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Zheng M, Zhang S, Zhou J, Lin M, Liao Y. ACAT1 suppresses clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression by AMPK mediated fatty acid metabolism. Transl Oncol 2024; 47:102043. [PMID: 38909457 PMCID: PMC11254840 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) stands as a prevalent malignancy within urological pathology, exhibiting a noteworthy escalation in its incidence. Despite being a mitochondrial enzyme, the precise role of Acetyl-CoA Acetyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) in RCC remains elusive. In this investigation, we employed bioinformatics methodologies to assess the expression patterns and prognostic significance across various RCC subtypes, encompassing clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), papillary cell carcinoma, and chromophobe cell carcinoma. Our findings unveil a close correlation between ACAT1 expression and the prognostic implications specifically within ccRCC. Through both in vitro and in vivo overexpression studies, we delineated the functional and mechanistic facets of ACAT1 in impeding the progression of ccRCC. Our results unequivocally demonstrated that ACAT1 overexpression markedly curtailed proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of ccRCC cells in both in vivo models and cell cultures. Mechanistically, ACAT1's inhibitory effect on the AMPK signaling pathway orchestrated a regulatory role in modulating fatty acid metabolism, thereby effectively restraining the advancement of ccRCC. Collectively, our findings underscore ACAT1 as a pivotal tumor suppressor, instrumental in curtailing the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ccRCC by governing fatty acid metabolism through the AMPK signaling pathway. These insights posit ACAT1 as a potential predictive biomarker and therapeutic target warranting further exploration in RCC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zheng
- Department of Urology, Jingzhou Central hospital affiliated to Yangtze University, 26 Chuyuan Avenue, Jing zhou District, Jingzhou City, 434000, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Jingzhou Central hospital affiliated to Yangtze University, 26 Chuyuan Avenue, Jing zhou District, Jingzhou City, 434000, China
| | - Jiajie Zhou
- Department of Urology, Jingzhou Central hospital affiliated to Yangtze University, 26 Chuyuan Avenue, Jing zhou District, Jingzhou City, 434000, China
| | - Ming Lin
- Department of Urology, Renmin hospital of Wuhan university, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yixiang Liao
- Department of Urology, Jingzhou Central hospital affiliated to Yangtze University, 26 Chuyuan Avenue, Jing zhou District, Jingzhou City, 434000, China.
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Zhong H, Liu S, Zhu J, Xu TH, Yu H, Wu L. Elucidating the role of blood metabolites on pancreatic cancer risk using two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:852-862. [PMID: 37860916 PMCID: PMC10843029 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an uncommon but highly fatal malignancy. Identifying causal metabolite biomarkers offers an opportunity to facilitate effective risk assessment strategies for PDAC. In this study, we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to characterize the potential causal effects of metabolites in plasma on PDAC risk. Genetic instruments were determined for a total of 506 metabolites from one set of comprehensive genome-wide association studies (GWAS) involving 913 individuals of European ancestry from the INTERVAL/EPIC-Norfolk cohorts. Another set of genetic instruments was developed for 483 metabolites from an independent GWAS conducted with 8299 individuals of European ancestry from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) cohort. We analyzed GWAS data of the Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium (PanScan) and the Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4), comprising 8275 PDAC cases and 6723 controls of European ancestry. The association of metabolites with PDAC risk was assessed using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, and complemented with sensitivity analyses of MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO tests. Potential side effects of targeting the identified metabolites for PDAC intervention were further evaluated by a phenome-wide MR (Phe-MR) analysis. Forty-four unique metabolites were identified to be significantly associated with PDAC risk, of which four top-ranking metabolites (X: 12798, X: 11787, X: 11308 and X: 19141) showed replication evidence when using instruments developed from both two cohorts. Our results highlight novel blood metabolites related to PDAC risk, which may help prioritize metabolic features for PDAC mechanistic research and further evaluation of their potential role in PDAC risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhong
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Shuai Liu
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Teddy H. Xu
- Torrey Pines High School, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Herbert Yu
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lang Wu
- Cancer Epidemiology Division, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Ajzashokouhi AH, Rezaee R, Omidkhoda N, Karimi G. Natural compounds regulate the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:741-757. [PMID: 36593695 PMCID: PMC10026916 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2161959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway is crucial in regulating cardiomyocyte growth and survival. It has been shown that activation of this pathway alleviates the negative impact of ischemia-reperfusion. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3β) induces apoptosis through stimulation of transcription factors, and its phosphorylation has been suggested as a new therapeutic target for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). GSK3β regulatory role is mediated by the reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) pathway, and its inhibition by Akt activation blocks mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening and enhances myocardial survival. The present article discusses the involvement of the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway in cardioprotective effects of natural products against MIRI.Abbreviations: Akt: protein kinase B; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; Bad: bcl2-associated agonist of cell death; Bax: bcl2-associated x protein; Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; CK-MB: Creatine kinase-MB; CRP: C-reactive-protein; cTnI: cardiac troponin I; EGCG: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate; Enos: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERK ½: extracellular signal‑regulated protein kinase ½; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase-3; GSRd: Ginsenoside Rd; GSH: glutathione; GSSG: glutathione disulfide; HO-1: heme oxygenase-1; HR: hypoxia/reoxygenation; HSYA: Hydroxysafflor Yellow A; ICAM-1: Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1; IKK-b: IκB kinase; IL: interleukin; IPoC: Ischemic postconditioning; IRI: ischemia-reperfusion injury; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Keap1: kelch-like ECH-associated protein- 1; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LVEDP: left ventricular end diastolic pressure; LVP: left ventricle pressure; LVSP: left ventricular systolic pressure; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MDA: malondialdehyde; MIRI: myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury; MnSOD: manganese superoxide dismutase; mPTP: mitochondrial permeability transition pore; mtHKII: mitochondria-bound hexokinase II; Nrf-1: nuclear respiratory factor 1; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor; NO: nitric oxide; PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ coactivator‑1α; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinases; RISK: reperfusion injury salvage kinase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RSV: Resveratrol; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TFAM: transcription factor A mitochondrial; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VEGF-B: vascular endothelial growth factor B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Navid Omidkhoda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Ding WJ, Li XH, Tang CM, Yang XC, Sun Y, Song YP, Ling MY, Yan R, Gao HQ, Zhang WH, Yu N, Feng JC, Zhang Z, Xing YQ. Quantification and Proteomic Characterization of β-Hydroxybutyrylation Modification in the Hearts of AMPKα2 Knockout Mice. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100494. [PMID: 36621768 PMCID: PMC9941199 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase alpha 2 (AMPKα2) regulates energy metabolism, protein synthesis, and glucolipid metabolism myocardial cells. Ketone bodies produced by fatty acid β-oxidation, especially β-hydroxybutyrate, are fatty energy-supplying substances for the heart, brain, and other organs during fasting and long-term exercise. They also regulate metabolic signaling for multiple cellular functions. Lysine β-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb) is a β-hydroxybutyrate-mediated protein posttranslational modification. Histone Kbhb has been identified in yeast, mouse, and human cells. However, whether AMPK regulates protein Kbhb is yet unclear. Hence, the present study explored the changes in proteomics and Kbhb modification omics in the hearts of AMPKα2 knockout mice using a comprehensive quantitative proteomic analysis. Based on mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, the number of 1181 Kbhb modified sites in 455 proteins were quantified between AMPKα2 knockout mice and wildtype mice; 244 Kbhb sites in 142 proteins decreased or increased after AMPKα2 knockout (fold change >1.5 or <1/1.5, p < 0.05). The regulation of Kbhb sites in 26 key enzymes of fatty acid degradation and tricarboxylic acid cycle was noted in AMPKα2 knockout mouse cardiomyocytes. These findings, for the first time, identified proteomic features and Kbhb modification of cardiomyocytes after AMPKα2 knockout, suggesting that AMPKα2 regulates energy metabolism by modifying protein Kbhb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Ding
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xue-Hui Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cong-Min Tang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xue-Chun Yang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi-Ping Song
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming-Ying Ling
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Yan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Qing Gao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- Division of Bacterial Anti-tumor Drugs, Shandong Precision Medicine Engineering Laboratory, Shandong Xinchuang Biotechnology Co., LTD, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Yu
- Division of Bacterial Anti-tumor Drugs, Shandong Precision Medicine Engineering Laboratory, Shandong Xinchuang Biotechnology Co., LTD, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jun-Chao Feng
- Division of Bacterial Anti-tumor Drugs, Shandong Precision Medicine Engineering Laboratory, Shandong Xinchuang Biotechnology Co., LTD, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yan-Qiu Xing
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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An Energy Metabolism Study on the Efficacy of Naoxintong Capsules against Myocardial Infarction in a Rat Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3712500. [PMID: 35915610 PMCID: PMC9338863 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3712500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background In myocardial ischemia, optimizing the myocardial metabolic phenotype to improve cardiac function is critical. Naoxintong capsules (NXT) are widely prescribed in Chinese medicine for the treatment of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. Methods In this study, a rat model of myocardial infarction was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The structure and function of the heart were evaluated using echocardiography. The pathological changes of the rat myocardium and the myocardial volume collagen fraction (CVF) were examined using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson's trichrome staining (Masson). The expression of TNF-α and IL-6 were detected by immunohistochemistry. The level of cTnT was also measured to evaluate myocardial injury. In order to study the changes in energy metabolism in myocardial infarction and the effects of NXT, a targeted analysis method for detecting the 29 energy metabolites in cardiac muscle tissue was developed based on UPLC-QQQ-MS. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of proteins related to energy metabolism in myocardia. Results In the rat model of myocardial infarction, NXT showed obvious effects, such as improving heart function and increasing LVEF and LVFS. HE staining, Masson staining, and immunohistochemical results revealed that NXT decreased inflammatory infiltration, improved myocardial fibrosis, and reduced infarct size. In addition, NXT significantly reduced the level of serum cTnT. The levels of the 29 energy metabolites in cardiac muscle tissue were analyzed using a newly developed targeted analysis method. Compared to the sham group, the levels of 17 metabolites from different energy metabolic pathways, including four compounds in glycolysis metabolism, four compounds in TCA cycle, three compounds in oxidative phosphorylation, four compounds in purine metabolism, and two compounds in glutathione metabolism, displayed obvious changes induced by myocardial ischemia. Expressions of SIRT1, PGC-1α, and ATP5D proteins related to energy metabolism were decreased after myocardial infarction. These perturbations could all be reversed by NXT intervention, suggesting that the therapeutic effects of NXT were partially due to interferences with energy metabolisms. Conclusion This study provides a useful approach for investigating the mechanism of myocardial infarction and evaluating the efficacy of NXT from energy metabolism.
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Peters MC, Di Martino S, Boelens T, Qin J, van Mil A, Doevendans PA, Chamuleau SAJ, Sluijter JPG, Neef K. Follistatin-like 1 promotes proliferation of matured human hypoxic iPSC-cardiomyocytes and is secreted by cardiac fibroblasts. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 25:3-16. [PMID: 35317048 PMCID: PMC8917270 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human heart has limited regenerative capacity. Therefore, patients often progress to heart failure after ischemic injury, despite advances in reperfusion therapies generally decreasing mortality. Depending on its glycosylation state, Follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1) has been shown to increase cardiomyocyte (CM) proliferation, decrease CM apoptosis, and prevent cardiac rupture in animal models of ischemic heart disease. To explore its therapeutic potential, we used a human in vitro model of cardiac ischemic injury with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs (iPSC-CMs) and assessed regenerative effects of two differently glycosylated variants of human FSTL1. Furthermore, we investigated the FSTL1-mediated interplay between human cardiac fibroblasts (cFBs) and iPSC-CMs in hypoxia. Both FSTL1 variants increased viability, while only hypo-glycosylated FSTL1 increased CM proliferation post-hypoxia. Human fetal cardiac fibroblasts (fcFBs) expressed and secreted FSTL1 under normoxic conditions, while FSTL1 secretion increased by iPSC-cFBs upon hypoxia but decreased in iPSC-CMs. Co-culture of iPSC-CMs and cFBs increased FSTL1 secretion compared with cFB mono-culture. Taken together, we confirm that FSTL1 induces iPSC-CM proliferation in a human cardiac in vitro hypoxia damage model. Furthermore, we show hypoxia-related FSTL1 secretion by human cFBs and indications for FSTL1-mediated intercellular communication between cardiac cell types in response to hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn C Peters
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sofia Di Martino
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Boelens
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jiabin Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alain van Mil
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Steven A J Chamuleau
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Medical Centre, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Klaus Neef
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Centre Utrecht, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Liu X, Qi K, Gong Y, Long X, Zhu S, Lu F, Lin K, Xu J. Ferulic Acid Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Via Upregulating AMPKα2 Expression-Mediated Ferroptosis Depression. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 79:489-500. [PMID: 34935700 PMCID: PMC8983949 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ferroptosis, a recently discovered form of regulated cell death that is characterized by iron accumulation and excessive reactive oxygen species generation, has been favored by most researchers. Increasing evidence suggest that ferulic acid (FA) could exert marked effects to myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury, although the understanding of its molecular mechanism is still limited. In our study, the myocardial I/R injury model was established to explore the relationship between I/R injury and ferroptosis. First, we successfully constructed myocardial I/R injury model with changes in ST segment, increased creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase activities, and N-Terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide content, and a significantly larger infarct size. Then, the increased levels of the Ptgs2 mRNA, Fe2+ accumulation, and a decreased reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione disulfide ratio were detected in ischemia-reperfusion-injured heart, which is highly consistent with ferroptosis. However, these effects were significantly improved after FA treatment. Based on these results, FA increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, decreased the malondialdehyde level, ameliorated the production of reactive oxygen species, and promoted the generation of adenosine triphosphate. These effects of FA are similar to those of the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1. Upregulation of AMPKα2 and Glutathione Peroxidase 4 expression were also observed in the FA group. Compound C, a specific Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase inhibitor, significantly blocked the protective effect of FA. These findings underlined that FA inhibits ferroptosis by upregulating the expression of AMPKα2 and serves as a cardioprotective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kai Qi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiang Long
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuqiang Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kun Lin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Oluranti OI, Agboola EA, Fubara NE, Ajayi MO, Michael OS. Cadmium exposure induces cardiac glucometabolic dysregulation and lipid accumulation independent of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Ann Med 2021; 53:1108-1117. [PMID: 34259114 PMCID: PMC8280890 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1947519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Suppressed glucose metabolism, elevated fatty acid metabolism and lipid deposition within myocardial cells are the key pathological features of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Studies have associated cadmium exposure with metabolic disturbances. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of cadmium exposure on cardiac glucose homeostasis and lipid accumulation in male Wistar rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated for 21 days as (n = 5): Control, cadmium chloride Cd5 (5 mg/kg, p.o.), cadmium chloride Cd30 (30 mg/kg, p.o). RESULTS The fasting serum insulin level in this study decreased significantly. Pyruvate and hexokinase activity reduced significantly in the Cd5 group while no significant change in lactate and glycogen levels. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme significantly increased with an increasing dosage of cadmium. The free fatty acid, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the heart increased significantly with increasing dosage of cadmium when compared with the control. Lipoprotein lipase activity in the heart showed no difference in the Cd5 group but a reduction in the activity in the Cd30 group was observed. CONCLUSION This study indicates that cadmium exposure interferes with cardiac substrate handling resulting in impaired glucometabolic regulation and lipid accumulation which could reduce cardiac efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi I. Oluranti
- Applied and Environmental Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Ebunoluwa A. Agboola
- Applied and Environmental Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Nteimam E. Fubara
- Applied and Environmental Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Mercy O. Ajayi
- Applied and Environmental Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Olugbenga S. Michael
- Cardiometabolic Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
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Lin L, Zeng L, Liu A, Yuan D, Peng Y, Zhang S, Li Y, Chen J, Xiao W, Gong Z. Role of Epigallocatechin Gallate in Glucose, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism and L-Theanine in the Metabolism-Regulatory Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate. Nutrients 2021; 13:4120. [PMID: 34836374 PMCID: PMC8620046 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and L-theanine (LTA) are important bioactive components in tea that have shown promising effects on nutrient metabolism. However, whether EGCG alone or combined with LTA can regulate the glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism of healthy rats remains unclear. Therefore, we treated healthy rats with EGCG or the combination of EGCG and LTA (EGCG+LTA) to investigate the effects of EGCG on nutrient metabolism and the role of LTA in the metabolism-regulatory effects of EGCG. The results showed that compared with the control group, EGCG activated insulin and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signals, thus regulating glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Compared with EGCG, EGCG+LTA enhanced hepatic and muscle glycogen levels and suppressed phosphorylation of AMPK, glycogen synthase 2, mammalian target of rapamycin, and ribosomal protein S6 kinase. In addition, EGCG+LTA inhibited the expression of liver kinase B1, insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate, and promoted the phosphorylation level of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Furthermore, both EGCG and EGCG+LTA were harmless for young rats. In conclusion, EGCG activated AMPK and insulin pathways, thereby promoting glycolysis, glycogen, and protein synthesis and inhibiting fatty acid (FA) and cholesterol synthesis. However, LTA cooperated with EGCG to promote glycogen metabolism and suppressed the effect EGCG on FA and protein synthesis via AMPK signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.L.); (A.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (Z.G.)
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Li Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422002, China;
| | - An Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.L.); (A.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (Z.G.)
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Dongyin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.L.); (A.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (Z.G.)
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yingqi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.L.); (A.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (Z.G.)
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.L.); (A.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (Z.G.)
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yinhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.L.); (A.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (Z.G.)
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.L.); (A.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (Z.G.)
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.L.); (A.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (Z.G.)
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhihua Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (L.L.); (A.L.); (D.Y.); (Y.P.); (S.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (Z.G.)
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Martorell M, Castro N, Victoriano M, Capó X, Tejada S, Vitalini S, Pezzani R, Sureda A. An Update of Anthraquinone Derivatives Emodin, Diacerein, and Catenarin in Diabetes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:3313419. [PMID: 34589130 PMCID: PMC8476274 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3313419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is part of metabolic diseases and is characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period as result of an insulin-deficient production or an inappropriate response to insulin by our cells. This chronic disease was the direct cause of 1.6 million deaths in 2016 as reported by the World Health Organization. Emodin is a natural product and active ingredient of various Chinese herbs with the chemical formula 1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone. Diacerein is another naturally occurring anthraquinone (1,8-diacetoxy-3-carboxyanthraquinone) commonly used as commercial drug to treat osteoarthritis. These two anthraquinone derivatives have been shown to exert antidiabetic activities. Emodin seems to enhance the glucose tolerance and insulin sensibility via activation of PPARγ and modulation of metabolic-related genes. Diacerein seems to decrease inflammatory cytokines and increase insulin secretion enhancing insulin sensibility and therefore improving glucose control. Other naturally occurring anthraquinone derivatives, such as catenarin (1,4,6,8-tetrahydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone), have been shown to have antidiabetic activities although few studies have been performed. The synthesis of new emodin derivatives is increasing, but these new molecules have not been tested for diabetes treatment. In the current work, available literature on anthraquinone derivatives' effects in diabetes disease is reviewed. Moreover, we discuss the chemistry, food sources, bioavailability, and toxicity of the naturally occurring anthraquinone with antidiabetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
- Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Natalia Castro
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Montserrat Victoriano
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile
| | - Xavier Capó
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Silvia Tejada
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Biology, University Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, Palma E-07122, Balearic Islands, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid E-28029, Spain
- Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07120, Spain
| | - Sara Vitalini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 2 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pezzani
- Phytotherapy Lab (PhT-Lab), Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, via Ospedale 105, Padova 35128, Italy
- AIROB, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca Oncologica di Base, Padova, Italy
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid E-28029, Spain
- Research Institute of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07120, Spain
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11
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Grimbert L, Sanz MN, Gressette M, Rucker-Martin C, Novotova M, Solgadi A, Karoui A, Gomez S, Bedouet K, Jacquet E, Lemaire C, Veksler V, Mericskay M, Ventura-Clapier R, Piquereau J, Garnier A. Spatiotemporal AMPKα2 deletion in mice induces cardiac dysfunction, fibrosis and cardiolipin remodeling associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in males only. Biol Sex Differ 2021; 12:52. [PMID: 34535195 PMCID: PMC8447586 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-021-00394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a major regulator of cellular energetics which plays key role in acute metabolic response and in long-term adaptation to stress. Recent works have also suggested non-metabolic effects. Methods To decipher AMPK roles in the heart, we generated a cardio-specific inducible model of gene deletion of the main cardiac catalytic subunit of AMPK (Ampkα2) in mice. This allowed us to avoid the eventual impact of AMPK-KO in peripheral organs. Results Cardio-specific Ampkα2 deficiency led to a progressive left ventricular systolic dysfunction and the development of cardiac fibrosis in males. We observed a reduction in complex I-driven respiration without change in mitochondrial mass or in vitro complex I activity, associated with a rearrangement of the cardiolipins and reduced integration of complex I into the electron transport chain supercomplexes. Strikingly, none of these defects were present in females. Interestingly, suppression of estradiol signaling by ovariectomy partially mimicked the male sensitivity to AMPK loss, notably the cardiac fibrosis and the rearrangement of cardiolipins, but not the cardiac function that remained protected. Conclusion Our results confirm the close link between AMPK and cardiac mitochondrial function, but also highlight links with cardiac fibrosis. Importantly, we show that AMPK is differently involved in these processes in males and females, which may have clinical implications for the use of AMPK activators in the treatment of heart failure. AMPK is a metabolic sensor of cellular energy which regulates energy homeostasis. We generated a cardiac-specific inducible deletion of Ampkα2 and demonstrated that this deletion induces mild cardiac dysfunction in male only. Cardiac dysfunction observed in males was associated with cardiac fibrosis and cardiac cardiolipin remodeling that are not seen in females. Although no significant cardiac function alteration was noticed in ovariectomized female Ampkα2ciKO mice, these latter exhibited cardiac fibrosis and mild cardiolipins remodeling. Our results show a higher dependence on AMPK signaling fibrosis and cardiolipin biosynthesis/maturation in males, either due to the absence of female hormones protection or/and to the action of male hormones. This may contribute to the known difference in cardiovascular risk and outcome between sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Grimbert
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR-S1180, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J-B Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Maria-Nieves Sanz
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR-S1180, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J-B Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mélanie Gressette
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR-S1180, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J-B Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Catherine Rucker-Martin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Hypertension Artérielle Pulmonaire: Physiopathologie et Innovation Thérapeutique, 92350, Le Plessis Robinson, France
| | - Marta Novotova
- Department of Cellular Cardiology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Audrey Solgadi
- Service d'Analyse des Médicaments et Métabolites, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paris Saclay d'Innovation Thérapeutique, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Ahmed Karoui
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR-S1180, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J-B Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Susana Gomez
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR-S1180, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J-B Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Kaveen Bedouet
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR-S1180, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J-B Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Eric Jacquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Lemaire
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR-S1180, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J-B Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Université Versailles St-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UMR-S 1180, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Vladimir Veksler
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR-S1180, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J-B Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mathias Mericskay
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR-S1180, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J-B Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Renée Ventura-Clapier
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR-S1180, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J-B Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jérôme Piquereau
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR-S1180, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J-B Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Anne Garnier
- Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR-S1180, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J-B Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Li L, Li X, Zhang Z, Liu L, Zhou Y, Liu F. Protective Mechanism and Clinical Application of Hydrogen in Myocardial Ischemia-reperfusion Injury. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:103-112. [PMID: 31944068 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.103.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease accounts for one-third of all deaths, with ischemic heart disease as the main cause of death. Under pathological conditions, ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) often occurs in tissues. Ischemic injury is mainly caused by anaerobic cell death and reperfusion which results in a wide range of inflammatory responses. These responses are able to increase tissue damage and even damage to the whole body. IRI can also aggravate the original cardiovascular disease during the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, it is particularly important to understand the mechanism of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) for clinical treatment and application. At the same time, it is necessary to find a safe, reliable and feasible method for treating MIRI to reduce the incidence of complications and mortality as well as improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients. As a selective antioxidant, hydrogen can neutralize excessive free radicals, has certain anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects and it has gradually become a focus and hotspot of preclinical and clinical research. Hydrogen has been shown to have a certain therapeutic effect on MIRI, which can provide a new therapeutic direction for the clinical treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this review, the protective mechanism and clinical application of hydrogen in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is discussed.
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13
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The role of AMPK in metabolism and its influence on DNA damage repair. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9075-9086. [PMID: 33070285 PMCID: PMC7674386 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the most complex health disproportions in the human body is the metabolic syndrome (MetS). It can result in serious health consequences such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis or insulin resistance. The center of energy regulation in human is AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which modulates cells' metabolic pathways and protects them against negative effects of metabolic stress, e.g. reactive oxygen species. Moreover, recent studies show the relationship between the AMPK activity and the regulation of DNA damage repair such as base excision repair (BER) system, which is presented in relation to the influence of MetS on human genome. Hence, AMPK is studied not only in the field of counteracting MetS but also prevention of genetic alterations and cancer development. Through understanding AMPK pathways and its role in cells with damaged DNA it might be possible to improve cell's repair processes and develop new therapies. This review presents AMPK role in eukaryotic cells and focuses on the relationship between AMPK activity and the regulation of BER system through its main component-8-oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1).
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14
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Li FH, Huang XL, Wang H, Guo SW, Li P. Protective effect of Yi-Qi-Huo-Xue Decoction against ischemic heart disease by regulating cardiac lipid metabolism. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:779-792. [PMID: 33039057 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Yi-Qi-Huo-Xue Decoction (YQHX) is the recombination of Dang-Gui-Bu-Xue Decoction (DBD), which is one of the well-known traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescription, and has long been shown to have significant protective effects against myocardial ischemic injury. In previous studies, we found that YQHX could regulate lipid and glucose metabolism, promote angiogenesis, attenuate inflammatory response, and ameliorate left ventricular function in myocardial ischemia rat models. However, the underlying mechanism of how YQHX involves in lipid metabolism remains unclear so far. In this study, the underlying mechanism of YQHX in lipid metabolism disorders was elucidated in a myocardial ischemia rat model and a hypoxia-induced H9c2 cell injury model. YQHX (8.2 g·kg-1) and positive-control drug trimetazidine (10 mg·kg-1) were administered daily on the second day after left anterior descending (LAD) operation. At 7 days and 28 days after surgery, changes of cardiac morphology, structure, and function were evaluated by H&E staining and echocardiography, respectively. The plasma lipid levels and mitochondrial ATP content were also evaluated. Western blot and RT-PCR were used to determine the protein and mRNA expressions of AMPK, PGC-1α, CPT-1α, and PPARα. YQHX improved cardiac function and ameliorated lipid metabolism disorders. Furthermore, YQHX increased the expression of p-AMPK, PGC-1α, and CPT-1α without changing PPARα in ischemic rat myocardium. In vitro, YQHX activated the protein and mRNA expression of PGC-1α, CPT-1α, and PPARα in hypoxia-induced H9c2 cells injury, whereas AMPK inhibitor Compound c blocked the effects of YQHX. Taken together, the results suggest that YQHX reduces lipid metabolism disorders in myocardial ischemia via the AMPK-dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-He Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao-Lou Huang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shu-Wen Guo
- Fangshan Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102400, China.
| | - Ping Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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15
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At physiological concentrations, AMP increases phosphofructokinase-1 activity compared to fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate in postmortem porcine skeletal muscle. Meat Sci 2020; 172:108332. [PMID: 33038798 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) is the most important enzyme controlling postmortem glycolysis in living skeletal muscle and is the most likely candidate for regulation of postmortem glycolysis. We investigated the regulation of PFK-1 activity by F-2, 6-BP and AMP under simulated postmortem conditions in porcine skeletal muscle. Six pigs were harvested and longissimus lumborum samples were collected immediately post-slaughter. PFK-1 activity was assayed using increasing concentrations of F-2, 6-BP or AMP, added to the buffer adjusted to different pH. Both F-2, 6-BP and AMP increased PFK-1 activity with increasing buffer pH from 5.5 to 7.0. A concentration of 50 μM F-2, 6-BP was required to increase PFK-1 activity which is very high compared to physiological concentration in the porcine skeletal muscle. However, physiological concentrations (50-150 μM) of AMP resulted in increased PFK-1 activity compared to 1-2 μM F-2, 6-BP. Thus, AMP may play a greater role in dictating the rate and extent of postmortem muscle glycolysis and pH decline as compared to F-2, 6-BP.
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16
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Jiang H, Zhang N, Ji C, Meng X, Qian K, Zheng Y, Wang J. Metabolic and transcriptome responses of RNAi-mediated AMPKα knockdown in Tribolium castaneum. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:655. [PMID: 32967608 PMCID: PMC7510082 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an intracellular fuel sensor for lipid and glucose metabolism. In addition to the short-term regulation of metabolic enzymes by phosphorylation, AMPK may also exert long-term effects on the transcription of downstream genes through the regulation of transcription factors and coactivators. In this study, RNA interference (RNAi) was conducted to investigate the effects of knockdown of TcAMPKα on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and the transcriptome profiles of dsTcAMPKα-injected and dsEGFP-injected beetles under normal conditions were compared by RNA-sequencing. Results RNAi-mediated suppression of TcAMPKα increased whole-body triglyceride (TG) level and the ratio between glucose and trehalose, as was confirmed by in vivo treatment with the AMPK-activating compound, 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR). A total of 1184 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between dsTcAMPKα-injected and dsEGFP-injected beetles. These include genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the differential expression of selected genes. Interestingly, metabolism-related transcription factors such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) were also significantly upregulated in dsTcAMPKα-injected beetles. Conclusions AMPK plays a critical role in the regulation of beetle metabolism. The findings of DEGs involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism provide valuable insight into the role of AMPK signaling in the transcriptional regulation of insect metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Caihong Ji
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiangkun Meng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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17
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Li T, Mu N, Yin Y, Yu L, Ma H. Targeting AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Aging-Related Cardiovascular Diseases. Aging Dis 2020; 11:967-977. [PMID: 32765957 PMCID: PMC7390518 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a pivotal risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) due to the lifelong exposure to various risk factors that may affect the heart and vasculature during aging. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is a pivotal endogenous energy regulator that protects against various pathological alterations. In this report, we first introduced the protective mechanisms of AMPK signaling in myocardium, such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, autophagy and inflammatory response. Next, we introduced the potential correlation between AMPK and cardiac aging. Then, we highlighted the roles of AMPK signaling in cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial ischemia, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure. Lastly, some potential directions and further perspectives were expanded. The information extends our understanding on the protective roles of AMPK in myocardial aging, which may contribute to the design of drug targets and sheds light on potential treatments of AMPK for aging-related CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- 1Department of physiology and pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Mu
- 1Department of physiology and pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yue Yin
- 1Department of physiology and pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Yu
- 2Department of pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Heng Ma
- 1Department of physiology and pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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18
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(-)-Hydroxycitric acid regulates energy metabolism by activation of AMPK - PGC1α - NRF1 signal pathway in primary chicken hepatocytes. Life Sci 2020; 254:117785. [PMID: 32416167 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the most important bioactive substance in Garcinia cambogia, (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is widely used in food additives to regulate obesity and diabetes in animals or humans, while the mechanism is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the regulatory effect and mechanism of (-)-HCA in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism in chicken primary hepatocytes. The results showed that (-)-HCA obviously decreased triglyceride content through inhibiting the fatty acid synthase protein level, and enhancing the protein level of phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase, enoyl coenzyme A hydratase short chain 1 and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A in hepatocytes. Moreover, (-)-HCA markedly enhanced the protein level of phosphofructokinase-1, pyruvate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase A and complex IV, and which led to the enhancing of glucose uptake and catabolism in hepatocytes. Importantly, the regulation of (-)-HCA on these key factors associated with lipid and glucose metabolism in hepatocytes was mainly achieved through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α-nuclear respiratory factor 1 signaling pathway. These results convincingly demonstrated the mechanism of (-)-HCA's regulating on glucose and lipid metabolism, and provided a strategy in prevention of diseases associated with glycolipid metabolic abnormalities in animals, even in humans.
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The Association of Premorbid Metformin Exposure With Mortality and Organ Dysfunction in Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Explor 2020; 1:e0009. [PMID: 32166255 PMCID: PMC7063877 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. To examine the association between premorbid metformin exposure and mortality, hyperlactatemia, and organ dysfunction in sepsis.
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20
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Andres DA, Young LEA, Veeranki S, Hawkinson TR, Levitan BM, He D, Wang C, Satin J, Sun RC. Improved workflow for mass spectrometry-based metabolomics analysis of the heart. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:2676-2686. [PMID: 31980460 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MS-based metabolomics methods are powerful techniques to map the complex and interconnected metabolic pathways of the heart; however, normalization of metabolite abundance to sample input in heart tissues remains a technical challenge. Herein, we describe an improved GC-MS-based metabolomics workflow that uses insoluble protein-derived glutamate for the normalization of metabolites within each sample and includes normalization to protein-derived amino acids to reduce biological variation and detect small metabolic changes. Moreover, glycogen is measured within the metabolomics workflow. We applied this workflow to study heart metabolism by first comparing two different methods of heart removal: the Langendorff heart method (reverse aortic perfusion) and in situ freezing of mouse heart with a modified tissue freeze-clamp approach. We then used the in situ freezing method to study the effects of acute β-adrenergic receptor stimulation (through isoproterenol (ISO) treatment) on heart metabolism. Using our workflow and within minutes, ISO reduced the levels of metabolites involved in glycogen metabolism, glycolysis, and the Krebs cycle, but the levels of pentose phosphate pathway metabolites and of many free amino acids remained unchanged. This observation was coupled to a 6-fold increase in phosphorylated adenosine nucleotide abundance. These results support the notion that ISO acutely accelerates oxidative metabolism of glucose to meet the ATP demand required to support increased heart rate and cardiac output. In summary, our MS-based metabolomics workflow enables improved quantification of cardiac metabolites and may also be compatible with other methods such as LC or capillary electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Andres
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536; Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536; Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Lyndsay E A Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Sudhakar Veeranki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Tara R Hawkinson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Bryana M Levitan
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Daheng He
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536; Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Jonathan Satin
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Ramon C Sun
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536; Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536.
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21
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Gao Y, Yang Y, Han L, Yu Q, Song R, Han M, Shi H, He L. Study on the effect of CaMKKβ-mediated AMPK activation on the glycolysis and the quality of different altitude postmortem bovines longissimus muscle. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13023. [PMID: 31456257 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the activity of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), glycolysis, and meat quality index in three altitude bovines during postmortem aging process. Local cattle (altitude:1,500 m), Gannan yak (3,000 m), and Yushu yak (4,500 m) postmortem Longissimus Dorsi (LD) muscle were used. Results indicated that CaCl2 significantly increased the AMPK activity by increasing the calcium-regulated protein kinase kinase (CaMKKβ) activity. Besides, AMPK activation enhanced the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Ca2+ -ATPase and accelerated the rate of muscle maturation during postmortem aging. Moreover, the expression of HIF-1, PRKAA2, and GLUT4 genes in high-altitude Yushu yak was higher than that of low-altitude bovines. CaCl2 activates AMPK by activating CaMKKβ cascade and accelerates postmortem glycolysis affecting the intramuscular environment, color, and muscle protein degradation to accelerate postmortem muscle maturation, suggesting that AMPK has essential effects on postmortem muscle glycolysis and quality, and can regulate muscle quality by regulating postmortem muscle AMPK activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Insufficient postmortem glycolysis usually leads to DFD (dark, firm, and dry) meat. Beef have relatively high incidences of DFD meat, which has an unattractive dark color and causes significant loss to the meat industry. Therefore, AMPK, which can regulate postmortem glycolysis to affect meat quality, is a valid research target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yayuan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ling Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qunli Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rende Song
- The Qinghai Work Station of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai, China
| | - Mingshan Han
- Inner Mongolia Kerchin Cattle Industry Co., Ltd., Tongliao, China
| | - Hongmei Shi
- The Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary, Hezuo, China
| | - Long He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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22
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Cai H, Chen S, Liu J, He Y. An attempt to reverse cardiac lipotoxicity by aerobic interval training in a high-fat diet- and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes rat model. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2019; 11:43. [PMID: 31249632 PMCID: PMC6567651 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-019-0436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Aerobic interval training (AIT) has been recommended to patients as a non-pharmacological strategy to manage DM. However, little is known about whether AIT intervention at the onset of DM will reverse the process of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). In this study, we sought to evaluate whether AIT can reverse the process of DCM and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group (CON), DCM group (DCM) and AIT intervention group (AIT). A high-fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ) were used to induce diabetes in rats in the DCM group and AIT group. Rats in the AIT group were subjected to an 8-week AIT intervention. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profiles and insulin levels were measured. Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and oil red O staining were used to identify cardiac morphology and lipid accumulation, respectively. Serum BNP levels and cardiac BNP mRNA expression were measured to ensure the safety of the AIT intervention. Free fatty acid (FFA) and diacylglycerol (DAG) concentrations were analysed by enzymatic methods. AMPK, p-AMPK, FOXO1, CD36 and PPARα gene and protein expression were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS AIT intervention significantly reduced rat serum cardiovascular disease risk factors in DCM rats (P < 0.05). The safety of AIT intervention was illustrated by reduced serum BNP levels and cardiac BNP mRNA expression (P < 0.05) after AIT intervention in DCM rats histological analysis and FFA and DAG concentrations revealed that AIT intervention reduced the accumulation of lipid droplets within cardiomyocytes and alleviated cardiac lipotoxicity (P < 0.05). CD36 and PPARα gene and protein expression were elevated in the DCM group, and these increases were reduced by AIT intervention (P < 0.01). The normalized myocardial lipotoxicity was due to increased expression of phosphorylated AMPK and reduced FOXO1 expression after AIT intervention. CONCLUSION AIT intervention may alleviate cardiac lipotoxicity and reverse the process of DCM through activation of the AMPK-FOXO1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cai
- Institute of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingqin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, NO. 1 Hospital of Baoding, Baoding, China
| | - Yuxiu He
- Institute of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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23
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Liu BL, Cheng M, Hu S, Wang S, Wang L, Hu ZQ, Huang CX, Jiang H, Wu G. Effect of the Shensong Yangxin Capsule on Energy Metabolism in Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:2287-2296. [PMID: 30246714 PMCID: PMC6166447 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.241819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shensong Yangxin Capsule (SSYX), traditional Chinese medicine, has been used to treat arrhythmias, angina, cardiac remodeling, cardiac fibrosis, and so on, but its effect on cardiac energy metabolism is still not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of SSYX on myocardium energy metabolism in angiotensin (Ang) II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Methods We used 2 μl (10-6 mol/L) AngII to treat neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) for 48 h. Myocardial α-actinin staining showed that the myocardial cell volume increased. Expression of the cardiac hypertrophic marker-brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) messenger RNA (mRNA) also increased by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Therefore, it can be assumed that the model of hypertrophic cardiomyocytes was successfully constructed. Then, NRCMs were treated with 1 μl of different concentrations of SSYX (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 μg/ml) for another 24 h. To explore the time-depend effect of SSYX on energy metabolism, 0.5 μg/ml SSYX was added into cells for 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Mitochondria was assessed by MitoTracker staining and confocal microscopy. mRNA and protein expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes - Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), energy balance key factor - adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), fatty acids oxidation factor - carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), and glucose oxidation factor - glucose transporter- 4 (GLUT-4) were measured by PCR and Western blotting analysis. Results With the increase in the concentration of SSYX (from 0.25 to 1.0 μg/ml), an increased mitochondrial density in AngII-induced cardiomyocytes was found compared to that of those treated with AngII only (0.25 μg/ml, 18.3300 ± 0.8895 vs. 24.4900 ± 0.9041, t = 10.240, P < 0.0001; 0.5 μg/ml, 18.3300 ± 0.8895 vs. 25.9800 ± 0.8187, t = 12.710, P < 0.0001; and 1.0 μg/ml, 18.3300 ± 0.8895 vs. 24.2900 ± 1.3120, t = 9.902, P < 0.0001; n = 5 per dosage group). SSYX also increased the mRNA and protein expression of PGC-1α (0.25 μg/ml, 0.8892 ± 0.0848 vs. 1.0970 ± 0.0994, t = 4.319, P = 0.0013; 0.5 μg/ml, 0.8892 ± 0.0848 vs. 1.2330 ± 0.0564, t = 7.150, P < 0.0001; and 1.0 μg/ml, 0.8892 ± 0.0848 vs. 1.1640 ± 0.0755, t = 5.720, P < 0.0001; n = 5 per dosage group), AMPK (0.25 μg/ml, 0.8872 ± 0.0779 vs. 1.1500 ± 0.0507, t = 7.239, P < 0.0001; 0.5 μg/ml, 0.8872 ± 0.0779 vs. 1.2280 ± 0.0623, t = 9.379, P < 0.0001; and 1.0 μg/ml, 0.8872 ± 0.0779 vs. 1.3020 ± 0.0450, t = 11.400, P < 0.0001; n = 5 per dosage group), CPT-1 (1.0 μg/ml, 0.7348 ± 0.0594 vs. 0.9880 ± 0.0851, t = 4.994, P = 0.0007, n = 5), and GLUT-4 (0.5 μg/ml, 1.5640 ± 0.0599 vs. 1.7720 ± 0.0660, t = 3.783, P = 0.0117; 1.0 μg/ml, 1.5640 ± 0.0599 vs. 2.0490 ± 0.1280, t = 8.808, P < 0.0001; n = 5 per dosage group). The effect became more obvious with the increasing concentration of SSYX. When 0.5 μg/ml SSYX was added into cells for 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, the expression of AMPK (6 h, 14.6100 ± 0.6205 vs. 16.5200 ± 0.7450, t = 3.456, P = 0.0250; 12 h, 14.6100 ± 0.6205 vs. 18.3200 ± 0.9965, t = 6.720, P < 0.0001; 24 h, 14.6100 ± 0.6205 vs. 21.8800 ± 0.8208, t = 13.160, P < 0.0001; and 48 h, 14.6100 ± 0.6205 vs. 23.7400 ± 1.0970, t = 16.530, P < 0.0001; n = 5 per dosage group), PGC-1α (12 h, 11.4700 ± 0.7252 vs. 16.9000 ± 1.0150, t = 7.910, P < 0.0001; 24 h, 11.4700 ± 0.7252 vs. 20.8800 ± 1.2340, t = 13.710, P < 0.0001; and 48 h, 11.4700 ± 0.7252 vs. 22.0300 ± 1.4180, t = 15.390; n = 5 per dosage group), CPT-1 (24 h, 15.1600 ± 1.0960 vs. 18.5800 ± 0.9049, t = 6.048, P < 0.0001, n = 5), and GLUT-4 (6 h, 10.2100 ± 0.9485 vs. 12.9700 ± 0.8221, t = 4.763, P = 0.0012; 12 h, 10.2100 ± 0.9485 vs. 16.9100 ± 0.8481, t = 11.590, P < 0.0001; 24 h, 10.2100 ± 0.9485 vs. 19.0900 ± 0.9797, t = 15.360, P < 0.0001; and 48 h, 10.2100 ± 0.9485 vs. 14.1900 ± 0.9611, t = 6.877, P < 0.0001; n = 5 per dosage group) mRNA and protein increased gradually with the prolongation of drug action time. Conclusions SSYX could increase myocardial energy metabolism in AngII-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Therefore, SSYX might be considered to be an alternative therapeutic remedy for myocardial hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Lei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Mian Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Shan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Shun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Zheng-Qing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Ezhou Hospital, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Ezhou, Hubei 436000, China
| | - Cong-Xin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, Hubei 430060; Department of Cardiology, Ezhou Hospital, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Ezhou, Hubei 436000, China
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24
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Hua J, Liu Z, Liu Z, An D, Lai W, Zhan Q, Zeng Q, Ren H, Xu D. Metformin Increases Cardiac Rupture After Myocardial Infarction via the AMPK-MTOR/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway in Rats with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:6989-7000. [PMID: 30275441 PMCID: PMC6180847 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac rupture often occurs after acute myocardial infarction due to complex and unclear pathogenesis. This study investigated whether metformin increases the incidence of cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction through the AMPK-MTOR/PGC-1α signaling pathway. Material/Methods An acute myocardial infarction (MI) mouse model was established. A series of experiments involving RT-qPCR, Western blot, TUNEL staining, and Masson staining were performed in this study. Results Myocardial infarction occurred, resulting in the cardiac rupture, and the expression level of PGC-1α increased in the cardiac myocardium. Meanwhile, the proportion of myocardial NT-PGC-1α/PGC-1α decreased. The expression level of myocardial PGC-1α in MI mice with cardiac rupture after MI was significantly higher than that in the mice without cardiac rupture, and the ratio of myocardial NT-PGC-1α/PGC-1α was low. In addition, increasing the dose of metformin significantly increased the incidence of cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction in MI mice. High-dose metformin caused cardiac rupture in MI mice. Moreover, high-dose metformin (Met 2.0 nM) reduces the proportion of NT-PGC-1α/PGC-1α in primary cardiomyocytes of SD mice (SD-NRVCs [Neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes]), and its effect was inhibited by Compound C (AMPK inhibitor). Further, after 3 days of treatment with high-dose metformin in MI mice, myocardial fibrin synthesis decreased and fibrosis was significantly inhibited. Meanwhile, cardiomyocyte apoptosis increased significantly. With the increase in metformin concentration, the expression level of myocardial LC3b gradually increased in MI mice, suggesting that metformin enhances the autophagy of cardiomyocytes. Conclusions These results suggest that metformin increases cardiac rupture after myocardial infarction through the AMPK-MTOR/PGC-1α signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghai Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhanghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Zuheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Dongqi An
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Wenyan Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Qiong Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Hao Ren
- Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Dingli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
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25
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Tao LY, Huang MY, Saroj-Thapa, Wang JN, Wu SZ, He F, Huang KY, Xue YJ, Lingwei-Jin, Liao LM, Tang JF, Ji KT. Effects of macrophage migration inhibitory factor on cardiac reperfusion injury in mice with depression induced by constant-darkness. J Affect Disord 2018; 229:403-409. [PMID: 29331700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Depression is associated with coronary artery disease and increases adverse outcomes and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) on cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice with constant darkness-induced depression. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old, male) were randomly divided into 2 groups: one group was housed in a 12h light/dark cycle environment (LD) and the other in a constant darkness environment (DD). After 3 weeks, constant darkness-exposed (DD) mice displayed depression-like behavior as indicated by increased immobility in the forced swim test (FST) and lower sucrose preference rate. Western blotting revealed cardiac MIF expression was significantly lower in the DD mice than that in the LD mice. Next, 84 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: LD sham group, LD I/R group, DD sham group, and DD I/R group. Following ischemia and reperfusion, mice in the DD I/R group had a larger infarct area and lower heart function index than mice in the LD I/R group (P < 0.05 for both). The cardiac pAMPK and pACC expression levels of the DD I/R group were also lower in the DD I/R group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION DD-induced depression might cause decreased expression of MIF in the heart, resulting in downregulation of MIF-AMPK signaling and a subsequent adverse outcome after a cardiac I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yuan Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Saroj-Thapa
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jiao-Ni Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Shao-Ze Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Fei He
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Kai-Yu Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yang-Jing Xue
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Lingwei-Jin
- Department of Nephrology, Second Affiliated and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Lian-Ming Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Ji-Fei Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
| | - Kang-Ting Ji
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
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26
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Singh RM, Waqar T, Howarth FC, Adeghate E, Bidasee K, Singh J. Hyperglycemia-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction in the diabetic heart. Heart Fail Rev 2017; 23:37-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-017-9663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Hermann R, Mestre Cordero VE, Fernández Pazos MDLM, Reznik FJ, Vélez DE, Savino EA, Marina Prendes MG, Varela A. Differential effects of AMP-activated protein kinase in isolated rat atria subjected to simulated ischemia-reperfusion depending on the energetic substrates available. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:367-383. [PMID: 29032506 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a serine-threonine kinase that functions primarily as a metabolic sensor to coordinate anabolic and catabolic processes in the cell, via phosphorylation of multiple proteins involved in metabolic pathways, aimed to re-establish energy homeostasis at a cell-autonomous level. Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion represents a metabolic stress situation for myocytes. Whether AMPK plays a critical role in the metabolic and functional responses involved in these conditions remains uncertain. In this study, in order to gain a deeper insight into the role of endogenous AMPK activation during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, we explored the effects of the pharmacological inhibition of AMPK on contractile function rat, contractile reserve, tissue lactate production, tissue ATP content, and cellular viability. For this aim, isolated atria subjected to simulated 75 min ischemia-75 min reperfusion (Is-Rs) in the presence or absence of the pharmacological inhibitor of AMPK (compound C) were used. Since in most clinical situations of ischemia-reperfusion the heart is exposed to high levels of fatty acids, the influence of palmitate present in the incubation medium was also investigated. The present results suggest that AMPK activity significantly increases during Is, remaining activated during Rs. The results support that intrinsic activation of AMPK has functional protective effects in the reperfused atria when glucose is the only available energetic substrate whereas it is deleterious when palmitate is also available. Cellular viability was not affected by either of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Hermann
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Victoria Evangelina Mestre Cordero
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María de Las Mercedes Fernández Pazos
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Joaquín Reznik
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Débora Elisabet Vélez
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Enrique Alberto Savino
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Marina Prendes
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Varela
- Physiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires and IQUIMEFA-CONICET, Junín, 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wen SY, Velmurugan BK, Day CH, Shen CY, Chun LC, Tsai YC, Lin YM, Chen RJ, Kuo CH, Huang CY. High density lipoprotein (HDL) reverses palmitic acid induced energy metabolism imbalance by switching CD36 and GLUT4 signaling pathways in cardiomyocyte. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3020-3029. [PMID: 28500736 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study palmitic acid (PA) induced lipotoxicity and switches energy metabolism from CD36 to GLUT4 in H9c2 cells. Low level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) is an independent risk factor for cardiac hypertrophy. Therefore, we in the present study investigated whether HDL can reverse PA induced lipotoxicity in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. In this study, we treated H9c2 cells with PA to create a hyperlipidemia model in vitro and analyzed for CD36 and GLUT4 metabolic pathway proteins. CD36 metabolic pathway proteins (phospho-AMPK, SIRT1, PGC1α, PPARα, CPT1β, and CD36) were decreased by high PA (150 and 200 μg/μl) concentration. Interestingly, expression of GLUT4 metabolic pathway proteins (p-PI3K and pAKT) were increased at low concentration (50 μg/μl) and decreased at high PA concentration. Whereas, phospho-PKCζ, GLUT4 and PDH proteins expression was increased in a dose dependent manner. PA treated H9c2 cells were treated with HDL and analyzed for cell viability. Results showed that HDL treatment induced cell proliferation efficiency in PA treated cells. In addition, HDL reversed the metabolic effects of PA: CD36 translocation was increased and reduced GLUT4 translocation, but HDL treatment significantly increased CD36 metabolic pathway proteins and reduced GLUT4 pathway proteins. Rat neonatal cardiomyocytes showed similar results. In conclusion, HDL reversed palmatic acid-induced lipotoxicity and energy metabolism imbalance in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells and in neonatal rat cardiomyocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ying Wen
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei City Hospital, Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for General Education, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chia-Yao Shen
- Department of Nursing, MeiHo University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Chun
- Department of Hospital and Health Care Administration, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan County, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Min Lin
- Department of Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Jade Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Han D, Wei J, Zhang R, Ma W, Shen C, Feng Y, Xia N, Xu D, Cai D, Li Y, Fang W. Hydroxysafflor yellow A alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion in hyperlipidemic animals through the suppression of TLR4 signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35319. [PMID: 27731393 PMCID: PMC5059673 DOI: 10.1038/srep35319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia aggravates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury through stimulating excessive inflammatory response. Therefore, blockade of inflammatory signal is a potential therapeutic management for MI/R complicated with hyperlipidemia. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA, a monomer extracted from Carthamus tinctorius L.), was studied in this article to address that the regulation of inflammatory signal would alleviate MI/R combined with hyperlipidemia injury. High-fat diet induced hyperlipidemia worsened MI/R mediated heart injury (elevation of infarct size, CK-MB and LDH activity), activated TLR4 over-expression in hearts, released inflammatory cytokines (LPS, TNF-α and IL-1β) excessively. HSYA administration suppressed the over-expression of TLR4 and alleviated heart damage caused by MI/R complicated with hyperlipidemia. Furthermore, HSYA had little influence on MI/R injury in TLR4-knockout mice, which indicated that HSYA protected MI/R through TLR4 inhibition. In vitro, hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) coexisting with LPS model in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) induced serious damage compared with H/R injury to NRVMs. HSYA decreased excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines, down-regulated over-expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in H/R + LPS injured NRVMs. In conclusion, HSYA alleviated myocardial inflammatory injury through suppressing TLR4, offering an alternative medication for MI/R associated with hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wenhuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yidong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Nian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Dan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Dongcheng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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Tzanavari T, Varela A, Theocharis S, Ninou E, Kapelouzou A, Cokkinos DV, Kontaridis MI, Karalis KP. Metformin protects against infection-induced myocardial dysfunction. Metabolism 2016; 65:1447-58. [PMID: 27621180 PMCID: PMC5456263 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Metformin administration is associated with myocardial protection during ischemia and/or reperfusion, possibly via inhibition of inflammatory responses in the heart. Exposure to pathogens, in addition to the activation of the immune system and the associated metabolic dysfunction, often results in compromised myocardial function. We examined whether metformin administration could maintain the normal myocardial function in experimental moderate Gram negative infection, induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 129xC57BL/6 mice were divided into control groups that received either vehicle or a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of low dose LPS (5mg/kg body wt), and metformin treated groups that received either daily metformin (4mg/kg/animal) i.p. injections for five days prior to LPS administration [Experiment 1], or a single metformin injection following same dose of LPS [Experiment 2]. KEY RESULTS LPS alone caused cardiac dysfunction, as confirmed by echocardiography, whereas metformin administration, either before or after LPS, rescued myocardial function. LPS caused marked reduction of the cardiac metabolism-related genes tested, including Prkaa2, Cpt1b, Ppargc1a and Ppargc1b; reduction of fatty acid oxidation, as reflected by the regulation of Ppara, Acaca and Acacb; increased glucose transport, as shown by Slc2a4 levels; reduction of ATP synthesis; significant increase of inflammatory markers, in particular IL6; and reduction of autophagy. Pretreatment with metformin normalized the levels of all these factors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We show for the first time that metformin protects the myocardium from LPS-associated myocardial dysfunction mainly by supporting its metabolic activity and allowing efficient energy utilization. Metformin can be a potential cardioprotective agent in individuals susceptible to exposure to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Tzanavari
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.
| | - Aimilia Varela
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Stamatis Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elpinickie Ninou
- Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Alkistis Kapelouzou
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Dennis V Cokkinos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece; First Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katia P Karalis
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece; Endocrine Division, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Yang Y, Li Y, Ma Z, Jiang S, Fan C, Hu W, Wang D, Di S, Sun Y, Yi W. A brief glimpse at CTRP3 and CTRP9 in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular protection. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:170-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kurdi M, Cerutti C, Randon J, McGregor L, Bricca G. Macroarray analysis in the hypertrophic left ventricle of renin-dependent hypertensive rats: identification of target genes for renin. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 5:72-8. [PMID: 15295718 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2004.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this work was to identify new renin target genes in left ventricular hypertrophy during hypertension. Materials and methods We compared left ventricle gene expression from four transgenic TGR(mRen2)27 (TG+/-) rats and four non-transgenic littermates (TG-/-) using cDNA macroarray. Hybridisation signals were quantified with a phosphorimager, and normalised to an external scale. Data analysis was performed with Statistical Analysis for Microarrays (SAM 1.21) software. The mRNA levels of candidate genes were determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in three different hypertensive rats: TG+/-, spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and genetically Lyon hypertensive (LH) rats, compared to their respective controls (TG-/-, Wistar-Kyoto, Lyon low blood pressure rats). Results Out of 1,200 genes present on the macroarray, 233 were reliably measured and only three were overexpressed (Biglycan, β1-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase [AMPK] and amyloid precursor like protein 2 [APLP2]) and 19 were underexpressed in the left ventricle of TG+/compared with TG-/-. APLP2 is a member of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) family. APLP2 and APP mRNA levels were increased in TGR(mRen2)27 but significantly decreased in LH rats, while only APP was increased in SHR rats. Conclusions We report new genes associated with renin-dependent left ventricular hypertrophy. Moreover, this work shows for the first time that the APP family gene expression could be altered in response to high renin activity and this effect is independent of cardiac remodelling and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Kurdi
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Génomique fonctionnelle dans l'athéro-thrombose, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, UFR de Médecine RTH Laennec, France
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Palmitic acid interferes with energy metabolism balance by adversely switching the SIRT1-CD36-fatty acid pathway to the PKC zeta-GLUT4-glucose pathway in cardiomyoblasts. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 31:137-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Doenyas-Barak K, Beberashvili I, Marcus R, Efrati S. Lactic acidosis and severe septic shock in metformin users: a cohort study. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2016; 20:10. [PMID: 26775158 PMCID: PMC4715304 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-1180-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High serum lactate is associated with increased mortality in septic shock patients. Metformin alters lactate metabolism, and may affect its prognostic value. We compared, between metformin users and nonusers, the prognosis of extremely elevated plasma lactate levels in patients with septic shock. METHODS The electronic medical records (EMR) of patients admitted to the emergency room between January 2011 and June 2013 were reviewed. The study cohort comprised patients with an initial diagnosis of septic shock and blood lactate higher than 10 mmol/L. The selected population was divided into two groups: metformin users (exposed) and metformin nonusers (unexposed). The primary outcome measured was inhospital mortality. RESULTS The study included 44 metformin users and 118 nonusers. Metformin users were similar to nonusers with respect to levels of lactate, HCO3, and blood pH; however, they were older and had higher incidence rates of cardiovascular disease and acute kidney injury at admission, compared to nonusers. Inhospital mortality rates were significantly lower in the metformin-treated group, 56.8 % vs. 88.1 %, p <0.0001. CONCLUSIONS Though high lactate concentration indicates poor prognosis in septic patients, mortality rate was found to be significantly lower in those who were treated with metformin. This finding may help clinicians in deciding treatment for these patients, who could otherwise be considered too ill for real treatment benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Doenyas-Barak
- Department of Nephrology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, 70300, Israel. .,Research and Development Unit, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, 70300, Israel.
| | - Ilia Beberashvili
- Department of Nephrology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, 70300, Israel
| | - Ronit Marcus
- Internal Medicine C Department, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, 70300, Israel
| | - Shai Efrati
- Department of Nephrology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, 70300, Israel.,Research and Development Unit, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, 70300, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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Chen YP, Tsai CW, Hsieh DJY, Shen CY, Ho TJ, Padma VV, Kuo WW, Huang CY. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) switches energy signalling from the PKCζ-GLUT4-glucose pathway back to the SIRT1-CD36-fatty acid pathway similar to resveratrol to ameliorate cardiac myocyte lipotoxicity. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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36
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Alefishat E, Alexander SPH, Ralevic V. Antagonism of P2Y1-induced vasorelaxation by acyl CoA: a critical role for palmitate and 3'-phosphate. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 168:1911-22. [PMID: 23215951 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Acyl derivatives of CoA have been shown to act as antagonists at human platelet and recombinant P2Y1 receptors, but little is known about their effects in the cardiovascular system. This study evaluated the effect of these endogenous nucleotide derivatives at P2Y1 receptors natively expressed in rat and porcine blood vessels. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Isometric tension recordings were used to evaluate the effects of CoA, acetyl CoA, palmitoyl CoA (PaCoA) and 3'-dephospho-palmitoyl-CoA on concentration relaxation-response curves to ADP and uridine triphosphate (UTP). A FlexStation monitored ADP- and UTP-evoked calcium responses in HEK293 cells. KEY RESULTS Acetyl CoA and PaCoA, but not CoA, inhibited endothelium-dependent relaxations to ADP with apparent selectivity for P2Y1 receptors (over P2Y(2/4) receptors) in rat thoracic aorta; PaCoA was more potent than acetyl CoA (331-fold vs. fivefold shift of ADP response curve evoked by 10 μM PaCoA and acetyl CoA, respectively); the apparent pA2 value for PaCoA was 6.44. 3'-dephospho-palmitoyl-CoA (10 μM) was significantly less potent than PaCoA (20-fold shift). In porcine mesenteric arteries, PaCoA and the P2Y1 receptor antagonist MRS2500 blocked ADP-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxations; in contrast, they were ineffective against ADP-mediated endothelium-independent relaxation in porcine coronary arteries (which does not involve P2Y1 receptors). Calcium responses evoked by ADP activation of endogenous P2Y1 receptors in HEK293 cells were inhibited in the presence of PaCoA, which failed to alter responses to UTP (acting at endogenous P2Y(2/4) receptors). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Acyl derivatives of CoA can act as endogenous selective antagonists of P2Y1 receptors in blood vessels, and this inhibitory effect critically depends on the palmitate and 3'-ribose phosphate substituents on CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alefishat
- Cardiovascular Research Group and Lipid Signalling, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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37
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Han SH, Malaga-Dieguez L, Chinga F, Kang HM, Tao J, Reidy K, Susztak K. Deletion of Lkb1 in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells Leads to CKD by Altering Metabolism. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:439-53. [PMID: 26054542 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014121181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubule epithelial cells are high-energy demanding polarized epithelial cells. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a key regulator of polarity, proliferation, and cell metabolism in epithelial cells, but the function of LKB1 in the kidney is unclear. Our unbiased gene expression studies of human control and CKD kidney samples identified lower expression of LKB1 and regulatory proteins in CKD. Mice with distal tubule epithelial-specific Lkb1 deletion (Ksp-Cre/Lkb1(flox/flox)) exhibited progressive kidney disease characterized by flattened dedifferentiated tubule epithelial cells, interstitial matrix accumulation, and dilated cystic-appearing tubules. Expression of epithelial polarity markers β-catenin and E-cadherin was not altered even at later stages. However, expression levels of key regulators of metabolism, AMP-activated protein kinase (Ampk), peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (Ppargc1a), and Ppara, were significantly lower than those in controls and correlated with fibrosis development. Loss of Lkb1 in cultured epithelial cells resulted in energy depletion, apoptosis, less fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis, and a profibrotic phenotype. Treatment of Lkb1-deficient cells with an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonist (A769662) or a peroxisome proliferative activated receptor alpha agonist (fenofibrate) restored the fatty oxidation defect and reduced apoptosis. In conclusion, we show that loss of LKB1 in renal tubular epithelial cells has an important role in kidney disease development by influencing intracellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyeok Han
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Laura Malaga-Dieguez
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank Chinga
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hyun Mi Kang
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianling Tao
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kimberly Reidy
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; and
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
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Zhang X, Zhang R, Lv P, Yang J, Deng Y, Xu J, Zhu R, Zhang D, Yang Y. Emodin up-regulates glucose metabolism, decreases lipolysis, and attenuates inflammation in vitro. J Diabetes 2015; 7:360-8. [PMID: 24981886 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emodin, the major bioactive component of Rheum palmatum, has many different activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetes effects. Recently, emodin was reported to regulate energy metabolism. In the present study, we further explored the effects of emodin on glucose and lipid metabolism. METHODS Differentiated C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with or without different concentrations of emodin (6.25, 12.5, 25 or 50 μmol/L) for different time (1 h, 3 h, 12 h, 24 h or 48 h). Glucose metabolism, oxygen consumption, lactic acid levels, glycerol levels, and inflammation pathways were then evaluated. Cells were collected for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis. RESULTS Emodin upregulated glucose uptake and consumption in both C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, with glycolysis increased. Furthermore, emodin inhibited lipolysis under basal conditions (as well as in the presence of 10 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor (TNF-)-α in 3T3-L1 adipocytes) and significantly decreased phosphorylated perilipin. Moreover, emodin inhibited the nuclear factor-κB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS Emodin upregulates glucose metabolism, decreases lipolysis, and inhibits inflammation in C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
The heart is a very special organ in the body and has a high requirement for metabolism due to its constant workload. As a consequence, to provide a consistent and sufficient energy a high steady-state demand of metabolism is required by the heart. When delicately balanced mechanisms are changed by physiological or pathophysiological conditions, the whole system's homeostasis will be altered to a new balance, which contributes to the pathologic process. So it is no wonder that almost every heart disease is related to metabolic shift. Furthermore, aging is also found to be related to the reduction in mitochondrial function, insulin resistance, and dysregulated intracellular lipid metabolism. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) functions as an energy sensor to detect intracellular ATP/AMP ratio and plays a pivotal role in intracellular adaptation to energy stress. During different pathology (like myocardial ischemia and hypertension), the activation of cardiac AMPK appears to be essential for repairing cardiomyocyte's function by accelerating ATP generation, attenuating ATP depletion, and protecting the myocardium against cardiac dysfunction and apoptosis. In this overview, we will talk about the normal heart's metabolism, how metabolic shifts during aging and different pathologies, and how AMPK regulates metabolic changes during these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14214
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40
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Moreira JBN, Wohlwend M, Alves MNM, Wisløff U, Bye A. A small molecule activator of AKT does not reduce ischemic injury of the rat heart. J Transl Med 2015; 13:76. [PMID: 25889299 PMCID: PMC4352273 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of protein kinase AKT is required for cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning, and transgenic overexpression of AKT protects the heart against ischemia. However, it is unknown whether acute pharmacological activation of AKT alone, using a therapeutically relevant strategy, induces cardioprotection. In this study we provide the first evidence to clarify this question. Methods We used a recently described specific activator of AKT, the small molecule SC79, to treat rat hearts submitted to ischemia and reperfusion. Initially, isolated rat hearts were perfused with increasing doses of SC79 to verify the magnitude of AKT activation. Low and high doses were determined and used to treat hearts submitted to ischemia (35 minutes) and reperfusion (60 minutes), in a randomized and blinded design. AKT activation was verified by western immunobloting. Metabolic profile was determined by cardiac ATP content and mitochondrial enzyme activity, while cytosolic levels of cytochrome C and caspase-3 activity were used as markers of apoptosis. Ischemic injury was assessed by quantification of infarct size and cardiac release of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. Results SC79 activated cardiac AKT within 30 minutes in a dose-dependent fashion. ATP content was largely reduced by ischemia, but was not rescued by SC79. Similarly, mitochondrial enzyme activity was not affected by SC79. SC79 administered before ischemia or at reperfusion did not prevent cytosolic accumulation of cytochrome C and overactivation of caspase-3. Finally, SC79 failed to reduce infarct size or release of cardiac injury biomarkers at reperfusion. Conclusion We conclude that selective AKT activation by the synthetic molecule SC79 does not protect the rat heart against ischemic injury, indicating that acute pharmacological activation of AKT is not sufficient for cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose B N Moreira
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, St. Olavs Hospital, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Prinsesse Kristinas gt. 3, 7006, Trondheim, Norway. .,Norwegian Council on Cardiovascular Disease, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Martin Wohlwend
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, St. Olavs Hospital, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Prinsesse Kristinas gt. 3, 7006, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Marcia N M Alves
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, St. Olavs Hospital, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Prinsesse Kristinas gt. 3, 7006, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Ulrik Wisløff
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, St. Olavs Hospital, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Prinsesse Kristinas gt. 3, 7006, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Anja Bye
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, St. Olavs Hospital, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Prinsesse Kristinas gt. 3, 7006, Trondheim, Norway. .,Norwegian Council on Cardiovascular Disease, Oslo, Norway.
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41
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Dobrzyn P, Bednarski T, Dobrzyn A. Metabolic reprogramming of the heart through stearoyl-CoA desaturase. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 57:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Xing T, Xu XL, Zhou GH, Wang P, Jiang NN. The effect of transportation of broilers during summer on the expression of heat shock protein 70, postmortem metabolism and meat quality. J Anim Sci 2014; 93:62-70. [PMID: 25403192 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different transport times on broilers during summer on stress, meat quality, and early postmortem muscle metabolites. Arbor Acres broiler chickens (n = 105) were randomly categorized into 5 treatments: unstressed control, 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 4 h transport. Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates with 7 birds each. All birds (except the control group) were transported according to a designed protocol. With the extension of transport time, the activities of plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) gradually increased. The content of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) did not change significantly during 0.5 h transport compared to the control group, but was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 1 h or more of transport time. Also, transport times of 2 h or more resulted in a death rate of 20%-33% of broilers. We found that the breast meat in the 0.5 h transport group had significantly (P < 0.05) higher L* values, drip loss, cooking loss, AMP/ATP ratio, and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK). In addition, pH24h was lower compared to the control group, increasing the likelihood of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE)-like meat. However, no significant variations were found in meat color, drip loss, or cooking loss in other transport groups compared to the control group under the condition of this study. Muscle glycogen content decreased with time of transportation. There were significant correlations among p-AMPK and meat quality (P < 0.05). These results indicate that preslaughter transport during summer may cause severe physiological and biochemical changes of broilers. Further investigations studying the deeper relationship between biological indicators and meat quality according to the similar transport conditions would provide a better understanding of the effect of transport duration on meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Xing
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - X L Xu
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - G H Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - P Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - N N Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as cardiac disease independent of vascular complications during diabetes. The number of new cases of DCM is rising at epidemic rates in proportion to newly diagnosed cases of diabetes mellitus (DM) throughout the world. DCM is a heart failure syndrome found in diabetic patients that is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy and reduced diastolic function, with or without concurrent systolic dysfunction, occurring in the absence of hypertension and coronary artery disease. DCM and other diabetic complications are caused in part by elevations in blood glucose and lipids, characteristic of DM. Although there are pathological consequences to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, the combination of the two metabolic abnormalities potentiates the severity of diabetic complications. A natural competition exists between glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the heart that is regulated by allosteric and feedback control and transcriptional modulation of key limiting enzymes. Inhibition of these glycolytic enzymes not only controls flux of substrate through the glycolytic pathway, but also leads to the diversion of glycolytic intermediate substrate through pathological pathways, which mediate the onset of diabetic complications. The present review describes the limiting steps involved in the development of these pathological pathways and the factors involved in the regulation of these limiting steps. Additionally, therapeutic options with demonstrated or postulated effects on DCM are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Isfort
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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44
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Kang P, Liu Y, Zhu H, Li S, Shi H, Chen F, Leng W, Pi D, Hou Y, Yi D. The effect of aspartate on the energy metabolism in the liver of weanling pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:581-8. [PMID: 25052542 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted to investigate whether aspartate (Asp) could improve liver energy status in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged pigs. METHODS Twenty-four weaned pigs were assigned to four treatments: (1) nonchallenged control (control diet and saline-treated); (2) LPS-challenged control (the same control diet and LPS-challenged); (3) LPS + 0.5% Asp treatment (0.5% Asp diet and LPS-challenged); and (4) LPS + 1.0% Asp treatment (a 1.0% Asp diet and LPS-challenged). On d 19, the pigs were injected intraperitoneally with Escherichia coli LPS at 100 μg/kg body weight, and the same volume of 0.9% NaCl solution, respectively. All pigs were slaughtered at 24 h after LPS or saline injection, and the liver was collected for further analysis. RESULTS Dietary supplementation with Asp improved liver energy status evidenced by the increased ATP concentration and adenylate energy charges, and the decreased AMP concentration and AMP/ATP ratio (p < 0.05). Asp supplementation increased the mRNA expression of key enzymes in hepatic glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, including pyruvate kinase and citrate synthase (p < 0.05), and had a tendency to increase hepatic pyruvate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase β mRNA expression (p < 0.10). In addition, Asp increased the mRNA expressions of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α1, AMPKα2, silent information regulator (Sirt1), and proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC1α) (p < 0.05). Moreover, Asp increased AMPKα phosphorylation (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that dietary supplementation of Asp could improve energy status in LPS-injured liver, which might result from motivating the metabolism pathway of TCA cycle and glycolysis and stimulating the AMPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Kang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China,
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Dong GZ, Lee JH, Ki SH, Yang JH, Cho IJ, Kang SH, Zhao RJ, Kim SC, Kim YW. AMPK activation by isorhamnetin protects hepatocytes against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:634-40. [PMID: 24972246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid that is found in the phospholipids of membranes and released from the cellular membrane lipid bilayer by phospholipase A2. During this process, AA could produce excess reactive oxygen species and induce apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction by selectively inhibiting complexes I and III. Isorhamnetin, an O-methylated flavonol aglycone, has been shown to have cardio-protective, anti-adipogenic, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of isorhamnetin on hepatotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms involved. Our in vitro experiments showed that isorhamnetin dose-dependently blocked the hepatotoxicity induced by treatment with AA plus iron in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, isorhamnetin inhibited the AA+iron induced generation of reactive oxygen species and reduction of glutathione, and subsequently maintained mitochondria membrane potential in AA+iron treated HepG2 cells. In addition, isorhamnetin activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by Thr-172 phosphorylation of AMPKα, and this was mediated with Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-2 (CaMKK2), but not liver kinase B1. Experiments using CaMKK2 siRNA or its selective inhibitor, STO-609, revealed the role of CaMKK2 in the isorhamnetin-induced activation of AMPK in HepG2 cells. These results indicate isorhamnetin protects against the hepatotoxic effect of AA plus iron, and suggest that the AMPK pathway is involved in the mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of isorhamnetin in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhi Dong
- Medical research center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Lee
- Medical research center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Je Cho
- Medical research center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Kang
- Medical research center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828 Republic of Korea; Sunlin University, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Rong Jie Zhao
- Medical research center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828 Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- Medical research center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828 Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Woo Kim
- Medical research center for Globalization of Herbal Formulation, College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-828 Republic of Korea; College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Lee CT, Ussher JR, Mohammad A, Lam A, Lopaschuk GD. 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase increases glucose uptake independent of GLUT4 translocation in cardiac myocytes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 92:307-14. [PMID: 24708213 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose uptake and glycolysis are increased in the heart during ischemia, and this metabolic alteration constitutes an important contributing factor towards ischemic injury. Therefore, it is important to understand glucose uptake regulation in the ischemic heart. There are primarily 2 glucose transporters controlling glucose uptake into cardiac myocytes: GLUT1 and GLUT4. In the non-ischemic heart, insulin stimulates GLUT4 translocation to the sarcolemmal membrane, while both GLUT1 and GLUT4 translocation can occur following AMPK stimulation. Using a newly developed technique involving [(3)H]2-deoxyglucose, we measured glucose uptake in H9c2 ventricular myoblasts, and demonstrated that while insulin has no detectable effect on glucose uptake, phenformin-induced AMPK activation increases glucose uptake 2.5-fold. Furthermore, insulin treatment produced no discernible effect on either Akt serine 473 phosphorylation or AMPKα threonine 172 phosphorylation, while treatment with phenformin results in an increase in AMPKα threonine 172 phosphorylation, and a decrease in Akt serine 473 phosphorylation. Visualization of a dsRed-GLUT4 fusion construct in H9c2 cells by laser confocal microscopy showed that unlike insulin, AMPK activation did not redistribute GLUT4 to the sarcolemmal membrane, suggesting that AMPK may regulate glucose uptake via another glucose transporter. These studies suggest that AMPK is a major regulator of glucose uptake in cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Lee
- a Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 8440 112 Street NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P4, Canada
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Wang W, Lopaschuk GD. Metabolic therapy for the treatment of ischemic heart disease: reality and expectations. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 5:1123-34. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.5.6.1123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Turkseven S, Ertuna E. Prolonged AMP-activated protein kinase induction impairs vascular functions. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:1025-30. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2013-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a regulator of cellular metabolism and is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Data showing the effects of AMPK on vasculature are controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of prolonged AMPK activation on vascular functions. For this purpose we have examined the role of AMPK in endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation and vascular contractions. For this, we incubated thoracic aortic rings, from rats, with AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-4-ribofuranoside (AICAR, 500 μmol/L or 2 mmol/L) in the presence or absence of AMPK inhibitor compound C (10 μmol/L). Next, cumulative dose–response curves to acetylcholine (ACh) (10−9−10−4 mol/L), nitroglycerine (NG) (10−9–3 × 10−5 mol/L), and noradrenaline (NA) (10−9−10−4 mol/L) were obtained. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression was determined. Our results show that endothelium-dependent relaxation was inhibited after AICAR treatment, and that this effect was reversed by AMPK inhibition. Moreover, AICAR enhanced the contractile response to NA and caused a decrease in eNOS protein expression. In conclusion, prolonged AMPK induction causes endothelial impairment, possibly via increased degradation and (or) reduced expression of eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadet Turkseven
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Bornova-Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Elif Ertuna
- Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Bornova-Izmir 35100, Turkey
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Umbrello M, Dyson A, Feelisch M, Singer M. The key role of nitric oxide in hypoxia: hypoxic vasodilation and energy supply-demand matching. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1690-710. [PMID: 23311950 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A mismatch between energy supply and demand induces tissue hypoxia with the potential to cause cell death and organ failure. Whenever arterial oxygen concentration is reduced, increases in blood flow--hypoxic vasodilation--occur in an attempt to restore oxygen supply. Nitric oxide (NO) is a major signaling and effector molecule mediating the body's response to hypoxia, given its unique characteristics of vasodilation (improving blood flow and oxygen supply) and modulation of energetic metabolism (reducing oxygen consumption and promoting utilization of alternative pathways). RECENT ADVANCES This review covers the role of oxygen in metabolism and responses to hypoxia, the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of NO, and mechanisms underlying the involvement of NO in hypoxic vasodilation. Recent insights into NO metabolism will be discussed, including the role for dietary intake of nitrate, endogenous nitrite (NO₂⁻) reductases, and release of NO from storage pools. The processes through which NO levels are elevated during hypoxia are presented, namely, (i) increased synthesis from NO synthases, increased reduction of NO₂⁻ to NO by heme- or pterin-based enzymes and increased release from NO stores, and (ii) reduced deactivation by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. CRITICAL ISSUES Several reviews covered modulation of energetic metabolism by NO, while here we highlight the crucial role NO plays in achieving cardiocirculatory homeostasis during acute hypoxia through both vasodilation and metabolic suppression. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We identify a key position for NO in the body's adaptation to an acute energy supply-demand mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Umbrello
- 1 Department of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London , London, United Kingdom
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50
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Han GD, Zhang S, Marshall DJ, Ke CH, Dong YW. Metabolic energy sensors (AMPK and SIRT1), protein carbonylation and cardiac failure as biomarkers of thermal stress in an intertidal limpet: linking energetic allocation with environmental temperature during aerial emersion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:3273-82. [PMID: 23685977 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.084269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of heat stress on organisms are manifested at the levels of organ function, metabolic activity, protein stability and gene expression. Here, we examined effects of high temperature on the intertidal limpet Cellana toreuma to determine how the temperatures at which (1) organ failure (cardiac function), (2) irreversible protein damage (carbonylation) and (3) expression of genes encoding proteins involved in molecular chaperoning (hsp70 and hsp90) and metabolic regulation (ampk and sirt1) occur compare with field temperatures, which commonly exceed 30°C and can reach 46°C. Heart failure, indexed by the Arrhenius break temperature, occurred at 34.3°C. Protein carbonylation rose significantly at 38°C. Genes for heat shock proteins HSP70 (hsp70) and HSP90 (hsp90), for two subunits of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (ampkα and ampkβ) and for histone/protein deacetylase SIRT1 (sirt1) all showed increased expression at 30°C. Temperatures of maximal expression differed among genes, as did temperatures at which upregulation ceased. Expression patterns for ampk and sirt1 indicate that heat stress influenced cellular energy homeostasis; above ~30°C, upregulation of ATP-generating pathways is suggested by elevated expression of genes for ampk; an altered balance between reliance on carbohydrate and lipid fuels is indicated by changes in expression of sirt1. These results show that C. toreuma commonly experiences temperatures that induce expression of genes associated with the stress response (hsp70 and hsp90) and regulation of energy metabolism (ampk and sirt1). At high temperatures, there is likely to be a shift away from anabolic processes such as growth to catabolic processes, to provide energy for coping with stress-induced damage, notably to proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Marine and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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