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Huang Y, Zheng Q, Wang Z, Tang J, Lu Y, Qin Q, Cai J, Jian J. Fish natural killer enhancing factor-A (NKEF-A) enhance cytotoxicity of nonspecific cytotoxic cells against bacterial infection. Mol Immunol 2021; 133:184-193. [PMID: 33744653 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF)-A/B is a member of Peroxiredoxin (Prxs) family, which is named for the function of enhancing NK cells activity. NKEF also plays essential roles in multiple physiology/pathology processes including inflammation regulation, cancer development and redox reactions. However, the regulatory effects of fish NKEF on immune cells remain largely unknown. In this study, the full-length cDNA of NKEF-A (Accession No. MK584553, designated as On-NKEF-A) was identified from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). On-NKEF-A encoded a 198 amino acid peptide with molecular mass of 22.085 kDa. On-NKEF-A protein contained a typical 2-Cys family domain, two active sites (51aa and 172aa) that were conserved in mammals, birds, amphibians and fish. Phylogenetic analysis showed that On-NKEF-A had the closest relationship with Zebra mbuna (Maylandia zebra) NKEF. The On-NKEF-A transcription was present in all examined tissues or organs. And the relative high expression levels of On-NKEF-A was found in head kidney leucocytes and nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC). After Streptococcus agalactiae stimulation, On-NKEF-A was significantly up-regulated in head kidney, spleen, gill and skin. Also, On-NKEF-A was markedly induced post S. agalactiae, LPS and poly I:C stimulation in head kidney-derived NCC. Moreover, On-NKEF-A was mainly distributed in cytoplasm of fathead minnow cells (FHM cells). The further in vitro analysis found that the recombinant protein of On-NKEF-A (rOn-NKEF-A) could induce the expression of various molecular markers of B cells, macrophages and NCC, enhanced the cytotoxicity of NCC via increasing the effectors expression. The present data collectively indicate that On-NKEF-A participates in anti-bacterial immune response via regulating NCC activity, which will provide new ideas to further explore the defense mechanism of fish against bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Jufen Tang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Cai
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
| | - Jichang Jian
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Parida S, Mohapatra A, Sahoo PK. Cloning and functional characterisation of natural killer enhancing factor-B (NKEF-B) gene of Labeo rohita: Anti-oxidant and antimicrobial activities of its recombinant protein. Mol Immunol 2020; 126:73-86. [PMID: 32771671 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF) of peroxiredoxin family is an important innate immune molecule with having anti-oxidant activity. Although this gene has already been studied in a few fish species, it is yet to be identified and functionally characterised in Indian major carps. In the present study, the complete NKEF-B cDNA of rohu, Labeo rohita was cloned that encoded a putative protein of 197 amino acids. The phylogenetic study showed that L. rohita NKEF-B (LrNKEF-B) is closely related to NKEF-B of Cyprinus carpio and Danio rerio species. Tissue-specific expression of LrNKEF-B gene revealed the highest transcript level in the liver tissue. In the ontogeny study, the highest level of the expression was observed in milt and at 18 h post-development. The expression pattern of this gene was also studied in various pathogen models viz., Gram-negative bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila), ectoparasite (Argulus siamensis) and a dsRNA viral analogue (poly I:C) in the liver and anterior kidney tissues of L. rohita juveniles. During A. hydrophila infection, the increase in expression of transcripts was observed at 3 h post-infection in both liver (15-fold) and anterior kidney (8-fold). In A. siamensis infection, the expression gradually increased up to 3 d post-infection in the anterior kidney, whereas in liver 3-fold up-regulation was noticed at 12 h post-infection. Similarly, during poly I:C stimulation, up-regulation of NKEF-B transcript was observed in anterior kidney from 1 h to 24 h post-stimulation and down-regulated afterwards whereas, the transcript level increased gradually from 6 h to 15 d post-stimulation in liver tissue. In vitro exposure to concanavalin, A and formalin-killed A. hydrophila upregulated NKEF-B gene expression in anterior kidney and peripheral blood leukocytes of L. rohita, however, down-regulated the same in the splenic leukocytes. A recombinant protein of LrNKEF-B (rLrNKEF-B) of 22 kDa was produced and it showed anti-oxidant activity by protecting supercoiled DNA and reducing insulin disulfide bonds. The minimum bactericidal concentration of this recombinant protein was found to be 4.54 μM against A. hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus. Interestingly, rLrNKEF-B showed relative percent survival of 72.6 % in A. hydrophila challenged L. rohita, and the survival was found to be associated with a high level of expression of different cytokines, anti-oxidant genes and perforin in the rLrNKEF-B treated L. rohita. An indirect ELISA assay for estimation of NKEF was developed in L. rohita, and the concentrations of NKEF-B increased with time periods post A. hydrophila challenge viz., 0 h (42.56 ng/mL), 12 h (174 ng/mL) and 48 h (370 ng/mL) in rohu serum. Our results suggest a crucial role of LrNKEF-B in innate immunity against biotic stress and oxidative damage and also having antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Parida
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751 002, India
| | - Amruta Mohapatra
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751 002, India
| | - Pramoda Kumar Sahoo
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751 002, India.
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Bittarello AC, Vieira JCS, Braga CP, da Cunha Bataglioli I, de Oliveira G, Rocha LC, Zara LF, Buzalaf MAR, de Oliveira LCS, Adamec J, de Magalhães Padilha P. Metalloproteomic approach of mercury-binding proteins in liver and kidney tissues of Plagioscion squamosissimus (corvina) and Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) from Amazon region: Possible identification of mercury contamination biomarkers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 711:134547. [PMID: 31812405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fish is an important source of protein, vitamins, and minerals. However, this food is also a major source of human exposure to toxic contaminants such as mercury. Thus, this paper aimed to evaluate mercury-binding proteins for possible application as biomarkers of mercury contamination in hepatic and renal tissues of Plagioscion squamosissimus (carnivorous fish) and Colossoma macropomum (omnivorous fish) from the Amazon region using metalloproteomic approach. The proteome of hepatic and renal tissues of fish species was separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), and the mercury concentrations in protein spots were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). Finally, the protein spots associated to mercury were characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). The activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were also determined. The results showed that the highest concentrations of mercury were found in the carnivorous species (P. squamosissimus) and that the accumulation pattern of this metal was higher in hepatic tissues than in renal tissues for both species. A tendency was observed for greater enzymatic activity in the hepatic and renal tissues of P. squamosissimus, the species with the highest concentration of mercury. Only GPx activity in the kidney and GST in the liver were lower for the P. squamosissimus species, and this finding can be explained by the interaction of mercury with these enzymes. The data obtained by ESI-MS/MS allowed for the characterization of the protein spots associated to mercury, revealing proteins involved in energy metabolism, biomolecules transport, protein synthesis and degradation, cell differentiation, gene regulation, and the antioxidant system. The results obtained in the present study can contribute to understanding the physiological processes underlying mercury toxicity and have provided new perspectives on possible candidates for mercury contamination biomarkers in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alis Correia Bittarello
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - José Cavalcante Souza Vieira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry (INQUI), Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande (UFMS), Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Leone Campos Rocha
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fabrício Zara
- University of Brasília (UNB), College of Planaltina, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jiri Adamec
- University of Nebraska (UNL), Lincoln, United States
| | - Pedro de Magalhães Padilha
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, Brazil; São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, Brazil.
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Trade-Offs Underwater: Physiological Plasticity of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Confronted by Multiple Stressors. FISHES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes3040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Organisms have evolved mechanisms to partition the available resources between fitness-relevant physiological functions. Organisms possess phenotypic plasticity to acclimate to changing environmental conditions. However, this comes at a cost that can cause negative correlations or “trade-offs”, whereby increasing investments in one function lead to decreased investments in another function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prioritization of resource allocation between growth, pathogen defense, and contaminant response in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to changes of resource income or expenditure. We performed a multifactorial experiment with three resource-impacting stressors—limited food availability, a parasitic infection, exposure to a vitellogenesis-inducing contaminant—and combinations thereof. Treatment with the individual stressors evoked the expected responses in the respective physiological target systems—body growth, immune system, and hepatic vitellogenin transcription—but we found little evidence for significant negative relations (trade-offs) between the three systems. This also applied to fish exposed to combinations of the stressors. This high phenotypic flexibility of trout in their resource allocation suggests that linear resource allocations as mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity may be too simplistic, but it also may point to a greater capacity of ectothermic than endothermic vertebrates to maintain key physiological processes under competing resource needs due to lower maintenance costs.
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Yang YZ, Zhao Y, Yang L, Yu LP, Wang H, Ji XS. Characterization of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin 3 and 4 in common carp and the immune response against bacterial infection. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 217:60-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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6
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Godahewa G, Perera N, Lee J. Insights into the multifunctional role of natural killer enhancing factor-A (NKEF-A/Prx1) in big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis): DNA protection, insulin reduction, H2O2 scavenging, and immune modulation activity. Gene 2018; 642:324-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Venney CJ, Johansson ML, Heath DD. Inbreeding effects on gene-specific DNA methylation among tissues of Chinook salmon. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:4521-33. [PMID: 27480590 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Inbreeding depression is the loss of fitness resulting from the mating of genetically related individuals. Traditionally, the study of inbreeding depression focused on genetic effects, although recent research has identified DNA methylation as also having a role in inbreeding effects. Since inbreeding depression and DNA methylation change with age and environmental stress, DNA methylation is a likely candidate for the regulation of genes associated with inbreeding depression. Here, we use a targeted, multigene approach to assess methylation at 22 growth-, metabolic-, immune- and stress-related genes. We developed PCR-based DNA methylation assays to test the effects of intense inbreeding on intragenic gene-specific methylation in inbred and outbred Chinook salmon. Inbred fish had altered methylation at three genes, CK-1, GTIIBS and hsp70, suggesting that methylation changes associated with inbreeding depression are targeted to specific genes and are not whole-genome effects. While we did not find a significant inbreeding by age interaction, we found that DNA methylation generally increases with age, although methylation decreased with age in five genes, CK-1, IFN-ɣ, HNRNPL, hsc71 and FSHb, potentially due to environmental context and sexual maturation. As expected, we found methylation patterns differed among tissue types, highlighting the need for careful selection of target tissue for methylation studies. This study provides insight into the role of epigenetic effects on ageing, environmental response and tissue function in Chinook salmon and shows that methylation is a targeted and regulated cellular process. We provide the first evidence of epigenetically based inbreeding depression in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare J Venney
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Mattias L Johansson
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Daniel D Heath
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
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Yuan J, Jiang J, Jiang L, Yang F, Chen Y, He Y, Zhang Q. Insights into Trx1, TRP14, and Prx1 homologs of Paralichthys olivaceus: molecular profiles and transcriptional responses to immune stimulations. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:547-561. [PMID: 26559691 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) proteins are involved in several cellular processes, such as anti-oxidative stress and cellular redox homeostasis. In this study, we isolated the full-length cDNAs of PoTrx1 and PoTRP14 from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). PoTrx1 is 723 bp in length, with a 366-bp open reading frame (ORF) that encodes for 121 amino acids. PoTRP14 is 909 bp in length, with a 372-bp ORF that encodes for 123 amino acids. PoTrx1 and PoTRP14 are highly conserved in Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys and Cys-Pro-Asp-Cys forms, respectively. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that the transcripts of PoTrx1 and PoTRP14 were ubiquitously expressed in all tested tissues and particularly abundant in immunity-related organs, such as the liver, intestine, gill, and spleen. Development expression profiles indicated that PoTrx1 transcript was expressed from the neurula stage to the 1 day post-hatching stage; the maximum transcript levels were recorded at the somatic stage. The mRNA level of PoTRP14 was constantly expressed at all examined developmental stages, reaching the peak at the before-hatching stage. Prx1 is a peroxiredoxin family member that serves similar functions to PoTrx1 and PoTRP14. A primary hepatocyte culture system was established to examine the immunoregulatory properties of PoTrx1, PoTRP14, and Prx1 in response to lipopolysaccharide, CuSO4, and H2O2 stimulation. Results revealed that the transcript levels of PoTrx1, PoTRP14, and Prx1 were significantly up-regulated in a time-dependent manner after the immunostimulant challenge. These data suggest that PoTrx1, PoTRP14, and Prx1 play critical roles in anti-oxidation and immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jiajun Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Liming Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yan He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
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Wu C, Gao J, Cao F, Lu Z, Chen L, Ye J. Molecular cloning, characterization and mRNA expression of six peroxiredoxins from Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus in response to lipopolysaccharide challenge or dietary carbohydrate. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 50:210-222. [PMID: 26828261 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin (Prx) belongs to a cellular antioxidant protein family that plays important roles in innate immune function and anti-oxidative capability. In the present study, six Prxs were cloned from Black carp Mylopharyngodon piceus (MpPrx) by homology cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) techniques. There were 199, 197, 250, 260, 189 and 222 amino acids in six MpPrxs, respectively. BLAST analysis reveals that MpPrxs shares high identities and similar characteristics with other known Prxs from animals. The phylogenetic analysis evidenced three major subclasses corresponding to one-Cys-Prx (MpPrx6), typical two-Cys-Prx (MpPrx1-4) and atypical 2-Cys-Prx (MpPrx5) that reflected the present hierarchy of vertebrates and invertebrates. Although six MpPrxs are constitutively expressed in all tissues, relatively higher-level mRNA expression levels of six MpPrxs can be detected in liver, eyes, heart and adipose tissues by real-time PCR assays. The transcriptional patterns of six MpPrxs mRNA in liver were detected by real-time PCR in Black carp after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and treated with graded levels of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) (106.5, 194.3, 288.4 and 379.1 g kg(-1)), respectively. These results showed that stimulation with LPS could induce up-expression of six MpPrxs mRNA, and the variations of MpPrx4 were more sensitive than these of other MpPrxs in the liver of Black carp. Compared with those in group with 106.5 g kg(-1) dietary CHO, the expression levels of MpPrx2, MpPrx3 and MpPrx6 were significantly down-regulated while MpPrx5 were significantly induced in liver of Black carp fed with adequate dietary CHO (194.3 g kg(-1)). In addition, significant up-regulations of MpPrx2, MpPrx3 and MpPrx6 were observed in Black carp fed with excessive dietary CHO (379.1 g kg(-1)). And MpPrx4 could be constantly induced with increasing dietary CHO contents in this study. These results indicated that MpPrxs were constitutive and inducible proteins and might play important roles in innate immune function after LPS challenge and regulating redox homeostasis in the metabolism of dietary CHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wu
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou, 313000, PR China.
| | - Jun'e Gao
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou, 313000, PR China
| | - Fang Cao
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou, 313000, PR China
| | - Zhibin Lu
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou, 313000, PR China
| | - Lian Chen
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou, 313000, PR China
| | - Jinyun Ye
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 759 Erhuan Road (E), Huzhou, 313000, PR China
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Fish Peroxiredoxins and Their Role in Immunity. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:860-80. [PMID: 26633533 PMCID: PMC4690020 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a family of antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from oxidative damage. In addition, Prxs may act as modulators of inflammation, protect against cell death and tumour progression, and facilitate tissue repair after damage. The most studied roles of Prx1 and Prx2 are immunological. Here we present a review on the effects of some immunostimulant treatments and bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections on the expression of fish Prxs at the gene and/or protein level, and point to their important role in immunity. The Prxs show antioxidant activity as well as a protective effect against infection. Some preliminary data are presented about the role of fish Prx1 and Prx2 in virus resistance although further studies are needed before the role of fish Prx in immunity can be definitively defined.
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Low CF, Shamsudin MN, Chee HY, Aliyu-Paiko M, Idrus ES. Putative apolipoprotein A-I, natural killer cell enhancement factor and lysozyme g are involved in the early immune response of brown-marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, Forskal, to Vibrio alginolyticus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:693-701. [PMID: 24304156 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, has frequently been identified as the pathogen responsible for the infectious disease called vibriosis. This disease is one of the major challenges facing brown-marbled grouper aquaculture, causing fish farmers globally to suffer substantial economic losses. The objective of this study was to investigate the proteins involved in the immune response of brown-marbled grouper fingerlings during their initial encounter with pathogenic organisms. To achieve this objective, a challenge experiment was performed, in which healthy brown-marbled grouper fingerlings were divided into two groups. Fish in the treated group were subjected to intraperitoneal injection with an infectious dose of V. alginolyticus suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and those in the control group were injected with an equal volume of PBS. Blood samples were collected from a replicate number of fish from both groups at 4 h post-challenge and analysed for immune response-related serum proteins via two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The results showed that 14 protein spots were altered between the treated and control groups; these protein spots were further analysed to determine the identity of each protein via MALDI-TOF/TOF. Among the altered proteins, three were clearly overexpressed in the treated group compared with the control; these were identified as putative apolipoprotein A-I, natural killer cell enhancement factor and lysozyme g. Based on these results, these three highly expressed proteins participate in immune response-related reactions during the initial exposure (4 h) of brown-marbled grouper fingerling to V. alginolyticus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-F Low
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience (IBS), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Malaysia
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12
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Collet B. Innate immune responses of salmonid fish to viral infections. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 43:160-73. [PMID: 23981327 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are the most serious pathogenic threat to the production of the main aquacultured salmonid species the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and the Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. The viral diseases Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN), Pancreatic Disease (PD), Infectious Haemorrhagic Necrosis (IHN), Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS), and Infectious Salmon Anaemia (ISA) cause massive economic losses to the global salmonid aquaculture industry every year. To date, no solution exists to treat livestock affected by a viral disease and only a small number of efficient vaccines are available to prevent infection. As a consequence, understanding the host immune response against viruses in these fish species is critical to develop prophylactic and preventive control measures. The innate immune response represents an important part of the host defence mechanism preventing viral replication after infection. It is a fast acting response designed to inhibit virus propagation immediately within the host, allowing for the adaptive specific immunity to develop. It has cellular and humoral components which act in synergy. This review will cover inflammation responses, the cell types involved, apoptosis, antimicrobial peptides. Particular attention will be given to the type I interferon system as the major player in the innate antiviral defence mechanism of salmonids. Viral evasion strategies will also be discussed.
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13
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Molecular characterization and expression analysis of a peroxiredoxin 1 cDNA from Korean rose bitterling (Rhodeus uyekii). Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:2363-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Meng F, Wang R, Gao Y, Xu T. Genomic organization, single nucleotide polymorphism and functional characterization of natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF-A) in Miichthys miiuy. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 41:651-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Regulation of natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF) genes in teleost fish, gilthead seabream and European sea bass. Mol Immunol 2013; 55:275-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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16
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Zhang J, Hu YH, Xiao ZZ, Sun L. Megalocytivirus-induced proteins of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus): identification and antiviral potential. J Proteomics 2013; 91:430-43. [PMID: 23933595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Megalocytivirus is an important fish pathogen with a broad host range that includes turbot. In this study, proteomic analysis was conducted to examine turbot proteins modulated in expression by megalocytivirus infection. Thirty five proteins from spleen were identified to be differentially expressed at 2days post-viral infection (dpi) and 7dpi. Three upregulated proteins, i.e. heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), Mx protein, and natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF), were further analyzed for potential antiviral effect. For this purpose, turbot were administered separately with the plasmids pHsp70, pMx, and pNKEF, which express Hsp70, Mx, and NKEF respectively, before megalocytivirus infection. Viral dissemination and propagation in spleen were subsequently determined. The results showed that the viral loads in fish administered with pNKEF were significantly reduced. To examine the potential of Hsp70, Mx, and NKEF as immunological adjuvant, turbot were immunized with a DNA vaccine in the presence of pHsp70, pMx, or pNKEF. Subsequent analysis showed that the presence of pNKEF and pHsp70, but not pMx, significantly reduced viral infection and enhanced fish survival. Taken together, these results indicate that NKEF exhibits antiviral property against megalocytivirus, and that both NKEF and Hsp70 may be used in DNA vaccine-based control of megalocytivirus infection. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides the first proteomic picture of turbot in response to megalocytivirus infection. We demonstrated that megalocytivirus infection modulates the expression of turbot proteins associated with various cellular functions, and that one of the upregulated proteins, NKEF, exhibits antiviral effect when overexpressed in vivo, while another upregulated protein, Hsp70, exhibits adjuvant effect when co-immunized with a DNA vaccine. These results add molecular insights into turbot immune response induced by megalocytivirus and provide candidate proteins with application potentials in the control of megalocytivirus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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17
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Martin E, Verlhac Trichet V, Legrand-Frossi C, Frippiat JP. Comparison between intestinal and non-mucosal immune functions of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:1258-1268. [PMID: 23026718 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Since mucosal surfaces represent major portals of entry for pathogens, its associated immune system is important to protect the organism. In this paper, we compared at the cellular and molecular levels intestinal leukocyte suspensions with their head kidney (HK) or peripheral blood (PBL) counterparts to highlight characteristics of intestinal immune functions in healthy rainbow trout. These studies show that intestinal phagocytes are less activated by yeast cells but when they are activated they can ingest as many yeast cells as their HK counterparts. A natural cytotoxic activity could be detected which is twice higher in intestinal than in HK leukocyte preparations. This natural cytotoxic activity is correlated with the expression of transcripts encoding the natural killer enhancement factor (NKEF). Intestinal leukocytes did not respond to an in vitro mitogenic stimulation performed under classical culture conditions. And finally, a high expression of CD8α transcripts was observed in gut leukocyte preparations, suggesting that the intestine could contain a high proportion of T cells expressing the αα homodimeric form of CD8. This kind of comparison on nonimmunized fish provides better knowledge on basal immune functions in the intestine to, analyze later on, immune responses induced by an antigenic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Martin
- Research Center for Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products France, 1 Bd d'Alsace, P.O. Box 170, 68305 Saint Louis Cedex, France.
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18
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Bethke J, Rojas V, Berendsen J, Cárdenas C, Guzmán F, Gallardo JA, Mercado L. Development of a new antibody for detecting natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF)-like protein in infected salmonids. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2012; 35:379-388. [PMID: 22458735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2012.01354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The main cellular responses of innate immunity are phagocytic activity and the respiratory burst, which produces a high amount of reactive oxygen species. Natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF) belongs to the peroxiredoxin family that has an antioxidant function and enhances cytotoxic cell activity. This molecule may play a key role in macrophage and cytotoxic cell communication during the innate immune response of fish against pathogens. In fish, the NKEF gene has been characterized in some species as showing an up-regulation in infected fish, suggesting a trigger effect upon NK-like cells. To detect and localize this molecule in salmonids at protein level, a monospecific polyclonal antibody was generated. A probable NKEF-like protein epitope region was identified and characterized using bioinformatic tools, and the sequence was chemically synthesized using Fmoc strategy, analysed by RP-HPLC and its molecular weight confirmed by mass spectrometry. The synthetic peptide was immunized and antibodies from ascitic fluid were obtained. The resulting antibody is a versatile tool for detecting NKEF by different immune techniques such as ELISA, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Analysis of NKEF-like protein is a useful method for characterizing immune properties of this molecule in fish during response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bethke
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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19
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Kim JW, Choi HS, Kwon MG, Park MA, Hwang JY, Kim DH, Park CI. Molecular identification and expression analysis of a natural killer cell enhancing factor (NKEF) from rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus and the biological activity of its recombinant protein. RESULTS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 1:45-52. [PMID: 24371552 DOI: 10.1016/j.rinim.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer cell enhancing factor (NKEF) belongs to the defined peroxiredoxin (Prx) family. Rock bream NKEF cDNA was identified by expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of rock bream liver that was stimulated with the LPS. The full-length RbNKEF cDNA (1062 bp) contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 594 bp encoding 198 amino acids. RbNKEF was significantly expressed in the gill, liver, and intestine. mRNA expression of NKEF in the head kidney was examined under viral and bacterial challenge via real-time RT-PCR. Experimental challenge of rock bream with Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus iniae, and RSIV resulted in significant increases in RbNKEF mRNA in the head kidney. To obtain a recombinant NKEF, the RbNKEF ORF was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and the purified soluble protein exhibited a single band corresponding to the predicted molecular mass. When kidney leucocytes were treated with a high concentration of rRbNKEF (10 μg/mL), they exhibited significantly enhanced cell proliferation and viability under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Won Kim
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sung Choi
- Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-900, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-900, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Ae Park
- Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-900, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Youn Hwang
- Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan 619-900, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, San 96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Republic of Korea ; Fish Health Center, Chonnam National University, San 96-1, Dun-Duk Dong, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Department of Marine Biology & Aquaculture, Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong 650-160, Republic of Korea
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Pérez-Sánchez J, Bermejo-Nogales A, Calduch-Giner JA, Kaushik S, Sitjà-Bobadilla A. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of six peroxiredoxin paralogous genes in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): insights from fish exposed to dietary, pathogen and confinement stressors. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:294-302. [PMID: 21640832 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to underline the physiological role of the antioxidant peroxiredoxin (PRDX) family in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.), a perciform fish extensively cultured in the Mediterranean area. First, extensive BLAST searches were done on the gilthead sea bream cDNA database of the AQUAMAX European Project (www.sigenae.org/iats), and six contigs were unequivocally identified as PRDX1-6 after sequence completion by RT-PCR. The phylogenetic analysis evidenced three major clades corresponding to PRDX1-4 (true 2-Cyst PRDX subclass), PRDX5 (atypical 2-Cys PRDX subclass) and PRDX6 (1-Cys PRDX subclass) that reflected the present hierarchy of vertebrates. However, the PRDX2 branch of modern fish including gilthead sea bream was related to the monophyletic PRDX1 node rather than to PRDX2 cluster of mammals and primitive fish, which probably denotes the acquisition of novel functions through vertebrate evolution. Transcriptional studies by means of quantitative real-time PCR evidenced a ubiquitous PRDX gene expression that was tissue specific for each PRDX isoform. In a second set of transcriptional studies, liver and head kidney were chosen as target tissues in fish challenged with i) the intestinal parasite Enteromyxum leei, ii) a plant oil (VO) diet with deficiencies in essential fatty acids and iii) prolonged exposure to high-rearing densities. These studies showed that PRDX genes were highly and mostly constitutively expressed in the liver and were not affected by dietary intervention or high density. In contrast, head kidney was highly sensitive to the different experimental challenges: significantly lower values were found for PRDX5 in the three trials, for PRDX6 in parasitized and high density fish and for PRDX1 in parasitized and VO fish. PRDX2, 3 and 5 were decreased only in VO, high density and parasitized animals, respectively. These findings would highlight the role of PRDXs as integrative and highly predictive biomarkers of health and welfare in fish and gilthead sea bream in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Fish Nutrition and Growth Endocrinology Group, Department of Marine Species Biology, Culture and Pathology, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain.
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21
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Ordás MC, Cuesta A, Mercado L, Bols NC, Tafalla C. Viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) up-regulates the cytotoxic activity and the perforin/granzyme pathway in the rainbow trout RTS11 cell line. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:252-259. [PMID: 21642001 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A survey of immune-relevant genes that might be up-regulated in response to viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in the rainbow trout monocyte-macrophage cell line, RTS11, unexpectedly revealed an increased expression of perforin (PRF) and granzyme (GRZ) genes, which represent components of the major cytotoxic pathway. The natural killer-enhancing factor (NKEF), also known to modulate cytotoxic activity, was up-regulated at the gene but strikingly down-regulated at protein level. The expression of these genes was not affected in head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) infected with VHSV, leading us to evaluate the potential cytotoxic activity of RTS11 and HKLs. For the first time, the cytotoxic activity of RTS11 against xenogeneic targets has been demonstrated, although this was modest relative to HKLs. Yet the activity in RTS11 was significantly increased by VHSV, as in HKLs. This cytotoxic activity elicited by viral infection appeared to require viral gene expression because inactivated VHSV failed to increase RTS11 cytotoxic activity. As for other immune functions, RTS11 cells provide a model for further studying cytotoxic activities of fish monocyte-macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Ordás
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Carretera de Algete a El Casar km. 8.1, Valdeolmos 28130, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Identification of differential hepatic proteins in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) exposed to pentachlorophenol (PCP) by proteomic analysis. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199:69-79. [PMID: 20732397 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a ubiquitous contaminant that has been shown to lead to hepatoxicity and is implicated in the incidence of liver tumors in human. A number of previous studies have described the toxic effects of PCP based on conventional toxicological indices. However, little evidence on protein levels is available at present. For further understanding of mechanisms of action and identifying the potential protein biomarkers for PCP exposure, two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry has been used to identify proteins differentially expressed in the livers of rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) following PCP exposure of 0.5, 5, 50 μg/L. After comparison of the protein profiles from treated and control groups, 39 protein spots were found altered in abundance (>2-fold) from male and female PCP-treated groups. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF/MS) analysis allowed the unambiguous identification, and 18 protein spots were identified successfully, 12 proteins in females and 6 proteins in males, respectively. These proteins were involved in transport, metabolism, response to oxidative stress and other biological processes. Of these proteins, four differentially expressed mRNA encoding proteins underwent quantitative analysis by quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR). The consistent and discrepant results between mRNA and protein levels suggested that complicated regulatory mechanisms of gene expression were implicated in the response to PCP exposure. In addition, marked gender differences in response to PCP have been described from the comparison of the male and female liver protein profiles.
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23
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Loo GH, Schuller KA. Cloning and functional characterization of a peroxiredoxin 4 from yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 156:244-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Sutton DL, Loo GH, Menz RI, Schuller KA. Cloning and functional characterization of a typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin from southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 156:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Combining suppressive subtractive hybridization and cDNA microarrays to identify dietary phosphorus-responsive genes of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) kidney. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2009; 5:24-35. [PMID: 20374939 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P)-responsive genes and how they regulate renal adaptation to phosphorous-deficient diets in animals, including fish, are not well understood. RNA abundance profiling using cDNA microarrays is an efficient approach to study nutrient-gene interactions and identify these dietary P-responsive genes. To test the hypothesis that dietary P-responsive genes are differentially expressed in fish fed varying P levels, rainbow trout were fed a practical high-P diet (R20: 0.96% P) or a low-P diet (R0: 0.38% P) for 7 weeks. The differentially-expressed genes between dietary groups were identified and compared from the kidney by combining suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) with cDNA microarray analysis. A number of genes were confirmed by real-time PCR, and correlated with plasma and bone P concentrations. Approximately 54 genes were identified as potential dietary P-responsive after 7 weeks on a diet deficient in P according to cDNA microarray analysis. Of 18 selected genes, 13 genes were confirmed to be P-responsive at 7 weeks by real-time PCR analysis, including: iNOS, cytochrome b, cytochrome c oxidase subunit II , alpha-globin I, beta-globin, ATP synthase, hyperosmotic protein 21, COL1A3, Nkef, NDPK, glucose phosphate isomerase 1, Na+/H+ exchange protein and GDP dissociation inhibitor 2. Many of these dietary P-responsive genes responded in a moderate way (R0/R20 ratio: <2-3 or >0.5) and in a transient manner to dietary P limitation. In summary, renal adaptation to dietary P deficiency in trout involves changes in the expression of several genes, suggesting a profile of metabolic stress, since many of these differentially-expressed candidates are associated with the cellular adaptative responses.
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26
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Huang R, Gao LY, Wang YP, Hu W, Guo QL. Structure, organization and expression of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) NKEF-B gene. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:220-229. [PMID: 19032984 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell enhancing factor (NKEF) belongs to the newly defined peroxiredoxin (Prx) family. Its functions are to enhance NK cell cytotoxicity and to protect DNA and proteins from oxidative damage. In this study, a partial cDNA sequence of carp NKEF-B was isolated from thymus cDNA library. Subsequently, the full-length cDNA of carp NKEF-B was obtained by means of 3' and 5' RACE, respectively. The full-length cDNA of carp NKEF-B was 1022 bp, consisting of a 73 bp 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR), a 355 bp 3'-terminal UTR, and a 594 bp open reading frame coding for a protein of 197 amino acids. Carp NKEF-B contained two consensus Val-Cys-Pro (VCP) motifs and three consensus cysteine (Cys-51, Cys-70 and Cys-172) residues. Sequence comparison showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of carp NKEF-B had an overall similarity of 74-96% to that of other species homologues. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that carp NKEF-B forms a cluster with other known teleost NKEF-Bs. Then, by PCR we obtained a 5.1-k long genomic DNA of carp NKEF-B containing six exons and five introns. Real-time RT-PCR results showed that carp NKEF-B gene was predominantly detected in kidney and head kidney under un-infected conditions. Whereas under SVCV-infection condition, the expression of NKEF-B gene was significantly increased in blood cells, gill, intestine and spleen, but maintained in liver, and decreased significantly in kidney and head kidney. Finally, the rNKEF-B was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. By using an antibody against carp rNKEF-B, immunohistochemical study further indicated that NKEF-B positive cells are mainly some RBCs and a few epithelial cells in gill and intestine, and that under SVCV-infection condition, these positive cells or positive products in their cytoplasm were mainly increased in gill and spleen sections of carp. The results obtained in the present study will help to understand the function of NKEF-B in teleost innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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27
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Transcription of immune genes upon challenge with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) in DNA vaccinated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vaccine 2009; 27:280-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Utke K, Kock H, Schuetze H, Bergmann SM, Lorenzen N, Einer-Jensen K, Köllner B, Dalmo RA, Vesely T, Ototake M, Fischer U. Cell-mediated immune responses in rainbow trout after DNA immunization against the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:239-52. [PMID: 17629943 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To identify viral proteins that induce cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV)-infected cells, rainbow trout were immunized with DNA vectors encoding the glycoprotein G or the nucleocapsid protein N of VHSV. The G protein was a more potent trigger of cytotoxic cells than the N protein. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) isolated from trout immunized against the G protein killed both VHSV-infected MHC class I matched (RTG-2) and VHSV-infected xenogeneic (EPC) target cells, suggesting the involvement of both cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and NK cells, respectively. In contrast, PBL from trout that were immunized against the N protein only killed VHSV-infected RTG-2 cells, indicating that this protein only elicits a CTL response. Further, a significant killing capacity of these PBL was only observed during summer months. PBL from fish that were immunized against the VHSV G protein significantly killed VHSV-infected but not infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV)-infected targets indicating antigen specificity. Thus, this is the first report on cytotoxic immune responses after DNA vaccination in fish. Furthermore, cells isolated from the inflamed site of DNA injection were stained and transferred to isogeneic DNA-vaccinated recipients. Most of the stained donor leukocytes accumulated at the recipients' DNA injection site showing, for the first time, leukocyte homing in fish. Transferred donor leukocytes mainly migrated to the homologous vaccine injection site rather than to injection sites of heterologous vaccines, suggesting the antigen specificity of homing. By demonstrating CMC responses to distinct viral proteins and homing in rainbow trout, these results substantially contribute to the understanding of the teleost immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- Cell Line
- Gene Expression
- Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Viral/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Viral/prevention & control
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Immunologic Factors/genetics
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Leukocytes/cytology
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Novirhabdovirus/immunology
- Nucleoproteins/genetics
- Nucleoproteins/immunology
- Nucleoproteins/metabolism
- Oncorhynchus mykiss/immunology
- Plasmids/genetics
- Seasons
- Spleen/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transfection
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Utke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Daly KA, Lefévre C, Nicholas K, Deane E, Williamson P. Characterization and expression of Peroxiredoxin 1 in the neonatal tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 149:108-19. [PMID: 17913528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) is a ubiquitously expressed antioxidant with vital roles in basal metabolic functions. In addition PRDX1 is involved in cell differentiation and proliferation, apoptosis and innate immunity. In this study, we have characterized PRDX1 from the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Tammar PRDX1 has high conservation of functional residues and motifs, and demonstrates a close homology with eutherian and vertebrate orthologues. Stimulation of adult tammar leukocytes with lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid suggests a role for PRDX1 in innate immune defences. PRDX1 expression in the organs of tammar pouch young was mildly elevated early in life possibly reflecting its role in basal metabolic processes. Later increases in PRDX1 expression correlated with functional maturation of several immune organs or with preparation for increased oxidative stress of emergence. The findings of the study are reflections of the complex integrated roles that PRDX1 has in regulation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, cell differentiation and proliferation, and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A Daly
- Centre for Advanced Technologies in Animal Genetics and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Fischer U, Utke K, Somamoto T, Köllner B, Ototake M, Nakanishi T. Cytotoxic activities of fish leucocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 20:209-26. [PMID: 15939625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Like mammalian leucocytes, white blood cells of fish are able to kill altered (e.g. virus-infected) and foreign (allogeneic or xenogeneic) cells. The existence of natural killer (NK)-like and specific cytotoxic cells in fish was first shown using allogeneic and xenogeneic effector/target cell systems. In addition to in vivo and ex vivo studies, very important contributions were made by in vitro analysis using a number of different long-term cytotoxic cell lines established from channel catfish. In mammals, specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) as part of the adaptive immune response requires a number of key molecules expressed on effector leucocytes and target cells. CD8+ T lymphocytes kill infected cells only, if their antigen receptor (TCR) matches the MHC class I with bound peptide of the target cell. Expression patterns of the fish gene homologues for TCR, CD8 and MHC class I, as well as related genes, are in agreement with similar function. Convenient systems for the analysis of specific CMC have only recently become available for fish with the combination of clonal fish with syngeneic or allogeneic but MHC class I matching cell lines. It was demonstrated that both, NK- and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells are involved in the killing of virus infected MHC class I matching and mismatching target cells. Analysis of these lymphocyte subsets is only starting for fish. There is also evidence that the different viral proteins trigger different subsets of killer cells. This review further discusses findings on fish CMC with regard to temperature/seasons and ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Li RW, Waldbieser GC. Genomic organisation and expression of the natural killer cell enhancing factor (NKEF) gene in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 20:72-82. [PMID: 15967680 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The gene encoding Natural Killer Cell Enhancing Factor (NKEF) was identified in clones from a gynogenetic channel catfish BAC library. NKEF gene sequence (5.2 kb) was obtained by direct sequencing of BAC clones. The catfish NKEF gene contains one non-coding exon, five coding exons and five introns. A putative TATA box and other transcription factor binding sites were identified in the promoter region. The NKEF amino acid sequence is highly conserved between fish and mammals. Gene expression, measured by real-time quantitative PCR, was detected in all major tissues with the highest level of expression in stomach and heart and lowest levels in gonad and pituitary gland. Catfish NKEF mRNA levels were slightly upregulated 8 and 24 h after injection of lipopolysaccharide. A TAA-repeat microsatellite was identified in a BAC clone containing the NKEF gene, and this locus contained at least 12 alleles in a random-bred catfish population. Multipoint linkage analysis in two reference families placed the NKEF gene on linkage group U18, 5.1 cM from locus IpCG0177 (r=0.05; LOD=45.8), 6.0 cM from a novel immune type receptor, syntenic (40 cM) with T-cell receptor alpha, and not linked with MHC loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Li
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Catfish Genetics Research Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
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Haugland O, Torgersen J, Syed M, Evensen O. Expression profiles of inflammatory and immune-related genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) at early time post vaccination. Vaccine 2005; 23:5488-99. [PMID: 16098640 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 06/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of Atlantic salmon parr with oil-based vaccines will inevitably cause inflammation at the site of injection, albeit the underlying mechanisms are not very well understood or studied in any detail. Here, we report time-course changes in expression levels, assessed by real-time RT-PCR of IL-1 beta, Mx, two beta-2-microglobulin variants and MHC class II beta, from 2 to 19 days post vaccination with a multi-component oil-adjuvanted vaccine. Highly variable individual responses to vaccination make selection of high responders essential prior to subtractive analysis. Based on the above mentioned expression profiles, high-responding individuals at 2, 8 and 19 days post vaccination, were selected for subtractive analysis. Clustering of clones according to putative function, suggest an initial up-regulation of genes involved in metabolism and cell signalling, before onset of genes involved in inflammation. The lag-time for genes considered as inflammatory markers was more than 48 h, while they were found to constitute the major part of up-regulated transcripts by 8 days post vaccination. By day 19, immune-related genes like immunoglobulin and T cell-receptor genes, comprised a higher proportion of the up-regulated genes than at earlier time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyvind Haugland
- Department of pathology, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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Shida K, Terajima D, Uchino R, Ikawa S, Ikeda M, Asano K, Watanabe T, Azumi K, Nonaka M, Satou Y, Satoh N, Satake M, Kawazoe Y, Kasuya A. Hemocytes of Ciona intestinalis express multiple genes involved in innate immune host defense. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 302:207-18. [PMID: 12604333 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ascidians, which are classified as urochordata, appear to employ a primitive system of host defense that is considered to be a prototype of vertebrate innate immunity. We performed a cDNA/EST study to identify the genes expressed in the hemocytes of Ciona intestinalis. We obtained 3357 one-path reads that were then grouped into 1889 independent clusters. Although two thirds of the clusters could not be assigned to any particular gene, the remaining 530 clusters had significant homology to genes with known function. Of these, 62 clusters appeared to be related to host defense mechanisms. These include transcripts whose products are probably involved in cytotoxicity, detoxification, inflammation, and apoptosis. As expected, elements of acquired immunity were not detected. Thus, Ciona hemocytes appear to express a number of host defense-related genes involved in innate immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Shida
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Babiak I, Dobosz S, Goryczko K, Kuzminski H, Brzuzan P, Ciesielski S. Androgenesis in rainbow trout using cryopreserved spermatozoa: the effect of processing and biological factors. Theriogenology 2002; 57:1229-49. [PMID: 12013444 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(02)00631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In addition to producing homozygous lines for biomedical and genomic research and monosex stocks for commercial purposes, androgenesis is the biotechnology considered most promising and reliable for recovering complete nuclear genome information from cryopreserved fish cells. That is because procedures of cryopreserving spermatozoa, contrary to procedures for oocytes or entire eggs, are being well developed. Application of androgenesis in genome banking programs addresses the needs of both the aquaculture industry (safeguard for valuable strains and lines) and natural resource conservation (in vitro protection of endangered species or populations). The present study was focused on successful production of an androgenetic rainbow trout stock using cryopreserved spermatozoa. Our report constitutes the first time a full factorial analysis of processing and biological factors affecting androgenesis efficacy has been presented. Also for the first time, the survival of androgenetic individuals during 2 years of life was recorded. Remarkably high survival rates were observed in one of the two experiments-up to 42.5 +/- 2.8% of hatched larvae, 22.5 +/- 0.1% of swim-up larvae and 10.5% of androgenetic alevins 0.4 g. Mortality rates in androgenetic groups were high especially during the first 6 months. In all, 114 androgenetic individuals (0.9%) survived 2 years. Cryopreservation of spermatozoa generally did not affect androgenesis efficiency significantly, however, this effect was significantly dependent on the method of ploidization shock and on the duration of treatment. Significant interactions were revealed between the irradiation dose and the magnitude of pressure applied, and between the treatment of sperm and duration of pressure shock. Individual variability of spermatozoa donors significantly affected androgenesis efficiency regardless of their genetic (outbred or inbred) origin. Genetic source of the oocytes, contrary to spermatozoa, proved to be an important factor. Following findings of other researchers that androgenesis using cryopreserved spermatozoa is possible, we demonstrated that viable stock could be successfully established from cryopreserved nuclear genome information. Complex statistical analysis of previously developed procedures resulted in information-rich data regarding factorial interactions helpful for developing protocols in genome-restoration programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Babiak
- Department of Animal Biochemistry, Warmia and Mazury University in Olsztyn, Poland.
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Shin DH, Fujiki K, Nakao M, Yano T. Organization of the NKEF gene and its expression in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 25:597-606. [PMID: 11472781 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF) is a member of the newly defined peroxiredoxin (Prx) family. Its functions are to enhance the cytotoxic capacity of natural killer cells and to prevent DNA and protein from being damaged by oxidative stress in the presence of thiol compounds. However, little is known about the structure and function of NKEF in lower vertebrates. We have recently cloned a cDNA encoding NKEF from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by use of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). In the present study, we used PCR to obtain a genomic DNA which covers the entire coding region of carp NKEF. In the 3363bp-long genomic sequence, six exons and five introns were identified. The carp NKEF gene has splice donor/acceptor site sequences at the boundaries of exons and introns, and contains two Val-Cys-Pro (VCP) motifs. The exon/intron organization of the carp NKEF gene shows complete conservation with other members of the Prx family. Genomic Southern blotting analyses suggest that carp has multiple copies of the NKEF gene. RT-PCR analyses reveal that carp NKEF has very different expression levels not only in tissues but also from individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Shin
- Laboratory of Marine Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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