, inhibiting protein synthesis. There are no antidotes against Stx2a or any other ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP). The structural and functional details of the binding of Stx2A1 to the P-stalk CTD are not known. Here, we carry out a deletion analysis of the conserved P-stalk CTD and show that the last eight amino acids (P8) of the P-stalk proteins are the minimal sequence required for optimal affinity and maximal inhibitory activity against Stx2A1. We determined the first X-ray crystal structure of Stx2A1 alone and in complex with P8 and identified the exact binding site. The C-terminal aspartic acid of the P-stalk CTD serves as an anchor, forming key contacts with the conserved arginine residues at the P-stalk binding pocket of Stx2A1. Although the ricin A subunit (RTA) binds to the P-stalk CTD, the last aspartic acid is more critical for the interaction with Stx2A1, indicating that RIPs differ in their requirements for the P-stalk. These results demonstrate that the catalytic activity of Stx2A1 is inhibited by blocking its interactions with the P-stalk, providing evidence that P-stalk binding is an essential first step in the recruitment of Stx2A1 to the SRL for depurination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Michael J Rudolph
- New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Ave, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yang Chen
- New York Structural Biology Center, 89 Convent Ave, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Nilgun E Tumer
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Greig DR, Do Nascimento V, Gally DL, Gharbia SE, Dallman TJ, Jenkins C. Re-analysis of an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 associated with raw drinking milk using Nanopore sequencing. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5821. [PMID: 38461188 PMCID: PMC10925052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54662-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) sequencing data to quantify genetic variation to assess within-outbreak strain relatedness and characterise microevolutionary events in the accessory genomes of a cluster of 23 genetically and epidemiologically linked isolates related to an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 caused by the consumption of raw drinking milk. There were seven discrepant variants called between the two technologies, five were false-negative or false-positive variants in the Illumina data and two were false-negative calls in ONT data. After masking horizontally acquired sequences such as prophages, analysis of both short and long-read sequences revealed the 20 isolates linked to the outbreak in 2017 had a maximum SNP distance of one SNP between each other, and a maximum of five SNPs when including three additional strains identified in 2019. Analysis of the ONT data revealed a 47 kbp deletion event in a terminal compound prophage within one sample relative to the remaining samples, and a 0.65 Mbp large chromosomal rearrangement (inversion), within one sample relative to the remaining samples. Furthermore, we detected two bacteriophages encoding the highly pathogenic Shiga toxin (Stx) subtype, Stx2a. One was typical of Stx2a-phage in this sub-lineage (Ic), the other was atypical and inserted into a site usually occupied by Stx2c-encoding phage. Finally, we observed an increase in the size of the pO157 IncFIB plasmid (1.6 kbp) in isolates from 2019 compared to those from 2017, due to the duplication of insertion elements within the plasmids from the more recently isolated strains. The ability to characterize the accessory genome in this way is the first step to understanding the significance of these microevolutionary events and their impact on the genome plasticity and virulence between strains of this zoonotic, foodborne pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Greig
- National Infection Service, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, NW9 5EQ, UK.
- NIRH Health Protection Research Unit for Gastrointestinal Pathogens, Liverpool, UK.
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | - David L Gally
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Saheer E Gharbia
- National Infection Service, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Genomes and Enabling Data, Warwick, UK
| | - Timothy J Dallman
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claire Jenkins
- National Infection Service, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
- NIRH Health Protection Research Unit for Gastrointestinal Pathogens, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dang DX, Choi SY, Choi YJ, Lee JH, Castex M, Chevaux E, Saornil D, de Laguna FB, Jimenez G, Kim IH. Probiotic, Paraprobiotic, and Hydrolyzed Yeast Mixture Supplementation Has Comparable Effects to Zinc Oxide in Improving Growth Performance and Ameliorating Post-weaning Diarrhea in Weaned Piglets. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:249-258. [PMID: 36630002 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-10008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of 150 21-day-old weaned piglets [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] were randomly assigned to 3 groups (CON, TRT1, TRT2) to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic, paraprobiotic, and hydrolyzed yeast mixture (PPY) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal bacterial counts, fecal calprotectin contents, and diarrhea rate in a 42-day experiment (phase 1: days 1-14; phase 2: days 15-42). There were 10 replicate pens per treatment with 5 pigs per pen (three gilts and two barrows). Pigs in CON were only provided with a basal diet. Pigs in TRT1 were provided with a basal diet + 3000 mg/kg zinc oxide during phase 1 and a basal diet during phase 2. Pigs in TRT2 were provided with a basal diet + 200 mg/kg probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii) + 800 mg/kg paraprobiotic (inactivated yeast strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Cyberlindnera jadinii) + 10 g/kg hydrolyzed yeast mixture during phase 1, and a basal diet + 100 mg/kg probiotic + 400 mg/kg paraprobiotic mixture during phase 2. Pigs in TRT1 and TRT2 were significantly heavier at day 14 and 42 than CON pigs. Growth rate during days 1-14, 15-42, and 1-42 and feed efficiency during days 1-14 were similarly affected by treatment while feed efficiency was significantly higher for TRT2 pigs between 15-42 and 1-42 days. Moreover, nitrogen and energy digestibility in both TRT1 and TRT2 were higher than that in CON. During experimental periods, diarrhea rate in TRT1 and TRT2 was lower than that in CON. Therefore, we demonstrated that PPY supplementation had comparable effects as ZnO in improving growth performance and nutrient digestibility as well as ameliorating post-weaning diarrhea in weaned piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De Xin Dang
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Si Yeong Choi
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
- Lallemand SAS, 19 Rue de Briquetiers, 31702, Blagnac, France
| | - Young Jae Choi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwa Lee
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacokinetics Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Mathieu Castex
- Lallemand SAS, 19 Rue de Briquetiers, 31702, Blagnac, France
| | - Eric Chevaux
- Lallemand SAS, 19 Rue de Briquetiers, 31702, Blagnac, France
| | - David Saornil
- Lallemand SAS, 19 Rue de Briquetiers, 31702, Blagnac, France
| | | | | | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lawther K, Santos FG, Oyama LB, Huws SA. - Invited Review - Chemical signalling within the rumen microbiome. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:337-345. [PMID: 38186253 PMCID: PMC10838665 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ruminants possess a specialized four-compartment forestomach, consisting of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, and abomasum. The rumen, the primary fermentative chamber, harbours a dynamic ecosystem comprising bacteria, protozoa, fungi, archaea, and bacteriophages. These microorganisms engage in diverse ecological interactions within the rumen microbiome, primarily benefiting the host animal by deriving energy from plant material breakdown. These interactions encompass symbiosis, such as mutualism and commensalism, as well as parasitism, predation, and competition. These ecological interactions are dependent on many factors, including the production of diverse molecules, such as those involved in quorum sensing (QS). QS is a density-dependent signalling mechanism involving the release of autoinducer (AIs) compounds, when cell density increases AIs bind to receptors causing the altered expression of certain genes. These AIs are classified as mainly being N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL; commonly used by Gram-negative bacteria) or autoinducer-2 based systems (AI-2; used by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria); although other less common AI systems exist. Most of our understanding of QS at a gene-level comes from pure culture in vitro studies using bacterial pathogens, with much being unknown on a commensal bacterial and ecosystem level, especially in the context of the rumen microbiome. A small number of studies have explored QS in the rumen using 'omic' technologies, revealing a prevalence of AI-2 QS systems among rumen bacteria. Nevertheless, the implications of these signalling systems on gene regulation, rumen ecology, and ruminant characteristics are largely uncharted territory. Metatranscriptome data tracking the colonization of perennial ryegrass by rumen microbes suggest that these chemicals may influence transitions in bacterial diversity during colonization. The likelihood of undiscovered chemicals within the rumen microbial arsenal is high, with the identified chemicals representing only the tip of the iceberg. A comprehensive grasp of rumen microbial chemical signalling is crucial for addressing the challenges of food security and climate targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Lawther
- School of Biological Sciences/Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL,
UK
| | - Fernanda Godoy Santos
- School of Biological Sciences/Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL,
UK
| | - Linda B Oyama
- School of Biological Sciences/Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL,
UK
| | - Sharon A Huws
- School of Biological Sciences/Institute for Global Food Security, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL,
UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang X, Narvaez-Bravo C, Zhang P. Driving forces shaping the microbial ecology in meat packing plants. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1333696. [PMID: 38322759 PMCID: PMC10844536 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1333696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Meat production is a complex system, continually receiving animals, water, air, and workers, all of which serve as carriers of bacteria. Selective pressures involved in different meat processing stages such as antimicrobial interventions and low temperatures, may promote the accumulation of certain residential microbiota in meat cutting facilities. Bacteria including human pathogens from all these sources can contaminate meat surfaces. While significant advancements have been made in enhancing hygienic standards and pathogen control measures in meat plants, resulting in a notable reduction in STEC recalls and clinical cases, STEC still stands as a predominant contributor to foodborne illnesses associated with beef and occasionally with pork. The second-and third-generation sequencing technology has become popular in microbiota related studies and provided a better image of the microbial community in the meat processing environments. In this article, we reviewed the potential factors influencing the microbial ecology in commercial meat processing facilities and conducted a meta-analysis on the microbiota data published in the last 10 years. In addition, the mechanisms by which bacteria persist in meat production environments have been discussed with a focus on the significant human pathogen E. coli O157:H7 and generic E. coli, an indicator often used for the hygienic condition in food production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianqin Yang
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | | | - Peipei Zhang
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Meat Safety and Quality, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bowser S, Melton-Celsa A, Chapartegui-González I, Torres AG. Efficacy of EHEC gold nanoparticle vaccines evaluated with the Shiga toxin-producing Citrobacter rodentium mouse model. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0226123. [PMID: 38047703 PMCID: PMC10783022 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02261-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) remains an important cause of diarrheal disease and complications worldwide, especially in children, yet there are no available vaccines for human use. Inadequate pre-clinical evaluation due to inconsistent animal models remains a major barrier to novel vaccine development. We demonstrate the usefulness of Stx2d-producing Citrobacter rodentium in assessing vaccine effectiveness because it more closely recapitulates human disease caused by EHEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bowser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Angela Melton-Celsa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Itziar Chapartegui-González
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sirisaengtaksin N, O'Donoghue EJ, Jabbari S, Roe AJ, Krachler AM. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles provide an alternative pathway for trafficking of Escherichia coli O157 type III secreted effectors to epithelial cells. mSphere 2023; 8:e0052023. [PMID: 37929984 PMCID: PMC10732017 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00520-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Bacteria can package protein cargo into nanosized membrane blebs that are shed from the bacterial membrane and released into the environment. Here, we report that a type of pathogenic bacteria called enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 (EHEC) uses their membrane blebs (outer membrane vesicles) to package components of their type 3 secretion system and send them into host cells, where they can manipulate host signaling pathways including those involved in infection response, such as immunity. Usually, EHEC use a needle-like apparatus to inject these components into host cells, but packaging them into membrane blebs that get taken up by host cells is another way of delivery that can bypass the need for a functioning injection system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sirisaengtaksin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Eloise J. O'Donoghue
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Jabbari
- School of Mathematics, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Roe
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Marie Krachler
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Patel D, Hansen M, Lambert C, Hegde S, Jayamohan H, Gale BK, Sant HJ. Characterizing a Silver Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Shiga Toxin Detection. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40898-40903. [PMID: 37929116 PMCID: PMC10620918 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxins (1, 2) regularly cause outbreaks and food recalls and pose a significant health risk to the infected population. Therefore, new reliable tools are needed to rapidly detect Shiga toxin cost-effectively in food, water, and wastewater before human consumption. Enzyme immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction approaches are the gold standard detection methods for the Shiga toxin. However, these methods require expensive instruments along with expensive reagents, which makes them hard to convert into point-of-use and low-cost systems. This study introduces an electrochemical biosensing method that utilizes silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as electrochemical tags and commercially available low-cost screen-printed carbon electrodes for detection. This study introduces the modification of reference electrodes on commercially available screen-printed carbon electrodes to detect AgNPs dissolved in nitric acid. This biosensor achieved a 2 ng/mL lowest measured concentration for Shiga toxin-1 in less than 3 h. These biosensor results also showed that the AgNP-based sensor has better linearity (for graph between peak current vs concentration) and lower standard deviation compared to gold nanoparticles (AuNP)-based electrochemical biosensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Patel
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Madison Hansen
- Department
of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Christopher Lambert
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
- Espira
Inc., 825 N 300 W Suite
N-223, Salt Lake City, Utah 84103, United States
| | - Shruti Hegde
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Harikrishnan Jayamohan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Bruce K. Gale
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
- Espira
Inc., 825 N 300 W Suite
N-223, Salt Lake City, Utah 84103, United States
| | - Himanshu Jayant Sant
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Utah, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jones E, Song J, Alam S. Diarrhoea, vomiting and reduced wet nappies - a familiar story with unexpected twists. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2023; 108:385-390. [PMID: 37339861 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-325682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Vomiting and diarrhoea is a common presenting complaint in paediatrics. Most often it is due to a benign and self-limiting infectious illness. Here, we explore the diagnostic journey of a 7-month-old infant with these symptoms presenting in a secondary care hospital and the overnight clinical problem solving involved in tackling the unexpected complexities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jones
- Paediatrics, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - JongEun Song
- Paediatrics, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, UK
| | - Shouja Alam
- Paediatric Nephrology, Noah's Ark Children's Hospital for Wales, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Garnier A, Brochard K, Kwon T, Sellier-Leclerc AL, Lahoche A, Launay EA, Nobili F, Caillez M, Taque S, Harambat J, Michel-Bourdat G, Guigonis V, Fila M, Cloarec S, Djamal-Dine D, de Parscaux L, Allard L, Salomon R, Ulinski T, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Morin C, Olivier-Abbal P, Colineaux H, Auriol F, Arnaud C, Kieffer I, Brusq C. Efficacy and Safety of Eculizumab in Pediatric Patients Affected by Shiga Toxin-Related Hemolytic and Uremic Syndrome: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:1561-1573. [PMID: 37303085 PMCID: PMC10482062 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Shiga toxin-related hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) is a serious condition, characterized by multiorgan thrombotic microangiopathy, mainly affecting children. Renal involvement is severe, with approximately half of patients requiring dialysis. So far, no specific treatment has been proven efficient in STEC-HUS. The use of eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody inhibiting terminal complement complex, has demonstrated remarkable success in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, but its use in uncontrolled studies to treat STEC-HUS has yielded inconsistent results. In this Phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 100 pediatric patients with STEC-HUS, the findings did not show efficacy of eculizumab during the acute phase of the disease. However, the results indicated a reduction of renal sequelae in eculizumab-treated patients at 1-year follow-up. Larger prospective studies would be needed to further explore eculizumab as a potential treatment. BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-related hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS) in children is a severe condition, resulting in approximately 50% of patients requiring RRT. Furthermore, at least 30% of survivors experience kidney sequelae. Recently, activation of the complement alternative pathway has been postulated as a factor in STEC-HUS pathophysiology, leading to compassionate use of eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody inhibiting the terminal complement complex, in affected patients. Given the lack of therapy for STEC-HUS, a controlled study of eculizumab efficacy in treating this condition is a priority. METHODS We conducted a Phase 3 randomized trial of eculizumab in children with STEC-HUS. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either eculizumab or placebo during 4 weeks. Follow-up lasted for 1 year. The primary end point was RRT duration <48 hours after randomization. Secondary endpoints included hematologic and extrarenal involvement. RESULTS Baseline characteristics were similar among the 100 patients who underwent randomization. The rate of RRT <48 hours did not differ significantly between the two groups (48% in the placebo versus 38% in the eculizumab group; P = 0.31) or in the course of ARF. The two groups also exhibited similar hematologic evolution and extrarenal manifestations of STEC-HUS. The proportion of patients experiencing renal sequelae at 1 year was lower in the eculizumab group than in the placebo group (43.48% and 64.44%, respectively, P = 0.04). No safety concern was reported. CONCLUSIONS In pediatric patients with STEC-HUS, eculizumab treatment does not appear to be associated with improved renal outcome during acute phase of the disease but may reduce long-term kidney sequelae. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATIONS EUDRACT (2014-001169-28) ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT02205541 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Garnier
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Karine Brochard
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Theresa Kwon
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - Annie Lahoche
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, France
| | | | - François Nobili
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Mathilde Caillez
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Taque
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, CHU Anne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - Jerôme Harambat
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, CHU Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Vincent Guigonis
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital de la Mère et de l’Enfant, Limoges, France
| | - Marc Fila
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Cloarec
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, CHRU Clocheville, Tours, France
| | | | - Loïc de Parscaux
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, CHU Morvan, Brest, France
| | - Lise Allard
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, CHU Angers, Angers, France
| | - Rémi Salomon
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Tim Ulinski
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Françoise Auriol
- Unit of Pediatric Clinical Research, CIC1436, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Isabelle Kieffer
- Unit of Pediatric Clinical Research, CIC1436, Hôpital des Enfants, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Clara Brusq
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maguire M, Ramachandran P, Tallent S, Mammel MK, Brown EW, Allard MW, Musser SM, González-Escalona N. Precision metagenomics sequencing for food safety: hybrid assembly of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in enriched agricultural water. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1221668. [PMID: 37720160 PMCID: PMC10500926 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1221668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture-independent metagenomic sequencing of enriched agricultural water could expedite the detection and virulotyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). We previously determined the limits of a complete, closed metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) assembly and of a complete, fragmented MAG assembly for O157:H7 in enriched agricultural water using long reads (Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Oxford), which were 107 and 105 CFU/ml, respectively. However, the nanopore assemblies did not have enough accuracy to be used in Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) phylogenies and cannot be used for the precise identification of an outbreak STEC strain. The present study aimed to determine the limits of detection and assembly for STECs in enriched agricultural water by Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology alone, followed by establishing the limit of hybrid assembly with nanopore long-read sequencing using three different hybrid assemblers (SPAdes, Unicycler, and OPERA-MS). We also aimed to generate a genome with enough accuracy to be used in a SNP phylogeny. The classification of MiSeq and nanopore sequencing identified the same highly abundant species. Using the totality of the MiSeq output and a precision metagenomics approach in which the E. coli reads are binned before assembly, the limit of detection and assembly of STECs by MiSeq were determined to be 105 and 107 CFU/ml, respectively. While a complete, closed MAG could not be generated at any concentration, a complete, fragmented MAG was produced using the SPAdes assembler with an STEC concentration of at least 107 CFU/ml. At this concentration, hybrid assembled contigs aligned to the nanopore-assembled genome could be accurately placed in a neighbor-joining tree. The MiSeq limit of detection and assembly was less sensitive than nanopore sequencing, which was likely due to factors including the small starting material (50 vs. 1 μg) and the dilution of the library loaded on the cartridge. This pilot study demonstrates that MiSeq sequencing requires higher coverage in precision metagenomic samples; however, with sufficient concentration, STECs can be characterized and phylogeny can be accurately determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Maguire
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Sandra Tallent
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Mark K. Mammel
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Eric W. Brown
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Marc W. Allard
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Steven M. Musser
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Narjol González-Escalona
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Khalid M, Miller C, Gebregziabher N, Guckien Z, Goswami S, Perkins A, Andreoli SP. Factors affecting dialysis duration in children with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:2753-2761. [PMID: 36705754 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predicting disease severity can be informative for management of HUS. Dialysis requirement, volume depletion, elevated white blood cell counts, very young age, and use of antimotility agents are known factors associated with severe HUS. METHODS A retrospective cohort analysis was performed to identify factors associated with dialysis duration using electronic medical record and chart review of 76 children ≤ 18 years of age at presentation with STEC-HUS identified through billing data from July 2008 to April 2020 at James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University, Indiana. RESULTS Novel findings associated with prolonged dialysis duration were age ≥ 6 years old at presentation (p = 0.041) and lack of drop in platelets below 60,000/mm3 anytime during the illness (p = 0.015). In addition, children with NSAID exposure trended longer on dialysis: 15 days with vs. 10 days without (p = 0.117). Known risk factors for severe disease including elevated peak white blood cell (WBC) count and higher hematocrit at presentation were also associated with longer dialysis duration: children with peak WBC > 20,000/mm3 were on dialysis for 15 vs. 9.5 days (p = 0.002) and in children on dialysis ≥ 14 days hematocrit at presentation was 29.6% vs. 24.2% (p = 0.03). Children requiring dialysis for 20 days or longer were more likely to be on anti-hypertensive medications (p = 0.025) and have chronic kidney disease at 12-month follow up (p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS Age ≥ 6, elevated WBC count > 20,000/mm3, higher hematocrit at presentation, lack of drop in platelets to < 60,000/mm3, and possibly NSAID exposure during illness are associated with longer dialysis duration in STEC-HUS. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myda Khalid
- James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Chloe Miller
- James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Netsanet Gebregziabher
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zoe Guckien
- James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shrea Goswami
- James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anthony Perkins
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sharon Phillips Andreoli
- James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Richardson D, Pakianathan M, Ewens M, Mitchell H, Mohammed H, Wiseman E, Tweed M, Nichols K, Rawdah W, Cooper R, Macrowan R, Irish M, Evans A, Godbole G. British Association of Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) United Kingdom national guideline for the management of sexually transmitted enteric infections 2023. Int J STD AIDS 2023:9564624231168217. [PMID: 37247427 DOI: 10.1177/09564624231168217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This is the first British Association of Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) national guideline for the management of sexually transmitted enteric infections (STEI). This guideline is primarily aimed for level 3 sexual health clinics; however, it may also be applicable to other settings such as primary care or other hospital departments where individuals with STEI may present. This guideline makes recommendations on testing, management, partner notification and public health control of STEI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Richardson
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Waseem Rawdah
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Richard Cooper
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | | | | | - Amy Evans
- University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Krsek D, Yara DA, Hrbáčková H, Daniel O, Mančíková A, Schüller S, Bielaszewska M. Translocation of outer membrane vesicles from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 across the intestinal epithelial barrier. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1198945. [PMID: 37303786 PMCID: PMC10248468 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1198945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) carrying virulence factors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are assumed to play a role in the pathogenesis of life-threatening hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). However, it is unknown if and how OMVs, which are produced in the intestinal lumen, cross the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) to reach the renal glomerular endothelium, the major target in HUS. We investigated the ability of EHEC O157 OMVs to translocate across the IEB using a model of polarized Caco-2 cells grown on Transwell inserts and characterized important aspects of this process. Using unlabeled or fluorescently labeled OMVs, tests of the intestinal barrier integrity, inhibitors of endocytosis, cell viability assay, and microscopic techniques, we demonstrated that EHEC O157 OMVs translocated across the IEB. OMV translocation involved both paracellular and transcellular pathways and was significantly increased under simulated inflammatory conditions. In addition, translocation was not dependent on OMV-associated virulence factors and did not affect viability of intestinal epithelial cells. Importantly, translocation of EHEC O157 OMVs was confirmed in human colonoids thereby supporting physiological relevance of OMVs in the pathogenesis of HUS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krsek
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Hana Hrbáčková
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ondřej Daniel
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrea Mančíková
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia
| | - Stephanie Schüller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Bielaszewska
- Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Aldharman SS, Almutairi SM, Alharbi AA, Alyousef MA, Alzankrany KH, Althagafi MK, Alshalahi EE, Al-Jabr KH, Alghamdi A, Jamil SF. The Prevalence and Incidence of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e39347. [PMID: 37351232 PMCID: PMC10284565 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A hemolytic uremic syndrome is an uncommon but severe condition brought on by an overactive alternative complement system, typically involving a hereditary component. It will be crucial to comprehend the epidemiology of hemolytic uremic syndrome as research advances toward bettering its diagnosis and treatment. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the incidence and prevalence estimates of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) internationally. A thorough literature search was conducted using PubMed, Springer, Cochrane Library for Systematic Reviews, and Embase databases between 2012 and 2023 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 recommendations. A further source of data was the PubMed Central search engine. To make sure that the evaluation included just the studies that were the most pertinent, a population, interventions, comparators, and outcomes (PICO) eligibility criterion was also used. Eight articles were included in this review. HUS had an annual crude incidence of 0.66 per 100,000 people and a standard annual incidence of 0.57 per 100,000 people. Females were more likely than males to develop HUS, but only marginally more frequently. Patients under 20 years old were the age group where HUS was most common. HUS had an average cost of $21,500 per patient, which was more expensive than the country's overall inpatient average cost for the same period. This is due to patients requiring supportive care, antibiotics, plasma exchange, plasma infusion, and renal replacement therapy, and it could take multiple courses of treatment before they improve. It was concluded that several variables, including the region, the age group affected, and the frequency of the underlying bacterial infection, determine the prevalence and incidence of HUS. HUS is often more common in children than adults and is more common in some nations. Overall, HUS is an uncommon disorder that can have significant repercussions for people who have it. For better results and fewer consequences, HUS must be diagnosed and treated as soon as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Aldharman
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
| | | | - Alaa A Alharbi
- Department of Psychiatry, King Salman Bin Abdulaziz Medical City, Medina, SAU
| | - Meshal A Alyousef
- College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, SAU
| | | | | | | | - Khalid H Al-Jabr
- College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, SAU
| | | | - Syed F Jamil
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, SAU
- Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, SAU
- Pediatrics, King Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital, Riyadh, SAU
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Matussek A, Mernelius S, Chromek M, Zhang J, Frykman A, Hansson S, Georgieva V, Xiong Y, Bai X. Genome-wide association study of hemolytic uremic syndrome causing Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from Sweden, 1994-2018. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 42:771-779. [PMID: 37103716 PMCID: PMC10172287 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection can cause clinical manifestations ranging from diarrhea to potentially fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). This study is aimed at identifying STEC genetic factors associated with the development of HUS in Sweden. A total of 238 STEC genomes from STEC-infected patients with and without HUS between 1994 and 2018 in Sweden were included in this study. Serotypes, Shiga toxin gene (stx) subtypes, and virulence genes were characterized in correlation to clinical symptoms (HUS and non-HUS), and pan-genome wide association study was performed. Sixty-five strains belonged to O157:H7, and 173 belonged to non-O157 serotypes. Our study revealed that strains of O157:H7 serotype especially clade 8 were most commonly found in patients with HUS in Sweden. stx2a and stx2a + stx2c subtypes were significantly associated with HUS. Other virulence factors associated with HUS mainly included intimin (eae) and its receptor (tir), adhesion factors, toxins, and secretion system proteins. Pangenome wide-association study identified numbers of accessory genes significantly overrepresented in HUS-STEC strains, including genes encoding outer membrane proteins, transcriptional regulators, phage-related proteins, and numerous genes related to hypothetical proteins. Whole-genome phylogeny and multiple correspondence analysis of pangenomes could not differentiate HUS-STEC from non-HUS-STEC strains. In O157:H7 cluster, strains from HUS patients clustered closely; however, no significant difference in virulence genes was found in O157 strains from patients with and without HUS. These results suggest that STEC strains from different phylogenetic backgrounds may independently acquire genes determining their pathogenicity and confirm that other non-bacterial factors and/or bacteria-host interaction may affect STEC pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Matussek
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Jönköping Region County, Linköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Sara Mernelius
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Jönköping Region County, Linköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Milan Chromek
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ji Zhang
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anne Frykman
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sverker Hansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Valya Georgieva
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangning Bai
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Microbiology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Al-Smadi DM, Shahwan MY, Madi MY. Breaking Down the Gut: A Case of Severe Toxin-Mediated Colitis. Cureus 2023; 15:e37092. [PMID: 37153292 PMCID: PMC10158091 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a worldwide, foodborne pathogen that can lead to life-threatening complications. Transmission has been associated with undercooked meat products, contaminated food and water sources, person-to-person contact, and direct exposure to infected farm animals. As the name suggests, the major virulence factors contributing to its pathogenicity are Shiga toxins, which can cause a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from mild watery diarrhea to severe hemorrhagic colitis due to its toxic effects on the gastrointestinal tract. We report a case of a 21-year-old man seeking medical attention due to severe crampy abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea who was ultimately diagnosed with a less commonly encountered severe form of colitis in the setting of STEC infection. Thorough investigations while maintaining a high level of clinical suspicion allowed prompt medical care with a complete resolution of symptoms. This case highlights the importance of having high clinical suspicion for STEC even with more severe forms of colitis and sheds light on the role of medical personnel in managing such cases.
Collapse
|
20
|
Galvez C, Krall P, Rojas A, Oh J, Cano F. HUS with mutations in CFH and STEC infection treated with eculizumab in a 4-year-old girl. Pediatr Nephrol 2023; 38:1195-1203. [PMID: 35969277 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05694-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemolytic uremic syndrome secondary to Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection (STEC-HUS) generally shows a favorable outcome. Few cases develop extra-renal complications, since neurological involvement is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The role of complement in STEC-HUS has been recently highlighted, and the use of eculizumab in severe cases has been communicated. HUS results from environmental and genetic factors, but the simultaneous occurrence of STEC and complement mutations remains undetermined. METHODS A pediatric case with severe STEC-HUS carrying CFH mutations, with favorable response to eculizumab is analyzed. RESULTS STEC-HUS was diagnosed in a 4-year-old girl with classic HUS, including low C3. Peritoneal dialysis was started due to hypertension, oligoanuria, and pleural effusion. She evolved with generalized tonic-clonic seizures and required mechanical ventilation. MRI reported multiple supra- and infratentorial ischemic lesions with laminar/striatal cortical necrosis and leukoencephalopathy. After two eculizumab doses, a significative stabilization in diuresis, blood pressure, creatinine, and C3 was achieved. At the third week, episodes of massive digestive bleeding and a life-threatening condition required a colectomy thus preserving the ileocecal valve. Due to atypical evolution, a genetic study was considered, identifying two heterozygous variants (CFH S1191L/V1197A). CONCLUSION STEC-HUS in patients with a genetic predisposition has been previously reported, but the low frequency of occurrence makes it a rare disease. As in the present case, patients with atypical course might benefit from genetic analysis to evaluate early eculizumab initiation and to better understand its phenotype. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Galvez
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Paola Krall
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandro Rojas
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jun Oh
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Hepatology and Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francisco Cano
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zheng T, Li X, Xie YN, Yang B, Wu P. Dual-Gene Isothermal Amplification Coupled with Lateral Flow Strip for On-Site Accurate Detection of E. coli O157:H7 in Food Samples. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6053-6060. [PMID: 36977355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
On-site field detection of E. coli O157:H7 in food samples is of utmost importance, since it causes a series of foodborne diseases due to infections-associated ready-to-eat foods. Due to the instrument-free nature, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) coupled with lateral flow assay (LFA) is well-suited for such goal. However, the high genomic similarity of different E. coli serotypes adds difficulty to accurate differentiation of E. coli O157:H7 from others. Dual-gene analysis could significantly improve the serotype selectivity, but will further aggravate the RPA artifacts. To address such issue, here we proposed a protocol of dual-gene RPA-LFA, in which the target amplicons were selectively recognized by peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and T7 exonuclease (TeaPNA), thus eliminating false-positives in LFA readout. Adapting rfbEO157 and fliCH7 genes as the targets, dual-gene RPA-TeaPNA-LFA was demonstrated to be selective for E. coli O157:H7 over other E. coli serotypes and common foodborne bacteria. The minimum detection concentration was 10 copies/μL for the genomic DNA (∼300 cfu/mL E. coli O157:H7), and 0.24 cfu/mL E. coli O157:H7 in food samples after 5 h bacterial preculture. For lettuce samples contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 (single-blind), the sensitivity and specificity of the proposed method were 85% and 100%, respectively. Using DNA releaser for fast genomic DNA extraction, the assay time could be reduced to ∼1 h, which is appealing for on-site food monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zheng
- Analytical & Testing Centre, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xianming Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ya-Ni Xie
- Analytical & Testing Centre, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Analytical & Testing Centre, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Huerta-Saquero A, Chapartegui-González I, Bowser S, Khakhum N, Stockton JL, Torres AG. P22-Based Nanovaccines against Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2023:e0473422. [PMID: 36943089 PMCID: PMC10100862 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04734-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is an important causative agent of diarrhea in humans that causes outbreaks worldwide. Efforts have been made to mitigate the morbidity and mortality caused by these microorganisms; however, the global incidence is still high, causing hundreds of deaths per year. Several vaccine candidates have been evaluated that demonstrate some stability and therapeutic potential but have limited overarching effect. Virus-like particles have been used successfully as nanocontainers for the targeted delivery of drugs, proteins, or nucleic acids. In this study, phage P22 nanocontainers were used as a carrier for the highly antigenic T3SS structural protein EscC that is conserved between EHEC and other enteropathogenic bacteria. We were able to stably incorporate the EscC protein into P22 nanocontainers. The EscC-P22 particles were used to intranasally inoculate mice, which generated specific antibodies against EscC. These antibodies increased the phagocytic activity of murine macrophages infected with EHEC in vitro and reduced bacterial adherence to Caco-2 epithelial cells in vitro, illustrating their functionality. The EscC-P22-based particles are a potential nanovaccine candidate for immunization against EHEC O157:H7 infections. IMPORTANCE This study describes the initial attempt to use P22 viral-like particles as nanocontainers expressing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) proteins that are immunogenic and could be used as effective vaccines against EHEC infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Huerta-Saquero
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Baja California, México
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sarah Bowser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Nittaya Khakhum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob L Stockton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Perrone PM, Milani GP, Dellepiane RM, Petaccia A, Prati D, Agostoni C, Marchisio PG, Castaldi S. Evaluation of Six Years of Appropriateness Level of Blood Transfusion in a Pediatric Ward. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1700. [PMID: 36767066 PMCID: PMC9914791 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood transfusion can be considered as a life-saving treatment and is a primary health management topic. This study aims to assess the appropriateness of blood transfusion performed in a large tertiary hospital in Italy. METHODS a multispecialist team composed oof hematologists, public health experts and pediatricians analyzed blood transfusions performed between 2018 and 2022 in the pediatric wards comparing the appropriateness with the available NHS guidelines available. Patients' characteristics, clinical features and blood component's data were collected and analyzed. RESULTS considering 147 blood transfusions performed in 2018-2022, only eight (5.4%) were performed according to guidelines, while 98 (66.7%) were driven by clinicians' expertise, especially for anemia in genetic syndromes (30) (20.5%) and autoimmune diseases (20) (13.6%). Thirty-nine (26.5%) transfusions could be considered as inappropriate, while two (1.4%) blood packs were never been transfused after being requested. CONCLUSIONS This analysis is one of the first performed to assess the appropriateness of blood component transfusions comparing their compliance to NHS guidelines. The importance of this analysis can be explained first by the clinical point of view and second by the economic one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Mario Perrone
- Department Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Gregorio Paolo Milani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Petaccia
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Prati
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Giovanna Marchisio
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Castaldi
- Department Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The complement and hemostatic systems are complex systems, and both involve enzymatic cascades, regulators, and cell components-platelets, endothelial cells, and immune cells. The two systems are ancestrally related and are defense mechanisms that limit infection by pathogens and halt bleeding at the site of vascular injury. Recent research has uncovered multiple functional interactions between complement and hemostasis. On one side, there are proteins considered as complement factors that activate hemostasis, and on the other side, there are coagulation proteins that modulate complement. In addition, complement and coagulation and their regulatory proteins strongly interact each other to modulate endothelial, platelet and leukocyte function and phenotype, creating a potentially devastating amplifying system that must be closely regulated to avoid unwanted damage and\or disseminated thrombosis. In view of its ability to amplify all complement activity through the C3b-dependent amplification loop, the alternative pathway of complement may play a crucial role in this context. In this review, we will focus on available and emerging evidence on the role of the alternative pathway of complement in regulating hemostasis and vice-versa, and on how dysregulation of either system can lead to severe thromboinflammatory events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Noris
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Miriam Galbusera
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rosato F, Pasupuleti R, Tomisch J, Meléndez AV, Kolanovic D, Makshakova ON, Wiltschi B, Römer W. A bispecific, crosslinking lectibody activates cytotoxic T cells and induces cancer cell death. J Transl Med 2022; 20:578. [PMID: 36494671 PMCID: PMC9733292 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03794-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant glycosylation patterns play a crucial role in the development of cancer cells as they promote tumor growth and aggressiveness. Lectins recognize carbohydrate antigens attached to proteins and lipids on cell surfaces and represent potential tools for application in cancer diagnostics and therapy. Among the emerging cancer therapies, immunotherapy has become a promising treatment modality for various hematological and solid malignancies. Here we present an approach to redirect the immune system into fighting cancer by targeting altered glycans at the surface of malignant cells. We developed a so-called "lectibody", a bispecific construct composed of a lectin linked to an antibody fragment. This lectibody is inspired by bispecific T cell engager (BiTEs) antibodies that recruit cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) while simultaneously binding to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) on cancer cells. The tumor-related glycosphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) represents the target of this proof-of-concept study. It is recognized with high selectivity by the B-subunit of the pathogen-derived Shiga toxin, presenting opportunities for clinical development. METHODS The lectibody was realized by conjugating an anti-CD3 single-chain antibody fragment to the B-subunit of Shiga toxin to target Gb3+ cancer cells. The reactive non-canonical amino acid azidolysine (AzK) was inserted at predefined single positions in both proteins. The azido groups were functionalized by bioorthogonal conjugation with individual linkers that facilitated selective coupling via an alternative bioorthogonal click chemistry reaction. In vitro cell-based assays were conducted to evaluate the antitumoral activity of the lectibody. CTLs, Burkitt´s lymphoma-derived cells and colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines were screened in flow cytometry and cytotoxicity assays for activation and lysis, respectively. RESULTS This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that the lectibody activates T cells for their cytotoxic signaling, redirecting CTLs´ cytotoxicity in a highly selective manner and resulting in nearly complete tumor cell lysis-up to 93%-of Gb3+ tumor cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This research highlights the potential of lectins in targeting certain tumors, with an opportunity for new cancer treatments. When considering a combinatorial strategy, lectin-based platforms of this type offer the possibility to target glycan epitopes on tumor cells and boost the efficacy of current therapies, providing an additional strategy for tumor eradication and improving patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rosato
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rajeev Pasupuleti
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB - The Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XInstitute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Jana Tomisch
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Valeria Meléndez
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dajana Kolanovic
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB - The Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XInstitute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Olga N. Makshakova
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.419733.b0000 0004 0487 3538Kazan Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Birgit Wiltschi
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB - The Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XInstitute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria ,grid.5173.00000 0001 2298 5320Institute of Bioprocess Science and Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Römer
- grid.5963.9Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany ,grid.5963.9Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Muacevic A, Adler JR, Abdulqader MA, Yolmo D, Shaikh M, Rupasinghe PCD, Patel AA. Trends and Outcomes of Hospitalizations Due to Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: A National Perspective. Cureus 2022; 14:e32315. [PMID: 36628001 PMCID: PMC9825057 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare but challenging disease with varying degrees of mortality and prognosis. We aim to evaluate the trends and outcomes of hospitalizations due to HUS by utilizing a large population-based dataset. METHODS We derived a study cohort from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the years 2007-2018. Our primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality, discharge disposition, and predictors of poor outcomes. We then utilized the Cochran Armitage trend test and multivariable survey logistic regression models to analyze the trends, outcomes, and predictors. RESULTS A total of 8043 hospitalizations ranging from age zero to above 65 years of age occurred due to HUS from 2007-2018. The number of hospitalizations with HUS increased steadily from 528 in 2007 to 800 in 2013, but afterwards, we noticed a steady decline to 620 in 2018. Additionally, trends of in-hospital mortality slowly increased over the study period but we noticed a decline in the rate of discharge to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). Furthermore, in multivariable regression analysis, predictors of increased mortality in hospitalized HUS patients were advanced age (95%CI: 1.221-1.686; p-value <0.0001) and requirement for dialysis (95%CI: 1.141-4.167; p-value: <0.0001). Advanced age >65 years (OR: 2.599, 95%CI: 1.406-4.803; p-value: 0.0023), as well as comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus and pulmonary circulatory diseases, which are under vascular events (OR: 1.467, 95%CI:1.075-2.000; p-value: 0.0156), were shown to have a higher rate of discharge to SNFs. Moreover, patients needing intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and plasmapheresis had high odds of discharge to SNFs ((OR: 1.99, 95%CI: 1.307-3.03; p-value: 0.0013) and (OR: 5.509, 95%CI: 2.807- 10.809; p-value <0.0001), respectively), as well as smaller hospital bed size and hospital type (OR: 1.849, 95%CI: 1.142-2.993; p-value: 0.012). CONCLUSION In this national representative study, we observed a total decrease in hospitalizations as well as discharge to SNFs; however we saw an increase in inpatient mortality. We also identified multiple predictors significantly associated with increased mortality, some of which are potentially modifiable and can be points of interest for future studies.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Besides conventional medical therapies, therapeutic apheresis has become an important adjunctive or alternative therapeutic option to immunosuppressive agents for primary or secondary kidney diseases and kidney transplantation. The available therapeutic apheresis techniques used in kidney diseases, including plasma exchange, double-filtration plasmapheresis, immunoadsorption, and low-density lipoprotein apheresis. Plasma exchange is still the leading extracorporeal therapy. Recently, growing evidence supports the potential benefits of double-filtration plasmapheresis and immunoadsorption for more specific and effective clearance of pathogenic antibodies with fewer side effects. However, more randomized controlled trials are still needed. Low-density lipoprotein apheresis is also an important supplementary therapy used in patients with recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. This review collects the latest evidence from recent studies, focuses on the specific advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, and compares the discrepancy among them to determine the optimal therapeutic regimens for certain kidney diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang-Fang He
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ojiakor A, Gibbs RN, Chen Z, Gao X, Fowler CC. The evolutionary diversification of the Salmonella artAB toxin locus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1016438. [PMID: 36504768 PMCID: PMC9732031 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1016438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a diverse species of bacterial pathogens comprised of >2,500 serovars with variable host ranges and virulence properties. Accumulating evidence indicates that two AB5-type toxins, typhoid toxin and ArtAB toxin, contribute to the more severe virulence properties of the Salmonella strains that encode them. It was recently discovered that there are two distinct types of artAB-like genetic elements in Salmonella: those that encode ArtAB toxins (artAB elements) and those in which the artA gene is degraded and the ArtB homolog, dubbed PltC, serves as an alternative delivery subunit for typhoid toxin (pltC elements). Here, we take a multifaceted approach to explore the evolutionary diversification of artAB-like genetic elements in Salmonella. We identify 7 subtypes of ArtAB toxins and 4 different PltC sequence groups that are distributed throughout the Salmonella genus. Both artAB and pltC are encoded within numerous diverse prophages, indicating a central role for phages in their evolutionary diversification. Genetic and structural analyses revealed features that distinguish pltC elements from artAB and identified evolutionary adaptations that enable PltC to efficiently engage typhoid toxin A subunits. For both pltC and artAB, we find that the sequences of the B subunits are especially variable, particularly amongst amino acid residues that fine tune the chemical environment of their glycan binding pockets. This study provides a framework to delineate the remarkably complex collection of Salmonella artAB/pltC-like genetic elements and provides a window into the mechanisms of evolution for AB5-type toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adaobi Ojiakor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rachel N. Gibbs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China,School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Casey C. Fowler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,*Correspondence: Casey C. Fowler,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Prevalence and Antibiogram of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Cattle Milk Products Sold in Juja Sub-County, Kenya. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:5251197. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5251197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy ruminant milk provides a conducive environment for bacterial proliferation. In animals, these bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, whose overuse has led to increased cases of drug resistance. A cross-sectional study was conducted on milk and milk products vended in Juja Sub-County, Kenya to determine the prevalence of bacteria and antibiogram of Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli. A total of 169 milk samples were obtained from various outlets in the study area. Milk samples were cultured and isolated bacteria were identified using standard bacteriological procedures. Various bacteria (15 species) were isolated in different proportions. Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli were isolated from 25.4% and 11.8% of the collected samples, respectively. The highest number of Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from raw milk (n = 34) while the highest number of E. coli where isolated from fermented milk (n = 15). Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests using CLSI guidelines. The Staphylococcus spp. isolates were highly resistant to penicillin G (93%) but susceptible to norfloxacin (100%), gentamicin (90.6%), and chloramphenicol (86%). The E. coli isolates were highly resistant to cephalexin (85%) and ceftazidime (60%) but susceptible to chloramphenicol (100%), norfloxacin (95%), gentamicin (95%), azithromycin (95%) and cefepime (80%). Furthermore, 44.3% of Staphylococcus spp. and 50% of E. coli isolates had a Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index greater than 0.2. This implies that these bacteria were high-risk bacteria whose treatment with current antibiotics would be challenging. The high prevalence and multidrug resistance patterns shown by the Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli isolated from milk products in Juja Sub-county highlights the importance of proper handling and processing of milk from the farm to consumers. This will in turn reduce the possibility of zoonotic transfer of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
Collapse
|
30
|
Rigamonti E, Bonora T, Ventresca M, Cippà P. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia following Shiga-toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2022; 16:384. [PMID: 36273193 PMCID: PMC9588205 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03627-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 50% of cases of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli hemolytic uremic syndrome occur in adults, and the clinical presentation is variable. Microbiological analyses must be performed in all patients with thrombotic microangiopathy to identify Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli, even in the absence of diarrhea. CASE PRESENTATION A 79-year-old Caucasian woman was admitted to hospital because of severe proctitis. In the following days, the patient's level of consciousness declined, and she developed acute kidney injury, thrombocytopenia, and hemolytic anemia. Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli was found in fecal cultures, suggesting the diagnosis of hemolytic uremic syndrome. In the following days, her clinical conditions improved, but thrombocytopenia worsened, and the patient developed posterior tibial vein thrombosis. The discordant evolution of thrombocytopenia compared with other clinical and laboratory parameters prompted a new evaluation of its causes. Diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia was confirmed by heparin-induced platelet aggregation assay and positive antibodies to platelet factor 4. CONCLUSIONS A discordant evolution of platelet count in patients with thrombotic microangiopathy requires a systematic reevaluation of the thrombocytopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elia Rigamonti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Tecla Bonora
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mariangela Ventresca
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Cippà
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yu HT, Zhang JQ, Sun MC, Chen H, Shi XM, You FP, Qiao SY. Polymeric Nanohybrids Engineered by Chitosan Nanoparticles and Antimicrobial Peptides as Novel Antimicrobials in Food Biopreservatives: Risk Assessment and Anti-Foodborne Pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infection by Immune Regulation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12535-12549. [PMID: 36153996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanomaterials (APs) are gaining attention as promising clinical antimicrobials with rapidly increasing antibiotic resistance. Infections by zoonotic enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli are a severe global threat to public health. Chitosan nanoparticles-microcin J25 (CNM), a class of APs engineered by bioactive peptides and chitosan nanoparticles, can be used as a novel antimicrobial agent against bacterial infections. However, the risk assessment of CNM on animal health or its potential immune modulation to treat serotype E. coli O157:H7 infection impacts in vivo are not well understood. Herein, our findings in mouse models uncovered that oral administration of low levels of CNM significantly increased the body weight and made beneficial effects on the lifespan or clinical signs, accompanied by a significant improvement in gut health, including enhancing the intestinal barrier, immune modulation, and changes in gut microbiota compositions or metabolites. However, high concentrations of CNM induced serious adverse effects, negatively improving intestinal health targets. Anti-infective results proved that oral 0.1% CNM enhances host defense against E. coli O157:H7 infection by improving immune functions and modulating the Th1/Th2 balance. In summary, these findings uncover an instrumental link between the dosage and toxicity risk, suggesting that APs need to be comprehensively assessed for risk before application as safe and reliable food preservatives or therapeutic agents. In addition, CNM as a promising AP may markedly enhance host immunity and therapeutic effects by oral administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Tao Yu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Han Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Mei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Ping You
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Yan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Arvidsson I, Tontanahal A, Johansson K, Kristoffersson AC, Kellnerová S, Berger M, Dobrindt U, Karpman D. Apyrase decreases phage induction and Shiga toxin release from E. coli O157:H7 and has a protective effect during infection. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2122667. [PMID: 36138514 PMCID: PMC9519026 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2122667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) cause gastrointestinal infection and, in severe cases, hemolytic uremic syndrome which may lead to death. There is, to-date, no therapy for this infection. Stx induces ATP release from host cells and ATP signaling mediates its cytotoxic effects. Apyrase cleaves and neutralizes ATP and its effect on Stx and EHEC infection was therefore investigated. Apyrase decreased bacterial RecA and dose-dependently decreased toxin release from E. coli O157:H7 in vitro, demonstrated by reduced phage DNA and protein levels. The effect was investigated in a mouse model of E. coli O157:H7 infection. BALB/c mice infected with Stx2-producing E. coli O157:H7 were treated with apyrase intraperitoneally, on days 0 and 2 post-infection, and monitored for 11 days. Apyrase-treated mice developed disease two days later than untreated mice. Untreated infected mice lost significantly more weight than those treated with apyrase. Apyrase-treated mice exhibited less colonic goblet cell depletion and apoptotic cells, as well as lower fecal ATP and Stx2, compared to untreated mice. Apyrase also decreased platelet aggregation induced by co-incubation of human platelet-rich-plasma with Stx2 and E. coli O157 lipopolysaccharide in the presence of collagen. Thus, apyrase had multiple protective effects, reducing RecA levels, stx2 and toxin release from EHEC, reducing fecal Stx2 and protecting mouse intestinal cells, as well as decreasing platelet activation, and could thereby delay the development of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Arvidsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ashmita Tontanahal
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karl Johansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Sára Kellnerová
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Berger
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,CONTACT Diana Karpman Department of Pediatrics, Lund University, 22185Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Thompson GL, Kavanagh D. Diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic microangiopathy. Int J Lab Hematol 2022; 44 Suppl 1:101-113. [PMID: 36074708 PMCID: PMC9544907 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and end organ damage. TMAs have varying underlying pathophysiology and can therefore present with an array of clinical presentations. Renal involvement is common as the kidney is particularly susceptible to the endothelial damage and microvascular occlusion. TMAs require rapid assessment, diagnosis, and commencement of appropriate treatment due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with them. Ground-breaking research into the pathogenesis of TMAs over the past 20 years has driven the successful development of targeted therapeutics revolutionizing patient outcomes. This review outlines the clinical presentations, pathogenesis, diagnostic tests and treatments for TMAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L Thompson
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David Kavanagh
- Complement Therapeutics Research Group, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jin M, Chen J, Zhao X, Hu G, Wang H, Liu Z, Chen WH. An Engineered λ Phage Enables Enhanced and Strain-Specific Killing of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0127122. [PMID: 35876591 PMCID: PMC9431524 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01271-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) are ideal alternatives to traditional antimicrobial agents in a world where antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is emerging and spreading at an unprecedented speed. In addition, due to their narrow host ranges, phages are also ideal tools to modulate the gut microbiota in which alterations of specific bacterial strains underlie human diseases, while dysbiosis caused by broad-spectrum antibiotics can be harmful. Here, we engineered a lambda phage (Eλ) to target enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) that causes a severe, sometimes lethal intestinal infection in humans. We enhanced the killing ability of the Eλ phage by incorporating a CRISPR-Cas3 system into the wild-type λ (wtλ) and the specificity by introducing multiple EHEC-targeting CRISPR spacers while knocking out the lytic gene cro. In vitro experiments showed that the Eλ suppressed the growth of EHEC up to 18 h compared with only 6 h with the wtλ; at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10, the Eλ killed the EHEC cells with ~100% efficiency and did not affect the growth of other laboratory- and human-gut isolated E. coli strains. In addition, the EHEC cells did not develop resistance to the Eλ. Mouse experiments further confirmed the enhanced and strain-specific killing of the Eλ to EHEC, while the overall mouse gut microbiota was not disturbed. Our methods can be used to target other genes that are responsible for antibiotic resistance genes and/or human toxins, engineer other phages, and support in vivo application of the engineered phages. IMPORTANCE Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli are responsible for 0.8 million deaths per year and together ranked the first among all pathogenic species. Here, we obtained, for the first time, an engineered phage, Eλ, that could specifically and efficiently eliminate EHEC, one of the most common and often lethal pathogens that can spread from person to person. We verified the superior performance of the Eλ over the wild-type phage with in vitro and in vivo experiments and showed that the Eλ could suppress EHEC growth to nondetectable levels, fully rescue the EHEC-infected mice, and rescore disturbed mouse gut microbiota. Our results also indicated that the EHEC did not develop resistance to the Eλ, which has been the biggest challenge in phage therapy. We believe our methods can be used to target other pathogenic strains of E. coli and support in vivo application of the engineered phages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Jin
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingchao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueyang Zhao
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guoru Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hailei Wang
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Hua Chen
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging, Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institution of Medical Artificial Intelligence, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bumunang EW, Zaheer R, Stanford K, Laing C, Niu D, Guan LL, Chui L, Tarr GAM, McAllister TA. Genomic Analysis of Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli O157 Cattle and Clinical Isolates from Alberta, Canada. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090603. [PMID: 36136541 PMCID: PMC9505746 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (stx) is the principal virulence factor of the foodborne pathogen, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 and is associated with various lambdoid bacterio (phages). A comparative genomic analysis was performed on STEC O157 isolates from cattle (n = 125) and clinical (n = 127) samples to characterize virulence genes, stx-phage insertion sites and antimicrobial resistance genes that may segregate strains circulating in the same geographic region. In silico analyses revealed that O157 isolates harboured the toxin subtypes stx1a and stx2a. Most cattle (76.0%) and clinical (76.4%) isolates carried the virulence gene combination of stx1, stx2, eae and hlyA. Characterization of stx1 and stx2-carrying phages in assembled contigs revealed that they were associated with mlrA and wrbA insertion sites, respectively. In cattle isolates, mlrA and wrbA insertion sites were occupied more often (77% and 79% isolates respectively) than in clinical isolates (38% and 1.6% isolates, respectively). Profiling of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the assembled contigs revealed that 8.8% of cattle (11/125) and 8.7% of clinical (11/127) isolates harboured ARGs. Eight antimicrobial resistance genes cassettes (ARCs) were identified in 14 isolates (cattle, n = 8 and clinical, n = 6) with streptomycin (aadA1, aadA2, ant(3’’)-Ia and aph(3’’)-Ib) being the most prevalent gene in ARCs. The profound disparity between the cattle and clinical strains in occupancy of the wrbA locus suggests that this trait may serve to differentiate cattle from human clinical STEC O157:H7. These findings are important for stx screening and stx-phage insertion site genotyping as well as monitoring ARGs in isolates from cattle and clinical samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel W. Bumunang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1M4, Canada
| | - Chad Laing
- National Centre for Animal Disease Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB T1J 0P3, Canada
| | - Dongyan Niu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P9, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- Alberta Precisions Laboratory, Alberta Public Health, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Gillian A. M. Tarr
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Onomura H, Shimizu T, Suzuki J, Nakai N, Teramachi Y, Tomonori K, Akiguchi I, Ito Y. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome presenting with thrombotic microangiopathy triggered by malignant hypertension: a case report and literature review. BMJ Neurol Open 2022; 4:e000296. [PMID: 36101544 PMCID: PMC9413191 DOI: 10.1136/bmjno-2022-000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a disease characterised by reversible subcortical vasogenic oedema, neurological symptoms and abnormal findings on head imaging. It is recognised as one of the most prominent organ disorders in hypertensive emergencies but is rarely associated with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Case presentation A woman in her 40s with untreated hypertension had occasional headaches in the past 4 months. The headaches worsened during the 3 weeks prior to admission. On the day of admission, the patient presented with severe headache accompanied by frequent vomiting. MRI of the head revealed oedematous changes in the brainstem, including the subcortical, cerebellum and pons. Fundus examination revealed hypertensive retinopathy with papilloedema. Blood tests indicated thrombocytopenia, renal dysfunction and haemolytic anaemia, and a blood smear confirmed fragmented erythrocytes. Coombs’ test, and tests for ADAMTS13 activity and infectious and autoimmune diseases were negative. The patient was diagnosed with PRES, secondary to malignant hypertension (MH) and associated with TMA. Antihypertensive therapy promptly improved the clinical symptoms, blood pressure, and the abnormal MRI and blood test findings. The patient was discharged from the hospital 20 days after admission. Conclusions We report a rare case of PRES that was associated with TMA and triggered by MH. Antihypertensive therapy was effective in alleviating the associated adverse clinical symptoms. Differentiation of underlying diseases is essential for early intervention, since treatment depends on factors causing TMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Onomura
- Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Junichiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Nakai
- Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuri Teramachi
- Department of Nephrology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kato Tomonori
- Department of Hematology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ichiro Akiguchi
- Center of Neurological and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Takeda Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ito
- Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Stimbiotic Supplementation Alleviates Poor Performance and Gut Integrity in Weaned Piglets Induced by Challenge with E. coli. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141799. [PMID: 35883346 PMCID: PMC9312148 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of stimbiotic (STB), a xylanase and xylo-oligosaccharide complex. A total of 36 male weaned pigs with initial body weights of 8.49 ± 0.10 kg were used in a 3-week experiment. The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (six replicates/treatment) of treatments consisting of two levels of challenge (challenge and non-challenge) and three levels of STB (0, 0.5, and 1 g/kg diet). Supplementations STB 0.5 g/kg (STB5) and STB 1 g/kg (STB10) improved the G:F (p = 0.04) in piglets challenged with STEC. STB supplementation, which also decreased (p < 0.05) the white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6. Supplementations STB5 and STB10 improved (p < 0.01) the lymphocytes and neutrophils in piglets challenged with STEC on 14 dpi. Additionally, supplementations STB5 and STB10 improved (p < 0.01) the tumor necrosis factor-alpha in piglets challenged with STEC on 3 dpi. Supplementations STB5 and STB10 also improved the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (p < 0.01) in piglets challenged with STEC. Supplementation with STB reduced (p < 0.05) the expression levels of calprotectin. In conclusion, STB could alleviate a decrease of the performance, immune response, and inflammatory response induced by the STEC challenge.
Collapse
|
38
|
A unique peptide-based pharmacophore identifies an inhibitory compound against the A-subunit of Shiga toxin. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11443. [PMID: 35794188 PMCID: PMC9259562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15316-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (Stx), a major virulence factor of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), can cause fatal systemic complications. Recently, we identified a potent inhibitory peptide that binds to the catalytic A-subunit of Stx. Here, using biochemical structural analysis and X-ray crystallography, we determined a minimal essential peptide motif that occupies the catalytic cavity and is required for binding to the A-subunit of Stx2a, a highly virulent Stx subtype. Molecular dynamics simulations also identified the same motif and allowed determination of a unique pharmacophore for A-subunit binding. Notably, a series of synthetic peptides containing the motif efficiently inhibit Stx2a. In addition, pharmacophore screening and subsequent docking simulations ultimately identified nine Stx2a-interacting molecules out of a chemical compound database consisting of over 7,400,000 molecules. Critically, one of these molecules markedly inhibits Stx2a both in vitro and in vivo, clearly demonstrating the significance of the pharmacophore for identifying therapeutic agents against EHEC infection.
Collapse
|
39
|
Comparative Genomics of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Pediatric Patients with and without Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome from 2000 to 2016 in Finland. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0066022. [PMID: 35730965 PMCID: PMC9430701 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00660-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection can cause mild to severe illness, such as nonbloody or bloody diarrhea, and the fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The molecular mechanism underlying the variable pathogenicity of STEC infection is not fully defined so far. Here, we performed a comparative genomics study on a large collection of clinical STEC strains collected from STEC-infected pediatric patients with and without HUS in Finland over a 16-year period, aiming to identify the bacterial genetic factors that can predict the risk to cause HUS and poor renal outcome. Of 240 STEC strains included in this study, 52 (21.7%) were from pediatric patients with HUS. Serotype O157:H7 was the main cause of HUS, and Shiga toxin gene subtype stx2a was significantly associated with HUS. Comparative genomics and pangenome-wide association studies identified a number of virulence and accessory genes overrepresented in HUS-associated STEC compared to non-HUS STEC strains, including genes encoding cytolethal distending toxins, type III secretion system effectors, adherence factors, etc. No virulence or accessory gene was significantly associated with risk factors for poor renal outcome among HUS patients assessed in this study, including need for and duration of dialysis, presence and duration of anuria, and leukocyte counts. Whole-genome phylogeny and multiple-correspondence analysis of pangenomes could not separate HUS STEC from non-HUS STEC strains, suggesting that STEC strains with diverse genetic backgrounds may independently acquire genetic elements that determine their varied pathogenicity. Our findings indicate that nonbacterial factors, i.e., characteristics of the host immunity, might affect STEC virulence and clinical outcomes. IMPORTANCE Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a serious public health burden worldwide which causes outbreaks of gastrointestinal diseases and the fatal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) characterized by the triad of mechanical hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. Understanding the mechanism underlying the disease severity and patient outcome is of high importance. Using comparative genomics on a large collection of clinical STEC strains from STEC-infected patients with and without HUS, our study provides a reference of STEC genetic factors/variants that can be used as predictors of the development of HUS, which will aid risk assessment at the early stage of STEC infection. Additionally, our findings suggest that nonbacterial factors may play a primary role in the renal outcome in STEC-infected patients with HUS; further studies are needed to validate this.
Collapse
|
40
|
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and a Fresh View on Shiga Toxin-Binding Glycosphingolipids of Primary Human Kidney and Colon Epithelial Cells and Their Toxin Susceptibility. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136884. [PMID: 35805890 PMCID: PMC9266556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are the human pathogenic subset of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC are responsible for severe colon infections associated with life-threatening extraintestinal complications such as the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and neurological disturbances. Endothelial cells in various human organs are renowned targets of Stx, whereas the role of epithelial cells of colon and kidneys in the infection process has been and is still a matter of debate. This review shortly addresses the clinical impact of EHEC infections, novel aspects of vesicular package of Stx in the intestine and the blood stream as well as Stx-mediated extraintestinal complications and therapeutic options. Here follows a compilation of the Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs), globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) and their various lipoforms present in primary human kidney and colon epithelial cells and their distribution in lipid raft-analog membrane preparations. The last issues are the high and extremely low susceptibility of primary renal and colonic epithelial cells, respectively, suggesting a large resilience of the intestinal epithelium against the human-pathogenic Stx1a- and Stx2a-subtypes due to the low content of the high-affinity Stx-receptor Gb3Cer in colon epithelial cells. The review closes with a brief outlook on future challenges of Stx research.
Collapse
|
41
|
Genomic Characterization of Escherichia coli O8 Strains Producing Shiga Toxin 2l Subtype. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061245. [PMID: 35744763 PMCID: PMC9227347 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause diseases ranging from mild diarrhea to fatal extra-intestinal hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Shiga toxin (Stx) is the key virulence factor in STEC, two Stx types (Stx1 and Stx2) and several subtypes varying in sequences, toxicity, and host specificity have been identified. Stx2l is a newly-designated subtype related to human disease but lacks thorough characterization. Here, we identified Stx2l from five STEC strains (Stx2l-STECs) recovered from raw mutton and beef in China. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to characterize the Stx2l-STECs in this study together with Stx2l-STECs retrieved from public databases. Our study revealed that all the analyzed Stx2l-STEC strains belonged to the same serogroup O8. Multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) showed two sequence types (ST88 and ST23) among these strains. Stx2l-converting prophages from different sources shared a highly similar structure and sequence. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based analysis revealed genetic relatedness between the human-derived and food-derived strains belonging to ST23. To conclude, our study supported the designation of Stx2l and demonstrated diverse host range and geographical distribution of Stx2l-STECs.Stx2l-STEC strains from different sources showed a high genetic similarity with an identical O8 serogroup. Further studies are needed to investigate the epidemiological trait and pathogenic potential of Stx2l-STEC strains.
Collapse
|
42
|
Hirakawa H, Suzue K, Uchida M, Takita A, Kamitani W, Tomita H. A Macroporous Magnesium Oxide-Templated Carbon Adsorbs Shiga Toxins and Type III Secretory Proteins in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, Which Attenuates Virulence. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:883689. [PMID: 35602086 PMCID: PMC9120352 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.883689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is one of the most common foodborne pathogens. However, no drug that prevents the severe complications caused by this bacterium has been approved yet. This study showed that a macroporous magnesium oxide (MgO)-templated carbon material (MgOC150) adsorbs Shiga toxins, and Type III secretory EspA/EspB proteins responsible for EHEC pathogenesis, and decreases the extracellular levels of these proteins. On the other hand, this material did not affect the growth of EHEC. Citrobacter rodentium traditionally used to estimate Type III secretion system-associated virulence in mice is highly virulent. The survival period of infected mice was prolonged when MgOC150 was administered. This adsorbent disturbed neither mammalian cells nor normal intestinal bacteria, such as Enterococcus hirae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus casei. In contrast, MgOC150 adsorbed antimicrobial agents, including β-lactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. However, fosfomycin and amikacin were not adsorbed. Thus, MgOC150 can be used with fosfomycin and amikacin to treat infections. MgOC150 is used for industrial purposes, such as an electrode catalyst, a bioelectrode, and enzyme immobilization. The study proposed another potential application of MgOC150, assisting anti-EHEC chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidetada Hirakawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hidetada Hirakawa,
| | - Kazutomo Suzue
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Uchida
- R&D Strategy & Planning Department, Kureha Corporation, Iwaki, Japan
| | - Ayako Takita
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Wataru Kamitani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Tomita
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
- Laboratory of Bacterial Drug Resistance, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Feng J, Xu K, Shi X, Xu L, Liu L, Wang F, Zhong X, Liu G, Wang J, Gao P, Ding J, Wang S, Zhan S. Incidence and cost of haemolytic uraemic syndrome in urban China: a national population-based analysis. BMC Nephrol 2022; 23:122. [PMID: 35354386 PMCID: PMC8969241 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-022-02746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is a severe syndrome that causes a substantial burden for patients and their families and is the leading cause of acute kidney injury in children. However, data on the epidemiology and disease burden of HUS in Asia, including China, are limited. We aimed to estimate the incidence and cost of HUS in China. Methods Data about HUS from 2012 to 2016 were extracted from the Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) and Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) databases. All cases were identified by ICD code and Chinese diagnostic terms. The 2016 national incidence rates were estimated and stratified by sex, age and season. The associated medical costs were also calculated. Results The crude incidence of HUS was 0.66 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI: 0.35 to 1.06), and the standardized incidence was 0.57 (0.19 to 1.18). The incidence of HUS in males was slightly higher than that in females. The age group with the highest incidence of HUS was patients < 1 year old (5.08, 95% CI: 0.23 to 24.87), and the season with the highest incidence was autumn, followed by winter. The average cost of HUS was 2.15 thousand US dollars per patient, which was higher than the national average cost for all inpatients in the same period. Conclusions This is the first population-based study on the incidence of HUS in urban China. The age and seasonal distributions of HUS in urban China are different from those in most developed countries, suggesting a difference in aetiology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12882-022-02746-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, No.38, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Pediatric, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmiao Shi
- Department of Pediatric, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, No.38, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, No.38, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pediatric, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhui Zhong
- Department of Pediatric, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Peking University Health Information Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Shanghai Songsheng Business Consulting Co. LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, No.38, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Pediatric, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi An Men Da Jie, Beijing, China.
| | - Shengfeng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, No.38, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, China.
| | - Siyan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, No.38, Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, China. .,Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Characterisation of new anti-O157 bacteriophages of bovine origin representing three genera. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:231. [PMID: 35355138 PMCID: PMC8967787 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02839-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains of the serogroup O157 are foodborne pathogens associated with severe clinical disease. As antibiotics are counter-indicated for treatment of these infections, they represent prime candidates for targeted application of bacteriophages to reduce infection burden. In this study, we characterised lytic bacteriophages representing three phage genera for activity against E. coli O157 strains. The phages vb_EcoM_bov9_1 (Tequatrovirus), vb_EcoM_bov11CS3 (Vequintavirus), and vb_EcoS_bov25_1D (Dhillonvirus) showed effective lysis of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli EHEC O157:H7 strains, while also exhibiting activity against other strains of the O157 serogroup, as well as of the ‘big six’ (STEC) serogroups, albeit with lower efficiency. They had a burst size of 293, 127 and 18 per cell and a latent period of 35, 5 and 30 min, respectively. In situ challenge experiments using the O157 Sakai strain on minced beef showed a reduction by 2–3-fold when treated with phages at a 0.1 MOI (multiplicity of infection), and approximately 1 log reduction when exposed to MOI values of 10 and 100. A cocktail of the phages, applied at 10 × and 100 × MOI showed 2 to 3 log reduction when samples were treated at room temperature, and all treatments at 37 °C with 100 × MOI resulted in a 5 to 6 log reduction in cell count. Our results indicate that the phages vb_EcoM_bov9_1 and vb_EcoM_bov11CS3, which have higher burst sizes, are promising candidates for biocontrol experiments aimed at the eradication of E. coli O157 strains in animals or foodstuff.
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
![]()
The paradigm of antivirulence
therapy dictates that bacterial pathogens
are specifically disarmed but not killed by neutralizing their virulence
factors. Clearance of the invading pathogen by the immune system is
promoted. As compared to antibiotics, the pathogen-selective antivirulence
drugs hold promise to minimize collateral damage to the beneficial
microbiome. Also, selective pressure for resistance is expected to
be lower because bacterial viability is not directly affected. Antivirulence
drugs are being developed for stand-alone prophylactic and therapeutic
treatments but also for combinatorial use with antibiotics. This Review
focuses on drug modalities that target bacterial exotoxins after the
secretion or release-upon-lysis. Exotoxins have a significant and
sometimes the primary role as the disease-causing virulence factor,
and thereby they are attractive targets for drug development. We describe
the key pre-clinical and clinical trial data that have led to the
approval of currently used exotoxin-targeted drugs, namely the monoclonal
antibodies bezlotoxumab (toxin B/TcdB, Clostridioides difficile), raxibacumab (anthrax toxin, Bacillus anthracis), and obiltoxaximab (anthrax toxin, Bacillus anthracis), but also to challenges with some of the promising leads. We also
highlight the recent developments in pre-clinical research sector
to develop exotoxin-targeted drug modalities, i.e., monoclonal antibodies,
antibody fragments, antibody mimetics, receptor analogs, neutralizing
scaffolds, dominant-negative mutants, and small molecules. We describe
how these exotoxin-targeted drug modalities work with high-resolution
structural knowledge and highlight their advantages and disadvantages
as antibiotic alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moona Sakari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Arttu Laisi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Arto T. Pulliainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Unit for Infection and Immunity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
STxB as an Antigen Delivery Tool for Mucosal Vaccination. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030202. [PMID: 35324699 PMCID: PMC8948715 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy against cancer and infectious disease holds the promise of high efficacy with minor side effects. Mucosal vaccines to protect against tumors or infections disease agents that affect the upper airways or the lung are still lacking, however. One mucosal vaccine candidate is the B-subunit of Shiga toxin, STxB. In this review, we compare STxB to other immunotherapy vectors. STxB is a non-toxic protein that binds to a glycosylated lipid, termed globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), which is preferentially expressed by dendritic cells. We review the use of STxB for the cross-presentation of tumor or viral antigens in a MHC class I-restricted manner to induce humoral immunity against these antigens in addition to polyfunctional and persistent CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes capable of protecting against viral infection or tumor growth. Other literature will be summarized that documents a powerful induction of mucosal IgA and resident memory CD8+ T cells against mucosal tumors specifically when STxB-antigen conjugates are administered via the nasal route. It will also be pointed out how STxB-based vaccines have been shown in preclinical cancer models to synergize with other therapeutic modalities (immune checkpoint inhibitors, anti-angiogenic therapy, radiotherapy). Finally, we will discuss how molecular aspects such as low immunogenicity, cross-species conservation of Gb3 expression, and lack of toxicity contribute to the competitive positioning of STxB among the different DC targeting approaches. STxB thereby appears as an original and innovative tool for the development of mucosal vaccines in infectious diseases and cancer.
Collapse
|
47
|
Carbonari CC, Miliwebsky ES, Zolezzi G, Deza NL, Fittipaldi N, Manfredi E, Baschkier A, D’Astek BA, Melano RG, Schesi C, Rivas M, Chinen I. The Importance of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O145:NM[H28]/H28 Infections in Argentina, 1998–2020. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030582. [PMID: 35336157 PMCID: PMC8950694 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is known as a pathogen associated with food-borne diseases. The STEC O145 serogroup has been related with acute watery diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Argentina has the highest rate of HUS worldwide with 70% of the cases associated with STEC infections. We aimed to describe the epidemiology and genetic diversity of STEC O145 strains isolated across Argentina between 1998–2020. The strains isolated from 543 cases of human disease and four cattle, were pheno-genotipically characterized. Sequencing of five strains was performed. The strains were serotyped as O145:NM[H28]/H28, O145:H25, and O145:HNT, and mainly characterized as O145:NM[H28]/stx2a/eae/ehxA (98.1%). The results obtained by sequencing were consistent with those obtained by traditional methods and additional genes involved in different mechanisms of the pathogen were observed. In this study, we confirmed that STEC O145 strains are the second serogroup after O157 and represent 20.3% of HUS cases in Argentina. The frequency of STEC O145 and other significant serogroups is of utmost importance for public health in the country. This study encourages the improvement of the surveillance system to prevent severe cases of human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carolina Carbonari
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (E.S.M.); (G.Z.); (N.L.D.); (E.M.); (A.B.); (B.A.D.); (C.S.); (M.R.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elizabeth Sandra Miliwebsky
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (E.S.M.); (G.Z.); (N.L.D.); (E.M.); (A.B.); (B.A.D.); (C.S.); (M.R.); (I.C.)
| | - Gisela Zolezzi
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (E.S.M.); (G.Z.); (N.L.D.); (E.M.); (A.B.); (B.A.D.); (C.S.); (M.R.); (I.C.)
| | - Natalia Lorena Deza
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (E.S.M.); (G.Z.); (N.L.D.); (E.M.); (A.B.); (B.A.D.); (C.S.); (M.R.); (I.C.)
| | - Nahuel Fittipaldi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Eduardo Manfredi
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (E.S.M.); (G.Z.); (N.L.D.); (E.M.); (A.B.); (B.A.D.); (C.S.); (M.R.); (I.C.)
| | - Ariela Baschkier
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (E.S.M.); (G.Z.); (N.L.D.); (E.M.); (A.B.); (B.A.D.); (C.S.); (M.R.); (I.C.)
| | - Beatriz Alejandra D’Astek
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (E.S.M.); (G.Z.); (N.L.D.); (E.M.); (A.B.); (B.A.D.); (C.S.); (M.R.); (I.C.)
| | - Roberto Gustavo Melano
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto Laboratories, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Carla Schesi
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (E.S.M.); (G.Z.); (N.L.D.); (E.M.); (A.B.); (B.A.D.); (C.S.); (M.R.); (I.C.)
| | - Marta Rivas
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (E.S.M.); (G.Z.); (N.L.D.); (E.M.); (A.B.); (B.A.D.); (C.S.); (M.R.); (I.C.)
| | - Isabel Chinen
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, Departamento Bacteriología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS “Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán”, Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina; (E.S.M.); (G.Z.); (N.L.D.); (E.M.); (A.B.); (B.A.D.); (C.S.); (M.R.); (I.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tontanahal A, Sperandio V, Kovbasnjuk O, Loos S, Kristoffersson AC, Karpman D, Arvidsson I. IgG Binds Escherichia coli Serine Protease EspP and Protects Mice From E. coli O157:H7 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:807959. [PMID: 35250980 PMCID: PMC8894809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.807959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a virulent strain causing severe gastrointestinal infection, hemolytic uremic syndrome and death. To date there are no specific therapies to reduce progression of disease. Here we investigated the effect of pooled immunoglobulins (IgG) on the course of disease in a mouse model of intragastric E. coli O157:H7 inoculation. Intraperitoneal administration of murine IgG on day 3, or both on day 3 and 6, post-inoculation improved survival and decreased intestinal and renal pathology. When given on both day 3 and 6 post-inoculation IgG treatment also improved kidney function in infected mice. Murine and human commercially available IgG preparations bound to proteins in culture filtrates from E. coli O157:H7. Bound proteins were extracted from membranes and peptide sequences were identified by mass spectrometry. The findings showed that murine and human IgG bound to E. coli extracellular serine protease P (EspP) in the culture filtrate, via the IgG Fc domain. These results were confirmed using purified recombinant EspP and comparing culture filtrates from the wild-type E. coli O157:H7 strain to a deletion mutant lacking espP. Culture filtrates from wild-type E. coli O157:H7 exhibited enzymatic activity, specifically associated with the presence of EspP and demonstrated as pepsin cleavage, which was reduced in the presence of murine and human IgG. EspP is a virulence factor previously shown to promote colonic cell injury and the uptake of Shiga toxin by intestinal cells. The results presented here suggest that IgG binds to EspP, blocks its enzymatic activity, and protects the host from E. coli O157:H7 infection, even when given post-inoculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashmita Tontanahal
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Sperandio
- Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Science Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Sebastian Loos
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Diana Karpman
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Diana Karpman,
| | - Ida Arvidsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sharifi A, Nayeri Fasaei B. Selected plant essential oils inhibit biofilm formation and
luxS‐
and
pfs‐
mediated quorum sensing by
Escherichia coli
O157:H7. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 74:916-923. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aram Sharifi
- Department of Animal Science Faculty of Agriculture University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Kurdistan Iran
| | - Bahar Nayeri Fasaei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Henrique IDM, Sacerdoti F, Ferreira RL, Henrique C, Amaral MM, Piazza RMF, Luz D. Therapeutic Antibodies Against Shiga Toxins: Trends and Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:825856. [PMID: 35223548 PMCID: PMC8866733 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.825856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxins (Stx) are AB5-type toxins, composed of five B subunits which bind to Gb3 host cell receptors and an active A subunit, whose action on the ribosome leads to protein synthesis suppression. The two Stx types (Stx1 and Stx2) and their subtypes can be produced by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains and some Shigella spp. These bacteria colonize the colon and induce diarrhea that may progress to hemorrhagic colitis and in the most severe cases, to hemolytic uremic syndrome, which could lead to death. Since the use of antibiotics in these infections is a topic of great controversy, the treatment remains supportive and there are no specific therapies to ameliorate the course. Therefore, there is an open window for Stx neutralization employing antibodies, which are versatile molecules. Indeed, polyclonal, monoclonal, and recombinant antibodies have been raised and tested in vitro and in vivo assays, showing differences in their neutralizing ability against deleterious effects of Stx. These molecules are in different phases of development for which we decide to present herein an updated report of these antibody molecules, their source, advantages, and disadvantages of the promising ones, as well as the challenges faced until reaching their applicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Sacerdoti
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Camila Henrique
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Marta Amaral
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roxane Maria Fontes Piazza
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Roxane Maria Fontes Piazza, ; Daniela Luz,
| | - Daniela Luz
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Roxane Maria Fontes Piazza, ; Daniela Luz,
| |
Collapse
|