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Sasotya RMS, Kustiandi A, Hidayat YM, Effendi JS, Permadi W, Harsono AB, Mulyantari AI, Hernowo BS. Vitamin D receptor expression in hydatidiform mole and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: A cross-sectional study. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2024; 19:184-189. [PMID: 38047239 PMCID: PMC10692753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Vitamin D receptor (VDR) exerts anti-cancer properties in a variety of cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of VDR in patients with hydatidiform mole (HM) and gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). Methods This is a cross-sectional study involved 61 specimens of HM (n = 37, 60.7%) and GTN (n = 24, 39.3%) was collected from the biopsy. An immunohistochemistry was used to asses the VDR expression. Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare the expression of VDR, including VDR staining intensity, VDR distribution, and histoscore, between HM and GTN tissue specimens. Results No significant differences in age and parity were noted between patients with HM or GTN (p > 0.05). The VDR staining intensity of GTN tissue specimens was significantly lower than that of HM tissue specimens (2.3 ± 0.8 vs. 2.8 ± 0.5, p = 0.008). In addition, the histoscore for GTN tissues was significantly lower than that for HM tissues (7.3 ± 3.2 vs. 9.4 ± 28, p = 0.016). However, no significant differences in VDR distribution between GTN and HM tissues were observed (3.3 ± 0.8 vs. 3.3 ± 1.0, p = 0.525). Conclusion Low VDR expression is associated with GTN, whereas high VDR expression is associated with HM, suggesting that the expression of VDR may regulate the severity of gestational trophoblastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- RM Sonny Sasotya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Arieff Kustiandi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Yudi Mulyana Hidayat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Jusuf Sulaeman Effendi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Wiryawan Permadi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ali Budi Harsono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Ayu Insafi Mulyantari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Bethy S. Hernowo
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
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Nili F, Babazadeh S, Sarmadi S, Ameli F, Saffar H. Diagnostic value of glycophorin-A in comparison with P57 immunohistochemical staining method in differentiating complete and partial molar pregnancies. Ann Diagn Pathol 2021; 53:151769. [PMID: 34146830 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current histomorphological criteria in distinguishing two subtypes of hydatidiform moles has considerable inter-observer variability and limitations. In this regard, ancillary studies can aid pathologist to obtain an accurate diagnosis. Herein, we evaluated the utility of Glycophorin-A (GLA) in differentiating complete and partial moles. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of 47 patients with pathologic diagnosis of complete and 42 partial hydatidiform moles were included and the diagnoses were confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for P57. Sections from all samples were stained for GLA using IHC method. Using 2 × 2 tables, the sensitivity, specifity, Positive and Negative Predictive Values (PPV and NPV) as well as accuracy of GLA were determined. RESULTS Primary pathologic diagnosis was changed in 7.1% and types of hydatidiform mole were specified in 11.9% of the cases after review of the slides and IHC study for P57. NRBCs were found in 52.7% of the PM cases and none of CMs by pathologist in H&E sections. IHC study for GLA revealed positive result in one case of complete moles (2%) and 31 case of partial mole samples (73.8%). It was negative in 98% of the complete mole and 11 (26.2%) of partial mole cases. DISCUSSION The results of this study showed a significant association between GLA immunoreactivity and type of molar pregnancy. Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of this marker for discrimination of molar pregnancy were 73.8%, 98% and 86.5%, respectively. Therefore, this marker can be utilized in differentiating partial and complete hydatidiform mole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nili
- Department of pathology, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Babazadeh
- Department of pathology, Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| | - Soheila Sarmadi
- Department of pathology, Yas Women Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ameli
- Department of pathology, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hana Saffar
- Department of pathology, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Liang GB, Wei JH, Jiang H, Huang RZ, Qin JT, Wang HL, Wang HS, Zhang Y. Design, synthesis and antitumor evaluation of new 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives targeting nuclear DNA. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 210:112951. [PMID: 33109400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Four series of new 3-nitro naphthalimides derivatives, 4(4a‒4f), 5(5a‒5i), 6(6a‒6e) and 7 (7a‒7j), were designed and synthesized as antitumor agents. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) screening assay results revealed that some compounds displayed effective in vitro antiproliferative activity on SMMC-7721, T24, SKOV-3, A549 and MGC-803 cancer cell lines in comparison with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), mitonafide and amonafide. Nude mouse xenotransplantation model assay results indicated that compounds 6b and 7b exhibited good in vivo antiproliferative activity in MGC-803 xenografts in comparison with amonafide and cisplatin, suggesting that compounds 6b and 7b could be good candidates for antitumor agents. Gel electrophoresis assay indicated that DNA and Topo I were the potential targets of compounds 6b and 7b, and comet assay confirmed that compounds 6b and 7b could induce DNA damage, while the further study showed that the 6b- and 7b-induced DNA damage was accompanied by the upregulation of p-ATM, P-Chk2, Cdc25A and p-H2AX. Cell cycle arrest studies demonstrated that compounds 6b and 7b arrested the cell cycle at the S phase, accompanied by the upregulation of the expression levels of the antioncogene p21 and the down-regulation of the expression levels of cyclin E. Apoptosis assays indicated that compounds 6b and 7b caused the apoptosis of tumor cells along with the upregulation of the expression of Bax, caspase-3, caspase-9 and PARP and the downregulation of Bcl-2. These mechanistic studies suggested that compounds 6b and 7b exerted their antitumor activity by targeting to DNA, thereby inducing DNA damage and Topo I inhibition, and consequently causing S stage arrest and the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Bin Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Ri-Zhen Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Jing-Ting Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Hui-Ling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Heng-Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004, China; Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science, Guilin Normal College, Guilin, 541001, China; College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin, 537000, China.
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Tsonis O, Karpathiou G, Tsonis K, Paschopoulos M, Papoudou-Bai A, Kanavaros P. Immune cells in normal pregnancy and gestational trophoblastic diseases. Placenta 2020; 101:90-96. [PMID: 32942146 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A healthy pregnancy requires the development of maternal-fetal immune tolerance against the semi-allogeneic fetus. The interactions between the trophoblastic cells and the maternal immune cells (p.e., natural killer cells, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and B-cells) are important for the development of the maternal-fetal immune tolerance and the placental growth and function. These interactions are mediated by cell to cell contact and secreted molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, angiogenic factors and growth factors. The maternal immune cells are present in normal non-pregnant and pregnant endometrium and there are several lines of evidence based on immunohistochemical and RNA sequencing data that the decidual immune cells and immune-related pathways display alterations in GTD, which may have pathogenetic and clinical significance. The present review focuses on the usefulness of the immunohistochemical analysis which provides multiparametric in situ information regarding the numbers, the immunophenotypes and the immunotopographical distributions of the decidual immune cells in tissue sections from normal pregnancy and GTD. We also discuss the significance of the immunohistochemical information in order to gain insight in the putative mechanisms explaining the alterations of the decidual immune cells in GTD and the potential implications of these alterations in the pathogenesis and the clinical behavior of GTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Tsonis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | | | - Klarisa Tsonis
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Minas Paschopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Alexandra Papoudou-Bai
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Kanavaros
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
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Xin M, Wei JH, Yang CH, Liang GB, Su D, Ma XL, Zhang Y. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-nitro-1,8-naphthalimides as potential antitumor agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127051. [PMID: 32111436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-nitro-naphthalimides 1(1a-1h) were designed and synthesized as antitumor agents. MTT assay results showed that all these compounds exhibited obvious antiproliferative activity against SKOV3, HepG2, A549, T-24 and SMMC-7721 cancer cell lines, while compound 1a displayed the best antiproliferative activity against HepG2 and T-24 cell lines in comparison with mitonafide, with IC50 of 9.2 ± 1.8 and 4.133 ± 0.9 μM, respectively. In vivo antiproliferative activity assay results showed that compound 1a exhibited good antiproliferative activity in the HepG2 and T-24 models, compared with mitonafide. Action mechanism results showed that compound 1a could induced the damage of DNA and the inhibition topo I, accompanying by inducing the G2-stage arresting and the apoptosis of T-24 cancer cells through up-regulating expression levels of cyclin B1, cdc 2-pTy, Wee1, γH2AX, p21, Bax and cytochrome c and down-regulating expression of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chen-Hui Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Gui-Bin Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dan Su
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xian-Li Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Ye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science, Guilin Normal College, Guangxi 541001, China.
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Ji L, Ma L. MEG3 is restored by schisandrin A and represses tumor growth in choriocarcinoma cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22455. [PMID: 32057180 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Schisandrin A (SchA) has been reported as a multidrug resistance-reversing agent; however, its antitumor effects have been rarely reported. Consequently, we attempted to explore whether SchA per se possesses an antitumor property in choriocarcinoma JEG-3 and BeWo cells and its potential mechanisms. JEG-3, BeWo, and HTR-8/SVneo cells were stimulated with SchA at different concentrations (10-100 μM), and cellular viability was evaluated with Cell Counting Kit-8. After stimulation with SchA, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were detected by bromodeoxyuridine assay, Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide (Annexin V-FITC/PI) method, and a Transwell system, in JEG-3 cells transfected with short hairpin-RNA for maternally expressed 3. Western blot was performed to quantify protein. MEG3 was examined by a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. MEG3 was downregulated in choriocarcinoma tissues. SchA diminished cellular viability, decreased proliferative activity, inhibited migratory and invasive behaviors, and repressed phosphorylation of regulators of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B/nuclear factor κB (PI3K/AKT/NF-κB) signaling cascade in gestational choriocarcinoma cells. MEG3 was upregulated by SchA in JEG-3 and BeWo cells. SchA exhibited little suppressive effects in JEG-3 cells lacking MEG3. Besides, the phosphorylation of transducers was evoked in MEG3-silenced JEG-3 cells despite stimulation with SchA. SchA administration repressed the growth of JEG-3 and BeWo cells by upregulating MEG3. Besides, SchA blocked PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signal cascade by elevating MEG3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ji
- Department of Obstetrics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Obstetrics, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China
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7
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King JR, Wilson ML, Hetey S, Kiraly P, Matsuo K, Castaneda AV, Toth E, Krenacs T, Hupuczi P, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Balogh A, Szilagyi A, Matko J, Papp Z, Roman LD, Cortessis VK, Than NG. Dysregulation of Placental Functions and Immune Pathways in Complete Hydatidiform Moles. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4999. [PMID: 31658584 PMCID: PMC6829352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20204999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression studies of molar pregnancy have been limited to a small number of candidate loci. We analyzed high-dimensional RNA and protein data to characterize molecular features of complete hydatidiform moles (CHMs) and corresponding pathologic pathways. CHMs and first trimester placentas were collected, histopathologically examined, then flash-frozen or paraffin-embedded. Frozen CHMs and control placentas were subjected to RNA-Seq, with resulting data and published placental RNA-Seq data subjected to bioinformatics analyses. Paraffin-embedded tissues from CHMs and control placentas were used for tissue microarray (TMA) construction, immunohistochemistry, and immunoscoring for galectin-14. Of the 14,022 protein-coding genes expressed in all samples, 3,729 were differentially expressed (DE) in CHMs, of which 72% were up-regulated. DE genes were enriched in placenta-specific genes (OR = 1.88, p = 0.0001), of which 79% were down-regulated, imprinted genes (OR = 2.38, p = 1.54 × 10-6), and immune genes (OR = 1.82, p = 7.34 × 10-18), of which 73% were up-regulated. DNA methylation-related enzymes and histone demethylases were dysregulated. "Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction" was the most impacted of 38 dysregulated pathways, among which 17 were immune-related pathways. TMA-based immunoscoring validated the lower expression of galectin-14 in CHM. In conclusion, placental functions were down-regulated, imprinted gene expression was altered, and immune pathways were activated, indicating complex dysregulation of placental developmental and immune processes in CHMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R King
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Melissa L Wilson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Szabolcs Hetey
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Peter Kiraly
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Koji Matsuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Antonio V Castaneda
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Eszter Toth
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tibor Krenacs
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Petronella Hupuczi
- Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, H-1126 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Paulette Mhawech-Fauceglia
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Andras Szilagyi
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Janos Matko
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biology, Eotvos Lorand University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zoltan Papp
- Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, H-1126 Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Lynda D Roman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Victoria K Cortessis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary.
- Maternity Private Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, H-1126 Budapest, Hungary.
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Khooei A, Atabaki Pasdar F, Fazel A, Mahmoudi M, Nikravesh MR, Daneshmand Shahbazian S. P53 expression in various types of hydropic placentas (through ploidy analysis as a complementary tool in diagnosis of samples). CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2019; 10:205-210. [PMID: 31363399 PMCID: PMC6619464 DOI: 10.22088/cjim.10.2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Placentas characterized by hydropic swelling of chorionic villi occur in a spectrum of pathological conditions including hydropic abortion (HA), partial hydatidiform mole (PHM) and complete hydatidiform mole (CHM). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the expression of p53 tumour suppressor protein could differentiate these various types of hydropic placentas. Methods: p53 immunohistochemical staining was performed in 19 molar (8 PHM and 11 CHM) and 10 non-molar (HA) formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Ploidy analysis using flow cytometry was performed as a complementary tool in diagnosis of samples. Results: DNA histograms obtained from all samples had confirmed diploidy in HAs and CHMs and triploidy in PHMs. p53 immunoreactivity was assessed in villous cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts and stromal cells. The p53 positive reaction was predominantly observed in the nuclei of cytotrophoblastic cells and rarely in stromal cells, no reaction was seen in syncytiotrophoblasts. The mean percentage of p53 positive cells were 6.10±3.75 for HA, 25.87±13.4 for PHM and 39.83±18.76 for CHM. There was a significant difference in P53 immunoreactivity of cytotrophoblastic cells between CHM and HA (P<0.001), and between PHM and HA (P=0.004). There was no significant difference in immunohistochemical reactivity between CHM and PHM (P=0.068). Conclusion: This study confirms that p53 immunostaining may be helpful in distinguishing complete and partial hydatidiform mole from hydropic abortion, but not complete hydatidiform mole from partial hydatidiform mole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Khooei
- Department of Pathology, Emam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atabaki Pasdar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia
| | - Alireza Fazel
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Bu Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Nikravesh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Daneshmand Shahbazian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science & Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
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Missaoui N, Landolsi H, Mestiri S, Essakly A, Abdessayed N, Hmissa S, Mokni M, Yacoubi MT. Immunohistochemical analysis of c-erbB-2, Bcl-2, p53, p21 WAF1/Cip1, p63 and Ki-67 expression in hydatidiform moles. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 215:446-452. [PMID: 30558966 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydatidiform moles (HM) are characterized by an abnormal proliferating trophoblast with a potential for a malignant transformation. Similar to other human tumors, trophoblastic pathogenesis is likely a multistep process involving several molecular and genetic alterations. The study was performed to investigate the expression patterns of c-erbB-2 and Bcl-2 oncoproteins, p53, p21WAF1/CIP1 and p63 tumor suppressor proteins and Ki-67 cell proliferation marker in HM. We conducted a retrospective study of 220 gestational products, including 39 hydropic abortions (HA), 41 partial HM (PHM) and 140 complete HM (CHM). The expression of c-erbB-2, Bcl-2, p53, p21WAF1/CIP1, p63 and Ki-67 was investigated by immunohistochemistry on archival tissues. c-erbB-2 expression was observed in three PHM and 10 CHM. Bcl-2 immunostaining was significantly higher in PHM (61%) and CHM (70.7%) compared with HA (7.7%, p = 0.001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). p53 expression was stronger in CHM (73.6%) compared with PHM (24.4%, p < 0.0001) and HA (12.8%, p < 0.0001). p21WAF1/CIP1 staining was observed as well in molar and non-molar gestations (p > 0.05). p63 immunoexpression was significantly described in CHM (85.7%) and PHM (78%) compared with HA (10.2%, p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0001, respectively). Ki-67 was significantly expressed in CHM (72.1%) compared with HA (46.2%, p = 0.005). Altered expression of Bcl-2, p53, p63 and Ki-67 reflects the HM pathological development. Immunohistochemical analysis is beneficial to recognize the HM molecular and pathogenic mechanisms. Furthermore, it could serve as a useful adjunct to conventional methods for refining HM diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabiha Missaoui
- Research Unit UR14ES17, Cancer Epidemiology and Cytopathology in Tunisian Center, Medicine Faculty of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia; Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sidi Bouzid, Kairouan University, Tunisia; Pathology Department, Farhet Hached Hospital, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Hanene Landolsi
- Research Unit UR14ES17, Cancer Epidemiology and Cytopathology in Tunisian Center, Medicine Faculty of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sarra Mestiri
- Pathology Department, Farhet Hached Hospital, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia; Medicine Faculty of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Essakly
- Medicine Faculty of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nihed Abdessayed
- Pathology Department, Farhet Hached Hospital, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia; Medicine Faculty of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sihem Hmissa
- Research Unit UR14ES17, Cancer Epidemiology and Cytopathology in Tunisian Center, Medicine Faculty of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia; Pathology Department, Farhet Hached Hospital, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia; Medicine Faculty of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Mokni
- Pathology Department, Farhet Hached Hospital, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia; Medicine Faculty of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Tahar Yacoubi
- Pathology Department, Farhet Hached Hospital, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia; Medicine Faculty of Sousse, University of Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
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Kuang WB, Huang RZ, Qin JL, Lu X, Qin QP, Zou BQ, Chen ZF, Liang H, Zhang Y. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of new 3-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)quinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives as potential antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:139-150. [PMID: 30092368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of new 3-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)quinolin-2(1H)-one derivatives (5a1-5d6) were designed and synthesized as antitumor agents. In vitro antitumor assay results showed that some compounds exhibited moderate to high inhibitory activity against HepG2, SK-OV-3, NCI-H460 and BEL-7404 tumor cell lines, and most compounds exhibited much lower cytotoxicity against the HL-7702 normal cell line compared to 5-FU and cisplatin. In vivo antitumor assay results demonstrated that 5a3 exhibited effective inhibition on tumor growth in the NCI-H460 xenograft mouse model and that 5d3 displayed excellent antiproliferative activity in the BEL-7402 xenograft model. These results suggested that both 5a3 and 5d3 could be used as anticancer drug candidates. Mechanistic studies suggested that compounds 5a3 and 5d3 exerted their antitumor activity by up-regulation of Bax, intracellular Ca2+ release, ROS generation, downregulation of Bcl-2, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and subsequent cleavage of PARP, inhibition of CDK activity and activation of the p53 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Kuang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Ri-Zhen Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jiao-Lan Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qi-Pin Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Bi-Qun Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science, Guilin Normal College, Xinyi Road 15, Guangxi 541001, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Ye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Science, Guilin Normal College, Xinyi Road 15, Guangxi 541001, China.
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11
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Kuang WB, Huang RZ, Fang YL, Liang GB, Yang CH, Ma XL, Zhang Y. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel 2-chloro-3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)quinoline derivatives as antitumor agents: in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity, cell cycle arrest and apoptotic response. RSC Adv 2018; 8:24376-24385. [PMID: 35539175 PMCID: PMC9082043 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04640a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel 2-chloro-3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)quinoline derivatives were designed and synthesized as antitumor agents under the combination principle. The antitumor activity and mechanisms were then evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bin Kuang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guilin Medical University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China)
| | - Ri-Zhen Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
- PR China
| | - Yi-Lin Fang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China)
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Gui-Bin Liang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China)
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Chen-Hui Yang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guilin Medical University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Xian-Li Ma
- School of Pharmacy
- Guilin Medical University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
| | - Ye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guilin Medical University
- Guilin 541004
- PR China
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China)
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12
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Nadhan R, Vaman JV, C N, Kumar Sengodan S, Krishnakumar Hemalatha S, Rajan A, Varghese GR, Rl N, Bv AK, Thankappan R, Srinivas P. Insights into dovetailing GTD and Cancers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 114:77-90. [PMID: 28477749 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTD) encompass a group of placental tumors which mostly arise due to certain fertilization defects, resulting in the over-proliferation of trophoblasts. The major characteristic of this diseased state is that β-hCG rises up manifold than that is observed during pregnancy. The incidence of GTD when analyzed on a global scale, figures out that there is a greater risk in South-East Asia, the reason of which remains unclear. An insight into any possible correlation of GTD incidence with cancers, other than choriocarcinoma, is being attempted here. Also, we review the recent developments in research on the molecular etiopathology of GTD. This review would render a wider eye towards a new paradigm of thoughts to connect GTD and breast cancer, which has not been into the picture till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Nadhan
- Cancer Research Program 5, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Jayashree V Vaman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SAT Hospital, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Nirmala C
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, T D Medical College, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
| | - Satheesh Kumar Sengodan
- Cancer Research Program 5, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Arathi Rajan
- Cancer Research Program 5, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Geetu Rose Varghese
- Cancer Research Program 5, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Neetha Rl
- Cancer Research Program 5, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Amritha Krishna Bv
- Cancer Research Program 5, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Ratheeshkumar Thankappan
- Cancer Research Program 5, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Priya Srinivas
- Cancer Research Program 5, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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13
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Hasanzadeh M, Sharifi N, Farazestanian M, Nazemian SS, Madani Sani F. Immunohistochemistry Study of P53 and C-erbB-2 Expression in Trophoblastic Tissue and Their Predictive Values in Diagnosing Malignant Progression of Simple Molar Pregnancy. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION 2016; 9:e4115. [PMID: 27703642 PMCID: PMC5038832 DOI: 10.17795/ijcp-4115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Finding a tumor marker to predict the aggressive behavior of molar pregnancy in early stages has yet been a topic for studies. Objectives In this survey we planned to study patients with molar pregnancy to 1) assess the p53 and c-erbB-2 expression in trophoblastic tissue, 2) to study the relationship between their expression intensity and progression of a molar pregnancy to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, and 3) to determine a cut off value for the amount of p53 and c-erbB-2 expression which might correlate with aggressive behavior of molar pregnancy. Patients and Methods In a prospective cross sectional study by using a high accuracy technique EnVision Tm system for immunohistochemistry staining of molar pregnancy samples, we evaluated p53 and c-erbB-2 expression in cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast and the correlation of their expression with progression of molar pregnancy to gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN). Normal prostatic tissue and Breast cancer tissue were used as positive controls. Results We studied 28 patients with simple molar pregnancy (SMP) and 30 with GTN. Cytotrophobalst had significantly higher expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 and syncytiotrophoblast had greater expression of p53 in GTN group as compared to SMP group. The cut off values for percentage of p53 positive immunostained cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast were 5.5% and 2.5%. In c-erbB-2 positive membranous stained cytotrophoblast the cut off was 12.5%. Conclusions Our data suggests that over expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 is associated with malignant progression of molar pregnancy. We encountered that high expression of p53 and c-erbB-2 in trophoblastic cells could predict gestational trophoblastic neoplasia during the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Hasanzadeh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women Health Research Center, Qaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Norrie Sharifi
- Department of Pathology, Qaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Marjaneh Farazestanian
- Women Health Research Center, Qaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
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14
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Burleigh DW, Stewart K, Grindle KM, Kay HH, Golos TG. Influence of Maternal Diabetes on Placental Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Expression, Proliferation, and Apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:36-41. [PMID: 14706681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsgi.2003.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type I diabetes mellitus during pregnancy is associated with dysregulation of the oxygen and glucose metabolic pathways, both of which affect placental villous growth and function. Alteration of placental development in women with diabetes may contribute to the increased risk of preeclampsia, macrosomia, or fetal growth restriction. METHODS To evaluate placental growth in the setting of maternal diabetes, immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) expression, cell proliferation (Ki67), and apoptosis (Apo-Tag) in placentas from diabetic and nondiabetic patients. RESULTS Immunostaining for FGF-2 in placentas from diabetic women demonstrated an increase in intensity within the villous stroma and syncytiotrophoblast (P<.05). Associated with these changes in FGF-2 expression, placentas from diabetic women showed no change in villous mitotic activity but did show decreased stromal compartment apoptosis. When expressed as a ratio of Ki67-positive:Apo-Tag-positive nuclei as an index of relative cell turnover, the stromal compartment showed a significant trend towards decreased nuclei turnover (P<.05), suggesting relative tissue growth in diabetic patients. CONCLUSION Increased FGF-2 expression and decreased stromal cell compartment turnover in the diabetic placenta might be a compensatory mechanism in response to the altered physiologic milieu of maternal diabetes on placental function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Burleigh
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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15
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Chromium VI - Induced developmental toxicity of placenta is mediated through spatiotemporal dysregulation of cell survival and apoptotic proteins. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 68:171-190. [PMID: 27443218 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Environmental contamination with hexavalent chromium (CrVI) is a growing problem both in the U.S and developing countries. CrVI is a heavy-metal endocrine disruptor; women working in Cr industries exhibit an increased incidence of premature abortion and infertility. The current study was designed to understand the mechanism of CrVI toxicity on placental cell survival/death pathways. Pregnant mothers were treated with or without CrVI (50ppmK2Cr2O7) through drinking water from gestational day (GD) 9.5-14.5, and placentas were analyzed on GD 18.5. Results indicated that CrVI increased apoptosis of trophoblasts, vascular endothelium of the metrial glands and yolk sac epithelium through caspase-3 and p53-dependent pathways. CrVI increased apoptosis in labyrinth and basal zones in a caspase-3-independent manner via AIF, and through an ATM-p53-NOXA-PUMA-p27 network. CrVI downregulated cell survival proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and XIAP in the placenta. CrVI disrupts placental histoarchitecture and increases cell death by spatiotemporal modulation of apoptotic signaling.
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16
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Synthesis and antitumor activities of novel α-aminophosphonate derivatives containing an alizarin moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:116-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Arroyo J, Price M, Straszewski-Chavez S, Torry RJ, Mor G, Torry DS. XIAP protein is induced by placenta growth factor (PLGF) and decreased during preeclampsia in trophoblast cells. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2014; 60:263-73. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2014.927540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Sharp AN, Heazell AEP, Baczyk D, Dunk CE, Lacey HA, Jones CJP, Perkins JE, Kingdom JCP, Baker PN, Crocker IP. Preeclampsia is associated with alterations in the p53-pathway in villous trophoblast. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87621. [PMID: 24498154 PMCID: PMC3907567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by exaggerated apoptosis of the villous trophoblast of placental villi. Since p53 is a critical regulator of apoptosis we hypothesized that excessive apoptosis in PE is mediated by abnormal expression of proteins participating in the p53 pathway and that modulation of the p53 pathway alters trophoblast apoptosis in vitro. METHODS Fresh placental villous tissue was collected from normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by PE; Western blotting and real-time PCR were performed on tissue lysate for protein and mRNA expression of p53 and downstream effector proteins, p21, Bax and caspases 3 and 8. To further assess the ability of p53 to modulate apoptosis within trophoblast, BeWo cells and placental villous tissue were exposed to the p53-activator, Nutlin-3, alone or in combination with the p53-inhibitor, Pifithrin-α (PFT-α). Equally, Mdm2 was knocked-down with siRNA. RESULTS Protein expression of p53, p21 and Bax was significantly increased in pregnancies complicated by PE. Conversely, Mdm2 protein levels were significantly depleted in PE; immunohistochemistry showed these changes to be confined to trophoblast. Reduction in the negative feedback of p53 by Mdm2, using siRNA and Nutlin-3, caused an imbalance between p53 and Mdm2 that triggered apoptosis in term villous explants. In the case of Nutlin, this was attenuated by Pifithrin-α. CONCLUSIONS These data illustrate the potential for an imbalance in p53 and Mdm2 expression to promote excessive apoptosis in villous trophoblast. The upstream regulation of p53 and Mdm2, with regard to exaggerated apoptosis and autophagy in PE, merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N. Sharp
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander E. P. Heazell
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dora Baczyk
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Caroline E. Dunk
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Helen A. Lacey
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - John C. P. Kingdom
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip N. Baker
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian P. Crocker
- Maternal & Fetal Health Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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19
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Huang J, Zhou S, Ping J, Pan X, Liang G, Xu D, Kou H, Bao C, Wang H. Role of p53-dependent placental apoptosis in the reproductive and developmental toxicities of caffeine in rodents. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:357-63. [PMID: 22243401 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of placental apoptosis in mediating the reproductive and developmental toxicity of caffeine in rodents. Female Kunming mice were treated with caffeine (60, 120 and 240 mg/kg per day) before and during pregnancy. The conception rate, maternal bodyweight gain, placental weight and indices of fetal developmental, including the rate of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR; i.e. the actual number of fetuses exhibiting IUGR as a percentage of the total number of fetuses), were determined on gestational day (GD) 18. Female Wistar rats were treated with caffeine (20, 60 and 180 mg/kg per day) from GD11 to GD20. The IUGR rate, maternal plasma angiotensin (Ang) II and prolactin concentrations, placental pathology, expression of angiotensin AT(1) and AT(2) receptors and apoptosis-related proteins were measured on GD20. In mice, caffeine treatment dose-dependently reduced the total conception rate, delayed conception and decreased maternal bodyweight gain, placental weight, fetal bodyweight and fetal body and tail lengths, whereas the IUGR rate was increased. In rats, caffeine treatment dose-dependently decreased placental weight and fetal bodyweight and increased the IUGR rate. Abnormal placental structures and decreased maternal plasma prolactin concentrations were observed following 180 mg/kg per day caffeine treatment, which resulted in increases in renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity, including maternal plasma AngII concentrations and placental AT(1B) and AT(2) receptor expression, and Bax and p53 expression, but decreases in placental Bcl-2 expression. On the basis of the results of the present study, it appears that caffeine ingestion has detrimental effects on the reproductive system and fetal development in rodents that are associated with chronic activation of the maternal and placental RAS, and induction of p53-dependent placental apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
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20
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Soni S, Rath G, Prasad CP, Salhan S, Saxena S, Jain AK. Apoptosis and Bcl-2 protein expression in human placenta over the course of normal pregnancy. Anat Histol Embryol 2012; 39:426-31. [PMID: 20608924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2010.01012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a central role in organ development, homeostasis and immune defence in multicellular organisms and is strictly controlled in part by members of Bcl-2 family. The Bcl-2 is a pro-survival molecule identified through its involvement in B-cell lymphomas. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence of apoptosis in the human placenta at different stages of pregnancy and to correlate it further with Bcl-2 expression. A total of 96 placental samples from first trimester, mid-trimester and uncomplicated term pregnancies were collected (n = 32 + 32 + 32). M30 cyto death monoclonal antibody was used to identify apoptotic cells. The apoptosis index of first trimester placentae was 2.33 ± 1.70, mid- trimester was 1.77 ± 1.36 and term placenta was 1.15 ± 0.21. Bcl-2 protein was found immunolocalized in the cytoplasm of syncytiotrophoblast. Apoptosis index was significantly reduced in term cases as compared with first trimester (P < 0.002) and mid-trimester placentae (P = 0.01). On the contrary, Bcl-2 expression was significantly higher at term cases than in first trimester (P < 0.0001) and mid-trimester cases (P < 0.001). The present study divulges the importance of apoptosis in permitting normal physiological turnover of villous trophoblast and also exhibits the contribution of bcl-2 in maintaining syncytial integrity throughout normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Soni
- Department of Anatomy, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College & Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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21
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Heazell AEP, Sharp AN, Baker PN, Crocker IP. Intra-uterine growth restriction is associated with increased apoptosis and altered expression of proteins in the p53 pathway in villous trophoblast. Apoptosis 2011; 16:135-44. [PMID: 21052841 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects 3-8% of pregnancies and is associated with altered cell turnover in the villous trophoblast, an essential functional cell type of the human placenta. The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, particularly p53, is important in regulating placental cell turnover in response to damage. We hypothesised that expression of proteins in the p53 pathway in placental tissue would be altered in IUGR. Expression of constituents of the p53 pathway was assessed using real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. p53 mRNA and protein expression was increased in IUGR, which localised to the syncytiotrophoblast. Similar changes were noted in p21 and Bax expression. There was no change in the expression of Mdm2, Bak and Bcl-2. The association between altered trophoblast cell turnover in IUGR and increased p53 expression is reminiscent of that following exposure to hypoxia. These observations provide further insight into the potential pathogenesis of IUGR. Further research is required to elicit the role and interactions of p53 and its place in the pathogenesis of IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E P Heazell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Group, St Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Hathersage Road, Manchester M13 0JH, UK.
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22
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Caspase 8 and Human Villous Cytotrophoblast Differentiation. Placenta 2010; 31:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Yayi H, Danqing W, Shuyun L, Jicheng L. Immunologic abnormality of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:267-73. [PMID: 20085564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a pregnancy risk because of the possibility of pre-term delivery and sudden intrauterine fetal death. Its pathogenesis is still under discussion. METHOD OF STUDY The analysis of the recent findings on the complex immunologic events that occur in ICP were performed. RESULTS In ICP, an increase of type 1 cytokine (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) associated with a decrease of type 2 cytokine (IL-4). The decreased production of the suppressor cytokine TGF-beta2 may increase the type 1 cytokine. Fas appeared to be increased and FasL appeared to be decreased in syncytiotrophoblasts of ICP. The human leukocyte antigen gene (HLA-G, E) in extravillous trophoblasts of ICP were significantly decreased. CONCLUSION Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and HLA play important roles in the tolerance and maintenance of pregnancy. ICP may be resulting from breach of the maternal fetal immune tolerance during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Yayi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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24
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Hussein MR. Analysis of p53, BCL-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor protein expression in the partial and complete hydatidiform moles. Exp Mol Pathol 2009; 87:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Cheung ANY, Zhang HJ, Xue WC, Siu MKY. Pathogenesis of choriocarcinoma: clinical, genetic and stem cell perspectives. Future Oncol 2009; 5:217-31. [PMID: 19284380 DOI: 10.2217/14796694.5.2.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Choriocarcinoma is a unique malignant neoplasm composed of mononuclear cytotrophoblasts and multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts that produce human chorionic gonadotrophin. Choriocarcinoma can occur after a pregnancy, as a component of germ cell tumors, or in association with a poorly differentiated somatic carcinoma, each with distinct clinical features. Cytogenetic and molecular studies, predominantly on gestational choriocarcinoma, revealed the impact of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and imprinting genes on its pathogenesis. The role of stem cells in various types of choriocarcinoma has been studied recently. This review will discuss how such knowledge can enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of choriocarcinoma, enable exploration of novel anti-choriocarcinoma targeted therapy and possibly improve our insight on embryological and placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie N Y Cheung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
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26
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Heazell AEP, Taylor NNJ, Greenwood SL, Baker PN, Crocker IP. Does altered oxygenation or reactive oxygen species alter cell turnover of BeWo choriocarcinoma cells? Reprod Biomed Online 2009; 18:111-9. [PMID: 19146777 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of 20 and 6% ambient oxygen (O(2)) or 5-50 micromol/l hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) on apoptosis, necrosis, proliferation and fusion of BeWo cells. The expression of p53, Mdm2 and Bax was assessed by western blotting. Apoptosis was increased in cells cultured in 6% O(2) tension and 50 micromol/l H(2)O(2) (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 by ADP:ATP ratio). In the same conditions, cell viability as estimated by the MTT assay was decreased (6% O(2) P < 0.01, 50 micromol/l H(2)O(2) P < 0.05). Human chorionic gonadotrophin secretion was decreased by culture in 6%O(2) and 50 micromol/l H(2)O(2) (P < 0.05). Cell fusion was also decreased by treatment with 50 micromol/l H(2)O(2) (P < 0.05). Treatment with 50 micromol/l H(2)O(2) was associated with increased expression of p53 and decreased expression of Mdm2 (P < 0.05). This study provides evidence that BeWo cell turnover is altered following exposure to hypoxia or ROS. It is concluded that BeWo cell culture is an appropriate model for investigating the regulation of trophoblast cell turnover. In addition, these data support a role for p53 in mediating altered trophoblast cell turnover in response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E P Heazell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Group, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK.
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Heazell AEP, Crocker IP. Live and let die - regulation of villous trophoblast apoptosis in normal and abnormal pregnancies. Placenta 2008; 29:772-83. [PMID: 18706691 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Since 1995 the number of publications investigating apoptosis in villous trophoblast has increased exponentially. This scientific interest is in part due to observations that this specialised form of cell death is increased in pregnancy complications such as pre-eclampsia and intra-uterine growth restriction. In addition, apoptosis is described in normal villous trophoblast and elements of the apoptotic machinery are involved in the fusion between cytotrophoblast and the overlying multinucleate syncytiotrophoblast. The increase in descriptions of apoptotic cell death in villous trophoblast has been accompanied by investigations of regulators of apoptosis. It is anticipated that understanding the regulation of apoptosis in villous trophoblast may provide new insights into placental pathologies. This review describes current knowledge regarding the expression and function of these regulators in villous trophoblast, both in normal and complicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E P Heazell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Group, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester M13 0JH, UK.
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Yamauchi H, Katayama KI, Ueno M, He XJ, Mikami T, Uetsuka K, Doi K, Nakayama H. Essential role of p53 in trophoblastic apoptosis induced in the developing rodent placenta by treatment with a DNA-damaging agent. Apoptosis 2008; 12:1743-54. [PMID: 17594519 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Placental apoptosis plays important roles in both normal morphogenesis and pathogenesis. We previously reported that administration of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), a DNA-damaging agent, to pregnant rats induced apoptosis of trophoblasts in the placental labyrinth zone. Our aim here was to clarify the molecular pathway of DNA damage induced-trophoblastic apoptosis. We found the accumulation and phosphorylation of p53 protein, a tumor suppressor that mediates apoptosis under various cellular stresses, in Ara-C-treated rat placentas. Expression of the mRNAs of downstream targets of p53 was upregulated, suggesting that p53 exerts its function as a transcription factor. We also observed release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and activation of caspase-9, hallmarks of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Phosphorylation of Chk1 and H2A.X, target substrates of DNA damage transducers, was detected immediately after Ara-C treatment, suggesting activation of DNA damage cascades to phosphorylate p53. Ara-C-induced trophoblastic apoptosis was almost completely abrogated in placentas of Trp53 (coding p53)-deficient mice, whereas the levels of physiological apoptosis in trophoblasts were similar among wild-type and Trp53-deficient mice. These results indicate that p53 is essential for DNA damage-induced trophoblastic apoptosis and suggest that the mechanisms that regulate the damage-induced apoptosis differ from those that regulate physiological apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yamauchi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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Mammalian Ste20-like protein kinase 3 mediates trophoblast apoptosis in spontaneous delivery. Apoptosis 2007; 13:283-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0161-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wei P, Jin X, Zhang XS, Hu ZY, Han CS, Liu YX. Expression of Bcl-2 and p53 at the fetal-maternal interface of rhesus monkey. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2005; 3:4. [PMID: 15649334 PMCID: PMC548132 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-3-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the apoptosis and its mechanism at the fetal-maternal interface of early gestation, localization of apoptotic cells in the implantation sites of the rhesus monkey on day 17, 19, 28 and 34 of pregnancy were first examine by using the TUNEL technique. The expression of Ki67, a molecular marker of proliferating cells, and two apoptotic proteins, B cell lymphoma/leukaemia-2 (Bcl-2) and P53, were then studied by immunohistochemistry. Apoptotic nuclei were observed mainly in the syncytiotrophoblast. Ki67 was confined almost exclusively to cytotrophoblasts. The localization of Bcl-2 protein follows that of the apoptotic nuclei and its expression level increased as the development of the placenta progressed on. P53 was detected to some extent in cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblast covering the basal feet of the anchoring villi during the late stage of placentation. Based on these observations, it might be suggested that Bcl-2 could be possible to play an interesting role in limiting degree of nuclear degradation and sustaining cell survival in the multi-nucleated syncytiotrophoblast cells during early pregnancy, and P53 could also be essential in regulating the trophoblastic homeostasis by controlling its proliferation or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Xue-Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Zhao-Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Chun-Sheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Yi-Xun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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Pongcharoen S, Searle RF, Bulmer JN. Placental Fas and Fas Ligand Expression in Normal Early, Term and Molar Pregnancy. Placenta 2004; 25:321-30. [PMID: 15028424 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2003.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2003] [Revised: 07/10/2003] [Accepted: 08/06/2003] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the Fas and Fas-ligand status of normal and molar trophoblast, the expression of Fas and FasL by placental trophoblast populations in partial and complete hydatidiform moles was compared with that in normal first trimester and term pregnancies using an avidin-biotin peroxidase technique on frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded placental tissues with both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The TUNEL technique was used to detect apoptotic cells in the same tissues. The immunoreactivity for Fas and Fas-ligand was comparable with both monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies on frozen as well as paraffin-embedded sections. In normal early and molar pregnancy there was strong FasL expression by villous cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. However, there were significant differences in FasL expression by trophoblast subpopulations in both early and term normal pregnancy and between the same trophoblast subpopulation at different gestations, with FasL staining generally being weaker at term. Strong FasL staining by cytotrophoblast cells in the distal parts of cell columns contrasted with unstained cytotrophoblast in the proximal part of columns. Distinct trophoblast subpopulations in partial hydatidiform mole also differentially expressed FasL with reduced FasL expression in proliferating syncytiotrophoblast. In contrast there was no differential FasL expression in complete hydatidiform mole, all trophoblast subpopulations strongly expressing FasL. Unlike the differential expression of FasL there were no differences in Fas expression by trophoblast populations in normal early or term placental tissues. Fas expression was reduced in villous cytotrophoblast at term. Differential expression of Fas by different trophoblast subpopulations was noted in partial and complete hydatidiform mole. In complete mole villous cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast stained strongly compared with proliferating trophoblast. Using TUNEL labelling apoptosis was rarely detected in placental trophoblast. Differential Fas and FasL expression by trophoblast subpopulations in normal and pathological pregnancy does not appear to be related to apoptosis of trophoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pongcharoen
- School of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Rajashekhar G, Loganath A, Roy AC, Mongelli JM. Co-expression of Fas (APO-1, CD95)/Fas ligand by BeWo and NJG choriocarcinoma cell lines. Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91:101-11. [PMID: 14529668 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-8258(03)00397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fas (CD95) is a transmembrane protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily that induces apoptosis in susceptible cells on crosslinking by its ligand (FasL). The Fas loss of function and concurrent expression of its ligand (FasL) have been associated with malignant phenotype. In this study, we sought to investigate the hitherto undescribed expression of Fas and FasL on the immortalized human choriocarcinoma cell lines BeWo and NJG. METHODS Receptor and ligand expression was demonstrated using specific antibodies and multiple techniques including immunocytochemistry, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, immunoblots, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Data from this study indicate that human choriocarcinoma cell subtypes co-express both Fas and FasL. A specific cytoplasmic and membranous pattern of immunoreactivity was noted that was further confirmed at mRNA transcripts by RT-PCR. In addition, we provide evidence using flow cytometry that the Fas receptors are downregulated. The mean fluorescence intensities for NJG and BeWo were 1.47 +/- 0.5 and 1.59 +/- 0.4, while that for Fas-positive Jurkat cells was 25.6 +/- 3.1. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification and constitutive co-expression of Fas and FasL in BeWo and NJG choriocarcinoma cells. Choriocarcinoma cells evade immune attack by downregulating the Fas receptor and by killing lymphocytes through expression of FasL. Taken together, our investigations suggest that the Fas/FasL system may represent a mechanism by which malignant trophoblasts become resistant to apoptosis, escape immune surveillance, and metastasize.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rajashekhar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119074, Singapore.
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Amesse LS, Moulton R, Zhang YM, Pfaff-Amesse T. Expression of HOX gene products in normal and abnormal trophoblastic tissue. Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90:512-8. [PMID: 13678718 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-8258(03)00357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The expression pattern of three homeobox genes products, HOX A11, HOX B6, and HOX C6, was examined in normal human placental tissue and abnormal trophoblastic tissue derived from complete hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinoma tumors. We sought to determine whether expression of these gene products during different states of trophoblastic differentiation and proliferation is constant or demonstrates variation. Variation in expression of these respective homeobox genes may provide insight into predicting which molar tissues are likely to develop into choriocarcinoma tumors. METHODS Tissue sections from a total of 12 samples were studied. Among these, six full-term human placentas, three complete hydatidiform moles, and three choriocarcinoma tumors were examined for expression of the homeobox HOX A11, HOX B6, and HOX C6 gene products, using immunohistochemistry staining methods. RESULTS Expression of HOX homeobox gene products, HOX A11, HOX B6, and HOX C6, was detected in full-term human placenta and tissue from complete hydatiform moles. Abnormal trophoblasts from complete moles demonstrated an immunoreactivity expression pattern comparable to that of normal trophoblasts from term pregnancies. However, definitive expression of these respective homeobox genes was not identified in tissue obtained from choriocarcinoma tumors. CONCLUSION Variation in expression of HOX homeobox gene products, HOX A11, HOX B6, and HOX C6, was established in trophoblast tissue obtained from full-term human placentas, complete hydatiform moles, and choriocarcinoma tumors. This finding indicates that normal full-term trophoblasts and abnormal molar trophoblasts may share similar fundamental regulatory control mechanisms. The absence of definitive expression of these HOX gene products in trophoblastic cells derived from choriocarcinoma tumors indicates that while HOX A11, HOX B6, and HOX C6 genes may be involved in maintenance of some trophoblastic cell states, they may be either downregulated or have alterations in their expression in trophoblasts from choriocarcinoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Amesse
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45409, USA.
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Mu J, Kanzaki T, Si X, Tomimatsu T, Fukuda H, Shioji M, Murata Y, Sugimoto Y, Ichikawa A. Apoptosis and related proteins in placenta of intrauterine fetal death in prostaglandin f receptor-deficient mice. Biol Reprod 2003; 68:1968-74. [PMID: 12606450 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether the increase of apoptosis in the placenta is associated with intrauterine fetal death in prostaglandin F receptor-deficient mice. Apoptosis was demonstrated within placental and decidual tissue by the TUNEL method. The majority of apoptosis was found in syncytiotrophoblast tissues. Enhanced TUNEL-positive staining in the syncytiotrophoblast layer was scattered in the placental tissues in clusters of apoptotic cells in the death group. Marked TUNEL-positive cells were identified in decidua of both groups. The rate of apoptosis in the placenta and decidua in the death group was higher than that in the survival group (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the level of active caspase-3 protein expression in the placenta in the death group was much higher than that in the survival group. The level of Bcl-2 protein expression in the placenta in the death group was much lower than that in the survival group. Western blot analysis demonstrated that increased expression of the active form of caspase-3 was detected in the placenta and decidua in the death group compared with that in the survival group. In contrast, a decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 was detected in the placenta and decidua in the death group compared with that in the survival group. Enhanced expression of Bax:Bcl-2 ratio was detected in placenta and decidua in the death group compared with that in the survival group. Thus, significantly increased apoptosis in the mouse placenta and decidua might be involved in the pathophysiologic mechanism of intrauterine fetal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwu Mu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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Burton GJ, Skepper JN, Hempstock J, Cindrova T, Jones CJP, Jauniaux E. A reappraisal of the contrasting morphological appearances of villous cytotrophoblast cells during early human pregnancy; evidence for both apoptosis and primary necrosis. Placenta 2003; 24:297-305. [PMID: 12657502 DOI: 10.1053/plac.2002.0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Villous cytotrophoblast cells display a range of morphological appearances that are assumed to reflect different stages of differentiation. Here we demonstrate that apoptosis and primary necrosis can also occur in these cells during normal early pregnancy, and should be included in the list of possible phenotypes. Samples from 30 placentae of 6-15 weeks gestational age were examined. Cytotrophoblast cells displaying highly condensed chromatin, but no karyorhexis, were observed detached from the basement membrane, and represented 0.49% (s.d.+/-0.36) of the total population. Their cytoplasm was heavily vacuolated, and their mitochondria swollen, indicating secondary necrosis. By contrast, extremely pale-staining cells with large rounded nuclei (volume-weighted mean volume 471.6 microm(3) compared to 250.1 microm(3) for euchromatic cells) were frequently observed (5.97% of total, s.d.+/-4.31). These cells displayed loss of euchromatin, a paucity of cytoplasmic organelles, and swelling of the mitochondrial intracristal space and endoplasmic reticulum. Nuclei of these cells displayed a significantly higher level of gold labelling using the TUNEL technique compared to euchromatic nuclei [1.0 particles/microm(2) (s.d.+/-0.13) vs 0.12 particles/microm(2) (s.d.+/-0.03),P< 0.05], confirming increased DNA fragmentation. We conclude that these cells are undergoing primary necrosis. The stimulus for both forms of cell death remains unknown, but may be associated with syncytiotrophoblastic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Burton
- Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
Survivin, a protein that inhibits apoptosis, is expressed in a variety of tumour cells. We detected survivin-specific mRNA and protein in normal placental tissues, two human choriocarcinoma cell lines (JEG-3 and BeWo), and a trophoblastic cell line (tPA30-1) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Northern blotting, and Western blotting. Immunohistochemically, survivin was localized to normal villous cytotrophoblasts, normal extravillous trophoblasts, cytotrophoblasts in hydatidiform mole, and choriocarcinoma cells. Antisense oligonucleotides for survivin dose-dependently induced apoptosis in two choriocarcinoma cell lines (JEG-3 and BeWo) and a trophoblastic cell line (tPA30-1), while sense oligonucleotides showed little effect. These findings suggest that survivin antagonizes apoptosis in cytotrophoblasts, extravillous trophoblasts, and choriocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shiozaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Insurance Takaoka Hospital, Japan
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Mu J, Kanzaki T, Si X, Tomimatsu T, Fukuda H, Fujii E, Hosono T, Murata Y, Sugimoto Y, Ichikawa A. Apoptosis and related proteins during parturition in prostaglandin F receptor-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 292:675-81. [PMID: 11922619 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated whether apoptosis and related proteins are involved in parturition by comparative observation of FP-deficient mice without labor and wild type mice with vaginal delivery. We examined the expression of apoptosis, Fas, FasL, active caspase-3 and bcl-2 proteins in the amnion, placenta and decidua. DNA laddering in the amnion, placenta and decidua tissue did not significantly differ between FP-deficient and wild type mice on day 18 of pregnancy. Similar TUNEL staining results were found in all tissues of FP-deficient mice compared with those of wild type mice. A higher intensity of apoptotic cells was found in the decidua basalis. The index of TUNEL-positive cells were not significantly different in the amnion, placenta and decidua of FP-deficient mice compared with that of wild type mice on day 18 of pregnancy. Specific bands for Fas were clearly observed in the amnion, placenta and decidua tissue. FasL specific bands were observed in the placenta and decidua, but a few in amnion tissue. A great number of active caspase-3 specific bands were detected in decidua, while a few such bands were detected in the placenta and few bands in the amniotic tissue. Bands for bcl-2 were detected in the amnion, placenta and decidua tissue. The weakest band was in decidual tissue. Fas, FasL, active caspase-3, and bcl-2 specific bands did not show any significant differences between the two groups. These findings demonstrate that apoptosis, Fas, FasL, caspase-3, and Bcl-2 occur in mouse term placenta that is not involved in parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwu Mu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Savion S, Lepsky E, Orenstein H, Carp H, Shepshelovich J, Torchinsky A, Fein A, Toder V. Apoptosis in the uterus of mice with pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 2002; 47:118-27. [PMID: 11900597 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2002.1o027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The mechanisms mediating pregnancy loss induced by various agents are far from being understood. Thus, we investigated the possible involvement of one such mechanism, the apoptotic process, in pregnancy loss induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cyclophosphamide (CP) as well as the associated changes in the apoptosis-regulating gene products p53 and bcl-2. METHOD OF STUDY Pregnancy loss was induced by LPS or CP on days 9 or 12 of pregnancy, respectively. LPS- or CP-associated apoptosis was assessed by the TdT mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method as well as by DNA fragmentation analysis, while p53 or bcl-2 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Lipopolysaccharide treatment initiated a resorption process that was accompanied by the appearance of apoptotic cells in the uterus, which increased in number by 24 hr after treatment. Induction of pregnancy loss with CP resulted in the appearance of some apoptotic cells in the uterus, reaching a peak at 72 hr after treatment. DNA fragmentation analysis revealed a DNA ladder at 24 hr after LPS as well as 72 hr after CP treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a continuous p53 expression in the uterus of LPS- or CP-treated mice, which was somewhat elevated at the peak of the apoptotic process. On the other hand, bcl-2 expression in LPS-treated mice could be reciprocally correlated with the apoptotic process, appearing only at its initiation or completion, while in CP-treated mice it was continuously expressed except for some elevation at the completion of the apoptotic process. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a possible role for the apoptotic process in mechanisms mediating pregnancy loss and indicate an involvement of p53 and bcl-2 in its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Savion
- Department of Embryology and Teratology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Mu J, Kanzaki T, Tomimatsu T, Fukuda H, Wasada K, Fujii E, Endoh M, Kozuki M, Murata Y, Sugimoto Y, Ichikawa A. Expression of apoptosis in placentae from mice lacking the prostaglandin F receptor. Placenta 2002; 23:215-23. [PMID: 11945089 DOI: 10.1053/plac.2001.0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the changes in apoptosis in the placenta and decidua of pregnant mice lacking the prostaglandin F receptor. Mouse placentae were removed from fetuses on days 10-23 of pregnancy. Apoptotic cells were examined by a DNA fragmentation assay and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUDP nick end-labelling (TUNEL) technique. The placenta and decidual weight increased before day 18 and 14 of pregnancy, and then decreased with gestational day. After day 19, the fetuses gradually died in the uterus. All fetuses died in the uterus on day 23 of pregnancy. The number of apoptosis was not significantly different between wild type and FP-deficient mice before day 18 of pregnancy by DNA fragmentation and TUNEL staining. The DNA fragmentation was always more pronounced in decidual tissue on each day of pregnancy. DNA laddering on placentae was more extensive on day 22 than day 18. In placenta, most TUNEL-positive cells were detected in trophoblast and stromal cells. A higher intensity of apoptotic cells was in the decidual basalis. The main area was the centre of the decidual basalis, and was in decrease toward to margin of placenta. The index of TUNEL positive cells increased as gestation progressed toward termination. Especially, it was prominent in the placentae on day 22 compared with that day 18 of pregnancy. The increased TUNEL-positive staining in syncytiotrophoblast surface was found in placenta at post-term, compared with those at term. Apoptosis may provide insights into both normal placental development and placental dysfunction during an abnormal pregnancy from post-term pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka, 565-0871 Japan.
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Gruslin A, Qiu Q, Tsang BK. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein expression and the regulation of apoptosis during human placental development. Biol Reprod 2001; 64:1264-72. [PMID: 11259275 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod64.4.1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have examined the expression and potential role of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), Fas, and Fas ligand (FasL) in the regulation of apoptosis throughout placental development. Protein expression was determined by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, whereas apoptotic cell death was assessed by DNA fragmentation analysis and TUNEL. The XIAP was present in trophoblast throughout placental development, but its content significantly decreased during late pregnancy, when apoptosis was maximal. The FasL content was low during early placental development but increased coincidentally to the decrease in XIAP during the third trimester. Our data also suggest that placental apoptosis is the culmination of the relative expression of these cell-death and -survival proteins, a phenomenon that is cell type-specific and dependent on cytodifferentiation and the stage of placental development. Moreover, the induction of syncytiotrophoblast apoptosis may involve the concomitant up-regulation of FasL for Fas activation and the removal of downstream inhibition of the apoptotic cascade by XIAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gruslin
- Division Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ottawa, and the Ottawa Hospital Loeb Research Institute, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6.
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Wongweragiat S, Searle RF, Bulmer JN. Expression of Fas/Fas ligand by decidual leukocytes in hydatidiform mole. Biol Reprod 2001; 64:784-9. [PMID: 11207192 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod64.3.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete hydatidiform moles are entirely paternally derived and, therefore, represent a complete intrauterine allograft that might be expected to provoke an altered maternal immune response compared with that of normal pregnancy. Uterine decidua contains a large leukocyte population, of which 10%-20% are T lymphocytes. Fas ligand (FasL) expression by placental trophoblast may induce apoptosis of Fas+ lymphocytes, thereby facilitating immune tolerance and survival of the molar trophoblast. Our previous studies have shown an increase in activated CD4+ decidual T cells in molar pregnancy compared with normal pregnancy. This study was designed to characterize and quantitate Fas/FasL expression by decidual leukocytes in complete and partial hydatidiform mole compared with that in normal early pregnancy using single and double immunohistochemical labeling (i.e., avidin-biotin-peroxidase and avidin-biotin-alkaline phosphatase). A significant increase was found in Fas and FasL expression by decidual CD4+ T cells in complete (Fas+, P = 0.0106; FasL+, P = 0.0081) and partial (Fas+, P = 0.0131; FasL+, P = 0.0051) hydatidiform moles, as was a significant decrease in Fas expression by decidual CD8+ T cells in complete (P = 0.0137) and partial (P = 0.0202) hydatidiform mole compared with normal early pregnancy. The implications of altered Fas/FasL status of decidual T-cell subsets in hydatidiform mole are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wongweragiat
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Pathology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
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Chiu PM, Ngan YS, Khoo US, Cheung AN. Apoptotic activity in gestational trophoblastic disease correlates with clinical outcome: assessment by the caspase-related M30 CytoDeath antibody. Histopathology 2001; 38:243-9. [PMID: 11260306 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2001.01065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to assess apoptotic activity in gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and its prognostic value in hydatidiform mole (HM). METHODS AND RESULTS Expression of the specific caspase cleavage site within cytokeratin 18 was assessed immunohistochemically using the monoclonal antibody M30 CytoDeath in 12 spontaneous abortions, 22 partial and 57 complete HM, eight choriocarcinoma (CCA) and 28 normal placentas. The M30 immunoreactivity occurred predominantly in the syncytiotrophoblasts. A significantly higher M30 index in HM and CCA was found when compared with normal placentas and spontaneous abortions (P < 0.001). The M30 index of those HM which spontaneously regressed was significantly higher than those HM which developed persistent disease requiring chemotherapy (P < 0.001). The M30 index correlated with another apoptotic index previously detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) (P = 0.007) and the proliferation index assessed by the Ki67 antigen (P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that apoptosis is important in the pathogenesis of GTD. Assessment of apoptotic activity in HM by the M30 index may be considered as an alternative prognostic indicator for predicting the clinical behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Chiu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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Ratts VS, Tao XJ, Webster CB, Swanson PE, Smith SD, Brownbill P, Krajewski S, Reed JC, Tilly JL, Nelson DM. Expression of BCL-2, BAX and BAK in the trophoblast layer of the term human placenta: a unique model of apoptosis within a syncytium. Placenta 2000; 21:361-6. [PMID: 10833371 DOI: 10.1053/plac.1999.0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of apoptosis in the syncytiotrophoblast is of particular interest because this is the only true syncytial epithelium in human cell biology. Nuclei characteristic of apoptotic cells have been localized to this syncytium especially in association with fibrin-containing fibrinoid deposits. The factors responsible for regulating cell death-like features in the trophoblast syncytium are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that fibrin was required for trophoblast apoptosis. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP end-labelling) staining to detect DNA fragmentation typical of apoptosis was performed in term human placentae revealing labelled nuclei associated with fibrin-type fibrinoid, as well as labelled nuclei in discrete areas of syncytiotrophoblast without fibrin. We also hypothesized that members of the BCL-2 family of apoptosis-associated proteins contribute to the regulation of syncytiotrophoblast apoptosis. To identify members of this protein family that might regulate trophoblast apoptosis, we assessed expression of three important members of the bcl-2 gene family. We used immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antisera against human BCL-2 and polyclonal antisera against human BAX and BAK to study paraffin-embedded sections of human term placentae (n=5) from uncomplicated pregnancies. The anti-apoptotic BCL-2 protein was expressed throughout the syncytium of normal villi with much less staining in cytotrophoblast. Staining was also seen adjacent to fibrin deposits and in syncytium overlying fibrin deposits. Expression of the pro-apoptotic BAX protein was undetectable in the syncytiotrophoblast, was expressed in rare cytotrophoblast and was prominent in connective tissue and perivascular cells within the villous core. Localization of a second pro-apoptotic protein, BAK, revealed immunoreactivity in isolated areas of intact syncytium of normal villi. Additionally, fibrin deposits were associated with intense BAK staining in both syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast. From these data, we speculate that modulation of BAK expression is one factor regulating apoptosis in human trophoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Ratts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
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Levy R, Smith SD, Chandler K, Sadovsky Y, Nelson DM. Apoptosis in human cultured trophoblasts is enhanced by hypoxia and diminished by epidermal growth factor. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2000; 278:C982-8. [PMID: 10794672 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2000.278.5.c982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction are associated with placental hypoperfusion and villous hypoxia. The villous response to this environment includes diminished trophoblast differentiation and enhanced apoptosis. We tested the hypothesis that hypoxia induces apoptosis in cultured trophoblasts, and that epidermal growth factor (EGF), an enhancer of trophoblast differentiation, diminishes hypoxia-induced apoptosis. Trophoblasts isolated from placentas of term-uncomplicated human pregnancies were cultured up to 72 h in standard (PO(2) = 120 mm Hg) or hypoxic (PO(2) <15 mm Hg) conditions. Exposure to hypoxia for 24 h markedly enhanced trophoblast apoptosis as determined by DNA laddering, internucleosomal in situ DNA fragmentation, and histomorphology, as well as by the reversibility of the apoptotic process with a caspase inhibitor. Apoptosis was accompanied by increased expression of p53 and Bax and decreased expression of Bcl-2. Addition of EGF to cultured trophoblasts or exposure of more differentiated trophoblasts to hypoxia significantly lowered the level of apoptosis. We conclude that hypoxia enhances apoptosis in cultured trophoblasts by a mechanism that involves an increase in p53 and Bax expression. EGF and enhancement of cell differentiation protect against hypoxic-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Levy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Suzuki A, Umezawa A, Sano M, Nozawa S, Hata J. Involvement of EAT/mcl-1, a bcl-2 related gene, in the apoptotic mechanisms underlying human placental development and maintenance. Placenta 2000; 21:177-83. [PMID: 10736240 DOI: 10.1053/plac.1999.0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The EAT/mcl-1 gene was isolated during the early differentiation of a retinoic acid-induced human embryonal carcinoma cell line to the trophectoderm lineage. EAT/mcl-1, a bcl-2 related gene, is involved in the genetic pathway of apoptosis; this suggests a role for apoptosis and the involvement of this gene in early placental development. In the current investigation, we analysed expression of EAT/mcl-1 at the mRNA level by Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization, as well as at the protein level, by immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Our results identified constant expression of this gene in the placenta throughout pregnancy as well as a shift in its localization from the cytotrophoblast in the first trimester to the syncytiotrophoblast in the third trimester. In addition, there was an inverse correlation between EAT/mcl-1 expression and TaT-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labelling (TUNEL) reactivity in trophoblasts in the first trimester. These results suggest a role for EAT/mcl-1 in both early placental development in regulating trophoblast differentiation as well as a role for this gene in placental maintenance in regulating the process of trophoblast turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Abstract
Apoptosis, the morphology of cell suicide, may result from programmed cell death or may be a response to exogenous stimuli. Apoptosis can be induced in cultured trophoblast and can be identified in the trophoblast of placental villi. The trophoblast regulates maternal-fetal gas, nutrient and waste product exchange; therefore, the presence of apoptosis in this key cellular interface highlights the importance of understanding what controls apoptosis in the placenta. In this review, we describe the signal transduction pathways that trigger apoptosis in other systems, identify key genetic controls for the process and outline the final common pathway which effects execution in cells committed to suicide. Multiplicity, redundancy and cross talk among pathways characterize the surface membrane signals and exogenous stimuli that trigger apoptosis in other cells. As each step in the apoptotic process is discussed, we describe what is known about the step in human placental villi. Recent studies suggest that a further understanding of receptor-mediated signalling pathways, the Bcl-2 regulators and the caspases and substrates involved in placental apoptosis will surely provide insights into both normal placental development and the placental dysfunction associated with some abnormal pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Levy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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Halperin R, Peller S, Sandbank J, Bukovsky I, Schneider D. Expression of the p53 gene and apoptosis in gestational trophoblastic disease. Placenta 2000; 21:58-62. [PMID: 10692252 DOI: 10.1053/plac.1999.0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the involvement of the p53 tumour suppressor gene in the pathogenesis of gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), we investigated its genetic status, protein expression and its role in apoptosis in samples of complete and partial hydatidiform mole as compared with those of normal placenta. Direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the coding and non-coding regions of the p53 gene demonstrated no mutations in any of the studied samples. Immunohistochemical studies revealed increased expression of the p53 protein predominantly in the nuclei of villous cytotrophoblasts. This over-expression of p53 was found in all samples of complete mole, in 50 per cent of partial mole samples and in about 30 per cent of normal placenta cases, although no significant difference in the staining intensity and pattern was observed. An in situ detection of DNA nicking (TUNEL) staining, demonstrating apoptosis, was also detected predominantly in villous cytotrophoblasts and in stromal areas. The per centage of apoptotic cells in all studied samples, determined by flow cytometry, demonstrated a significant increase in apoptotic cells in samples of complete and partial hydatidiform mole compared with those of normal placenta (P< 0.0003 and P< 0.004, respectively). In conclusion, the current study may provide a possible explanation to the pathogenesis of GTD, probably associated with extensive p53-dependent apoptosis to modulate excessive trophoblastic proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Halperin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
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