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Hu XX, Zhang AJ, Pan WW, Xin QL, Chen JY, Zhang LL, Chang Y, Wu YJ, Wei W. An IgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein restrains the activation of T and B cells by inhibiting IgD-IgDR-Lck signaling in rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:387-400. [PMID: 33864023 PMCID: PMC8791948 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00665-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovitis and the destruction of small joints. Emerging evidence shows that immunoglobulin D (IgD) stimulation induces T-cell activation, which may contribute to diseases pathogenesis in RA. In this study, we investigated the downstream signaling pathways by which IgD activated T cells as well as the possible role of IgD in the T-B interaction. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy controls and RA patients. We demonstrated that IgD activated T cells through IgD receptor (IgDR)-lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck)-zeta-associated protein 70 (ZAP70)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathways; IgD-induced CD4+ T cells promoted the proliferation of CD19+ B cells in RA patients. A novel fusion protein IgD-Fc-Ig (composed of human IgD-Fc domain and IgG1 Fc domain, which specifically blocked the IgD-IgDR binding) inhibited the coexpression of IgDR and phosphorylated Lck (p-Lck) and the expression levels of p-Lck, p-ZAP70, p-PI3K on CD4+ T cells, and decreased NF-κB nuclear translocation in Jurkat cells. Meanwhile, IgD-Fc-Ig downregulated the expression levels of CD40L on CD4+ T cells as well as CD40, CD86 on CD19+ B cells in RA patients and healthy controls. It also decreased the expression levels of CD40L on CD4+ T cells and CD40 on CD19+ B cells from spleens of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice and reduced IL-17A level in mouse serum. Moreover, administration of IgD-Fc-Ig (1.625-13 mg/kg, iv, twice a week for 4 weeks) in CIA mice dose-dependently decreased the protein expression levels of CD40, CD40L, and IgD in spleens. IgD-Fc-Ig restrains T-cell activation through inhibiting IgD-IgDR-Lck-ZAP70-PI3K-NF-κB signaling, thus inhibiting B-cell activation. Our data provide experimental evidences for application of IgD-Fc-Ig as a highly selective T cell-targeting treatment for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-xi Hu
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Ai-jun Zhang
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Wen-wen Pan
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Qian-ling Xin
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Jing-yu Chen
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Ling-ling Zhang
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Yan Chang
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Yu-jing Wu
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Wei Wei
- grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XInstitute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032 China
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Tai Y, Zhu Y, Mei D, Wang H, Yu Q, Hong C, Cai X, Xu L, Ge J, Liang F, Jiang C, Xue Z, Hu L, Liu R, Zhang T, Wang P, Zhang X, Zhang F, Wei W, Zhang L. IgD promotes pannus formation by activating Wnt5A-Fzd5-CTHRC1-NF-κB signaling pathway in FLS of CIA rats and the regulation of IgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108261. [PMID: 34688134 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, cartilage degeneration, bone erosion, and pannus. Immunoglobulin D (IgD) plays an important role in autoimmune diseases although the content of it in vivo is low. Increased concentrations of anti-IgD autoantibodies have been detected in many RA patients. IgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein is constructed by connecting human IgD Fc domain and IgG1 Fc domain, which specifically block the IgD/ IgDR pathway and regulate the function of cells expressing IgDR to treat RA. The expression levels of Wnt5A and Frizzled 5 are higher in RA synovial tissue specimens. The complex of Wnt5A-Fzd5-LRP5/6-CTHRC1 promotes the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α by activating nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), leading to high expression of VEGF and participating in angiogenesis. VEGF is the strongest angiogenic factor found so far. Here, we aimed to explore whether IgD participates in synovitis by binding to IgDR and regulating the activation of Wnt5A-Fzd5-CTHRC1-NF-κB signaling pathway in fibroblast synovial cells (FLSs), whether IgD-Fc-Ig fusion protein inhibits VEGF production in FLS of CIA and explore mechanism. We found that IgDR is expressed on MH7A and FLS. IgD promotes VEGF expression by activating Wnt5A-Fzd5-CTHRC1-NF-κB signaling pathway in MH7A and FLS. After activation of Fzd5 with Wnt5A, IgD-Fc-Ig reduced VEGF-A level in the culture supernatant of MH7A stimulation by IgD. The expressions of CTHRC1, Fzd5, p-P65 and VEGF in MH7A and FLSs were down-regulated after IgD-Fc-Ig treatment. IgD-Fc-Ig suppressed the combination of CTHRC1 and Fzd5 as well. By using the animal model, we demonstrated that IgD-Fc-Ig suppress ankle CTHRC1 and Fzd5 production resulted in inhibition of index of joint inflammation of CIA rats, which were consistent with vitro results. Conclusively, IgD-Fc-Ig inhibits IgD and Wnt5A-induced angiogenesis and joint inflammation by suppressing the combination of CTHRC1 and Fzd5. Our results show that IgD-Fc-Ig exerts its suppressive effect on IgD and Wnt5A by Wnt5A-Fzd5-CTHRC1-NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Dan Mei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Han Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chongyang Hong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Li Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jinru Ge
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Faqin Liang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chunru Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ziyang Xue
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ruijin Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tianjing Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xianzheng Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Department of Pharmacy, Fuyang Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Fuyang 236000, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China; Anti-inflammatory Immune Drug Collaborative Innovation Center, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China; Rheumatoid Arthritis Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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3
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Ren T, Tan Z, Ehamparanathan V, Lewandowski A, Ghose S, Li ZJ. Antibody disulfide bond reduction and recovery during biopharmaceutical process development-A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2829-2844. [PMID: 33844277 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody disulfide bond reduction has been a challenging issue in monoclonal antibody manufacturing. It could lead to a decrease of product purity and failure to meet the targeted product profile and/or specifications. More importantly, disulfide bond reduction could also impact drug safety and efficacy. Scientists across the industry have been examining the root causes and developing mitigation strategies to address the challenge. In recent years, with the development of high titer mammalian cell culture processes to meet the rapidly growing demand for antibody biopharmaceuticals, disulfide bond reduction has been observed more frequently. Thus, it is necessary to continue evolving the disulfide reduction mitigation strategies and developing novel approaches to maintain high product quality. Additionally, in recent years as more complex molecules (such as bispecific and trispecific antibodies) emerge, the molecular heterogeneity due to incomplete formation of the interchain disulfide bonds becomes a more imperative challenging issue. Given the disulfide reduction challenges that biotech industry is facing, in this review, we provide a comprehensive scientific summary of the root cause analysis of disulfide reduction during process development of antibody therapeutics, mitigation strategies and its potential remediated recovery based on published papers. First, this paper intends to highlight different aspects of the root cause for disulfide reduction. Secondly, to provide a broader understanding of the disulfide bond reduction in downstream process, this paper discusses disulfide bond reduction impact on product stability, associated analytical methods for disulfide bond reduction detection and characterization, process control strategies as well as their manufacturing implementation. In addition, brief perspectives on the development of future mitigation strategies are also reviewed, including platform alignment, mitigation strategy application for the emerging new modalities such as bispecific and trispecific antibodies as well as using machine learning to identify molecule susceptibility of disulfide bond reduction. The data in this review are originated from the published papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Ren
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Vivekh Ehamparanathan
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Angela Lewandowski
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
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Nguyen TG. The therapeutic implications of activated immune responses via the enigmatic immunoglobulin D. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 41:107-122. [PMID: 33410368 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1861265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an enigmatic antibody and the least appreciated member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) family. Since its discovery over half a century ago, the essence of its function in the immune system has been somewhat enigmatic and less well-defined than other antibody classes. Membrane-bound IgD (mIgD) is mostly recognized as B-cell receptor (BCR) while secreted IgD (sIgD) has been recently implicated in 'arming' basophils and mast cells in mucosal innate immunity. Activations of immune responses via mIgD-BCR or sIgD by specific antigens or anti-IgD antibody thereby produce a broad and complex mix of cellular, antibody and cytokine responses from both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Such broadly activated immune responses via IgD were initially deemed to potentiate and exacerbate the onset of autoimmune and allergic conditions. Paradoxically, treatments with anti-IgD antibody suppressed and ameliorated autoimmune conditions and allergic inflammations in mouse models without compromising the host's general immune defence, demonstrating a unique and novel therapeutic application for anti-IgD antibody treatment. Herein, this review endeavored to collate and summarize the evidence of the unique characteristics and features of activated immune responses via mIgD-BCR and sIgD that revealed an unappreciated immune-regulatory function of IgD in the immune system via an amplifying loop of anti-inflammatory Th2 and tolerogenic responses, and highlighted a novel therapeutic paradigm in harnessing these immune responses to treat human autoimmune and allergic conditions.
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Oudinet C, Braikia FZ, Dauba A, Khamlichi AA. Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination by IgH transcriptional control elements. Adv Immunol 2020; 147:89-137. [PMID: 32981636 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Class switch recombination (CSR) plays an important role in humoral immunity by generating antibodies with different effector functions. CSR to a particular antibody isotype is induced by external stimuli, and occurs between highly repetitive switch (S) sequences. CSR requires transcription across S regions, which generates long non-coding RNAs and secondary structures that promote accessibility of S sequences to activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). AID initiates DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) intermediates that are repaired by general DNA repair pathways. Switch transcription is controlled by various regulatory elements, including enhancers and insulators. The current paradigm posits that transcriptional control of CSR involves long-range chromatin interactions between regulatory elements and chromatin loops-stabilizing factors, which promote alignment of partner S regions in a CSR centre (CSRC) and initiation of CSR. In this review, we focus on the role of IgH transcriptional control elements in CSR and the chromatin-based mechanisms underlying this control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Oudinet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Fatima-Zohra Braikia
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Dauba
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Ahmed Amine Khamlichi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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Ling WL, Lua WH, Gan SKE. Sagacity in antibody humanization for therapeutics, diagnostics and research purposes: considerations of antibody elements and their roles. Antib Ther 2020; 3:71-79. [PMID: 33928226 PMCID: PMC7990220 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The humanization of antibodies for therapeutics is a critical process that can determine the success of antibody drug development. However, the science underpinning this process remains elusive with different laboratories having very different methods. Well-funded laboratories can afford automated high-throughput screening methods to derive their best binder utilizing a very expensive initial set of equipment affordable only to a few. Often within these high-throughput processes, only standard key parameters, such as production, binding and aggregation are analyzed. Given the lack of suitable animal models, it is only at clinical trials that immunogenicity and allergy adverse effects are detected through anti-human antibodies as per FDA guidelines. While some occurrences that slip through can be mitigated by additional desensitization protocols, such adverse reactions to grafted humanized antibodies can be prevented at the humanization step. Considerations such as better antibody localization, avoidance of unspecific interactions to superantigens and the tailoring of antibody dependent triggering of immune responses, the antibody persistence on cells, can all be preemptively considered through a holistic sagacious approach, allowing for better outcomes in therapy and for research and diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Ling
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671
| | - Wai-Heng Lua
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671
- p53 Laboratory, ASTAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, #06-04/05 Neuros/Immunos, Singapore 138648
- Experimental Drug Development Center, ASTAR, 10 Biopolis Road, #05-01, Chromos, Singapore 138670
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Slieman TA, Leheste J. Introduction to immunological techniques in the clinical laboratory. J Microbiol Methods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Tan C, Noviski M, Huizar J, Zikherman J. Self-reactivity on a spectrum: A sliding scale of peripheral B cell tolerance. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:37-60. [PMID: 31631352 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient mechanisms of central tolerance, including receptor editing and deletion, prevent highly self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs) from populating the periphery. Despite this, modest self-reactivity persists in (and may even be actively selected into) the mature B cell repertoire. In this review, we discuss new insights into mechanisms of peripheral B cell tolerance that restrain mature B cells from mounting inappropriate responses to endogenous antigens, and place recent work into historical context. In particular, we discuss new findings that have arisen from application of a novel in vivo reporter of BCR signaling, Nur77-eGFP, expression of which scales with the degree of self-reactivity in both monoclonal and polyclonal B cell repertoires. We discuss new and historical evidence that self-reactivity is not just tolerated, but actively selected into the peripheral repertoire. We review recent progress in understanding how dual expression of the IgM and IgD BCR isotypes on mature naive follicular B cells tunes responsiveness to endogenous antigen recognition, and discuss how this may be integrated with other features of clonal anergy. Finally, we discuss how expression of Nur77 itself couples chronic antigen stimulation with B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Tan
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Huizar
- School of Medicine, HHMI Medical Fellows Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Colostrum Antibodies, Egg Antibodies and Monoclonal Antibodies Providing Passive Immunity for Animals. NUTRACEUTICALS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123268 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Passive immunity can be provided to animals by several sources of antibodies including from colostrum, avian eggs, and monoclonal sources. These antibodies have been shown protect production and companion animals from a number of pathogens. This chapter reviews the immune system for the principles of immune response to antigens and the synthesis of immunoglobulins of the five classes of antibodies in the body. Colostrum antibodies are described for passive immunity protection in animals such as calves. Chicken egg antibodies are another source of antibodies for passive immunity. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are also used to provide passive immunity in the veterinary field.
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10
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Zhai GT, Wang H, Li JX, Cao PP, Jiang WX, Song J, Yao Y, Wang ZC, Wang ZZ, Wang MC, Liao B, Feng QM, Lu X, Wang H, Gao P, Liu Z. IgD-activated mast cells induce IgE synthesis in B cells in nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1489-1499.e23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Noviski M, Zikherman J. Control of autoreactive B cells by IgM and IgD B cell receptors: maintaining a fine balance. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 55:67-74. [PMID: 30292928 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A substantial fraction of mature naïve B cells recognize endogenous antigens, and this autoreactivity must be controlled to prevent autoantibody secretion. Selective downregulation of the IgM BCR on autoreactive B cells has long been appreciated, and recent findings illustrate how this might impose tolerance. The BCR isotype maintained on autoreactive B cells, IgD, is less sensitive to endogenous antigens than IgM. This reduced sensitivity may be conferred by structural properties of IgD and/or differential association with activating and inhibitory co-receptors. Once activated, autoreactive B cells are normally excluded from rapid plasma cell responses, but they can enter the germinal center and lose their autoreactivity through a mutation-selection process termed clonal redemption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noviski
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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12
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Olivieri DN, Gambón Deza F. Immunoglobulin genes in Primates. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:353-363. [PMID: 30036801 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Five classes of immunoglobulins are known to exist in mammals. The number of isotypes of classes G, E and A varies among species for unknown reasons. Here, a study of the presence of immunoglobulin genes in Primates was carried out from the genomes and transcriptomes deposited in the NCBI repository. For this, a machine learning application based upon neural networks was implemented that scans the genomes and identifies the exon sequences that encode the immunoglobulin CH domains. From these exons, the immunoglobulins that each species possess can be inferred. Also, the presence of sequences outside the IGHC locus was found which were produced by retrotranscription of RNA that are probably not viable. From this study, the distribution of immunoglobulin genes across primate orders is described in detail. In Prosimians, IgD genes are not found; in Platyrrhines, a gene is identified for each of the immunoglobulin classes but the IgD gene does not have the CH2 exon; in the Cercopithecidae family, a gene is detected for each class in the Colobinae family, while in Cercopithecidae the genes for IgG have been duplicated several times. In hominids, a greater number of duplications that include the genes that code for IgA and IgE are observed. These results indicate that from the appearance of the Cercopithecidae, there is an evolutionary instability in the Ig locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Olivieri
- School of Computer Science, University of Vigo, Ourense 32004, Spain.
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13
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Allosteric Effects between the Antibody Constant and Variable Regions: A Study of IgA Fc Mutations on Antigen Binding. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7020020. [PMID: 31544872 PMCID: PMC6698812 DOI: 10.3390/antib7020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies have shifted the paradigm of disease treatments from small molecules to biologics, especially in cancer therapy. Despite the increasing number of antibody candidates, much remains unknown about the antibody and how its various regions interact. Recent findings showed that the antibody constant region can govern localization effects that are useful in reducing side effects due to systemic circulation by the commonly used IgG isotypes. Given their localized mucosal effects, IgA antibodies are increasingly promising therapeutic biologics. While the antibody Fc effector cell activity has been a focus point, recent research showed that the Fc could also influence antigen binding, challenging the conventional idea of region-specific antibody functions. To investigate this, we analysed the IgA antibody constant region and its distal effects on the antigen binding regions using recombinant Pertuzumab IgA1 and IgA2 variants. We found that mutations in the C-region reduced Her2 binding experimentally, and computational structural analysis showed that allosteric communications were highly dependent on the antibody hinge, providing strong evidence that we should consider antibodies as whole proteins rather than a sum of functional regions.
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Issaoui H, Ghazzaui N, Denizot Y. L’énigmatique recombinaison isotypique vers les IgD. Med Sci (Paris) 2018; 34:294-296. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20183404005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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15
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Lua WH, Ling WL, Yeo JY, Poh JJ, Lane DP, Gan SKE. The effects of Antibody Engineering CH and CL in Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab recombinant models: Impact on antibody production and antigen-binding. Sci Rep 2018; 8:718. [PMID: 29335579 PMCID: PMC5768722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18892-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutic antibodies such as Trastuzumab, are typically of the blood circulatory IgG1 class (Cκ/ CHγ1). Due to the binding to Her2 also present on normal cell surfaces, side effects such as cardiac failure can sometimes be associated with such targeted therapy. Using antibody isotype swapping, it may be possible to reduce systemic circulation through increased tissue localization, thereby minimising unwanted side effects. However, the effects of such modifications have yet to be fully characterized, particularly with regards to their biophysical properties in antigen binding. To do this, we produced all light and heavy chain human isotypes/subtypes recombinant versions of Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab, and studied them with respect to recombinant production and Her2 binding. Our findings show that while the light chain constant region changes have no major effects on production or Her2 binding, some heavy chain isotypes, in particularly, IgM and IgD isotypes, can modulate antigen binding. This study thus provides the groundwork for such isotype modifications to be performed in the future to yield therapeutics of higher efficacy and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Heng Lua
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Li Ling
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua Yi Yeo
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun-Jie Poh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Philip Lane
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. .,p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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16
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Banerjee R, Patel B, Basu M, Lenka SS, Paicha M, Samanta M, Das S. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of immunoglobulin D on pathogen challenge and pathogen associated molecular patterns stimulation in freshwater carp, Catla catla. Microbiol Immunol 2017; 61:452-458. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajanya Banerjee
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology; Department of Life; Science; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008
| | - Bhakti Patel
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology; Department of Life; Science; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008
| | - Madhubanti Basu
- Fish Health Management Division; Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture; Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002 Odisha India
| | - Saswati S. Lenka
- Fish Health Management Division; Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture; Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002 Odisha India
| | - Mahismita Paicha
- Fish Health Management Division; Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture; Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002 Odisha India
| | - Mrinal Samanta
- Fish Health Management Division; Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture; Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002 Odisha India
| | - Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology; Department of Life; Science; National Institute of Technology; Rourkela 769008
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Rigante
- Institute of Pediatrics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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18
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Cytokine signatures in hereditary fever syndromes (HFS). Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 33:19-34. [PMID: 27916611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary fever syndromes (HFS) include a group of disorders characterized by recurrent self-limited episodes of fever accompanied by inflammatory manifestations occurring in the absence of infection or autoimmune reaction. Advances in the genetics of HFS have led to the identification of new gene families and pathways involved in the regulation of inflammation and innate immunity. The key role of several cytokine networks in the pathogenesis of HFS has been underlined by several groups, and supported by the rapid response of patients to targeted cytokine blocking therapies. This can be due to the direct effect of cytokine overproduction or to an absence of receptor antagonist resulting in dysbalance of downstream pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine networks. The aim of this study was to present an overview and to discuss the major concepts regarding the cellular and molecular immunology of HFS, with a particular focus on their specific cytokine signatures and physiopathological implications. Based on their molecular and cellular mechanisms, HFS have been classified into intrinsic and extrinsic IL-1β activation disorders or inflammasomopathies, and protein misfolding disorders. This review integrates all recent data in an updated classification of HFS.
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Kar B, Mohapatra A, Mohanty J, Sahoo PK. Transcriptional changes in three immunoglobulin isotypes of rohu, Labeo rohita in response to Argulus siamensis infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:28-33. [PMID: 26306856 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin heavy chains of three isotypes viz., IgM, IgD and IgT/IgZ are described in teleosts. In this study, a challenge experiment with an ectoparasite Argulus siamensis was conducted to evaluate the changes in adaptive immune response by quantitation of expression of Ig heavy chains in skin, head kidney and mucus of infected rohu, Labeo rohita. Rohu were challenged with 100 metanauplii of A. siamensis/fish. Head kidney, skin and mucus samples were collected at 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 3 d, 7 d, 15 d and 30 d by sacrificing four fish each from infected and control groups at each time point. The expression of IgM, IgD and IgZ in these tissues were measured by reverse transcription real time quantitative PCR. IgM level was found to reach its peak significantly 30 d post-infection in head kidney tissue, while IgM transcripts were below detectable range in skin and mucus at all time points. IgZ and IgD levels were significantly up-regulated post-infection in all the three tissue samples. Early up-regulation of IgD was observed in skin and mucus, compared to head kidney. This study showed that parasitic invasion can trigger varied expressions of immunoglobulin types to provide systemic as well as local protection in the host. In particular, the appearance of high level of expression of IgZ and IgD in skin and mucus will pave the way for vaccine development against A. siamensis which feeds on those tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banya Kar
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751 002, Odisha, India.
| | - Amruta Mohapatra
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751 002, Odisha, India.
| | - Jyotirmaya Mohanty
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751 002, Odisha, India.
| | - Pramoda Kumar Sahoo
- Fish Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751 002, Odisha, India.
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20
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Saintamand A, Lecron JC, Morel F, Cogné M, Denizot Y. Comment on "IgH chain class switch recombination: mechanism and regulation". THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2039-40. [PMID: 25710954 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Saintamand
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Université de Limoges, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Jean Claude Lecron
- EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Université de Poitiers, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France; and
| | - Franck Morel
- EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, 86022 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Michel Cogné
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Université de Limoges, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Yves Denizot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Université de Limoges, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France;
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22
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23
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Rouaud P, Saintamand A, Saad F, Carrion C, Lecardeur S, Cogné M, Denizot Y. Elucidation of the enigmatic IgD class-switch recombination via germline deletion of the IgH 3' regulatory region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:975-85. [PMID: 24752300 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Classical class-switch recombination (cCSR) substitutes the Cμ gene with Cγ, Cε, or Cα, thereby generating IgG, IgE, or IgA classes, respectively. This activation-induced deaminase (AID)-driven process is controlled by the IgH 3' regulatory region (3'RR). Regulation of rare IgD CSR events has been enigmatic. We show that μδCSR occurs in mouse mesenteric lymph node (MLN) B cells and is AID-dependent. AID attacks differ from those in cCSR because they are not accompanied by extensive somatic hypermutation (SHM) of targeted regions and because repaired junctions exhibit features of the alternative end-joining (A-EJ) pathway. In contrast to cCSR and SHM, μδCSR is 3'RR-independent, as its absence affects neither breakpoint locations in Sμ- and Sδ-like (σ(δ)) nor mutation patterns at Sμ-σ(δ) junctions. Although mutations occur in the immediate proximity of the μδ junctions, SHM is absent distal to the junctions within both Sμ and rearranged VDJ regions. In conclusion, μδCSR is active in MLNs, occurs independently of 3'RR-driven assembly, and is even dramatically increased in 3'RR-deficient mice, further showing that its regulation differs from cCSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Rouaud
- UMR CNRS 7276, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Limoges, 87025 Limoges, France
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24
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Mast cells, basophils and B cell connection network. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:94-103. [PMID: 24671125 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been proven that both resting and activated mast cells (MCs) and basophils are able to induce a significant increase in proliferation and survival of naïve and activated B cells, and their differentiation into antibody-producing cells. The immunological context in which this regulation occurs is of particular interest and the idea that these innate cells induce antibody class switching and production is increasingly gaining ground. This direct role of MCs and basophils in acquired immunity requires cell to cell contact as well as soluble factors and exosomes. Here, we review our current understanding of the interaction between B cells and MCs or basophils as well as the evidence supporting B lymphocyte-MC/basophil crosstalk in pathological settings. Furthermore, we underline the obscure aspects of this interaction that could serve as important starting points for future research in the field of MC and basophil biology in the peculiar context of the connection between innate and adaptive immunity.
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25
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Abstract
Antibody-based immunotherapies are important therapy options in human oncology. Although human humoral specific immunity is constituted of five different immunoglobulin classes, currently only IgG-based immunotherapies have proceeded to clinical application. This review, however, discusses the benefits and difficulties of IgE-based immunotherapy of cancer, with special emphasis on how to translate promising preclinical results into clinical studies. Pursuing the “Comparative Oncology” approach, novel drug candidates are investigated in clinical trials with veterinary cancer patients, most often dogs. By this strategy drug development could be speeded up, animal experiments could be reduced and novel therapy options could be introduced benefitting humans as well as man’s best friend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Singer
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna, and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Singh K, Nordström T, Mörgelin M, Brant M, Cardell LO, Riesbeck K. Haemophilus influenzae resides in tonsils and uses immunoglobulin D binding as an evasion strategy. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1418-28. [PMID: 24218509 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) causes respiratory tract infections and is also considered to be a commensal, particularly in preschool children. Tonsils from patients (n = 617) undergoing tonsillectomy due to chronic infection or hypertrophy were examined. We found that 51% of tonsils were positive for Hi, and in 95% of cases analyzed in detail (n = 39) Hi resided intracellularly in the core tonsillar tissue. Patients harbored several intracellular unique strains and the majority were nontypeable Hi (NTHi). Interestingly, the isolated NTHi bound soluble immunoglobulin (Ig) D at the constant heavy chain domain 1 as revealed by recombinant IgD/IgG chimeras. NTHi also interacted with B lymphocytes via the IgD B-cell receptor, resulting in internalization of bacteria, T-cell-independent activation via Toll-like receptor 9, and differentiation into non-NTHi-specific IgM-producing cells. Taken together, IgD-binding NTHi leads to an unspecific immune response and may support the bacteria to circumvent the host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Singh
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Malmö
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27
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Allergen-specific IgG antibodies purified from mite-allergic patients sera block the IgE recognition of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigens: an in vitro study. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:657424. [PMID: 24069042 PMCID: PMC3771262 DOI: 10.1155/2013/657424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the purposes of specific immunotherapy (SIT) is to modulate humoral immune response against allergens with significant increases in allergen-specific IgG levels, commonly associated with blocking activity. The present study investigated in vitro blocking activity of allergen-specific IgG antibodies on IgE reactivity to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpt) in sera from atopic patients. Dpt-specific IgG antibodies were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by protein-G affinity chromatography. Purity was checked by SDS-PAGE and immunoreactivity by slot-blot and immunoblot assays. The blocking activity was evaluated by inhibition ELISA. The electrophoretic profile of the ammonium sulfate precipitated fraction showed strongly stained bands in ligand fraction after chromatography, compatible with molecular weight of human whole IgG molecule. The purity degree was confirmed by detecting strong immunoreactivity to IgG, negligible to IgA, and no reactivity to IgE and IgM. Dpt-specific IgG fraction was capable of significantly reducing levels of IgE anti-Dpt, resulting in 35%–51% inhibition of IgE reactivity to Dpt in atopic patients sera. This study showed that allergen-specific IgG antibodies purified from mite-allergic patients sera block the IgE recognition of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus antigens. This approach reinforces that intermittent measurement of serum allergen-specific IgG antibodies will be an important objective laboratorial parameter that will help specialists to follow their patients under SIT.
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Horton RE, Vidarsson G. Antibodies and their receptors: different potential roles in mucosal defense. Front Immunol 2013; 4:200. [PMID: 23882268 PMCID: PMC3712224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over recent years it has become increasingly apparent that mucosal antibodies are not only restricted to the IgM and IgA isotypes, but that also other isotypes and particularly IgG can be found in significant quantities at some mucosal surfaces, such as in the genital tract. Their role is more complex than traditionally believed with, among other things, the discovery of novel function of mucosal immunoglobulin receptors. A thorough knowledge in the source and function and mucosal immunoglobulins is particularly important in development of vaccines providing mucosal immunity, and also in the current climate of microbicide development, to combat major world health issues such as HIV. We present here a comprehensive review of human antibody mediated mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Horton
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University , Gold Coast, QLD , Australia
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29
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Gressner AM, Arndt T. I. LEXIKON DER MEDIZINISCHEN LABORATORIUMSDIAGNOSTIK 2013. [PMCID: PMC7123635 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12921-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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30
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Smith LE, Crouch K, Cao W, Müller MR, Wu L, Steven J, Lee M, Liang M, Flajnik MF, Shih HH, Barelle CJ, Paulsen J, Gill DS, Dooley H. Characterization of the immunoglobulin repertoire of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:665-679. [PMID: 22040740 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The cartilaginous fish (chimeras, sharks, skates and rays) are the oldest group relative to mammals in which an adaptive immune system founded upon immunoglobulins has been found. In this manuscript we characterize the immunoglobulins of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) at both the molecular and expressed protein levels. Despite the presence of hundreds of IgM clusters in this species the serum levels of this isotype are comparatively low. However, analysis of cDNA sequences and serum protein suggests microheterogeneity in the IgM heavy chains and supports the proposal that different clusters are preferentially used in the two forms (monomer or pentamer) of this isotype. We also found that the IgNAR isotype in this species exists in a previously unknown multimeric format in serum. Finally, we identified a new form of the IgW isotype (the shark IgD orthologue), in which the leader is spliced directly to the first constant domain, resulting in a molecule lacking an antigen-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Smith
- Global Biotherapeutics Technologies, Pfizer Inc., Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZS, United Kingdom
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31
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Brandtzaeg P. Potential of Nasopharynx-associated Lymphoid Tissue for Vaccine Responses in the Airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:1595-604. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201011-1783oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are colonized by large communities of commensal bacteria and represent the primary site of entry for pathogenic agents. To prevent microbial intrusion, mucosal B cells release large amounts of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules through multiple follicular and extrafollicular pathways. IgA is the most abundant antibody isotype in mucosal secretions and owes its success in frontline immunity to its ability to undergo transcytosis across epithelial cells. In addition to translocating IgA onto the mucosal surface, epithelial cells educate the mucosal immune system as to the composition of the local microbiota and instruct B cells to initiate IgA responses that generate immune protection while preserving immune homeostasis. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the cellular interactions and signaling pathways governing IgA production at mucosal surfaces and discuss new findings on the regulation and function of mucosal IgD, the most enigmatic isotype of our mucosal antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cerutti
- ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Spain.
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33
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Chen K, Cerutti A. The function and regulation of immunoglobulin D. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:345-52. [PMID: 21353515 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries of IgD in ancient vertebrates suggest that IgD has been preserved in evolution from fish to human for important immunological functions. A non-canonical form of class switching from IgM to IgD occurs in the human upper respiratory mucosa to generate IgD-secreting B cells that bind respiratory bacteria and their products. In addition to enhancing mucosal immunity, IgD class-switched B cells enter the circulation to 'arm' basophils and other innate immune cells with secreted IgD. Although the nature of the IgD receptor remains elusive, cross-linking of IgD on basophils stimulates release of immunoactivating, proinflammatory and antimicrobial mediators. This pathway is dysregulated in autoinflammatory disorders such as hyper-IgD syndrome, indicating that IgD orchestrates an ancestral surveillance system at the interface between immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave, L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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34
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) has remained a mysterious antibody class for almost half a century. IgD was initially thought to be a recently evolved Ig isotype expressed only by some mammalian species, but recent discoveries in fishes and amphibians demonstrate that IgD was present in the ancestor of all jawed vertebrates and has important immunological functions. The structure of IgD has been very dynamic throughout evolution. Mammals can express IgD through alternative splicing and class switch recombination. Active cell-dependent and T-cell-independent IgM-to-IgD class switching takes place in a unique subset of human B cells from the upper aerodigestive mucosa, which provides a layer of mucosal protection by interacting with many pathogens and their virulence factors. Circulating IgD can bind to myeloid cells such as basophils and induce antimicrobial, inflammatory, and B-cell-stimulating factors upon cross-linking, which contributes to not only immune surveillance but also inflammation and tissue damage when this pathway is overactivated under pathological conditions. Recent research shows that IgD is an important immunomodulator that orchestrates an ancestral surveillance system at the interface between immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Abundant evidence supports the notion that human intestinal plasma cells are largely derived from B cells initially activated in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Nevertheless, insufficient knowledge exists about the uptake, processing, and presentation of luminal antigens occurring in GALT to accomplish priming and sustained expansion of mucosal B cells. Also, it is unclear how the germinal center reaction so strikingly promotes class switch to IgA and expression of J chain, although the commensal microbiota appears to contribute to both diversification and memory. B-cell migration from GALT to the intestinal lamina propria is guided by rather well-defined adhesion molecules and chemokines/chemokine receptors, but the cues directing homing to secretory effector sites beyond the gut require better definition. In this respect, the role of human Waldeyer's ring (including adenoids and the palatine tonsils) as a regional mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue must be better defined, although the balance of evidence suggests that it functions as nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) like the characteristic NALT structures in rodents. Altogether, data suggest a remarkable compartmentalization of the mucosal immune system that must be taken into account in the development of effective local vaccines to protect specifically the airways, small and large intestines, and the female genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Department and Institute of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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IgD Multiple Myeloma Paraproteinemia as a Cause of Myositis. Neurol Res Int 2010; 2010:808474. [PMID: 21188228 PMCID: PMC3003993 DOI: 10.1155/2010/808474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A 48-years old man was diagnosed an IgD-k multiple myeloma (MM) at age 38 years for which he successfully underwent chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant. He then developed a graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) whose manifestations included, three years later, a polymyositis, diagnosed at muscle biopsy and successfully treated with steroids. Few months after polymyositis remission, myeloma relapsed and the patient was treated with thalidomide for six years with good remission. Soon after thalidomide suspension, MM relapsed again and the patient came to our observation for a new onset of neuromuscular symptoms. He underwent both muscle and peripheral nerve biopsy to discriminate between myositis (paraproteinemia versus GVHD), amyloidosis, and thalidomide toxicity. The first muscle biopsy showed an inflammatory pattern with necrotic fibres, macrophagical invasion (CD68 positive), rare interstitial cellular infiltrates (CD8 positive and CD4 negative), widespread anti-HLA positivity and negative antiMAC. The second muscle biopsy showed the same inflammatory pattern plus an involvement of blood vessels. Direct immunofluorescence for IgD showed diffuse positivity along the sarcolemmal in both muscle biopsies. Sural nerve biopsy demonstrated both demyelinating and axonal aspects with no inflammatory infiltrates, but positivity for HLA and MAC. Congo Red was negative in both skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve.
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Asztalos S, Gann PH, Hayes MK, Nonn L, Beam CA, Dai Y, Wiley EL, Tonetti DA. Gene expression patterns in the human breast after pregnancy. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:301-11. [PMID: 20179293 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have established that pregnancy has a bidirectional, time-dependent effect on breast cancer risk; a period of elevated risk is followed by a long-term period of protection. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether pregnancy and involution are associated with gene expression changes in the normal breast, and whether such changes are transient or persistent. We examined the expression of a customized gene set in normal breast tissue from nulliparous, recently pregnant (0-2 years since pregnancy), and distantly pregnant (5-10 years since pregnancy) age-matched premenopausal women. This gene set included breast cancer biomarkers and genes related to immune/inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, and hormone signaling. Laser capture microdissection and RNA extraction were done from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded reduction mammoplasty and benign biopsy specimens and analyzed using real-time PCR arrays containing 59 pathway-specific and 5 housekeeping genes. We report 14 of 64 (22%) of the selected gene set to be differentially regulated (at P < 0.05 level) in nulliparous versus parous breast tissues. Based on gene set analysis, inflammation-associated genes were significantly upregulated as a group in both parous groups compared with nulliparous women (P = 0.03). Moreover, parous subjects had significantly reduced expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha, ESR1), progesterone receptor (PGR), and ERBB2 (Her2/neu) and 2-fold higher estrogen receptor-beta (ESR2) expression compared with nulliparous subjects. These initial data, among the first on gene expression in samples of normal human breast, provide intriguing clues about the mechanisms behind the time-dependent effects of pregnancy on breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilard Asztalos
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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39
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Chen K, Xu W, Wilson M, He B, Miller NW, Bengtén E, Edholm ES, Santini PA, Rath P, Chiu A, Cattalini M, Litzman J, B Bussel J, Huang B, Meini A, Riesbeck K, Cunningham-Rundles C, Plebani A, Cerutti A. Immunoglobulin D enhances immune surveillance by activating antimicrobial, proinflammatory and B cell-stimulating programs in basophils. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:889-98. [PMID: 19561614 PMCID: PMC2785232 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an enigmatic antibody isotype that mature B cells co-express with IgM through alternative RNA splicing. We found active T cell-dependent and T cell-independent IgM-to-IgD class switching in human upper respiratory mucosa B cells. This process required activation-induced cytidine deaminase and generated local and circulating IgD-producing plasmablasts reactive to respiratory bacteria. Circulating IgD bound to basophils through a calcium-mobilizing receptor that induced antimicrobial, opsonizing, inflammatory and B cell-stimulating factors including cathelicidin, interleukin-1, interleukin-4 and B cell-activating factor BAFF upon IgD cross-linking. By showing dysregulation of IgD class-switched B cells and IgD-armed basophils in autoinflammatory syndromes with periodic fever, our data indicate that IgD orchestrates an ancestral surveillance system at the interface between immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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40
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Smith AC, de Wolff JF, Molyneux K, Feehally J, Barratt J. Abnormal IgD and IgA1 O-glycosylation in hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D and periodic fever syndrome. Clin Exp Med 2009; 17:1192-9. [PMID: 16510764 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2005101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the glycosylation pattern for IgD, and to examine whether there are changes in the pattern of IgD and IgA1 O-glycosylation in patients with hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D and periodic fever syndrome (HIDS) during acute febrile attacks and during periods of quiescence, serum was obtained from 20 patients with HIDS and 20 control subjects. In the HIDS group, serum was obtained either during an acute febrile episode (n = 9) or during a period of quiescence (n = 11). The O-glycosylation profiles of native and desialylated IgA1 and IgD were measured in an ELISA-type system using the lectins Helix aspersa and peanut agglutinin, which bind to alternative forms of O-glycan moieties. IgD is more heavily O-galactosylated and less O-sialylated than IgA1 in healthy subjects. HIDS is associated with more extensive O-galactosylation of IgD and a reduction in O-sialylation of both IgD and IgA1. These changes are present both during acute febrile attacks and periods of quiescence. The T cell IgD receptor is a lectin with binding affinity for the O-glycans of both IgD and IgA1. The observed changes in IgD and IgA1 O-glycosylation are likely to have a significant effect on IgD/IgA1-T cell IgD receptor interactions including basal immunoglobulin synthesis, and possibly myeloid IgD receptor-mediated cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C Smith
- John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK.
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41
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Abnormal IgD and IgA1 O-glycosylation in hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D and periodic fever syndrome. Clin Exp Med 2009; 9:291-6. [PMID: 19543954 PMCID: PMC2759005 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-009-0056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the glycosylation pattern for IgD, and to examine whether there are changes in the pattern of IgD and IgA1 O-glycosylation in patients with hyperimmunoglobulinaemia D and periodic fever syndrome (HIDS) during acute febrile attacks and during periods of quiescence, serum was obtained from 20 patients with HIDS and 20 control subjects. In the HIDS group, serum was obtained either during an acute febrile episode (n = 9) or during a period of quiescence (n = 11). The O-glycosylation profiles of native and desialylated IgA1 and IgD were measured in an ELISA-type system using the lectins Helix aspersa and peanut agglutinin, which bind to alternative forms of O-glycan moieties. IgD is more heavily O-galactosylated and less O-sialylated than IgA1 in healthy subjects. HIDS is associated with more extensive O-galactosylation of IgD and a reduction in O-sialylation of both IgD and IgA1. These changes are present both during acute febrile attacks and periods of quiescence. The T cell IgD receptor is a lectin with binding affinity for the O-glycans of both IgD and IgA1. The observed changes in IgD and IgA1 O-glycosylation are likely to have a significant effect on IgD/IgA1–T cell IgD receptor interactions including basal immunoglobulin synthesis, and possibly myeloid IgD receptor-mediated cytokine release.
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42
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Overed-Sayer CL, Mosedale DE, Goodall M, Grainger DJ. Measurement of human serum IgD levels. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2009; Chapter 2:2.9B.1-2.9B.7. [PMID: 19347847 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im0209bs85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes an ELISA for the quantitative measurement of IgD levels in human serum. The ELISA is highly specific and sensitive, with a minimum detectable concentration of 30 pg/ml and more than 10,000-fold specificity for IgD over all other human immunoglobulins. Linear dilution characteristics enable measurement of IgD concentrations ranging over 5 orders of magnitude. These factors are vital for the IgD assay, since IgD makes up only a small proportion of the total immunoglobulins present in normal sera, and IgD serum concentrations are known to vary widely between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margaret Goodall
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David J Grainger
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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43
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Barratt J, Smith AC, Feehally J. The pathogenic role of IgA1 O-linked glycosylation in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. Nephrology (Carlton) 2008; 12:275-84. [PMID: 17498123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1797.2007.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous abnormalities of the IgA immune system have been reported in IgAN but the most consistent finding remains aberrant IgA1 O-linked glycosylation of the IgA1 hinge region. The defect comprises reduced galactosylation of O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine residues with or without changes in the terminal sialylation of the O-linked sugars. Aberrant O-galactosylation has been found in serum IgA1, in IgA1 isolated from tonsillar lymphocytes, and in IgA1 eluted from mesangial deposits. There is evidence that changes in IgA1 O-galactosylation lead to IgA immune complex formation and mesangial IgA deposition. Mesangial cells exposed to these IgA immune complexes proliferate and adopt a pro-inflammatory phenotype; they secrete cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and extracellular matrix components promoting glomerular inflammation and glomerulosclerosis. Recent evidence suggests that the control of IgA1 O-glycosylation is linked to class switching from IgD to IgA1 synthesis and that the pattern of IgA1 O-glycosylation may be programmed at the time of initial antigen encounter. IgA1 glycosylation varies between systemic and mucosal sites and the association of aberrant IgA1 galactosylation with low affinity, polymeric IgA1 antibodies against mucosal antigens suggests undergalactosylated IgA1 may in fact be a mucosal glycoform of IgA1. Although suited to the mucosal compartment, when these IgA1 glycoforms enter the systemic circulation in appreciable quantities they deposit in the mesangium and trigger glomerular inflammation. This review will discuss the evidence for the role of IgA1 O-glycosylation in the pathogenesis of IgAN and propose an explanation for the presence of aberrantly O-glycosylated IgA1 in the circulation of patients with IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Barratt
- The John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester General Hospital, and Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Jackson
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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45
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Fleige A, Alberti S, Gröbe L, Frischmann U, Geffers R, Müller W, Nordheim A, Schippers A. Serum response factor contributes selectively to lymphocyte development. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:24320-8. [PMID: 17591768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703119200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF), is a crucial transcription factor for murine embryonic development and for the function of muscle cells and neurons. Gene expression data show that SRF and its transcriptional cofactors are also expressed in lymphocyte precursors and mature lymphocytes. However, the role of SRF in lymphocyte development has not been addressed in vivo so far, attributed in part to early embryonic lethality of conventional Srf-null mice. To determine the in vivo role of SRF in developing lymphocytes, we specifically inactivated the murine Srf gene during T or B cell development using lymphocyte-specific Cre transgenic mouse lines. T cell-specific Srf deletion led to a severe block in thymocyte development at the transition from CD4/CD8 double to single positive stage. The few residual T cells detectable in the periphery retained at least one functional Srf allele, thereby demonstrating the importance of SRF in T cell development. In contrast, deletion of Srf in developing B cells did not interfere with the growth and survival of B cells in general, yet led to a complete loss of marginal zone B cells and a marked reduction of the CD5+ B cell subset. Our study also revealed a contribution of SRF to the expression of the surface molecules IgM, CD19, and the chemokine receptor 4 in B lymphocytes. We conclude that SRF fulfills essential and distinct functions in the differentiation of different types of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Fleige
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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46
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Arnold JN, Wormald MR, Sim RB, Rudd PM, Dwek RA. The impact of glycosylation on the biological function and structure of human immunoglobulins. Annu Rev Immunol 2007; 25:21-50. [PMID: 17029568 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 964] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins are the major secretory products of the adaptive immune system. Each is characterized by a distinctive set of glycoforms that reflects the wide variation in the number, type, and location of their oligosaccharides. In a given physiological state, glycoform populations are reproducible; therefore, disease-associated alterations provide diagnostic biomarkers (e.g., for rheumatoid arthritis) and contribute to disease pathogenesis. The oligosaccharides provide important recognition epitopes that engage with lectins, endowing the immunoglobulins with an expanded functional repertoire. The sugars play specific structural roles, maintaining and modulating effector functions that are physiologically relevant and can be manipulated to optimize the properties of therapeutic antibodies. New molecular models of all the immunoglobulins are included to provide a basis for informed and critical discussion. The models were constructed by combining glycan sequencing data with oligosaccharide linkage and dynamics information from the Glycobiology Institute experimental database and protein structural data from "The Protein Data Bank."
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Arnold
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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47
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Koelsch K, Zheng NY, Zhang Q, Duty A, Helms C, Mathias MD, Jared M, Smith K, Capra JD, Wilson PC. Mature B cells class switched to IgD are autoreactive in healthy individuals. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1558-65. [PMID: 17510706 PMCID: PMC1866247 DOI: 10.1172/jci27628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of the origin and fate of autoreactive B cells is critical to understanding and treating autoimmune diseases. We report that, despite being derived from healthy people, antibodies from B cells that have class switched to IgD via genetic recombination (and thus become class switched to C delta [C delta-CS] cells) are highly reactive to self antigens. Over half of the antibodies from C delta-CS B cells bind autoantigens on human epithelioma cell line 2 (HEp-2) cells or antinuclear antigens, and a quarter bind double-stranded DNA; both groups of antibodies are frequently polyreactive. Intriguingly, some C delta-CS B cells have accumulated basic residues in the antibody variable regions that mediate anti-DNA reactivity via somatic hypermutation and selection, while other C delta-CS B cells are naturally autoreactive. Though the total percentage was appreciably less than for C delta-CS cells, a surprising 31% of IgG memory cell antibodies were somewhat autoreactive, and as expected, about 24% of naive cell antibodies were autoreactive. We interpret these findings to indicate either that autoreactive B cells can be induced to class switch to IgD or that autoreactive B cells that use IgD as the B cell receptor are not effectively deleted. Determination of the mechanism by which the majority of C delta-CS B cells are autoreactive may be important in understanding peripheral tolerance mechanisms and may provide insight into the enigmatic function of the IgD antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Koelsch
- Molecular Immunogenetics Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
Department of Pathology and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nai-Ying Zheng
- Molecular Immunogenetics Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
Department of Pathology and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Qingzhao Zhang
- Molecular Immunogenetics Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
Department of Pathology and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Andrew Duty
- Molecular Immunogenetics Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
Department of Pathology and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Christina Helms
- Molecular Immunogenetics Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
Department of Pathology and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Melissa D. Mathias
- Molecular Immunogenetics Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
Department of Pathology and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mathew Jared
- Molecular Immunogenetics Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
Department of Pathology and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Molecular Immunogenetics Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
Department of Pathology and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - J. Donald Capra
- Molecular Immunogenetics Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
Department of Pathology and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- Molecular Immunogenetics Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
Department of Pathology and
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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48
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Listì F, Candore G, Modica MA, Russo M, Di Lorenzo G, Esposito-Pellitteri M, Colonna-Romano G, Aquino A, Bulati M, Lio D, Franceschi C, Caruso C. A study of serum immunoglobulin levels in elderly persons that provides new insights into B cell immunosenescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1089:487-95. [PMID: 17261791 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1386.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The literature on immunosenescence has focused mainly on T cell impairment. With the aim of gaining insight into B cell immunosenescence, we investigated the serum immunoglobulin levels in a cohort of 166 subjects (20-106 years). Serum IgG (and IgG subclasses) were quantified by the nephelometric technique, IgE by CAP system fluorescence enzyme immunoassay, and IgD by radial immunodiffusion (RID). There was an age-related increase of IgG and IgA; the IgG age-related increase was significant only in men, but IgG1 levels showed an age-related increase both in men and women, whereas IgG3 showed an age-related increase only in men. IgE levels remain unchanged, whereas IgD and IgM serum levels decreased with age; the IgM age-related decrease was significant only in women, likely due to the relatively small sample of aged men. Thus, in the elderly the B cell repertoire available to respond to new antigenic challenge is decreased. A lot of memory IgD- B cells are filling immunological space and the amount of naïve IgD+ B cells is dramatically decreased. This shift away from a population of predominantly naïve B cells obviously reflects the influences of cumulative exposure to foreign pathogens over time. These age-dependent B cell changes indicate that advanced age is a condition characterized by lack of clonotypic immune response to new extracellular pathogens. In any event, the increase of memory B cells and the loss of naïve B cells, as measured by serum IgD levels, could represent hallmarks of immunosenescence and could provide useful biomarkers possibly related to the life span of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florinda Listì
- Gruppo di Studio sull'Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Corso Tukory 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy
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49
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IgD, like IgM, is a primordial immunoglobulin class perpetuated in most jawed vertebrates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10723-8. [PMID: 16818885 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601407103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IgD has remained a mysterious Ig class and a bane to immunology students since its discovery >40 years ago. Its spotty occurrence in mammals and birds and the discovery of an isotype with similarities to IgD in bony fish are perplexing. We have identified IgD heavy (H) chain (delta) from the amphibian Xenopus tropicalis during examination of the IgH locus. The Xenopus delta gene is in the same position, immediately 3' of the IgM gene, as in mammals, and it is expressed only in the spleen at low levels, primarily as a transmembrane receptor by surface IgM(+) cells. Our data suggest that frog IgD is expressed on mature B cells, like in mouse/human. Unexpectedly, Xenopus IgD is orthologous to IgW, an Ig isotype found only in cartilaginous fish and lungfish, demonstrating that IgD/W, like IgM, was present in the ancestor of all living jawed vertebrates. In striking contrast to IgM, IgD/W is evolutionarily labile, showing many duplications/deletions of domains, the presence of multiple splice forms, existence as predominantly a secretory or transmembrane form, or loss of the entire gene in a species-specific manner. Our study suggests that IgD/W has played varied roles in different vertebrate taxa since the inception of the adaptive immune system, and it may have been preserved as a flexible locus over evolutionary time to complement steadfast IgM.
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50
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Rogers KA, Richardson JP, Scinicariello F, Attanasio R. Molecular characterization of immunoglobulin D in mammals: immunoglobulin heavy constant delta genes in dogs, chimpanzees and four old world monkey species. Immunology 2006; 118:88-100. [PMID: 16630026 PMCID: PMC1782270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are adaptor molecules that neutralize pathogens and link humoral and cellular defence mechanisms. Immunoglobulin D (IgD), one of the five antibody classes present in mammals, is expressed as an antigen receptor on naïve B cells. The functional role that IgD plays in the immune response is still poorly understood, but the recent characterization of immunoglobulin heavy constant delta genes (IGHD) in a variety of species challenges the view that IgD is of minor importance and is not present in many animals. On the basis of serological studies, IgD appears to be expressed in the majority of mammalian species examined. To confirm, at the molecular level, that IgD is present in different species, we cloned and sequenced IGHD cDNA from dogs and five non-human primate species (chimpanzee, rhesus macaque, cynomolgus macaque, baboon and sooty mangabey). Our results show that in all six species, IgD heavy chains possess three immunoglobulin domains and a long hinge region encoded by two exons. Only the hinge region of non-human primates is similar to the human hinge region, with conservation of O-glycosylation sites and multiple charged residues at opposing ends. The preservation of IgD in primates, dogs and previously characterized species suggests an important functional role for IgD, possibly involving binding to a receptor. The high degree of similarity existing between the structural features of human and non-human primate IgD suggests that non-human primates are suitable for in vivo studies designed to define the role that IgD plays in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Rogers
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
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