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Suh E, Cho AR, Haam JH, Gil M, Lee YK, Kim YS. Relationship between Serum Cortisol, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEAS) Levels, and Natural Killer Cell Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4027. [PMID: 37373720 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12124027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The adrenal steroid hormones, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), are associated with the immune system in opposite actions. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cortisol and DHEAS serum concentrations, their ratio (CDR), and natural killer cell activity (NKA). This cross-sectional study included 2275 subjects without current infection or inflammation in the final analyses. NKA was estimated by measuring the amount of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) released by activated natural killer cells; low NKA was defined as IFN-γ level < 500 pg/mL. Cortisol, DHEAS levels, and CDRs were categorized by quartiles in men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women. Compared with the lowest quartile as reference, the adjusted odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for low NKA of the highest cortisol and CDR group were 1.66 (1.09-2.51) and 1.68 (1.11-2.55) in men, 1.58 (1.07-2.33) and 2.33 (1.58-3.46) in premenopausal women, and 2.23 (1.28-3.87) and 1.85 (1.07-3.21) in postmenopausal women. Only in premenopausal women, the highest DHEAS group showed significantly lower risk of low NKA (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.35-0.76). HPA axis activation indicated as high cortisol level, CDR was significantly associated with low NKA, while high DHEAS levels were inversely associated with low NKA in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Suh
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Ra Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Haam
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Minchan Gil
- NKMAX Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13605, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Kyong Lee
- Chaum Life Center, CHA University, Seoul 06062, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sang Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 13496, Republic of Korea
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Morgan SA, Gathercole LL, Hassan-Smith ZK, Tomlinson J, Stewart PM, Lavery GG. 11β-HSD1 contributes to age-related metabolic decline in male mice. J Endocrinol 2022; 255:117-129. [PMID: 36205523 PMCID: PMC9578088 DOI: 10.1530/joe-22-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aged phenotype shares several metabolic similarities with that of circulatory glucocorticoid excess (Cushing's syndrome), including type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and myopathy. We hypothesise that local tissue generation of glucocorticoids by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1), which converts 11-dehydrocorticosterone to active corticosterone in rodents (corticosterone to cortisol in man), plays a role in driving age-related chronic disease. In this study, we have examined the impact of ageing on glucocorticoid metabolism, insulin tolerance, adiposity, muscle strength, and blood pressure in both wildtype (WT) and transgenic male mice with a global deletion of 11β-HSD1 (11β-HSD1-/-) following 4 months high-fat feeding. We found that high fat-fed 11β-HSD1-/- mice were protected from age-related glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia when compared to age/diet-matched WTs. By contrast, aged 11β-HSD1-/- mice were not protected from the onset of sarcopenia observed in the aged WTs. Young 11β-HSD1-/- mice were partially protected from diet-induced obesity; however, this partial protection was lost with age. Despite greater overall obesity, the aged 11β-HSD1-/- animals stored fat in more metabolically safer adipose depots as compared to the aged WTs. Serum analysis revealed both WT and 11β-HSD1-/- mice had an age-related increase in morning corticosterone. Surprisingly, 11β-HSD1 oxo-reductase activity in the liver and skeletal muscle was unchanged with age in WT mice and decreased in gonadal adipose tissue. These data suggest that deletion of 11β-HSD1 in high fat-fed, but not chow-fed, male mice protects from age-related insulin resistance and supports a metabolically favourable fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Morgan
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to S A Morgan:
| | - Laura L Gathercole
- Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Oxford Brooks University, Oxford, UK
| | - Zaki K Hassan-Smith
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jeremy Tomlinson
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul M Stewart
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NEXUS, Discovery Way, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gareth G Lavery
- Institute of Metabolism & Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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3
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Farzane A, Koushkie Jahromi M. The effect of pilates training on hormonal and psychophysical function in older women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2022; 62:110-121. [PMID: 33555671 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DHEA-S and cortisol and their ratio are important determinants of some physiological and psychological function during aging. The present study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of pilates training on diurnal salivary cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and cortisol to DHEA-S ratio, cardiorespiratory fitness (CF), and psychological function in older women. METHODS Twenty-seven healthy older women (aged 60-65 years) participated in the study voluntarily and were divided into two groups of pilates training (N.=15) and control (N.=12), randomly. Before and after the experiment, salivary samples (at wake up and 30-min postawakening, midday, 5 p.m., and 9 p.m.) were taken and the participants completed the questionnaires. Cognitive function was assessed by the MMSE questionnaire. Pilates training was performed three times weekly, in non-consecutive days. RESULTS Pilates training increased V̇O2<inf>max</inf> (48%, P<0.001) and cognitive function (73%, P<0.001) and decreased BMI (16%, P=0.042), anxiety (53%, P<0.001) and depression (67%, P<0.001) compared to the control group. Also, in pilates training group, mean cortisol (16%, P=0.039), CAR (24%, P=0.010), fall after peak of cortisol (15%, P=0.50), morning DHEA-S (43%, P<0.001) and mean DHEA-S (34%, P=0.002) increased compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that pilates training could improve mental and physical function which was accompanied by changes of diurnal cortisol and DHEA as one of the possible effective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezu Farzane
- School of Education and Psychology, Department of Sport Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Koushkie Jahromi
- School of Education and Psychology, Department of Sport Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran -
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Barros MPD, Bachi ALL, Santos JDMBD, Lambertucci RH, Ishihara R, Polotow TG, Caldo-Silva A, Valente PA, Hogervorst E, Furtado GE. The poorly conducted orchestra of steroid hormones, oxidative stress and inflammation in frailty needs a maestro: Regular physical exercise. Exp Gerontol 2021; 155:111562. [PMID: 34560197 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review outlines the various factors associated with unhealthy aging which includes becoming frail and dependent. With many people not engaging in recommended exercise, facilitators and barriers to engage with exercise must be investigated to promote exercise uptake and adherence over the lifespan for different demographics, including the old, less affluent, women, and those with different cultural-ethnic backgrounds. Governmental and locally funded public health messages and environmental facilitation (gyms, parks etc.) can play an important role. Studies have shown that exercise can act as a conductor to balance oxidative stress, immune and endocrine functions together to promote healthy aging and reduce the risk for age-related morbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis, and promote cognition and mood over the lifespan. Like a classic symphony orchestra, consisting of four groups of related musical instruments - the woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings - the aging process should also perform in harmony, with compassion, avoiding the aggrandizement of any of its individual parts during the presentation. This review discusses the wide variety of molecular, cellular and endocrine mechanisms (focusing on the steroid balance) underlying this process and their interrelationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Paes de Barros
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), MSc/PhD Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, 01506-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - André Luís Lacerda Bachi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04025-002, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo 04829-300, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael Ishihara
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11015-020, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Geraldo Polotow
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports (ICAFE), MSc/PhD Interdisciplinary Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, 01506-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Caldo-Silva
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019) at Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), Portugal
| | - Pedro Afonso Valente
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019) at Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), Portugal
| | - Eef Hogervorst
- Applied Cognitive Research National Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), Coimbra, Portugal; Institute Polytechnic of Maia, Porto, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2019) at Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, (FCDEF-UC), Portugal.
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Polenick CA, Birditt KS, Turkelson A, Perbix EA, Salwi SM, Zarit SH. Daily Social Interactions and HPA Axis Activity Among Midlife and Older Adults. THE GERONTOLOGIST 2021; 61:897-906. [PMID: 33367791 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnaa215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Older people experience fewer negative interactions and report less stress in response to interpersonal tensions. Less is known, however, about the implications of daily social interactions for biological stress responses. We evaluated links between daily positive and negative interactions and 2 key biomeasures of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S). We also considered the moderating effects of age. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants included a random sample of 93 individuals aged 40-95 who completed 14 days of daily diary interviews and provided saliva samples during 4 of those days. RESULTS Three-level piecewise models showed that individuals had higher sustained DHEA-S levels on days after reporting more positive interactions. Young-old adults (60-79) had lower overall DHEA-S on days when they had more negative interactions than oldest-old adults (80 and older). Oldest-old adults showed a flatter decline in DHEA-S on days after they reported more negative interactions compared to midlife adults (40-59). Daily social interactions were not significantly associated with cortisol. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS Strategies to increase positive interactions may help to build physiological resilience to stress, particularly among midlife and young-old adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kira S Birditt
- Aging and Biopsychosocial Innovations Program, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Angela Turkelson
- Aging and Biopsychosocial Innovations Program, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Emily A Perbix
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Shreya M Salwi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Steven H Zarit
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
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Jalalvand F, Rezaei A, Badehnoosh B, Yaseri M, Qorbani M, Emaminia F, Shabani M. The Effects of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. on the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, Dehydroepiandrosterone-Sulfate, Prolactin and Cortisol Levels in Post-Menopausal Women: A Double-Blind, Randomized, and Placebo-Controlled Study. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:654459. [PMID: 34305584 PMCID: PMC8293672 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.654459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Menopause is the last menstrual period associated with a decline in ovarian steroid secretion and follicular loss. Hormone profile changes during menopause include a decrease in the production of estrogen, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and prolactin (PRL), and an increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and cortisol. Herbal medicines are considered as alternatives to hormone therapy. The studies on postmenopausal women have shown that Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (called "Senjed" in Persian) has some efficacy in improving sex hormone and lipid profiles, joint pain, and cardiovascular function, as the decrease in luteinizing hormone, low-density lipoprotein, and heart rate was significant. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of E. angustifolia on TSH, DHEA-S, PRL, and cortisol levels and their ratios in postmenopausal women. It is assumed that the eventual effects of hormones on the brain and other tissues are determined by the balance between interdependent hormones. In the present randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial (https://en.irct.ir/search/result?query=IRCT20170227032795N4), fifty-eight postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to one of two medicinal herb (15 g of the whole E. angustifolia fruit powder) and placebo (7.5 g isomalt + 7.5 g cornstarch) groups. After 10 weeks of the treatment, the serum levels of TSH, DHEA-S, PRL, cortisol hormones, and their ratios were measured. The increase in the TSH, and cortisol levels, and cortisol/DHEA-S ratio and the decrease in prolactin and DHEA-S and the PRL/TSH, PRL/cortisol, and DHEA-S/TSH ratios after E. angustifolia consumption were significant only based on within-group but not on the between-group analysis. Based on between-group analyses, the changes in the hormone profile were not significant in the placebo group. According to Iranian tradition and folklore, E. angustifolia fruit is a symbol of female fertility. Therefore, its consumption is highly recommended to maintain health in the elderly, especially women. However, the observed outcomes about the effect of E. angustifolia on menopause were not completely in line with the Iranian folklore. E. angustifolia consumption did not significantly affect the hormone profile and ratios at the end of the ten-week trial, possibly due to the small sample size, short time, and the fact that our participants were postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arezou Rezaei
- School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran.,Institute of Biological Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Bita Badehnoosh
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medical Science, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran.,Dietary supplement and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tezuka Y, Atsumi N, Blinder AR, Rege J, Giordano TJ, Rainey WE, Turcu AF. The Age-Dependent Changes of the Human Adrenal Cortical Zones Are Not Congruent. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1389-1397. [PMID: 33524149 PMCID: PMC8502483 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While previous studies indicate that the zonae reticularis (ZR) and glomerulosa (ZG) diminish with aging, little is known about age-related transformations of the zona fasciculata (ZF). OBJECTIVES To investigate the morphological and functional changes of the adrenal cortex across adulthood, with emphasis on (i) the understudied ZF and (ii) sexual dimorphisms. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2), visinin-like protein 1 (VSNL1), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (HSD3B2), 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), and cytochrome b5 type A (CYB5A) in adrenal glands from 60 adults (30 men), aged 18 to 86. Additionally, we employed mass spectrometry to quantify the morning serum concentrations of cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol (11dF), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and androstenedione in 149 pairs of age- and body mass index-matched men and women, age 21 to 95 years. RESULTS The total cortical area was positively correlated with age (r = 0.34, P = 0.008). Both the total (VSNL1-positive) and functional ZG (CYP11B2-positive) areas declined with aging in men (r = -0.57 and -0.67, P < 0.01), but not in women. The CYB5A-positive area declined with age in both sexes (r = -0.76, P < 0.0001). In contrast, the estimated ZF area correlated positively with age in men (r = 0.59, P = 0.0006) and women (r = 0.49, P = 0.007), while CYP11B1-positive area remained unchanged across ages. Serum cortisol, corticosterone, and 11-deoxycorticosterone levels were stable across ages, while 11dF levels increased slightly with age (r = 0.16, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION Unlike the ZG and ZR, the ZF and the total adrenal cortex areas enlarge with aging. An abrupt decline of the ZG occurs with age in men only, possibly contributing to sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tezuka
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nanako Atsumi
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Amy R Blinder
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Correspondence: Adina F. Turcu, MD, MS, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, MSRB II, 5570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
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Theorell T, Engström G, Hallinder H, Lennartsson AK, Kowalski J, Emami A. The use of saliva steroids (cortisol and DHEA-s) as biomarkers of changing stress levels in people with dementia and their caregivers: A pilot study. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211019856. [PMID: 34030538 PMCID: PMC10305820 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211019856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The rationale was to explore the efficacy/sensitivity of using morning and evening cortisol levels as biomarkers for stress reduction in persons with dementia (PWDs) and their family caregivers (FCGs) participating in a music intervention program. Thirty-two PWD and their FGC were recruited to an 8-week, home-based music intervention program. Daily home-based collection of saliva samples took place at bedtime and upon awakening. Cortisol was analyzed in the morning and evening saliva samples and DHEA-s in the morning samples. Trends over 40 workdays (15-40 observations per subject) were assessed using linear regression analysis. Twenty-three PWD (72% of invited, 16 men and 7 women, age 69-93) and 24 caregivers (75%, 8 men and 16 women, age 37-90) completed the intervention for at least 6 weeks and were included in the analysis. One-fourth of the PWD and FCG had decreasing evening cortisol, accompanied by decreasing morning cortisol levels. In one-fourth of the participants the ratio between cortisol and DHEA-S in the morning samples was improved, indicating improved balance between energy mobilization and regeneration. Several participants showed no significant endocrine change. There was a statistically significant (two-sided test) correlation within the PWD-caregiver dyads in evening cortisol trend and a statistically significant decrease (two-sided test) in the morning-evening cortisol slope for the FCG group. Reduction in stress, as measured by evening cortisol, was observed in a substantial number of the participants. Recording endocrine stress is helpful for the unbiased assessment of the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tores Theorell
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm
University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of International Health,
Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Jan Kowalski
- JK Biostatistics, Karlbergsvägen,
Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Azita Emami
- School of Nursing, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Occupational Therapy,
Department of Neuroscience, Care Sciences & Society (NVS), Karolinska
Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Emery Thompson M, Fox SA, Berghänel A, Sabbi KH, Phillips-Garcia S, Enigk DK, Otali E, Machanda ZP, Wrangham RW, Muller MN. Wild chimpanzees exhibit humanlike aging of glucocorticoid regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8424-8430. [PMID: 32229565 PMCID: PMC7165472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920593117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortisol, a key product of the stress response, has critical influences on degenerative aging in humans. In turn, cortisol production is affected by senescence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to progressive dysregulation and increased cortisol exposure. These processes have been studied extensively in industrialized settings, but few comparative data are available from humans and closely related species living in natural environments, where stressors are very different. Here, we examine age-related changes in urinary cortisol in a 20-y longitudinal study of wild chimpanzees (n = 59 adults) in the Kanyawara community of Kibale National Park, Uganda. We tested for three key features of HPA aging identified in many human studies: increased average levels, a blunted diurnal rhythm, and enhanced response to stressors. Using linear mixed models, we found that aging was associated with a blunting of the diurnal rhythm and a significant linear increase in cortisol, even after controlling for changes in dominance rank. These effects did not differ by sex. Aging did not increase sensitivity to energetic stress or social status. Female chimpanzees experienced their highest levels of cortisol during cycling (versus lactation), and this effect increased with age. Male chimpanzees experienced their highest levels when exposed to sexually attractive females, but this effect was diminished by age. Our results indicate that chimpanzees share some key features of HPA aging with humans. These findings suggest that impairments of HPA regulation are intrinsic to the aging process in hominids and are side effects neither of extended human life span nor of atypical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Emery Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131;
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Stephanie A Fox
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Andreas Berghänel
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Domestication Lab, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kris H Sabbi
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | | | - Drew K Enigk
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Emily Otali
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Zarin P Machanda
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Department of Anthropology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155
| | - Richard W Wrangham
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Martin N Muller
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Fort Portal, Uganda
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10
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Jain FA, Connolly CG, Reus VI, Meyerhoff DJ, Yang TT, Mellon SH, Mackin S, Hough CM, Morford A, Wolkowitz OM. Cortisol, moderated by age, is associated with antidepressant treatment outcome and memory improvement in Major Depressive Disorder: A retrospective analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 109:104386. [PMID: 31382170 PMCID: PMC6842706 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies testing the relationship between cortisol levels, depression, and antidepressant treatment response have yielded divergent results suggesting the possibility of moderators of a cortisol effect. Several studies indicate that age may moderate the relationship between cortisol and depression. In patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), we studied the interactive effects of age and cortisol in association with MDD diagnostic status and mood and memory response to antidepressant treatment. METHODS Serum cortisol levels in 66 unmedicated patients with MDD and 75 matched healthy controls (HC) were measured at baseline and retrospectively analyzed. Logistic regression was used to determine an association of age, cortisol and their interaction with MDD diagnosis in the pooled sample of MDD and HC participants. Thirty-four of the MDD participants (age range: 19-65 years; median: 36) underwent treatment with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRl) for 8 weeks. Clinician and self-ratings of depression symptoms, as well as tests of verbal and visual delayed recall were obtained at baseline and post treatment. Moderation analyses determined the effect of age on the relationship between baseline cortisol and treatment outcome. RESULTS Cortisol, moderated by age, was associated with MDD diagnosis (p < .05), treatment-associated reduction of depression symptoms (p < .001) and improvement of delayed recall (p < .001). Modeling the Cortisol × Age interaction suggested that for participants below the median age of our sample, lower cortisol levels were associated with a lower rate of MDD diagnosis and higher antidepressant effects. On the contrary, in those above the median sample age, lower cortisol was associated with a higher rate of MDD and less improvement in depression symptoms and memory performance. CONCLUSIONS Our results add to the body of literature suggesting that age might be an important factor in moderating the relationship between peripheral cortisol levels, depression, cognition, and prognosis. These results indicate that previous disparities in the literature linking peripheral cortisol levels with depression characteristics and treatment response may critically relate, at least in part, to the age of the participants studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A. Jain
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA,Corresponding Author: Felipe A. Jain, M.D, Present Address Depression Clinical and Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, One Bowdoin Square, 6 Floor, Boston, MA 02114, Phone: 617-643-4682, Fax: 617-724-3028,
| | - Colm G. Connolly
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Victor I. Reus
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Dieter J. Meyerhoff
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA,Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco VA Medical Center, 4150 Clement St, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Tony T. Yang
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Synthia H. Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Scott Mackin
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Christina M. Hough
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Alexandra Morford
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Owen M. Wolkowitz
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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11
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Jiang Y, Peng T, Gaur U, Silva M, Little P, Chen Z, Qiu W, Zhang Y, Zheng W. Role of Corticotropin Releasing Factor in the Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Depression: Examination of Current Pharmaceutical and Herbal Therapies. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:290. [PMID: 31312123 PMCID: PMC6614517 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 3% of the world population suffers from depression, which is one of the most common form of mental disorder. Recent findings suggest that an interaction between the nervous system and immune system might be behind the pathophysiology of various neurological and psychiatric disorders, including depression. Neuropeptides have been shown to play a major role in mediating response to stress and inducing immune activation or suppression. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is a major regulator of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis response. CRF is a stress-related neuropeptide whose dysregulation has been associated with depression. In this review, we summarized the role of CRF in the neuroimmune mechanisms of depression, and the potential therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicines (CHM) as well as other agents. Studying the network of CRF and immune responses will help to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of depression. Additionally, targeting this important network may aid in developing novel treatments for this debilitating psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Jiang
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tangming Peng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Uma Gaur
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Marta Silva
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Peter Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yandong Zhang
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Center of Reproduction, Development and Aging and Institute of Translation Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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12
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Yanagita I, Fujihara Y, Kitajima Y, Tajima M, Honda M, Kawajiri T, Eda T, Yonemura K, Yamaguchi N, Asakawa H, Nei Y, Kayashima Y, Yoshimoto M, Harada M, Araki Y, Yoshimoto S, Aida E, Yanase T, Nawata H, Muta K. A High Serum Cortisol/DHEA-S Ratio Is a Risk Factor for Sarcopenia in Elderly Diabetic Patients. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:801-813. [PMID: 30963138 PMCID: PMC6446890 DOI: 10.1210/js.2018-00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a high prevalence of frailty and/or sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is thought to be related to discordant secretions of the adrenal hormones cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), as well as the sulfate ester of DHEA (DHEA-S). The current study sought to evaluate the risk factors for sarcopenia in elderly patients with T2DM. Design and Patients We enrolled 108 consecutive elderly patients aged ≥65 years with T2DM (mean age, 76.2 ± 7.3 years; 43.5% males). Sarcopenia was assessed and diagnosed based on the Asian version of the diagnostic criteria regarding muscular strength, physical function, and muscle mass. We assessed various physical parameters, blood tests, and atherosclerosis markers and statistically determined the risk factors for sarcopenia. Results Multiple regression analysis showed that the independent risk factors for sarcopenia were a serum cortisol/DHEA-S ratio ≥0.2, diastolic blood pressure <70 mm Hg, Hb concentration <13 g/dL, and an ankle brachial index <1.0. The strongest risk factor for sarcopenia was a serum cortisol/DHEA-S ratio ≥0.2. An increase in the serum cortisol/DHEA-S ratio reflected higher cortisol values and lower DHEA-S values in patients with sarcopenia compared with those in nonsarcopenic patients. The concentrations of cortisol and DHEA-S, as well as the cortisol/DHEA-S ratio, changed in accordance with the severity of sarcopenia. Conclusions A relative increase in cortisol may reflect the presence of stress and stimulate muscle catabolism, whereas a relative decrease in DHEA-S may cause a decrease in the anabolic action of DHEA on muscle; the combination of these factors may lead to sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Yanagita
- Muta Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Toshihiko Yanase
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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13
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Masafi S, Saadat SH, Tehranchi K, Olya R, Heidari M, Malihialzackerini S, Jafari M, Rajabi E. Effect of Stress, Depression and Type D Personality on Immune System in the Incidence of Coronary Artery Disease. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1533-1544. [PMID: 30159090 PMCID: PMC6108813 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body. The impact of psychological factors on the immune system and the role of this system in Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) are confirmed. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is arisen due to the failure of blood and oxygen to the heart tissues. AIM: The present study aimed to describe psychoneuroimmunological processes which contribute to CAD and CHD progression. METHOD: Such psychological risk factors like stress, depression and type D personality were investigated here. Psychoneuroimmunological pathways of all three mentioned risk factors were described for CAD. RESULTS: The studies review indicated that stress could be accompanied with myocardial ischemia and help to rupture. The depression involves in the transfer of stable atherosclerotic plaque to unstable, and type D personality is effective in the initial stages of a CAD. CONCLUSION: As more information on cardiovascular immunity becomes available, this will provide a better understanding and thus act as the foundation for the potential development of new treatment strategies for treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saideh Masafi
- Department of Psychology, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Saadat
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katayoun Tehranchi
- Department of Psychology, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran
| | - Roohollah Olya
- Department of Psychology, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran
| | - Mostafa Heidari
- Department of Psychology, Saveh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saveh, Iran
| | - Saied Malihialzackerini
- Department of Psychology, Kish International Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kish Island, Iran
| | - Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Rajabi
- Shahid Beheshty University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Hirokawa K, Fujii Y, Taniguchi T, Takaki J, Tsutsumi A. Association Between Cortisol to DHEA-s Ratio and Sickness Absence in Japanese Male Workers. Int J Behav Med 2017; 25:362-367. [PMID: 29164484 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-017-9700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the association between serum levels of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-s) and sickness absence over 2 years in Japanese male workers. METHOD A baseline survey including questions about health behavior, along with blood sampling for cortisol and DHEA-s, was conducted in 2009. In total, 429 men (mean ± SD age, 52.9 ± 8.6 years) from whom blood samples were collected at baseline were followed until December 31, 2011. The hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for sickness absence were calculated using a Cox proportional hazard model, adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS Among 35 workers who took sickness absences, 31 had physical illness. A high cortisol to DHEA-s ratio increased the risk of sickness absence (crude HR = 2.68, 95% CI 1.12-6.41; adjusted HR = 3.33, 95% CI 1.35-8.20). The cortisol to DHEA-s ratio was linearly associated with an increased risk of sickness absence (p for trend < .050). Single effects of cortisol and DHEA-s levels were not associated with sickness absences. This trend did not change when limited to absences resulting from physical illness. CONCLUSION Hormonal conditions related to the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and adrenal function should be considered when predicting sickness absence. The cortisol to DHEA-s ratio may be more informative than single effects of cortisol and DHEA-s levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Hirokawa
- Department of Nursing, Baika Women's University, 2-19-5 Shukunosho, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-8578, Japan.
| | - Yasuhito Fujii
- Department of Welfare System and Health Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Toshiyo Taniguchi
- Department of Welfare System and Health Science, Okayama Prefectural University, 111 Kuboki, Soja, Okayama, 719-1197, Japan
| | - Jiro Takaki
- Department of Public Health, Sanyo Gakuen University Graduate School of Nursing, 1-14-1 Hirai, Naka-ku, Okayama, 703-8501, Japan
| | - Akizumi Tsutsumi
- Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of shared dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) axes associated with depression and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Clinical implications and future research are also discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Both depression and T2D are associated with dysregulation of the HPA and BGM axes. These pathways regulate immune function, glucose metabolism, and sleep, which are altered in both illnesses. Dysregulation of homeostatic brain-body pathways may be positively influenced through different therapeutic actions, including psychotherapy, healthy eating, physical activity, sleep promotion, and certain anti-inflammatory or antidepressant medications. While the causal nature of the relationship between depression and T2D remains unclear, these conditions share dysregulation of homeostatic brain-body pathways that are central to mental and physical health. Better understanding of this dysregulation may provide opportunities for interventions that could benefit both conditions. Future research should examine the additive burden of depression and T2D on HPA and BGM dysregulation and better differentiate depression from emotional distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire J Hoogendoorn
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, 1165 Morris Park Avenue, Rousso Building, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Juan F Roy
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, 1165 Morris Park Avenue, Rousso Building, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Gonzalez
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, 1165 Morris Park Avenue, Rousso Building, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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16
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Schutter N, Holwerda TJ, Stek ML, Dekker JJM, Rhebergen D, Comijs HC. Loneliness in older adults is associated with diminished cortisol output. J Psychosom Res 2017; 95:19-25. [PMID: 28314545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loneliness in older adults has been associated with increased mortality and health problems. One of the assumed underlying mechanisms is dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis (HPA-axis). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether loneliness in older adults is associated with HPA-axis dysregulation and whether this association differs between depressed and non-depressed persons. METHODS Cross-sectional data of 426 lonely and non-lonely older adults in the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older Persons (NESDO) were used. Linear regression analyses and multinominal logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between loneliness and morning cortisol, cortisol awakening response, diurnal slope and dexamethasone suppression ratio. In all analyses, confounders were introduced. In order to examine whether the association between loneliness and cortisol measures is different in depressed versus non-depressed persons, an interaction term for loneliness x depression diagnosis was tested. RESULTS Cortisol output in the first hour after awakening and dexamethasone suppression ratio was lower in lonely participants. There were no significant interactions between loneliness and depression diagnosis in the association with the cortisol measures. CONCLUSION This study is the first to investigate the association between the HPA-axis and loneliness in a large group of older adults aged 60-93years. We found lower cortisol output in the first hour after awakening and lower dexamethasone suppression ratio in lonely older depressed and non-depressed adults. Whether diminished cortisol output is the underlying mechanism that leads to health problems in lonely older adults is an interesting object for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schutter
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Nieuwe Kerkstraat 156, 1018 VM Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - T J Holwerda
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Nieuwe Kerkstraat 156, 1018 VM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M L Stek
- GGZ InGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J M Dekker
- Department of Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Clinical Research, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Rhebergen
- GGZ InGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H C Comijs
- GGZ InGeest, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Takeda A, Tamano H. Insight into cognitive decline from Zn 2+ dynamics through extracellular signaling of glutamate and glucocorticoids. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Abstract
Biochemical markers of inflammation have been used in recent physical activity intervention studies. However, these same biochemical markers, mainly proinflammatory cytokines, may also be influenced by the individual’s level of stress and mood. Accordingly, this pilot study was implemented to determine the effect of a physical activity intervention on perceived stress, mood, quality of life, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cortisol among 10 older adults, age 60 to 90. The results were compared to those of 10 older adults who were not engaging in regular physical activity. The 10-week intervention was applied using student nurses who taught the older adults how to calculate 60% of their maximum heart rate while ambulating for 30-min intervals. After the 10-week period, the participants in the exercise group reported significant improvements in stress, mood, and several quality of life indices. They also demonstrated a significant decrease in serum IL-6. Stress, mood, and quality of life scores in the exercise group were also significantly improved compared to the control group. This study adds information on the specific intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise necessary to achieve improvements in psychological variables and IL-6 levels. It also supports the need to measure psychological stress in physical activity intervention studies. Although the psychological variables were highly correlated, there were only weak correlations found with IL-6, suggesting that other factors are likely involved in reducing IL-6 when engaging in low-impact physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Starkweather
- Intercollegiate College of Nursing at Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99224, USA.
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19
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Woods DL, Martin JL. Cortisol and Wake Time in Nursing Home Residents With Behavioral Symptoms of Dementia. Biol Res Nurs 2016; 9:21-9. [PMID: 17601854 DOI: 10.1177/1099800407303982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in sleep and behavioral symptoms are consistently reported among nursing home residents with dementia. Disregulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), indexed by basal cortisol levels, offers one explanation. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between wake time and cortisol slope in residents with behavioral symptoms. The study included 27 residents aged 71 to 84 years with dementia and behavioral symptoms. Using a within-subject longitudinal design, the researchers documented wake time and collected saliva samples for 4 consecutive days upon waking and at 30 min, 6 hr, and 12 hr after waking. Within-person cortisol slopes were categorized into zero-positive and negative slopes. The zero—positives (35%) exhibited an earlier wake time than the negatives (65%). These preliminary results suggest both a relationship between wake time and HPA diurnal profile and an association between the sleep-wake cycle and cortisol secretion among nursing home residents with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lynn Woods
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6919, USA.
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20
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Takeda A, Tamano H, Nishio R, Murakami T. Behavioral Abnormality Induced by Enhanced Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis Activity under Dietary Zinc Deficiency and Its Usefulness as a Model. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071149. [PMID: 27438830 PMCID: PMC4964522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary zinc deficiency increases glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex via enhanced hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity and induces neuropsychological symptoms, i.e., behavioral abnormality. Behavioral abnormality is due to the increase in glucocorticoid secretion rather than disturbance of brain zinc homeostasis, which occurs after the increase in glucocorticoid secretion. A major target of glucocorticoids is the hippocampus and their actions are often associated with disturbance of glutamatergic neurotransmission, which may be linked to behavioral abnormality, such as depressive symptoms and aggressive behavior under zinc deficiency. Glucocorticoid-mediated disturbance of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus is also involved in the pathophysiology of, not only psychiatric disorders, such as depression, but also neurodegenerative disorders, e.g., Alzheimer’s disease. The evidence suggests that zinc-deficient animals are models for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), as well as depression. To understand validity to apply zinc-deficient animals as a behavioral abnormality model, this paper deals with the effect of antidepressive drugs and herbal medicines on hippocampal dysfunctions and behavioral abnormality, which are induced by enhanced HPA axis activity under dietary zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Haruna Tamano
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Ryusuke Nishio
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Taku Murakami
- Department of Neurophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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21
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Kirberger RM, Tordiffe AS. Ultrasonographic adrenal gland findings in healthy semi-captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Zoo Biol 2016; 35:260-8. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Kirberger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; Department of Companion; Animal Clinical Studies; University of Pretoria; Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - Adrian S.W. Tordiffe
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; Department of Paraclinical Studies; University of Pretoria; Onderstepoort South Africa
- National Zoological Gardens of South Africa; Pretoria South Africa
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22
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Abstract
Human aging is associated with increasing frailty and morbidity which can result in significant disability. Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may contribute to aging-related diseases like depression, cognitive deficits, and Alzheimer's disease in some older individuals. In addition to neuro-cognitive dysfunction, it has also been associated with declining physical performance possibly due to sarcopenia. This article reviews the pathophysiology of HPA dysfunction with respect to increased basal adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol secretion, decreased glucocorticoid (GC) negative feedback at the level of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, hippocampus (HC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC), and flattening of diurnal pattern of cortisol release. It is possible that the increased cortisol secretion is secondary to peripheral conversion from cortisone. There is a decline in pregnolone secretion and C-19 steroids (DHEA) with aging. There is a small decrease in aldosterone with aging, but a subset of the older population have a genetic predisposition to develop hyperaldosteronism due to the increased ACTH stimulation. The understanding of the HPA axis and aging remains a complex area with conflicting studies leading to controversial interpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepashree Gupta
- Division of Endocrinology, Saint Louis University, Missouri, St. Louis; Divisions of Endocrinology and Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University, Missouri, St. Louis
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Pluchino N, Drakopoulos P, Bianchi-Demicheli F, Wenger JM, Petignat P, Genazzani AR. Neurobiology of DHEA and effects on sexuality, mood and cognition. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145:273-80. [PMID: 24892797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate ester, DHEAS, are the most abundant steroid hormones in the humans. However, their physiological significance, their mechanisms of action and their possible roles as treatment are not fully clarified. Biological actions of DHEA(S) in the brain involve neuroprotection, neurite growth, neurogenesis and neuronal survival, apoptosis, catecholamine synthesis and secretion, as well as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiglucocorticoid effects. In addition, DHEA affects neurosteroidogenis and endorphin synthesis/release. We also demonstrated in a model of ovariectomized rats that DHEA therapy increases proceptive behaviors, already after 1 week of treatment, affecting central function of sexual drive. In women, the analyses of clinical outcomes are far from being conclusive and many issues should still be addressed. Although DHEA preparations have been available in the market since the 1990s, there are very few definitive reports on the biological functions of this steroid. We demonstrate that 1 year DHEA administration at the dose of 10mg provided a significant improvement in comparison with vitamin D in sexual function and in frequency of sexual intercourse in early postmenopausal women. Among symptomatic women, the spectrum of symptoms responding to DHEA requires further investigation, to define the type of sexual symptoms (e.g. decreased sexual function or hypoactive sexual desire disorder) and the degree of mood/cognitive symptoms that could be responsive to hormonal treatment. In this regard, our findings are promising, although they need further exploration with a larger and more representative sample size. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Essential role of DHEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pluchino
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - P Drakopoulos
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Bianchi-Demicheli
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J M Wenger
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Petignat
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A R Genazzani
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Vinogradov DB, Mingazov AK, Izarovskaya IV, Babin KA, Sinitsky AI. The relationship between neuroendocrine dysfunction and free-radical oxidation in old age alcoholism. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2015; 115:73-75. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20151158173-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Nocturia is a bothersome symptom that increases with age, resulting in sleep disruption, an increased risk of falls, and a greater likelihood of rating one's health as poor. It is often a symptom of conditions that cause low volume voiding, overproduction of urine across the day or only at night and a symptom of a sleep disorder. Nocturia affects quality of life and has an impact on aging in place, thus assessment and treatment are essential. Behavioral treatments should be explored first, keeping in mind what the affected older adult defines as the desired outcomes of treatment.
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Belvederi Murri M, Pariante C, Mondelli V, Masotti M, Atti AR, Mellacqua Z, Antonioli M, Ghio L, Menchetti M, Zanetidou S, Innamorati M, Amore M. HPA axis and aging in depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 41:46-62. [PMID: 24495607 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the most consistent findings in the biology of depression is an altered activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. However, data concerning this issue have never been examined with a focus on the older population. Here we present a systematic review and meta-analysis, based on studies investigating levels of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in depressed participants older than 60 and compared with healthy controls. We found 20 studies, for a total of 43 comparisons on different indices of HPA axis functioning. Depression had a significant effect (Hedges' g) on basal cortisol levels measured in the morning (0.89), afternoon (0.83) and night (1.39), but a smaller effect on cortisol measured continuously (0.51). The effect of depression was even higher on post-dexamethasone cortisol levels (3.22), whereas it was non-significant on morning ACTH and CRH levels. Subgroup analyses indicated that various methodological and clinical factors can influence the study results. Overall, older participants suffering from depression show a high degree of dysregulation of HPA axis activity, with differences compared with younger adults. This might depend on several mechanisms, including physical illnesses, alterations in the CNS and immune-endocrinological alterations. Further studies are needed to clarify the implications of altered HPA axis activity in older patients suffering from depression. Novel pharmacological approaches might be effective in targeting this pathophysiological feature, thus improving the clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Belvederi Murri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Neurosciences Division of Psychiatry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Carmine Pariante
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mattia Masotti
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Oftalmology, Genetics and Infant-Maternal Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Atti
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences - Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Zefiro Mellacqua
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Antonioli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences - Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Ghio
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Oftalmology, Genetics and Infant-Maternal Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Menchetti
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marco Innamorati
- Department of Neurosciences Division of Psychiatry, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mario Amore
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Oftalmology, Genetics and Infant-Maternal Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Hashemi S, Ramezani Tehrani F, Noroozzadeh M, Azizi F. Normal cut-off values for hyperandrogenaemia in Iranian women of reproductive age. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 172:51-5. [PMID: 24220143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The normal cut-off values for hyperandrogenaemia differ between populations. Although there are various ways to determine the normal range of hormones in a population, use of a gold standard and the 95th percentile approach are not appropriate to diagnose hyperandrogenism. This study aimed to determine normative cut-off androgen levels for Iranian women of reproductive age using k-means cluster analysis. STUDY DESIGN The subjects were 1126 women, aged 18-45 years, initially selected at random from women of reproductive age from different geographic regions of Iran. Serum levels of hormones were measured, and complete data were available for 923 women following the implementation of exclusion criteria. The reference group comprised 423 eumenorrhoeic non-hirsute women selected from the total population. Normative cut-off levels were computed using k-means cluster analysis (k=3). Analyses were also conducted based on age and body mass index (BMI) groups for the 923 subjects. RESULTS Cluster cut-off values for the total study population were similar to the 95th percentile values, whereas the percentiles for the free androgen index, total testosterone, dehydroepiandrostenedione sulphate and androstenedione were 79.3%, 74.1%, 96.7% and 71%, respectively, in the reference group. CONCLUSIONS Determination of cut-off values for hyperandrogenism based on age and BMI categories provides the most objective way of determining normal upper limits of androgen levels among Iranian women of reproductive age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Hashemi
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahsa Noroozzadeh
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Perceived stress at work is associated with attenuated DHEA-S response during acute psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:1650-7. [PMID: 23428256 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) have been suggested to play a protective role during acute psychosocial stress, because they act as antagonists to the effects of the stress hormone cortisol. This study aims to investigate whether prolonged psychosocial stress, measured as perceived stress at work during the past week, is related to the capacity to produce DHEA and DHEA-S during acute psychosocial stress. It also aims to investigate whether prolonged perceived stress affects the balance between production of cortisol and DHEA-S during acute psychosocial stress. METHOD Thirty-six healthy subjects (19 men and 17 women, mean age 37 years, SD 5 years), were included. Perceived stress at work during the past week was measured by using the Stress-Energy (SE) Questionnaire. The participants were divided into three groups based on their mean scores; Low stress, Medium stress and High stress. The participants underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and blood samples were collected before, directly after the stress test, and after 30 min of recovery. General Linear Models were used to investigate if the Medium stress group and the High stress group differ regarding stress response compared to the Low stress group. RESULTS Higher perceived stress at work was associated with attenuated DHEA-S response during acute psychosocial stress. Furthermore, the ratio between the cortisol production and the DHEA-S production during the acute stress test were higher in individuals reporting higher perceived stress at work compared to individuals reporting low perceived stress at work. There was no statistical difference in DHEA response between the groups. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that prolonged stress, measured as perceived stress at work during the past week, seems to negatively affect the capacity to produce DHEA-S during acute stress. Given the protective functions of DHEA-S, attenuated DHEA-S production during acute stress may lead to higher risk for adverse effects on psychological and physiological health, particularly if stress exposure continues.
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Maggio M, Colizzi E, Fisichella A, Valenti G, Ceresini G, Dall’Aglio E, Ruffini L, Lauretani F, Parrino L, Ceda GP. Stress hormones, sleep deprivation and cognition in older adults. Maturitas 2013; 76:22-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kobrosly RW, Seplaki CL, Cory-Slechta DA, Moynihan J, van Wijngaarden E. Multisystem physiological dysfunction is associated with depressive symptoms in a population-based sample of older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013; 28:718-27. [PMID: 22961783 PMCID: PMC3552052 DOI: 10.1002/gps.3878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between multisystem physiological dysfunction and depressive symptom severity in the US older adults. METHODS We examined 2405 adults of age 60 years and older by using the data from the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We constructed a summary score of "physiological dysfunction," encompassing cardiovascular function, glucose regulation, liver function, and renal function. Overall depressive symptoms were obtained from the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale, and factor analysis was used to derive affective and somatic symptom scores. We employed multiple linear regression models to estimate associations between physiological dysfunction scores and affective, somatic, and overall depressive symptoms, while adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic factors, and other potentially confounding factors. RESULTS Greater multisystem physiological dysfunction scores were associated with an increased severity of overall, affective, and somatic depressive symptoms. These associations persisted after adjusting for all covariates: beta = 0.23 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.13, 0.32); beta = 0.08 (95% CI = 0.04, 0.11); beta = 0.12 (95% CI = 0.06, 0.18), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the multisystem physiological dysfunction is associated with late-life depressive symptoms. Additional longitudinal studies of links between allostatic load, psychosocial stress events throughout the life course, and late-life depressive symptoms may shed further light on this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni W. Kobrosly
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center. Rochester, New York, United States,Corresponding Author: Roni W. Kobrosly, Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 644, Rochester, New York 14642 United States. Tel: 1-585-276-4840; Fax: 1-585-461-4532;
| | - Christopher L. Seplaki
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center. Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Deborah A. Cory-Slechta
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Jan Moynihan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Edwin van Wijngaarden
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center. Rochester, New York, United States
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Takeda A, Nakamura M, Fujii H, Tamano H. Synaptic Zn2+ homeostasis and its significance. Metallomics 2013; 5:417-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt20269k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Lennartsson AK, Kushnir MM, Bergquist J, Jonsdottir IH. DHEA and DHEA-S response to acute psychosocial stress in healthy men and women. Biol Psychol 2012; 90:143-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Takeda A, Tamano H. Proposed glucocorticoid-mediated zinc signaling in the hippocampus. Metallomics 2012; 4:614-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20018j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Son GH, Chung S, Kim K. The adrenal peripheral clock: glucocorticoid and the circadian timing system. Front Neuroendocrinol 2011; 32:451-65. [PMID: 21802440 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian circadian timing system is organized in a hierarchy, with the master clock residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and subsidiary peripheral clocks in other brain regions as well as peripheral tissues. Since the local oscillators in most cells contain a similar molecular makeup to that in the central pacemaker, determining the role of the peripheral clocks in the regulation of rhythmic physiology and behavior is an important issue. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a class of multi-functional adrenal steroid hormones, which exhibit a robust circadian rhythm, with a peak linked with the onset of the daily activity phase. It has long been believed that the production and secretion of GC is primarily governed through the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) neuroendocrine axis in mammals. Growing evidence, however, strongly supports the notion that the periodicity of GC involves the integrated activity of multiple regulatory mechanisms related to circadian timing system along with the classical HPA neuroendocrine regulation. The adrenal-intrinsic oscillator as well as the central pacemaker plays a pivotal role in its rhythmicity. GC influences numerous biological processes, such as metabolic, cardiovascular, immune and even higher brain functions, and also acts as a resetting signal for the ubiquitous peripheral clocks, suggesting its importance in harmonizing circadian physiology and behavior. In this review, we will therefore focus on the recent advances in our understanding of the circadian regulation of adrenal GC and its functional relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Brain Research Center for the 21st Century Frontier Program in Neuroscience, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Takeda A, Tamano H. Zinc signaling through glucocorticoid and glutamate signaling in stressful circumstances. J Neurosci Res 2011; 88:3002-10. [PMID: 20568287 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Humans and animals are constantly exposed to environmental stress. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responds to stress, followed by glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal glands. This response serves to maintain homeostasis in the living body through energy mobilization or to restore it. The brain is an important target for glucocorticoids. The hippocampus participates in the regulation of the HPA axis. Stress activates glutamatergic neurons in the hippocampus, and serious stress induces dyshomeostasis of extracellular glutamate. This dyshomeostasis, which is potentiated by glucocorticoids, modifies cognitive and emotional behavior. On the other hand, zinc is necessary for glucocorticoid signaling and is released from glutamatergic (zincergic) neurons to modulate synaptic glutamate signaling. Stress also induces dyshomeostasis of extracellular zinc, which may be linked to dyshomeostasis of extracellular glutamate. Thus, glucocorticoid signaling might also contribute to dyshomeostasis of extracellular zinc. It is likely that zinc signaling participates in cognitive and emotional behavior through glucocorticoid and glutamate signaling under stressful circumstances. This Mini-Review analyzes the relationship among signals of glucocorticoid, glutamate, and zinc under stressful circumstances to elucidate the significance of the zinc signaling in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Chung S, Son GH, Kim K. Circadian rhythm of adrenal glucocorticoid: Its regulation and clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:581-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Takeda A. Insight into glutamate excitotoxicity from synaptic zinc homeostasis. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 2011:491597. [PMID: 21234391 PMCID: PMC3017909 DOI: 10.4061/2011/491597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is released from glutamatergic (zincergic) neuron terminals in the hippocampus, followed by the increase in Zn(2+) concentration in the intracellular (cytosol) compartment, as well as that in the extracellular compartment. The increase in Zn(2+) concentration in the intracellular compartment during synaptic excitation is mainly due to Zn(2+) influx through calcium-permeable channels and serves as Zn(2+) signaling as well as the case in the extracellular compartment. Synaptic Zn(2+) homeostasis is important for glutamate signaling and altered under numerous pathological processes such as Alzheimer's disease. Synaptic Zn(2+) homeostasis might be altered in old age, and this alteration might be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease; Zinc may play as a key-mediating factor in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. This paper summarizes the role of Zn(2+) signaling in glutamate excitotoxicity, which is involved in Alzheimer's disease, to understand the significance of synaptic Zn(2+) homeostasis in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Global COE, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Zinc Signaling in the Hippocampus and Its Relation to Pathogenesis of Depression. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 44:166-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Huang CW, Lui CC, Chang WN, Lu CH, Wang YL, Chang CC. Elevated basal cortisol level predicts lower hippocampal volume and cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Neurosci 2009; 16:1283-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2008.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lee SY, Myung SC, Lee MY, Kim TH, Kim SC, Kim KD, Park SH, Kim WY. The effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)/DHEA-sulfate (DHEAS) on the contraction responses of the clitoral cavernous smooth muscle from female rabbits. J Sex Med 2009; 6:2653-60. [PMID: 19627466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a multifunctional steroid that is increasingly available as a supplement aimed at improving libido and well-being in postmenopausal women in the recent times. Together with its sulfate version, DHEA-sulfate (DHEAS), it is the most abundant steroid in humans. The clitoris is an important component of the female sexual response, with its increased vascular response during sexual arousal that results in erection. AIMS To elucidate the direct effects of DHEA/DHEAS on the vasomotor reactivity of the rabbit clitoral cavernosum. METHODS Twenty New Zealand white female rabbits weighing approximately 2.5-3 kg were used in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The contractile response of clitoral cavernous smooth muscle strips in response to phenylephrine (PE; 10(-9)-10(-4) M) were observed in rabbits. Additionally, DHEA/DHEAS effects on phenylephrine-induced contraction and/or acetylcholine-induced relaxation of phenylephrine-induced contraction were measured. RESULTS DHEA/DHEAS did not elicit any remarkable response in the resting state. However, both DHEA and DHEAS evoked dose-dependent relaxations of PE-induced contraction. The contractile responses to high potassium were significantly decreased in the DHEA/DHEAS-pretreated strips, compared with the DHEA/DHEAS-nontreated strips. Additionally, contractions by Bay K 8644 (10(-7)-10(-6) M) treatment were also significantly inhibited by DHEA/DHEAS. DHEA-induced relaxation responses were stronger than DHEAS-induced relaxation responses. Various K channel blockers, tetraethylammonium (TEA; 1 mM, 10 mM), 4-aminopyridine (10 microM) and glibenclamide (10 microM) did not affect the DHEA/DHEAS-induced relaxation on muscle strips contracted by PE. Relaxation responses by acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were not changed after DHEA/DHEAS pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS DHEA/DHEAS was found to induce a relaxation response in rabbit clitoral cavernosal smooth muscle, and this is thought to be mediated by direct inhibition of a voltage-dependent calcium channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Young Lee
- Chung-Ang University College of Medicine-Department of Urology, Seoul, Korea
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Oitzl MS, Champagne DL, van der Veen R, de Kloet ER. Brain development under stress: hypotheses of glucocorticoid actions revisited. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 34:853-66. [PMID: 19631685 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the conundrums in today's stress research is why some individuals flourish and others perish under similar stressful conditions. It is recognized that this individual variability in adaptation to stress depends on the outcome of the interaction of genetic and cognitive/emotional inputs in which glucocorticoid hormones and receptors play a crucial role. Hence one approach towards understanding individual variation in stress coping is how glucocorticoid actions can change from protective to harmful. To address this question we focus on four hypotheses that are connected and not mutual exclusive. First, the classical Glucocorticoid Cascade Hypothesis, in which the inability to cope with chronic stress causes a vicious cycle of excess glucocorticoid and downregulation of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in the hippocampus triggering a feed-forward cascade of degeneration and disease. Second, the Balance Hypothesis, which takes also the limbic mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) into account and proposes that an integral limbic MR:GR imbalance is causal to altered processing of information in circuits underlying fear, reward, social behaviour and resilience, dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and impairment of behavioural adaptation. The MR:GR balance is altered by gene variants of these receptor complexes and experience-related factors, which can induce lasting epigenetic changes in the expression of these receptors. A particular potent epigenetic stimulus is the maternal environment which is fundamental for the Maternal Mediation Hypothesis. The outcome of perinatal gene x environment interaction, and thus of MR:GR-mediated functions depends however, on the degree of 'matching' with environmental demands in later life. The Predictive Adaptation Hypothesis therefore presents a conceptual framework to examine the role of glucocorticoids in understanding individual phenotypic differences in stress-related behaviours over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melly S Oitzl
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research (LACDR)/Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids, hormones produced by the adrenal gland cortex, perform numerous functions in body homeostasis and the response of the organism to external stressors. One striking feature of their regulation is a diurnal release pattern, with peak levels linked to the start of the activity phase. This release is under control of the circadian clock, an endogenous biological timekeeper that acts to prepare the organism for daily changes in its environment. Circadian control of glucocorticoid production and secretion involves a central pacemaker in the hypothalamus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, as well as a circadian clock in the adrenal gland itself. Central circadian regulation is mediated via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the autonomic nervous system, while the adrenal gland clock appears to control sensitivity of the gland to the adrenocorticopic hormone (ACTH). The rhythmically released glucocorticoids in turn might contribute to synchronisation of the cell-autonomous clocks in the body and interact with them to time physiological dynamics in their target tissues around the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dickmeis
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Stranahan AM, Lee K, Mattson MP. Contributions of impaired hippocampal plasticity and neurodegeneration to age-related deficits in hormonal pulsatility. Ageing Res Rev 2008; 7:164-76. [PMID: 18262476 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Connectivity between the hippocampus and hypothalamus plays an essential role in circadian rhythmicity and stress responsiveness. Both hippocampal dysfunction and loss of hormonal pulsatility have been demonstrated in aged animals, but the possibility of a functional interaction between these two processes remains unexplored. Correlated hippocampal neuropathology and flattening of the circadian rhythms occur in the elderly, and we propose that these processes are causally linked. In this review, we discuss the anatomical and functional nature of hippocampal interconnections with the hypothalamus. We also discuss the results of studies exploring the relationship between circadian phase and hippocampal plasticity in young animals, with the goal of understanding how these mechanisms might be restored in the aging brain.
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Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, Carskadon MA, Wright KP, Vitiello MV, Zhdanova IV. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part II, advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, free-running disorder, and irregular sleep-wake rhythm. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep 2008; 30:1484-501. [PMID: 18041481 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/30.11.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This the second of two articles reviewing the scientific literature on the evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSDs), employing the methodology of evidence-based medicine. We herein report on the accumulated evidence regarding the evaluation and treatment of Advamced Sleep Phase Disorder (ASPD), Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (DSPD), Free-Running Disorder (FRD) and Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm ISWR). METHODS A set of specific questions relevant to clinical practice were formulated, a systematic literature search was performed, and relevant articles were abstracted and graded. RESULTS A substantial body of literature has accumulated that provides a rational basis the evaluation and treatment of CRSDs. Physiological assessment has involved determination of circadian phase using core body temperature and the timing of melatonin secretion. Behavioral assessment has involved sleep logs, actigraphy and the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Treatment interventions fall into three broad categories: 1) prescribed sleep scheduling, 2) circadian phase shifting ("resetting the clock"), and 3) symptomatic treatment using hypnotic and stimulant medications. CONCLUSION Circadian rhythm science has also pointed the way to rational interventions for CRSDs and these treatments have been introduced into the practice of sleep medicine with varying degrees of success. More translational research is needed using subjects who meet current diagnostic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Sack
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA
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46
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Neuroendocrine features in extreme longevity. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:88-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Woods DL, Kovach CR, Raff H, Joosse L, Basmadjian A, Hegadoren KM. Using saliva to measure endogenous cortisol in nursing home residents with advanced dementia. Res Nurs Health 2008; 31:283-94. [DOI: 10.1002/nur.20254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hennebert O, Chalbot S, Alran S, Morfin R. Dehydroepiandrosterone 7alpha-hydroxylation in human tissues: possible interference with type 1 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-mediated processes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 104:326-33. [PMID: 17467270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is 7alpha-hydroxylated by the cytochome P450 7B1 (CYP7B1) in the human brain and liver. This produces 7alpha-hydroxy-DHEA that is a substrate for 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) which exists in the same tissues and carries out the inter-conversion of 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxy-DHEA through a 7-oxo-intermediary. Since the role of 11beta-HSD1 is to transform the inactive cortisone into active cortisol, its competitive inhibition by 7alpha-hydroxy-DHEA may support the paradigm of native anti-glucocorticoid arising from DHEA. Therefore, our objective was to use human tissues to assess the presences of both CYP7B1 and 11beta-HSD1. Human skin was selected then and used to test its ability to produce 7alpha-hydroxy-DHEA, and to test the interference of 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxy-DHEA and 7-oxo-DHEA with the 11beta-HSD1-mediated oxidoreduction of cortisol and cortisone. Immuno-histochemical studies showed the presence of both CYP7B1 and 11beta-HSD1 in the liver, skin and tonsils. DHEA was readily 7alpha-hydroxylated when incubated using skin slices. A S9 fraction of dermal homogenates containing the 11beta-HSD1 carried out the oxidoreduction of cortisol and cortisone. Inhibition of the cortisol oxidation by 7alpha-hydroxy-DHEA and 7beta-hydroxy-DHEA was competitive with a Ki at 1.85+/-0.495 and 0.255+/-0.005 microM, respectively. Inhibition of cortisone reduction by 7-oxo-DHEA was of a mixed type with a Ki at 1.13+/-0.15 microM. These findings may support the previously proposed native anti-glucocorticoid paradigm and suggest that the 7alpha-hydroxy-DHEA production is a key for the fine tuning of glucocorticoid levels in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Hennebert
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie, EA-3199, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
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Matsutani T, Kang SC, Miyashita M, Sasajima K, Choudhry MA, Bland KI, Chaudry IH. Young and middle-age associated differences in cytokeratin expression after bone fracture, tissue trauma, and hemorrhage. Am J Surg 2007; 193:61-8. [PMID: 17188089 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined whether there is any difference in the lung cytokine and cytokeratin 19 levels between young and middle-aged mice after bone fracture and soft-tissue trauma hemorrhage (Fx-TH). METHODS Young (6-8 weeks) and middle-aged (12 months) C3H/HeN male mice were subjected to right lower leg fracture, trauma hemorrhage (mean arterial blood pressure to 35 +/- 5 mm Hg for 90 minutes), and resuscitation. RESULTS The tumor necrosis factor alpha level in the lung increased significantly at 2 hours after Fx-TH in both young and middle-aged mice, whereas at 24 hours the levels remained significantly higher in middle-aged mice. Interleukin-6 levels increased significantly 24 hours after Fx-TH in both groups, whereas interleukin-10 levels increased only in middle-aged mice at 24 hours under those conditions. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels increased significantly 2 hours after Fx-TH. The protein and messenger RNA levels of cytokeratin 19 were significantly higher in middle-aged mice compared with young mice after Fx-TH. CONCLUSION These results suggest that age influences the lung inflammatory response after Fx-TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsutani
- Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, G 094 Volker Hall, 1670 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
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Goy-Thollot I, Decosne-Junot C, Bonnet JM. Influence of aging on adrenal responsiveness in a population of eleven healthy beagles. Res Vet Sci 2006; 82:195-201. [PMID: 17011003 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the effects of aging on the adrenal cortex response of cortisol and aldosterone in dogs. A population of healthy adult Beagles was evaluated twice at a five-year interval. At each evaluation, plasma basal cortisol and aldosterone, cortisol and aldosterone following ACTH-stimulation, sodium, and potassium concentrations and arterial blood pressure were measured. We observed significantly (p<0.05) greater sodium, urea and creatinine concentrations with aging. Nevertheless urea and creatinine remained within our laboratory reference ranges. This study showed a highly significant age-related elevation of basal cortisol (p<0.01). Inversely, both aldosterone following ACTH-stimulation levels and difference between aldosterone following ACTH-stimulation and basal aldosterone values plummeted significantly (p<0.01) with aging. In conclusion, the evaluation of the adrenal cortex function in dogs should take in consideration the age of the individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Goy-Thollot
- SIAMU, Small Animal Sciences Department, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1, avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, UMR-MA 103, France.
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