1
|
Guettler J, Forstner D, Gauster M. Maternal platelets at the first trimester maternal-placental interface - Small players with great impact on placenta development. Placenta 2021; 125:61-67. [PMID: 34920861 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In human pregnancy, maternal platelet counts decrease with each trimester, reaching a reduction by approximately ten percent at term in uncomplicated cases and recover to the levels of the non-pregnant state a few weeks postpartum. The time when maternal platelets start to occur in the early human placenta most likely coincides with the appearance of loosely cohesive endovascular trophoblast plugs showing capillary-sized channels by mid first trimester. At that time, platelets accumulate in intercellular gaps of anchoring parts of trophoblast columns and start to adhere to the surface of placental villi and the chorionic plate. This is considered as normal process that contributes to placenta development by acting on both the extravillous- and the villous trophoblast compartment. Release of platelet cargo into intercellular gaps of anchoring cell columns may affect partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and invasiveness of extravillous trophoblasts as well as deposition of fibrinoid in the basal plate. Activation of maternal platelets on the villous surface leads to perivillous fibrin-type fibrinoid deposition, contributing to the shaping of the developing placental villi and the intervillous space. In contrast, excess platelet activation at the villous surface leads to deregulation of the endocrine activity, sterile inflammation and local apoptosis of the syncytiotrophoblast. Platelets and their released cargo are adapted to pregnancy, and may be altered in high-risk pregnancies. Identification of different maternal platelet subpopulations, which show differential procoagulant ability and different response to anti-platelet therapy, are promising new future directions in deciphering the role of maternal platelets in human placenta physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Guettler
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology; Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Désirée Forstner
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology; Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz; Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Gauster
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology; Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz; Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thomas JR, Naidu P, Appios A, McGovern N. The Ontogeny and Function of Placental Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:771054. [PMID: 34745147 PMCID: PMC8566952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta is a fetal-derived organ whose function is crucial for both maternal and fetal health. The human placenta contains a population of fetal macrophages termed Hofbauer cells. These macrophages play diverse roles, aiding in placental development, function and defence. The outer layer of the human placenta is formed by syncytiotrophoblast cells, that fuse to form the syncytium. Adhered to the syncytium at sites of damage, on the maternal side of the placenta, is a population of macrophages termed placenta associated maternal macrophages (PAMM1a). Here we discuss recent developments that have led to renewed insight into our understanding of the ontogeny, phenotype and function of placental macrophages. Finally, we discuss how the application of new technologies within placental research are helping us to further understand these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Naomi McGovern
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leth JM, Ploug M. Targeting the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR) in Human Diseases With a View to Non-invasive Imaging and Therapeutic Intervention. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:732015. [PMID: 34490277 PMCID: PMC8417595 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.732015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its glycolipid-anchored receptor (uPAR) focalizes plasminogen activation to cell surfaces, thereby regulating extravascular fibrinolysis, cell adhesion, and migration. uPAR belongs to the Ly6/uPAR (LU) gene superfamily and the high-affinity binding site for uPA is assembled by a dynamic association of its three consecutive LU domains. In most human solid cancers, uPAR is expressed at the invasive areas of the tumor-stromal microenvironment. High levels of uPAR in resected tumors or shed to the plasma of cancer patients are robustly associated with poor prognosis and increased risk of relapse and metastasis. Over the years, a plethora of different strategies to inhibit uPA and uPAR function have been designed and investigated in vitro and in vivo in mouse models, but so far none have been implemented in the clinics. In recent years, uPAR-targeting with the intent of cytotoxic eradication of uPAR-expressing cells have nonetheless gained increasing momentum. Another avenue that is currently being explored is non-invasive imaging with specific uPAR-targeted reporter-molecules containing positron emitting radionuclides or near-infrared (NIR) florescence probes with the overarching aim of being able to: (i) localize disease dissemination using positron emission tomography (PET) and (ii) assist fluorescence guided surgery using optical imaging. In this review, we will discuss these advancements with special emphasis on applications using a small 9-mer peptide antagonist that targets uPAR with high affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Maja Leth
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thomas JR, Appios A, Zhao X, Dutkiewicz R, Donde M, Lee CYC, Naidu P, Lee C, Cerveira J, Liu B, Ginhoux F, Burton G, Hamilton RS, Moffett A, Sharkey A, McGovern N. Phenotypic and functional characterization of first-trimester human placental macrophages, Hofbauer cells. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211477. [PMID: 33075123 PMCID: PMC7579740 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hofbauer cells (HBCs) are a population of macrophages found in high abundance within the stroma of the first-trimester human placenta. HBCs are the only fetal immune cell population within the stroma of healthy placenta. However, the functional properties of these cells are poorly described. Aligning with their predicted origin via primitive hematopoiesis, we find that HBCs are transcriptionally similar to yolk sac macrophages. Phenotypically, HBCs can be identified as HLA-DR-FOLR2+ macrophages. We identify a number of factors that HBCs secrete (including OPN and MMP-9) that could affect placental angiogenesis and remodeling. We determine that HBCs have the capacity to play a defensive role, where they are responsive to Toll-like receptor stimulation and are microbicidal. Finally, we also identify a population of placenta-associated maternal macrophages (PAMM1a) that adhere to the placental surface and express factors, such as fibronectin, that may aid in repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jake R Thomas
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Appios
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Maria Donde
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin Y C Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Praveena Naidu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joana Cerveira
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Graham Burton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Russell S Hamilton
- Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashley Moffett
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Sharkey
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Naomi McGovern
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Forstner D, Maninger S, Nonn O, Guettler J, Moser G, Leitinger G, Pritz E, Strunk D, Schallmoser K, Marsche G, Heinemann A, Huppertz B, Gauster M. Platelet-derived factors impair placental chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit synthesis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 98:193-207. [PMID: 31863152 PMCID: PMC7007904 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract During histiotrophic nutrition of the embryo, maternal platelets may be the first circulating maternal cells that find their way into the placental intervillous space through narrow intertrophoblastic gaps within the plugs of spiral arteries. Activation of platelets at the maternal-fetal interface can influence trophoblast behavior and has been implicated in serious pregnancy pathologies. Here, we show that platelet-derived factors impaired expression and secretion of the human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit (βhCG) in human first trimester placental explants and the trophoblast cell line BeWo. Impaired βhCG synthesis was not the consequence of hampered morphological differentiation, as assessed by analysis of differentiation-associated genes and electron microscopy. Platelet-derived factors did not affect intracellular cAMP levels and phosphorylation of CREB, but activated Smad3 and its downstream-target plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 in forskolin-induced BeWo cell differentiation. While TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor SB431542 did not restore impaired βhCG production in response to platelet-derived factors, Smad3 inhibitor SIS3 interfered with CREB activation, suggesting an interaction of cAMP/CREB and Smad3 signaling. Sequestration of transcription co-activators CBP/p300, known to bind both CREB and Smad3, may limit βhCG production, since CBP/p300 inhibitor C646 significantly restricted its forskolin-induced upregulation. In conclusion, our study suggests that degranulation of maternal platelets at the early maternal-fetal interface can impair placental βhCG production, without substantially affecting morphological and biochemical differentiation of villous trophoblasts. Key messages Maternal platelets can be detected on the surface of the placental villi and in intercellular gaps of trophoblast cell columns from gestational week 5 onwards. Platelet-derived factors impair hCG synthesis in human first trimester placenta. Platelet-derived factors activate Smad3 in trophoblasts. Smad3 inhibitor SIS3 interferes with forskolin-induced CREB signaling. Sequestration of CBP/p300 by activated Smad3 may limit placental hCG production.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-019-01866-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Forstner
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Maninger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Olivia Nonn
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jacqueline Guettler
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerit Moser
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerd Leitinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Pritz
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Dirk Strunk
- Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katharina Schallmoser
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Berthold Huppertz
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Gauster
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moser G, Guettler J, Forstner D, Gauster M. Maternal Platelets—Friend or Foe of the Human Placenta? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225639. [PMID: 31718032 PMCID: PMC6888633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pregnancy relies on hemochorial placentation, including implantation of the blastocyst and deep invasion of fetal trophoblast cells into maternal uterine blood vessels, enabling direct contact of maternal blood with placental villi. Hemochorial placentation requires fast and reliable hemostasis to guarantee survival of the mother, but also for the neonates. During human pregnancy, maternal platelet count decreases gradually from first, to second, and third trimester. In addition to hemodilution, accelerated platelet sequestration and consumption in the placental circulation may contribute to a decline of platelet count throughout gestation. Local stasis, turbulences, or damage of the syncytiotrophoblast layer can activate maternal platelets within the placental intervillous space and result in formation of fibrin-type fibrinoid. Perivillous fibrinoid is a regular constituent of the normal placenta which is considered to be an important regulator of intervillous hemodynamics, as well as having a role in shaping the developing villous trees. However, exaggerated activation of platelets at the maternal-fetal interface can provoke inflammasome activation in the placental trophoblast, and enhance formation of circulating platelet-monocyte aggregates, resulting in sterile inflammation of the placenta and a systemic inflammatory response in the mother. Hence, the degree of activation determines whether maternal platelets are a friend or foe of the human placenta. Exaggerated activation of maternal platelets can either directly cause or propagate the disease process in placenta-associated pregnancy pathologies, such as preeclampsia.
Collapse
|
7
|
Revina D, Balatskiy A, Larina E, Oleynikova N, Mishurovsky G, Malkov P, Samokhodskaya L, Panina O, Tkachuk V. Associations between SNPS in the genes encoding urokinase system proteins and the risk of placental insufficiency. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2019.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Placental insufficiency (PI) and its complications are multifactorial conditions that cause perinatal morbidity and mortality. Since the urokinase system is involved in placentation, it should have a role in PI pathogenesis. The aim of this work was to study the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes coding for protein components of the urokinase system and PI, as well as investigate their effect on the expression of these proteins in the placenta and placental structure. We examined 114 women with uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery, 48 female patients with pre-eclampsia and/or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and 95 newborns, (pre-eclampsia and/or IUGR: n = 60; uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery: n = 35). Maternal and fetal DNAs were genotyped using real-time PCR. Placenta fragments were subjected to morphometry and immunohistochemistry. We discovered the associations between PI and the maternal C allele of rs4065 (PI group: СС-СТ 64.1%, TT 35.9%; controls: СС-СТ 25.6%, TT 74.49%; OR (95%CI): 6.83 (2.63–17.79)), the maternal A allele of rs2302524 (GG-GA 20.5%, AA 79.5% vs. GG-GA 48.1%, AA 51.9%, OR (95%CI): 0.27 (0.1–0.71)), the fetal C allele of rs4065 (СС-СТ 76.4 %, TT 23.6% vs. СС-СТ 69.6%, TT 30.4%, OR (95%CI): 1.37 (0.45–4.17)), and the fetal C allele of rs344781 (TT-TC 69.1%, СС 30.9% vs. TT-TC 95.7%, СС 4.3%, OR (95% CI): 5.02 (1.07–23.6)). The multivariate analysis confirmed the significance of the fetal rs4065 genotype. In patients with PI, uPA expression was lower (ME (95%CI): 116.45 (100.5; 128.74) vs. 126.09 (113.76; 139.19); р < 0.05). No associations were established between SNPs and protein expression. The degree of vascularization depended on the maternal rs4065 genotype (the stroma-to-vessel ratio for the CC genotype was 0.17 (0.15; 0.19); for the CT genotype, 0.18 (0.15; 0.21) and for the TT genotype, 0.23 (0.2; 0.27); p < 0.05). We conclude that high placental uPA and the presence of the fetal TT rs4065 genotype are protective against the risk of PI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D.B. Revina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - E.B. Larina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - P.G. Malkov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - O.B. Panina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V.A. Tkachuk
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mattoso CRS, Takahira RK, Beier SL, Araujo JP, Corrente JE. Evaluation of von Willebrand Factor During Pregnancy, Lactation and Oestrous Cycle in Bitches Affected and Unaffected by von Willebrand Disease. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 48:416-22. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CRS Mattoso
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University; Botucatu; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - RK Takahira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; São Paulo State University; Botucatu; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - SL Beier
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural and Animal Sciences Center; Santa Catarina State University; Lages; Santa Catarina; Brazil
| | - JP Araujo
- Biosciences Institute; São Paulo State University; Botucatu; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - JE Corrente
- Biosciences Institute; São Paulo State University; Botucatu; São Paulo; Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bosco C, González J, Gutiérrez R, Parra-Cordero M, Barja P, Rodrigo R. Oxidative damage to pre-eclamptic placenta: immunohistochemical expression of VEGF, nitrotyrosine residues and von Willebrand factor. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25:2339-45. [PMID: 22612323 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.695823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship of biomarkers of placental damage by oxidative stress in pre-eclamptic placenta. METHODS A case-control study was performed on a population of 14 pregnant women with PE and 12 women with normal pregnancies. Immunohistochemical expressions of VEGF, vWF distribution, (Na + K)-ATPase activity, and abundance of nitrotyrosine residues, were assessed in the placental tissue. RESULTS Women with pre-eclampsia showed increased VEGF expression and abundance of nitrotyrosine residues in placental villous, and plasma vWF levels (p < 0.05), whereas placental (Na + K)-ATPase activity were significantly reduced. The syncytiotrophoblast and the maternal space of pre-eclamptic placenta showed diminished and increased vWF expression, respectively, but no significant differences in its expression were found in the placental endothelium and stroma (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It could be suggested that increased oxidative stress and VEGF contribute to enhance the impairment of placental perfusion by increasing peroxynitrite formation, product of the NO and superoxide reaction, thereby partly contributing to account for the pathophysiology of this disease. The presence of vWF in the maternal space and its diminished expression in syncytiotrophoblast of pre-eclamptic placenta also might have pathogenic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cleofina Bosco
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Programme, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Drukker M, Tang C, Ardehali R, Rinkevich Y, Seita J, Lee AS, Mosley AR, Weissman IL, Soen Y. Isolation of primitive endoderm, mesoderm, vascular endothelial and trophoblast progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2012; 30:531-42. [PMID: 22634564 PMCID: PMC3672406 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To identify early populations of committed progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), we screened self-renewing, BMP4-treated and retinoic acid-treated cultures with >400 antibodies recognizing cell-surface antigens. Sorting of >30 subpopulations followed by transcriptional analysis of developmental genes identified four distinct candidate progenitor groups. Subsets detected in self-renewing cultures, including CXCR4(+) cells, expressed primitive endoderm genes. Expression of Cxcr4 in primitive endoderm was confirmed in visceral endoderm of mouse embryos. BMP4-induced progenitors exhibited gene signatures of mesoderm, trophoblast and vascular endothelium, suggesting correspondence to gastrulation-stage primitive streak, chorion and allantois precursors, respectively. Functional studies in vitro and in vivo confirmed that ROR2(+) cells produce mesoderm progeny, APA(+) cells generate syncytiotrophoblasts and CD87(+) cells give rise to vasculature. The same progenitor classes emerged during the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). These markers and progenitors provide tools for purifying human tissue-regenerating progenitors and for studying the commitment of pluripotent stem cells to lineage progenitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micha Drukker
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Chad Tang
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuval Rinkevich
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jun Seita
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew S. Lee
- Departments of Radiology and Medicine (Division of Cardiology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adriane R. Mosley
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L. Weissman
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yoav Soen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Immunohistochemical expression of von Willebrand factor in the preeclamptic placenta. J Mol Histol 2011; 42:459-65. [PMID: 21847508 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-011-9351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a high-prevalence systemic pregnancy disorder associated with maternal and foetal mortality. Its pathogenesis is unknown, but it is thought that oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction may play a fundamental role. Von Willebrand factor (vWF), a marker of endothelial cell injury, can be found in different cells and zones of the placenta. To determine the differential immunoexpression of vWF at different tissue types of preeclamptic placenta and endothelial dysfunction markers at maternal serum of preeclamptic pregnancies. A case-control study was performed on a population of pregnant women with preeclampsia (n = 14), and normal pregnancies (n = 8). Placental and blood plasma samples were withdrawn at delivery. Immunohistochemical vWF expression in the placental tissue was determined. Endothelial dysfunction was assessed through plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) 1 and 2 ratio and vWF concentration in maternal plasma. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Preeclamptic women showed increased plasma PAI-1/PAI-2 ratio (P < 0.05). There was diminished placental vWF expression in syncytiotrophoblast and increased in the intervillous space of preeclamptic placentas (P < 0.05). No significant differences in vWF expression were found in the villous endothelium and stroma, but it was significantly higher in maternal plasma (P < 0.05). In preeclampsia occurs endothelial damage and placental cell injury. Cell damage in syncytiotrophoblast that occurs in preeclampsia could liberate vWF from syncytiotrophoblast to the placental intervillous space, and this may have pathogenic implications.
Collapse
|
12
|
Alpízar-Alpízar W, Nielsen BS, Sierra R, Illemann M, Ramírez JA, Arias A, Durán S, Skarstein A, Ovrebo K, Lund LR, Laerum OD. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is expressed in invasive cells in gastric carcinomas from high- and low-risk countries. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:405-15. [PMID: 19609941 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second cancer causing death worldwide. Both incidence and mortality rates vary according to geographical regions. The receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR) is involved in extracellular matrix degradation by mediating cell surface associated plasminogen activation, and its presence on gastric cancer cells is linked to micro-metastasis and poor prognosis. Immunohistochemical analyses of a set of 44 gastric cancer lesions from Costa Rica showed expression of uPAR in cancer cells in both intestinal subtype (14 of 27) and diffuse subtype (10 of 17). We compared the expression pattern of uPAR in gastric cancers from a high-risk country (Costa Rica) with a low-risk country (Norway). We found uPAR on gastric cancer cells in 24 of 44 cases (54%) from Costa Rica and in 13 of 23 cases (56%) from Norway. uPAR was seen in macrophages and neutrophils in all cases. We also examined the nonneoplastic mucosa and found that uPAR was more frequently seen in epithelial cells located at the luminal edge of the crypts in cases with Helicobacter pylori infection than in similar epithelial cells in noninfected mucosa (p = 0.033; chi(2) = 4.54). In conclusion, the expression of uPAR in cancer cells in more than half of the gastric cancer cases suggests that their uPAR-positivity do not contribute to explain the different mortality rates between the 2 countries, however, the actual prevalence of uPAR-positive cancer cells in the gastric cancers may still provide prognostic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warner Alpízar-Alpízar
- The Gade Institute, University of Bergen and Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jögi A, Pass J, Høyer-Hansen G, Lund LR, Nielsen BS, Danø K, Rømer J. Systemic administration of anti-urokinase plasminogen activator receptor monoclonal antibodies induces hepatic fibrin deposition in tissue-type plasminogen activator deficient mice. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:1936-44. [PMID: 17723133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibrin, is pivotal to tumor invasion. Inhibition of the interaction between urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA) and its receptor (u-PAR), and hence pro-u-PA activation, is an attractive approach to anti-invasive cancer therapy. A number of inhibitors exist for the human system, but because of species specificity none of these are efficient in mice. We have recently generated an inhibitory monoclonal antibody (mAb) against mouse u-PAR (mR1) by immunization of u-PAR-deficient mice. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of mR1 in vivo in a physiological setting sensitive to deregulated fibrinolysis, we have administered mR1 systemically and quantitated the effect on liver fibrin accumulation. METHODS Wild-type and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) deficient mice were administered with mR1, or control antibody, during 6 weeks. Thereafter, the livers were retrieved and the amount of liver fibrin measured by unbiased morphometrical analysis of immunofluorescence signal. RESULTS Systemic administration of mR1 caused significantly increased fibrin signal in anti-u-PAR treated t-PA-deficient mice compared to mock-treated, which mimics the phenotype of u-PAR;t-PA double-deficient mice. Fibrin and fibronectin accumulated within the sinusoidal space and was infiltrated by inflammatory cells. Analysis of small and rare hepatic fibrin plaques observed in t-PA-deficient mice showed infiltrating macrophages that, contrary to surrounding Kuppfer cells, expressed u-PAR. CONCLUSION We show that u-PAR-expressing macrophages are involved in cell-mediated fibrinolysis of liver fibrin deposits, and that the antimouse-u-PAR mAb is effective in vivo and thus suited for studies of the effect of targeting the u-PA/u-PAR interaction in mouse cancer models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Jögi
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Biocenter, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bezuidenhout L, Bracher M, Davison G, Zilla P, Davies N. Ang-2 and PDGF-BB cooperatively stimulate human peripheral blood monocyte fibrinolysis. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 81:1496-503. [PMID: 17395886 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1106687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) is a growth factor, which was identified originally as playing a critical role in vessel remodeling during angiogenesis. More recent evidence has indicated additional involvement in vascular homeostatic responses such as coagulation and inflammation, which are central to wound healing. We therefore determined whether a relationship existed between Ang-2 and monocytes, one of the initial cell types to be recruited to a wound, in the context of fibrin clot invasion. Ang-2 significantly increased monocyte invasion of fibrin in the presence of serum. In the absence of serum, it required a combination of Ang-2 and platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) to increase invasion by threefold. Furthermore, it was shown that the heightened invasion was dependent on serine proteases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and that the combination of Ang-2 and PDGF-BB increased urokinase plasminogen-activator receptor expression, as well as MMP-9 and membrane type 1 MMP expression. These data give further credence to the concept of Ang-2 as a key regulator of several essential phases of wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bezuidenhout
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, University of Cape Town Medical School, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Behrendt N. The urokinase receptor (uPAR) and the uPAR-associated protein (uPARAP/Endo180): membrane proteins engaged in matrix turnover during tissue remodeling. Biol Chem 2004; 385:103-36. [PMID: 15101555 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2004.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The breakdown of the barriers formed by extracellular matrix proteins is a pre-requisite for all processes of tissue remodeling. Matrix degradation reactions take part in specific physiological events in the healthy organism but also represent a crucial step in cancer invasion. These degradation processes involve a highly organized interplay between proteases and their cellular binding sites as well as specific substrates and internalization receptors. This review article is focused on two components, the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and the uPAR-associated protein (uPARAP, also designated Endo180), that are considered crucially engaged in matrix degradation. uPAR and uPARAP have highly diverse functions, but on certain cell types they interact with each other in a process that is still incompletely understood. uPAR is a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein on the surface of various cell types that serves to bind the urokinase plasminogen activator and localize the activation reactions in the proteolytic cascade system of plasminogen activation. uPARAP is an integral membrane protein with a pronounced role in the internalization of collagen for intracellular degradation. Both receptors have additional functions that are currently being unraveled. The present discussion of uPAR and uPARAP is centered on their protein structure and molecular and cellular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Behrendt
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Strandboulevarden 49, Bldg. 7.2, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|