1
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Wang J, Li Y, Qi L, Mamtilahun M, Liu C, Liu Z, Shi R, Wu S, Yang GY. Advanced rehabilitation in ischaemic stroke research. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2024; 9:328-343. [PMID: 37788912 PMCID: PMC11420926 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2022-002285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, due to the rapid progress of treatment technology in the acute phase of ischaemic stroke, the mortality of patients has been greatly reduced but the number of disabled survivors is increasing, and most of them are elderly patients. Physicians and rehabilitation therapists pay attention to develop all kinds of therapist techniques including physical therapy techniques, robot-assisted technology and artificial intelligence technology, and study the molecular, cellular or synergistic mechanisms of rehabilitation therapies to promote the effect of rehabilitation therapy. Here, we discussed different animal and in vitro models of ischaemic stroke for rehabilitation studies; the compound concept and technology of neurological rehabilitation; all kinds of biological mechanisms of physical therapy; the significance, assessment and efficacy of neurological rehabilitation; the application of brain-computer interface, rehabilitation robotic and non-invasive brain stimulation technology in stroke rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medical, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medical, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muyassar Mamtilahun
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze Liu
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rubing Shi
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengju Wu
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Zhu X, Yi Z, Li R, Wang C, Zhu W, Ma M, Lu J, Li P. Constructing a Transient Ischemia Attack Model Utilizing Flexible Spatial Targeting Photothrombosis with Real-Time Blood Flow Imaging Feedback. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7557. [PMID: 39062800 PMCID: PMC11277306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is an early warning sign of stroke and death, necessitating suitable animal models due to the associated clinical diagnostic challenges. In this study, we developed a TIA model using flexible spatially targeted photothrombosis combined with real-time blood flow imaging feedback. By modulating the excitation light using wavefront technology, we precisely created a square light spot (50 × 250 µm), targeted at the distal middle cerebral artery (dMCA). The use of laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) provided real-time feedback on the ischemia, while the excitation light was ceased upon reaching complete occlusion. Our results demonstrated that the photothrombus formed in the dMCA and spontaneously recanalized within 10 min (416.8 ± 96.4 s), with no sensorimotor deficits or infarction 24 h post-TIA. During the acute phase, ischemic spreading depression occurred in the ipsilateral dorsal cortex, leading to more severe ischemia and collateral circulation establishment synchronized with the onset of dMCA narrowing. Post-reperfusion, the thrombi were primarily in the sensorimotor and visual cortex, disappearing within 24 h. The blood flow changes in the dMCA were more indicative of cortical ischemic conditions than diameter changes. Our method successfully establishes a photochemical TIA model based on the dMCA, allowing for the dynamic observation and control of thrombus formation and recanalization and enabling real-time monitoring of the impacts on cerebral blood flow during the acute phase of TIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (R.L.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Zichao Yi
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (R.L.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Ruolan Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (R.L.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Chen Wang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (R.L.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Wenting Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (R.L.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Minghui Ma
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (R.L.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinling Lu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (R.L.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (R.L.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (J.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Research Unit of Multimodal Cross Scale Neural Signal Detection and Imaging, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, HUST-Suzhou Institute for Brainsmatics, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Reserch Institute (JITRI), Suzhou 215100, China
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3
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Koukalova L, Chmelova M, Amlerova Z, Vargova L. Out of the core: the impact of focal ischemia in regions beyond the penumbra. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1336886. [PMID: 38504666 PMCID: PMC10948541 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1336886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The changes in the necrotic core and the penumbra following induction of focal ischemia have been the focus of attention for some time. However, evidence shows, that ischemic injury is not confined to the primarily affected structures and may influence the remote areas as well. Yet many studies fail to probe into the structures beyond the penumbra, and possibly do not even find any significant results due to their short-term design, as secondary damage occurs later. This slower reaction can be perceived as a therapeutic opportunity, in contrast to the ischemic core defined as irreversibly damaged tissue, where the window for salvation is comparatively short. The pathologies in remote structures occur relatively frequently and are clearly linked to the post-stroke neurological outcome. In order to develop efficient therapies, a deeper understanding of what exactly happens in the exo-focal regions is necessary. The mechanisms of glia contribution to the ischemic damage in core/penumbra are relatively well described and include impaired ion homeostasis, excessive cell swelling, glutamate excitotoxic mechanism, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis or damage propagation via astrocytic syncytia. However, little is known about glia involvement in post-ischemic processes in remote areas. In this literature review, we discuss the definitions of the terms "ischemic core", "penumbra" and "remote areas." Furthermore, we present evidence showing the array of structural and functional changes in the more remote regions from the primary site of focal ischemia, with a special focus on glia and the extracellular matrix. The collected information is compared with the processes commonly occurring in the ischemic core or in the penumbra. Moreover, the possible causes of this phenomenon and the approaches for investigation are described, and finally, we evaluate the efficacy of therapies, which have been studied for their anti-ischemic effect in remote areas in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Koukalova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martina Chmelova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Amlerova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lydia Vargova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Seo HW, Ha TY, Ko G, Jang A, Choi JW, Lee DH, Chang KA. Scutellaria baicalensis Attenuated Neurological Impairment by Regulating Programmed Cell Death Pathway in Ischemic Stroke Mice. Cells 2023; 12:2133. [PMID: 37681864 PMCID: PMC10486384 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major global health problem that causes significant mortality and long-term disability. Post-stroke neurological impairment is a complication that is often underestimated with the risk of persistent neurological deficits. Although traditional Chinese medicines have a long history of being used for stroke, their scientific efficacy remains unclear. Scutellaria baicalensis, an herbal component known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has traditionally been used to treat brain disorders. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of the Scutellaria baicalensis extraction (SB) during the acute stage of ischemic stroke using photothrombotic (PTB)-induced and transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model mice. We found that SB mitigated ischemic brain injury, as evidenced by a significant reduction in the modified neurological severity score in the acute stage of PTB and both the acute and chronic stages of tMCAO. Furthermore, we elucidated the regulatory role of SB in the necroptosis and pyroptosis pathways during the acute stage of stroke, underscoring its protective effects. Behavioral assessments demonstrated the effectiveness of SB in ameliorating motor dysfunction and cognitive impairment compared to the group receiving the vehicle. Our findings highlight the potential of SB as a promising therapeutic candidate for stroke. SB was found to help modulate the programmed cell death pathways, promote neuroprotection, and facilitate functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-won Seo
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea; (H.-w.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Tae-Young Ha
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea;
| | - Geon Ko
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea; (H.-w.S.); (G.K.)
| | - Aram Jang
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdae-ro, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji-Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong-hun Lee
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdae-ro, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Keun-A Chang
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea; (H.-w.S.); (G.K.)
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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5
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Rose Bengal Induced Photothrombosis in CAM Integrated Human Split Skin Grafts-A Feasibility Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043689. [PMID: 36835099 PMCID: PMC9967479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process requiring an adequate supply of the wound area with oxygen and nutrients by neo-vascularization, to renew tissue. Local ischemia can result in the formation of chronic wounds. Since there is a lack of wound healing models for ischemic wounds, we aimed to develop a new one, based on chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) integrated split skin grafts and induction of ischemia with photo-activating Rose Bengal (RB) in a two-part study: (1) investigation of the thrombotic effect of photo-activated RB in CAM vessels and (2) investigation of the influence of photo-activated RB on CAM integrated human split skin xenografts. In both study phases, we observed a typical pattern of vessel changes after RB activation with a 120 W 525/50 nm green cold light lamp in the region of interest: intravascular haemostasis and a decrease in vessel diameter within 10 min of treatment. In total, the diameter of 24 blood vessels was measured before and after 10 min of illumination. Mean relative reduction of vessel diameter after treatment was 34.8% (12.3%-71.4%; p < 0.001). The results indicate that the present CAM wound healing model can reproduce chronic wounds without inflammation due to the statistically significant reduction of blood flow in the selected area using RB. Combined with xenografted human split skin grafts, we established the set up for a new chronic wound healing model for the research of regenerative processes following ischemic damage of the tissue.
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Conti E, Pavone FS, Allegra Mascaro AL. In Vivo Imaging of the Structural Plasticity of Cortical Neurons After Stroke. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2616:69-81. [PMID: 36715929 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2926-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The comprehension of the finest mechanisms underlying experience-dependent plasticity requires the investigation of neurons and synaptic terminals in the intact brain over prolonged periods of time. Longitudinal two-photon imaging together with the expression of fluorescent proteins enables high-resolution imaging of dendritic spines and axonal varicosities of cortical neurons in vivo. Importantly, the study of the mechanisms of structural reorganization is relevant for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of neurological diseases such as stroke and for the development of new therapeutic approaches. This protocol describes the principal steps for in vivo investigation of neuronal plasticity both in healthy conditions and after an ischemic lesion. First, we give a description of the surgery to perform a stable cranial window that allows optical access to the mouse brain cortex. Then we explain how to perform longitudinal two-photon imaging of dendrites, axonal branches, and synaptic terminals in the mouse brain cortex in vivo, in order to investigate the plasticity of synaptic terminals and orientation of neuronal processes. Finally, we describe how to induce an ischemic lesion in a target region of the mouse brain cortex through a cranial window by applying the photothrombotic stroke model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Conti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Letizia Allegra Mascaro
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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7
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Steliga A, Lietzau G, Wójcik S, Kowiański P. Transient cerebral ischemia induces the neuroglial proliferative activity and the potential to redirect neuroglial differentiation. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 127:102192. [PMID: 36403746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury triggers a complex response involving morphological changes, cellular proliferation, and differentiation of newly formed neuroglial subpopulations. These processes have been extensively studied in animal stroke models with permanent large vessel occlusion. However, less is known about neuroglial response after transient cerebral ischemia. Herein, we aimed to determine an astrocytic and NG2 glial proliferative response, potential changes in expression of developmental neuroglial markers: vimentin, nestin, oligodendrocyte transcription marker (Olig2), and a role of neuroglial subpopulations as a source of cells replenishing structural deficiencies in the ischemic brain. Results showed an induction of a proliferative neuroglial response in the peri-infarct area reflected in an increased percentage of GFAP/Ki67 + and NG2/Ki67 + cells within 4 weeks after transient MCAO. The peak of GFAP+ astrocytes proliferation of 30.3 ± 10.3% was observed in the first week, and a peak of NG2 + cells proliferation of 23.1 ± 11.8% in the second week after stroke. The presence of GFAP/Vimentin+ and GFAP/Nestin+ cells, as well as GFAP/Olig2 + and NG2/Olig2 + cells indicated an induction of developmental phenotypes with a differentiation potential. Finally, observed between day 1 and week 3 transient GFAP/NG2 + colocalization suggests the heterogeneous source of the reactive neuroglia after transient MCAO. Altogether, one-hour MCAO is a sufficient pathological stimulus to trigger a strong proliferative response of GFAP+ and NG2 + neuroglial cells and induce their early developmental phenotype. Our results suggest that transient ischemia may initiate a change in the direction of differentiation within the neuroglia cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Steliga
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Bohaterów Westerplatte 64, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| | - Grazyna Lietzau
- Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Wójcik
- Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kowiański
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Bohaterów Westerplatte 64, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland; Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland.
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A Novel Improved Thromboembolism-Based Rat Stroke Model That Meets the Latest Standards in Preclinical Studies. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121671. [PMID: 36552131 PMCID: PMC9776070 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The animal thromboembolic model of ischemia perfectly mimics human ischemic stroke which remains the leading cause of disability and mortality in humans. The development of new treatment strategies was therefore imperative. The purpose of this study is to improve the thromboembolic stroke model in rats in order to design experiments that use motor tests, and are in accordance with the 3R principles to prevent complications and maintain the same size of the infarct repeatedly. Tail vein dye application, a protective skull mask and a stress minimization protocol were used as additional modifications to the animal stroke model. These modifications significantly minimized the pain and stress severity of the procedures in this model. In our experimental group of Long-Evans rats, a photo-induced stroke was caused by the application of a photosensitive dye (Rose Bengal) activated with white-light irradiation, thus eliminating the need to perform a craniotomy. The animals' neurological status was evaluated using a runway elevated test. Histological examination of the brain tissue was performed at 12, 24 and 48 h, and seven days post-stroke. Tissue examination revealed necrotic foci in the cortex and the subcortical regions of the ipsilateral hemisphere in all experimental groups. Changes in the area, width and depth of the necrotic focus were observed over time. All the experimental groups showed motor disturbances after stroke survival. In the proposed model, photochemically-induced stroke caused long-term motor deficits, showed high reproducibility and low mortality rates. Consequently, the animals could participate in motor tests which are particularly suitable for assessing the efficacy of neuro-regenerative therapies, while remaining in line with the latest trends in animal experimental design.
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Walter HL, Pikhovych A, Endepols H, Rotthues S, Bärmann J, Backes H, Hoehn M, Wiedermann D, Neumaier B, Fink GR, Rüger MA, Schroeter M. Transcranial-Direct-Current-Stimulation Accelerates Motor Recovery After Cortical Infarction in Mice: The Interplay of Structural Cellular Responses and Functional Recovery. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2022; 36:701-714. [PMID: 36124996 DOI: 10.1177/15459683221124116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) promotes recovery after stroke in humans. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain to be elucidated. Animal models suggest tDCS effects on neuroinflammation, stem cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and neural plasticity. OBJECTIVE In a longitudinal study, we employed tDCS in the subacute and chronic phase after experimental focal cerebral ischemia in mice to explore the relationship between functional recovery and cellular processes. METHODS Mice received photothrombosis in the right motor cortex, verified by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A composite neuroscore quantified subsequent functional deficits. Mice received tDCS daily: either 5 sessions from day 5 to 9, or 10 sessions with days 12 to 16 in addition. TDCS with anodal or cathodal polarity was compared to sham stimulation. Further imaging to assess proliferation and neuroinflammation was performed by immunohistochemistry at different time points and Positron Emission Tomography at the end of the observation time of 3 weeks. RESULTS Cathodal tDCS at 198 kC/m2 (220 A/m2) between days 5 and 9 accelerated functional recovery, increased neurogenesis, decreased microglial activation, and mitigated CD16/32-expression associated with M1-phenotype. Anodal tDCS exerted similar effects on neurogenesis and microglial polarization but not on recovery of function or microglial activation. TDCS on days 12 to 16 after stroke did not induce any further effects, suggesting that the therapeutic time window was closed by then. CONCLUSION Overall, data suggest that non-invasive neuromodulation by tDCS impacts neurogenesis and microglial activation as critical cellular processes influencing functional recovery during the early phase of regeneration from focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Luise Walter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anton Pikhovych
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heike Endepols
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Steffen Rotthues
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Bärmann
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko Backes
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dirk Wiedermann
- Multimodal Imaging Group, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Gereon Rudolf Fink
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Maria Adele Rüger
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cognitive Neuroscience (INM-3), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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10
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Seong D, Yi S, Han S, Lee J, Park S, Hwang YH, Kim J, Kim HK, Jeon M. Target ischemic stroke model creation method using photoacoustic microscopy with simultaneous vessel monitoring and dynamic photothrombosis induction. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100376. [PMID: 35734368 PMCID: PMC9207728 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The ischemic stroke animal model evaluates the efficacy of reperfusion and neuroprotective strategies for ischemic injuries. Various conventional methods have been reported to induce the ischemic models; however, controlling specific neurological deficits, mortality rates, and the extent of the infarction is difficult as the size of the affected region is not precisely controlled. In this paper, we report a single laser-based localized target ischemic stroke model development method by simultaneous vessel monitoring and photothrombosis induction using photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), which has minimized the infarct size at precise location with high reproducibility. The proposed method has significantly reduced the infarcted region by illuminating the precise localization. The reproducibility and validity of suggested method have been demonstrated through repeated experiments and histological analyses. These results demonstrate that our method can provide the ischemic stroke model closest to the clinical pathology for brain ischemia research from inducement, occurrence mechanisms to the recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daewoon Seong
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, the Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Yi
- Bio-Medical Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyeob Han
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, the Republic of Korea
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyul Lee
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sungjo Park
- Pohang Innotown Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, the Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Ha Hwang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehyun Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, the Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyun Kim
- Bio-Medical Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, The Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea
| | - Mansik Jeon
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, the Republic of Korea
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11
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Conti E, Piccardi B, Sodero A, Tudisco L, Lombardo I, Fainardi E, Nencini P, Sarti C, Allegra Mascaro AL, Baldereschi M. Translational Stroke Research Review: Using the Mouse to Model Human Futile Recanalization and Reperfusion Injury in Ischemic Brain Tissue. Cells 2021; 10:3308. [PMID: 34943816 PMCID: PMC8699609 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The approach to reperfusion therapies in stroke patients is rapidly evolving, but there is still no explanation why a substantial proportion of patients have a poor clinical prognosis despite successful flow restoration. This issue of futile recanalization is explained here by three clinical cases, which, despite complete recanalization, have very different outcomes. Preclinical research is particularly suited to characterize the highly dynamic changes in acute ischemic stroke and identify potential treatment targets useful for clinical translation. This review surveys the efforts taken so far to achieve mouse models capable of investigating the neurovascular underpinnings of futile recanalization. We highlight the translational potential of targeting tissue reperfusion in fully recanalized mouse models and of investigating the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms from subcellular to tissue scale. We suggest that stroke preclinical research should increasingly drive forward a continuous and circular dialogue with clinical research. When the preclinical and the clinical stroke research are consistent, translational success will follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Conti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.C.); (A.L.A.M.)
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Benedetta Piccardi
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Via G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (A.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Alessandro Sodero
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Via G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (A.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Laura Tudisco
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Via G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (A.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Ivano Lombardo
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (I.L.); (E.F.)
| | - Enrico Fainardi
- Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (I.L.); (E.F.)
| | - Patrizia Nencini
- Stroke Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Cristina Sarti
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Via G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (A.S.); (L.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Anna Letizia Allegra Mascaro
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.C.); (A.L.A.M.)
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marzia Baldereschi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
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12
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Abstract
Stroke is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. Animal models are indispensable tools that can mimic stroke processes and can be used for investigating mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic regimens. As a heterogeneous disease with complex pathophysiology, mimicking all aspects of human stroke in one animal model is impossible. Each model has unique strengths and weaknesses. Models such as transient or permanent intraluminal thread occlusion middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) models and thromboembolic models are the most commonly used in simulating human ischemic stroke. The endovascular filament occlusion model is characterized by easy manipulation and accurately controllable reperfusion and is suitable for studying the pathogenesis of focal ischemic stroke and reperfusion injury. Although the reproducibility of the embolic model is poor, it is more convenient for investigating thrombolysis. Rats are the most frequently used animal model for stroke. This review mainly outlines the stroke models of rats and discusses their strengths and shortcomings in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Diseases of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Diseases of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
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13
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Differential effects of the cell cycle inhibitor, olomoucine, on functional recovery and on responses of peri-infarct microglia and astrocytes following photothrombotic stroke in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:168. [PMID: 34332596 PMCID: PMC8325288 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02208-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following stroke, changes in neuronal connectivity in tissue surrounding the infarct play an important role in both spontaneous recovery of neurological function and in treatment-induced improvements in function. Microglia and astrocytes influence this process through direct interactions with the neurons and as major determinants of the local tissue environment. Subpopulations of peri-infarct glia proliferate early after stroke providing a possible target to modify recovery. Treatment with cell cycle inhibitors can reduce infarct volume and improve functional recovery. However, it is not known whether these inhibitors can influence neurological function or alter the responses of peri-infarct glia without reducing infarction. The present study aimed to address these issues by testing the effects of the cell cycle inhibitor, olomoucine, on recovery and peri-infarct changes following photothrombotic stroke. Methods Stroke was induced by photothrombosis in the forelimb sensorimotor cortex in Sprague-Dawley rats. Olomoucine was administered at 1 h and 24 h after stroke induction. Forelimb function was monitored up to 29 days. The effects of olomoucine on glial cell responses in peri-infarct tissue were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Results Olomoucine treatment did not significantly affect maximal infarct volume. Recovery of the affected forelimb on a placing test was impaired in olomoucine-treated rats, whereas recovery in a skilled reaching test was substantially improved. Olomoucine treatment produced small changes in aspects of Iba1 immunolabelling and in the number of CD68-positive cells in cerebral cortex but did not selectively modify responses in peri-infarct tissue. The content of the astrocytic protein, vimentin, was reduced by 30% in the region of the lesion in olomoucine-treated rats. Conclusions Olomoucine treatment modified functional recovery in the absence of significant changes in infarct volume. The effects on recovery were markedly test dependent, adding to evidence that skilled tasks requiring specific training and general measures of motor function can be differentially modified by some interventions. The altered recovery was not associated with specific changes in key responses of peri-infarct microglia, even though these cells were considered a likely target for early olomoucine treatment. Changes detected in peri-infarct reactive astrogliosis could contribute to the altered patterns of functional recovery. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02208-w.
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14
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Narayan SK, Grace Cherian S, Babu Phaniti P, Babu Chidambaram S, Rachel Vasanthi AH, Arumugam M. Preclinical animal studies in ischemic stroke: Challenges and some solutions. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:104-115. [PMID: 34179718 PMCID: PMC8212819 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the impressive efficacies demonstrated in preclinical research, hundreds of potentially neuroprotective drugs have failed to provide effective neuroprotection for ischemic stroke in human clinical trials. Lack of a powerful animal model for human ischemic stroke could be a major reason for the failure to develop successful neuroprotective drugs for ischemic stroke. This review recapitulates the available cerebral ischemia animal models, provides an anatomical comparison of the circle of Willis of each species, and describes the functional assessment tests used in these ischemic stroke models. The distinct differences between human ischemic stroke and experimental stroke in available animal models is explored. Innovative animal models more closely resembling human strokes, better techniques in functional outcome assessment and better experimental designs generating clearer and stronger evidence may help realise the development of truly neuroprotective drugs that will benefit human ischemic stroke patients. This may involve use of newer molecules or revisiting earlier studies with new experimental designs. Translation of any resultant successes may then be tested in human clinical trials with greater confidence and optimism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Narayan
- Comprehensive Stroke Care and Neurobiology Centre, Department of NeurologyJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPuducherryIndia
| | - Simy Grace Cherian
- Comprehensive Stroke Care and Neurobiology Centre, Department of NeurologyJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPuducherryIndia
| | - Prakash Babu Phaniti
- Department of Biotechnology & School of Medical SciencesUniversity of HyderabadHyderabadIndia
| | | | | | - Murugesan Arumugam
- Comprehensive Stroke Care and Neurobiology Centre, Department of NeurologyJawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and ResearchPuducherryIndia
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15
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Ayuso-Dolado S, Esteban-Ortega GM, Vidaurre ÓG, Díaz-Guerra M. A novel cell-penetrating peptide targeting calpain-cleavage of PSD-95 induced by excitotoxicity improves neurological outcome after stroke. Theranostics 2021; 11:6746-6765. [PMID: 34093851 PMCID: PMC8171078 DOI: 10.7150/thno.60701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) is a multidomain protein critical to the assembly of signaling complexes at excitatory synapses, required for neuronal survival and function. However, calpain-processing challenges PSD-95 function after overactivation of excitatory glutamate receptors (excitotoxicity) in stroke, a leading cause of death, disability and dementia in need of efficient pharmacological treatments. A promising strategy is neuroprotection of the infarct penumbra, a potentially recoverable area, by promotion of survival signaling. Interference of PSD-95 processing induced by excitotoxicity might thus be a therapeutic target for stroke and other excitotoxicity-associated pathologies. Methods: The nature and stability of PSD-95 calpain-fragments was analyzed using in vitro assays or excitotoxic conditions induced in rat primary neuronal cultures or a mouse model of stroke. We then sequenced PSD-95 cleavage-sites and rationally designed three cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) containing these sequences. The peptides effects on PSD-95 stability and neuronal viability were investigated in the cultured neurons, subjected to acute or chronic excitotoxicity. We also analyzed the effect of one of these peptides in the mouse model of stroke by measuring infarct size and evaluating motor coordination and balance. Results: Calpain cleaves three interdomain linker regions in PSD-95 and produces stable fragments corresponding to previously described PSD-95 supramodules (PDZ1-2 and P-S-G) as well as a truncated form SH3-GK. Peptide TP95414, containing the cleavage site in the PDZ3-SH3 linker, is able to interfere PSD-95 downregulation and reduces neuronal death by excitotoxicity. Additionally, TP95414 is delivered to mice cortex and, in a severe model of permanent ischemia, significantly improves the neurological outcome after brain damage. Conclusions: Interference of excitotoxicity-induced PSD-95-processing with specific CPPs constitutes a novel and promising therapeutic approach for stroke treatment.
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16
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Bärmann J, Walter HL, Pikhovych A, Endepols H, Fink GR, Rueger MA, Schroeter M. An analysis of the CatWalk XT and a composite score to assess neurofunctional deficits after photothrombosis in mice. Neurosci Lett 2021; 751:135811. [PMID: 33727129 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate CatWalk's capability for assessing the functional outcome after photothrombotic stroke affecting the motor cortex of mice. Mice were tested up to 21 days after photothrombosis or sham surgery using CatWalk, and a composite score assessing functional deficits (neuroscore). The neuroscore demonstrated deficits of the contralateral forelimb for more than two weeks after stroke. There were no asymmetric or coordinative dysfunctions of limbs detected by CatWalk. However, CatWalk data revealed impairment of locomotion speed and its depending parameters for one-week after stroke in strong correlation to the neuroscore. Data suggest that the composite neuroscore allows to more sensitively and precisely specify and quantify photothrombosis-induced hemisyndromes than CatWalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bärmann
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - H L Walter
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Pikhovych
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - H Endepols
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - G R Fink
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Spatial Cognition (INM-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - M A Rueger
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Spatial Cognition (INM-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - M Schroeter
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany.
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17
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Nikitin D, Choi S, Mican J, Toul M, Ryu WS, Damborsky J, Mikulik R, Kim DE. Development and Testing of Thrombolytics in Stroke. J Stroke 2021; 23:12-36. [PMID: 33600700 PMCID: PMC7900387 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2020.03349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in recanalization therapy, mechanical thrombectomy will never be a treatment for every ischemic stroke because access to mechanical thrombectomy is still limited in many countries. Moreover, many ischemic strokes are caused by occlusion of cerebral arteries that cannot be reached by intra-arterial catheters. Reperfusion using thrombolytic agents will therefore remain an important therapy for hyperacute ischemic stroke. However, thrombolytic drugs have shown limited efficacy and notable hemorrhagic complication rates, leaving room for improvement. A comprehensive understanding of basic and clinical research pipelines as well as the current status of thrombolytic therapy will help facilitate the development of new thrombolytics. Compared with alteplase, an ideal thrombolytic agent is expected to provide faster reperfusion in more patients; prevent re-occlusions; have higher fibrin specificity for selective activation of clot-bound plasminogen to decrease bleeding complications; be retained in the blood for a longer time to minimize dosage and allow administration as a single bolus; be more resistant to inhibitors; and be less antigenic for repetitive usage. Here, we review the currently available thrombolytics, strategies for the development of new clot-dissolving substances, and the assessment of thrombolytic efficacies in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Nikitin
- International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Seungbum Choi
- Molecular Imaging and Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jan Mican
- International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, St. Anne's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Toul
- International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wi-Sun Ryu
- Department of Neurology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Mikulik
- International Centre for Clinical Research, St. Anne's Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Neurology, St. Anne's Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dong-Eog Kim
- Molecular Imaging and Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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18
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Electroacupuncture Involved in Motor Cortex and Hypoglossal Neural Control to Improve Voluntary Swallowing of Poststroke Dysphagia Mice. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8857543. [PMID: 33061953 PMCID: PMC7537716 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8857543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The descending motor nerve conduction of voluntary swallowing is mainly launched by primary motor cortex (M1). M1 can activate and regulate peripheral nerves (hypoglossal) to control the swallowing. Acupuncture at “Lianquan” acupoint (CV23) has a positive effect against poststroke dysphagia (PSD). In previous work, we have demonstrated that electroacupuncture (EA) could regulate swallowing-related motor neurons and promote swallowing activity in the essential part of central pattern generator (CPG), containing nucleus ambiguus (NA), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and ventrolateral medulla (VLM) under the physiological condition. In the present work, we have investigated the effects of EA on the PSD mice in vivo and sought evidence for PSD improvement by electrophysiology recording and laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI). Four main conclusions can be drawn from our study: (i) EA may enhance the local field potential in noninfarction area of M1, activate the swallowing-related neurons (pyramidal cells), and increase the motor conduction of noninfarction area in voluntary swallowing; (ii) EA may improve the blood flow in both M1 on the healthy side and deglutition muscles and relieve PSD symptoms; (iii) EA could increase the motor conduction velocity (MCV) in hypoglossal nerve, enhance the EMG of mylohyoid muscle, alleviate the paralysis of swallowing muscles, release the substance P, and restore the ability to drink water; and (iv) EA can boost the functional compensation of M1 in the noninfarction side, strengthen the excitatory of hypoglossal nerve, and be involved in the voluntary swallowing neural control to improve PSD. This research provides a timely and necessary experimental evidence of the motor neural regulation in dysphagia after stroke by acupuncture in clinic.
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19
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Galkov M, Kiseleva E, Gulyaev M, Sidorova M, Gorbacheva L. New PAR1 Agonist Peptide Demonstrates Protective Action in a Mouse Model of Photothrombosis-Induced Brain Ischemia. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:335. [PMID: 32547356 PMCID: PMC7273131 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are involved not only in hemostasis but also in the development of ischemic brain injury. In the present work, we examined in vivo effects of a new peptide (AP9) composing Asn47-Phen55 of PAR1 “tethered ligand” generated by activated protein C. We chose a mouse model of photothrombosis (PT)-induced ischemia to assess AP9 effects in vivo. To reveal the molecular mechanism of AP9 action, mice lacking β-arrestin-2 were used. AP9 was injected intravenously once 10 min before PT at doses of 0.2, 2, or 20 mg/kg, or twice, that is, 10 min before and 1 h after PT at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Lesion volume was measured by magnetic resonance imaging and staining of brain sections with tetrazolium salt. Neurologic deficit was estimated using the cylinder and the grid-walk tests. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption was assessed by Evans blue dye extraction. Eosin-hematoxylin staining and immunohistochemical staining were applied to evaluate the number of undamaged neurons and activated glial cells in the penumbra. A single administration of AP9 (20 mg/kg), as well as its two injections (20 mg/kg), decreased brain lesion volume. A double administration of AP9 also reduced BBB disruption and neurological deficit in mice. We did not observe the protective effect of AP9 in mice lacking β-arrestin-2 after PT. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time protective properties of a PAR1 agonist peptide, AP9, in vivo. β-Arrestin-2 was required for the protective action of AP9 in PT-induced brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Galkov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Electrophysiology Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Kiseleva
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Cell Biology, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Gulyaev
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Sidorova
- Laboratory of Peptide Synthesis, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Medical Research Center for Cardiology of Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov Gorbacheva
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Electrophysiology Laboratory, Translational Medicine Institute, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Shahi M, Abedelahi A, Mohammadnejad D, Rahbarghazi R, Rasta SH, Karimipour M. Exact location of sensorimotor cortex injury after photochemical modulation; evidence of stroke based on stereological and morphometric studies in mice. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 36:91-98. [PMID: 32297252 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the structural cerebral cortex is disrupted after stroke either at the macroscopic or microscopic levels. Therefore, many attempts have been gathered to circumvent stroke-associated problems in the brain tissue. The current study was aimed to design an animal model of photochemical stroke using rose bengal (RB) plus laser irradiation (L) after 10, 15, and 20 min (´) and evaluate its effect on the cerebral tissue using unbiased stereological quantitative methods and morphometric histological analysis. Photochemical stroke was induced by intraperitoneal injection of RB dye and further activation through the exposure of the right sensorimotor cortex with the green laser radiation (100 mW; 532 nm). Mice were randomly allocated into 4 groups (each in 15) as follows: control (10 μg/gbw RB), RB + 10'L, RB + 15'L, and RB + 20'L. Target irradiation site was adjusted to 2 mm lateral to the bregma. Vernier caliper morphometric evaluation, cresyl violet staining, and unbiased stereological assays including Cavalier's principle and point counting techniques were used to monitor the pathological changes and lesion volume on days 1, 3, and 7 after the ischemia induction. Our data showed that the mean diameter of the lesion site and lesion infarct volume in the group RB + 20'L) was significantly increased relative to the other groups (P < 0.05). Notably, the lesion volume and diameter in the group RB + 15'L was larger compared with the group RB + 10'L and control mice (P < 0.05). Data showed an increased acute inflammatory response such as hyperemia and edema 3 days after ischemic induction while the intensity of acute changes and lesion volume were reduced and replaced with necrotic and chronic pathological changes including astrogliosis on day 7. It is concluded that the laser irradiation of RB-injected mice at a distinct time period could induce the magnificent degenerative effects on the cerebral cortex which is similar to the stroke condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shahi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, Iran
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Abedelahi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Daryoush Mohammadnejad
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Rasta
- Department of Medical Physics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Bioengineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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21
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Galkov M, Gulyaev M, Kiseleva E, Andreev-Andrievskiy A, Gorbacheva L. Methods for detection of brain injury after photothrombosis-induced ischemia in mice: Characteristics and new aspects of their application. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 329:108457. [PMID: 31614160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photothrombosis is a minimally invasive method for induction of cortical ischemia. However, different ways of applying some methods to assess photothrombosis-induced damage need to be developed. NEW METHODS We applied the tongue protrusion test and H&E staining of brain sections to detect ischemic damage after photothrombosis. Evaluation of the local status of the BBB using Evans blue dye was proposed. We also assessed the sensitivity of the grid-walk test. Moreover, we examined the interchangeability of MRI and TTC staining to measure lesion volume. RESULTS We evaluated ischemic outcomes at 24 h after photothrombosis in mice. The tongue protrusion test did not reveal impairments of the neurological status whereas the grid-walk test showed the high sensitivity. Using histological techniques, we determined the reduction in the number of neurons with normal morphology in the penumbra. 3D reconstruction of the brain, which reflected Evans blue dye distribution in the nervous tissue, revealed BBB disruption in areas remote from the ischemic core. We also showed the strong correlation between damage volumes assessed by MRI and TTC staining. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The present work demonstrates the efficacy of the classical histological approach and TTC staining that are more affordable than MRI and immunohistochemical methods. Detection of 3D distribution of Evans blue dye in the brain in contrast to its total extraction reveals BBB damage in details. CONCLUSIONS We proposed the simple methods for describing the severity of brain ischemia at the cellular and whole organism levels without significant labor and financial expenditures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Galkov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - Ekaterina Kiseleva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Andreev-Andrievskiy
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 123007 Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov Gorbacheva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Dolezyczek H, Tamborski S, Majka P, Sampson D, Wojtkowski M, Wilczyński G, Szkulmowski M, Malinowska M. In vivo brain imaging with multimodal optical coherence microscopy in a mouse model of thromboembolic photochemical stroke. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:015002. [PMID: 32016131 PMCID: PMC6977401 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.1.015002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We used a new multimodal imaging system that combines optical coherence microscopy and brightfield microscopy. Using this in vivo brain monitoring approach and cranial window implantation, we three-dimensionally visualized the vascular network during thrombosis, with high temporal (18 s) and spatial (axial, 2.5 μ m ; lateral, 2.2 μ m ) resolution. We used a modified mouse model of photochemical thromboembolic stroke in order to more accurately parallel human stroke. Specifically, we applied green laser illumination to focally occlude a branch of the middle cerebral artery. Despite the recanalization of the superficial arteries at 24 h after stroke, no blood flow was detected in the small vessels within deeper regions. Moreover, after 24 h of stroke progression, scattering signal enhancement was observed within the stroke region. We also evaluated the infarct extent and shape histologically. In summary, we present a novel approach for real-time mouse brain monitoring and ischemic variability analysis. This multimodal imaging method permits the analysis of thrombosis progression and reperfusion. Additionally and importantly, the system could be used to study the effect of poststroke drug treatments on blood flow in small arteries and capillaries of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Dolezyczek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Tamborski
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Torun, Poland
| | - Piotr Majka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Sampson
- University of Surrey, Surrey Biophotonics, Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Wojtkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wilczyński
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Szkulmowski
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Torun, Poland
| | - Monika Malinowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Talhada D, Feiteiro J, Costa AR, Talhada T, Cairrão E, Wieloch T, Englund E, Santos CR, Gonçalves I, Ruscher K. Triiodothyronine modulates neuronal plasticity mechanisms to enhance functional outcome after stroke. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:216. [PMID: 31864415 PMCID: PMC6925884 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new therapeutic approaches for stroke patients requires a detailed understanding of the mechanisms that enhance recovery of lost neurological functions. The efficacy to enhance homeostatic mechanisms during the first weeks after stroke will influence functional outcome. Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential regulators of neuronal plasticity, however, their role in recovery related mechanisms of neuronal plasticity after stroke remains unknown. This study addresses important findings of 3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) in the regulation of homeostatic mechanisms that adjust excitability – inhibition ratio in the post-ischemic brain. This is valid during the first 2 weeks after experimental stroke induced by photothrombosis (PT) and in cultured neurons subjected to an in vitro model of acute cerebral ischemia. In the human post-stroke brain, we assessed the expression pattern of TH receptors (TR) protein levels, important for mediating T3 actions. Our results show that T3 modulates several plasticity mechanisms that may operate on different temporal and spatial scales as compensatory mechanisms to assure appropriate synaptic neurotransmission. We have shown in vivo that long-term administration of T3 after PT significantly (1) enhances lost sensorimotor function; (2) increases levels of synaptotagmin 1&2 and levels of the post-synaptic GluR2 subunit in AMPA receptors in the peri-infarct area; (3) increases dendritic spine density in the peri-infarct and contralateral region and (4) decreases tonic GABAergic signaling in the peri-infarct area by a reduced number of parvalbumin+ / c-fos+ neurons and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65/67 levels. In addition, we have shown that T3 modulates in vitro neuron membrane properties with the balance of inward glutamate ligand-gated channels currents and decreases synaptotagmin levels in conditions of deprived oxygen and glucose. Interestingly, we found increased levels of TRβ1 in the infarct core of post-mortem human stroke patients, which mediate T3 actions. Summarizing, our data identify T3 as a potential key therapeutic agent to enhance recovery of lost neurological functions after ischemic stroke.
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24
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Cheng J, Li D, Sun M, Wang Y, Xu QQ, Liang XG, Lu YB, Hu Y, Han F, Li X. Physicochemical-property guided design of a highly sensitive probe to image nitrosative stress in the pathology of stroke. Chem Sci 2019; 11:281-289. [PMID: 34040723 PMCID: PMC8133006 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03798e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo real-time imaging of nitrosative stress in the pathology of stroke has long been a formidable challenge due to both the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and the elusive nature of reactive nitrogen species, while this task is also informative to gain a molecular level understanding of neurovascular injury caused by nitrosative stress during the stroke episode. Herein, using a physicochemical property-guided probe design strategy in combination with the reaction-based probe design rationale, we have developed an ultrasensitive probe for imaging nitrosative stress evolved in the pathology of stroke. This probe demonstrates an almost zero background fluorescence signal but a maximum 1000-fold fluorescence enhancement in response to peroxynitrite, the nitrosative stress marker. Due to its good physicochemical properties, the probe readily penetrates the BBB after intravenous administration, and quickly accumulates in mice brain to sense local vascular injuries. After accomplishing its imaging mission, the probe is easily metabolized and therefore won't cause safety concerns. These desirable features make the probe competent for the straightforward visualization of nitrosative stress progression in stroke pathology. A brain–blood barrier permeable probe was developed for fluorogenically sensing nitrosative stress caused by brain vascular injury.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Meiling Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Qiao-Qin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Xing-Guang Liang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China .,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Yun-Bi Lu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Yongzhou Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Feng Han
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 211166 China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
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25
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Song J, Kim YS, Lee DH, Lee SH, Park HJ, Lee D, Kim H. Neuroprotective effects of oleic acid in rodent models of cerebral ischaemia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10732. [PMID: 31341184 PMCID: PMC6656890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleic acid (OA) is released from brain phospholipids after cerebral ischaemia; however, its role in ischaemic injury remains unknown. We hypothesised that OA has neuroprotective effects after cerebral ischaemia, which may be exerted through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) activation, since OA is an endogenous ligand of PPAR-γ. The effects of OA administration were evaluated in rodent models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), photothrombosis, and four-vessel occlusion (4-VO). We determined the time window of therapeutic opportunity and examined the ability of the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 to reverse OA’s protective effects after MCAO. We found that OA administration decreased the MCAO-induced infarct volume and functional deficits, photothrombosis-induced infarct volume, and 4-VO-induced hippocampal neuronal death. Additionally, OA was highly efficacious when administered up to 3 h after MCAO. Pre-treatment with GW9662 abolished the inhibitory effects of OA on the infarct volume and immunoreactivity of key inflammatory mediators in the ischaemic cortex. Our results indicate that OA has neuroprotective effects against transient and permanent focal cerebral ischaemia, as well as global cerebral ischaemia. It may have therapeutic value for the ischaemic stroke treatment with a clinically feasible therapeutic window. The OA-mediated neuroprotection might be attributable to its anti-inflammatory actions through PPAR-γ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungbin Song
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hwan Lee
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Lee
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology for Eastern Medicine (KISTEM) NeuMed Inc., 88 Imun-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02440, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Park
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology for Eastern Medicine (KISTEM) NeuMed Inc., 88 Imun-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02440, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghun Lee
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdae-ro, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hocheol Kim
- Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Yew WP, Djukic ND, Jayaseelan JSP, Walker FR, Roos KAA, Chataway TK, Muyderman H, Sims NR. Early treatment with minocycline following stroke in rats improves functional recovery and differentially modifies responses of peri-infarct microglia and astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:6. [PMID: 30626393 PMCID: PMC6325745 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered neuronal connectivity in peri-infarct tissue is an important contributor to both the spontaneous recovery of neurological function that commonly develops after stroke and improvements in recovery that have been induced by experimental treatments in animal models. Microglia and astrocytes are primary determinants of the environment in peri-infarct tissue and hence strongly influence the potential for neuronal plasticity. However, the specific roles of these cells and the timing of critical changes in their function are not well understood. Minocycline can protect against ischemic damage and promote recovery. These effects are usually attributed, at least partially, to the ability of this drug to suppress microglial activation. This study tested the ability of minocycline treatment early after stroke to modify reactive responses in microglia and astrocytes and improve recovery. METHODS Stroke was induced by photothrombosis in the forelimb sensorimotor cortex of Sprague-Dawley rats. Minocycline was administered for 2 days after stroke induction and the effects on forelimb function assessed up to 28 days. The responses of peri-infarct Iba1-positive cells and astrocytes were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and Western blots. RESULTS Initial characterization showed that the numbers of Iba1-positive microglia and macrophages decreased in peri-infarct tissue at 24 h then increased markedly over the next few days. Morphological changes characteristic of activation were readily apparent by 3 h and increased by 24 h. Minocycline treatment improved the rate of recovery of motor function as measured by a forelimb placing test but did not alter infarct volume. At 3 days, there were only minor effects on core features of peri-infarct microglial reactivity including the morphological changes and increased density of Iba1-positive cells. The treatment caused a decrease of 57% in the small subpopulation of cells that expressed CD68, a marker of phagocytosis. At 7 days, the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin was markedly increased by minocycline treatment, indicating enhanced reactive astrogliosis. CONCLUSIONS Early post-stroke treatment with minocycline improved recovery but had little effect on key features of microglial activation. Both the decrease in CD68-positive cells and the increased activation of astrogliosis could influence neuronal plasticity and contribute to the improved recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Ping Yew
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Natalia D Djukic
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Jaya S P Jayaseelan
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- Hunter Medical Research Institute; School of Biomedical Medical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle Priority Research Centre in Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Karl A A Roos
- Hunter Medical Research Institute; School of Biomedical Medical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle Priority Research Centre in Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy K Chataway
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Hakan Muyderman
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Neil R Sims
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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27
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Study of Osteocyte Behavior by High-Resolution Intravital Imaging Following Photo-Induced Ischemia. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112874. [PMID: 30400346 PMCID: PMC6278482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic injuries and local hypoxia can result in osteocytes dysfunction and play a key role in the pathogenesis of avascular osteonecrosis. Conventional imaging techniques including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) can reveal structural and functional changes within bony anatomy; however, characterization of osteocyte behavioral dynamics in the setting of osteonecrosis at the single cell resolution is limited. Here, we demonstrate an optical approach to study real-time osteocyte functions in vivo. Using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as a biomarker for metabolic dynamics in osteocytes, we showed that NADH level within osteocytes transiently increase significantly after local ischemia through non-invasive photo-induced thrombosis of afferent arterioles followed by a steady decline. Our study presents a non-invasive optical approach to study osteocyte behavior through the modulation of local environmental conditions. Thus it provides a powerful toolkit to study cellular processes involved in bone pathologies in vivo.
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28
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Lembach A, Stahr A, Ali AAH, Ingenwerth M, von Gall C. Sex-Dependent Effects of Bmal1-Deficiency on Mouse Cerebral Cortex Infarction in Response to Photothrombotic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3124. [PMID: 30314381 PMCID: PMC6213371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. There is increasing evidence that occurrence of ischemic stroke is affected by circadian system and sex. However, little is known about the effect of these factors on structural recovery after ischemic stroke. Therefore, we studied infarction in cerebral neocortex of male and female mice with deletion of the clock gene Bmal1 (Bmal1-/-) after focal ischemia induced by photothrombosis (PT). The infarct core size was significantly smaller 14 days (d) as compared to seven days after PT, consistent with structural recovery during the sub-acute phase. However, when sexes were analyzed separately 14 days after PT, infarct core was significantly larger in wild-type (Bmal1+/+) female as compared to male Bmal1+/+ mice, and in female Bmal1+/+, as compared to female Bmal1-/- mice. Volumes of reactive astrogliosis and densely packed microglia closely mirrored the size of infarct core in respective groups. Estradiol levels were significantly higher in female Bmal1-/- as compared to Bmal1+/+ mice. Our data suggests a sex-dependent effect and an interaction between sex and genotype on infarct size, the recruitment of astrocytes and microglia, and a relationship of these cells with structural recovery probably due to positive effects of estradiol during the subacute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lembach
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Merowinger Platz 1A, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Anna Stahr
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Merowinger Platz 1A, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Amira A H Ali
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Merowinger Platz 1A, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Marc Ingenwerth
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Merowinger Platz 1A, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147 Essen, Germany.
| | - Charlotte von Gall
- Institute of Anatomy II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Merowinger Platz 1A, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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29
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Li M, Liu Y, Chen J, Liu T, Gu Z, Zhang J, Gu X, Teng G, Yang F, Gu N. Platelet bio-nanobubbles as microvascular recanalization nanoformulation for acute ischemic stroke lesion theranostics. Theranostics 2018; 8:4870-4883. [PMID: 30429874 PMCID: PMC6217069 DOI: 10.7150/thno.27466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the expected therapeutic results of ischemic stroke are strictly time dependent, early and accurate diagnosis as well as short intervals between diagnosis and treatment are key factors for the survival of stroke patients. In this study, we fabricated platelet (PLT) membrane-derived biomimetic nanobubbles (PNBs) for timely perfusion intervention and ultrasound imaging of acute ischemic stroke. Methods: The PNBs are fabricated by sonication-assisted reassembly of repeatedly freeze-thawed live platelet-derived PLT membrane vesicles (PMVs). The TEM, SEM, EDS and DLS were used to analyze the morphology and physicochemical properties of PNBs. The HPLC and LC-MS/MS were applied to confirm the lipid and protein compositions of PNBs. The in vitro macrophage uptake and platelet aggregation of PNBs were designed to examine the immune escape and thrombotic response characteristics. Furthermore, based on a photothrombotic ischemic stroke mouse model, the biodistribution, stroke microvascular network change, as well as cerebral blood flow of PNBs were studied by using near-infrared fluorescence imaging, multimodal optical imaging, and full-field laser perfusion imager. Finally, we assessed the brain ultrasound imaging of PNBs with a high-resolution micro-imaging system using both B-mode and contrast mode. Results: The natural lipid and protein components isolated from PLT membrane endow the PNBs with accurate lesion-targeting ability. The preferentially accumulated PNBs exhibit microvascular bio-remodeling ability of the stroke lesion, which is critical for recanalization of the obstructed vessels to protect the neural cells around the ischemic region of the stroke. Furthermore, with the increased accumulation of PNBs clusters in the lesion, PNBs in the lesion can be monitored by real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging to indicate the severity and dynamic development of the stroke. Conclusions: In summary, platelet membrane-based nanobubbles for targeting acute ischemic lesions were developed as microvascular recanalization nanoformulation for acute ischemic stroke lesion theranostics. This biomimetic PNBs theranostic strategy will be valuable for ischemic stroke patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Li
- State key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano-Science and Technology, Southeast University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano-Science and Technology, Southeast University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jinpeng Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Taotao Liu
- State key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhuxiao Gu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano-Science and Technology, Southeast University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jianqiong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaochun Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecule and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical Schoool, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Gaojun Teng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecule and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical Schoool, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Fang Yang
- State key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano-Science and Technology, Southeast University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ning Gu
- State key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano-Science and Technology, Southeast University, Suzhou 215123, China
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30
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Tóth L, Szöllősi D, Kis-Petik K, Adorján I, Erdélyi F, Kálmán M. The First Postlesion Minutes: An In Vivo Study of Extravasation and Perivascular Astrocytes Following Cerebral Lesions in Various Experimental Mouse Models. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 67:29-39. [PMID: 30047826 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418788390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immediate alterations following lesions cannot be investigated by using fixed tissues. Here, we employed two-photon microscopy to study the alterations to the permeability of blood-brain barrier and to glio-vascular connections in vivo during the first minutes following cortical lesions in mice. Four models were used: (1) cryogenic lesion, (2) photodisruption using laser pulses, (3) photothrombosis, and (4) bilateral carotid ligation. Sulforhodamine101 was used for supravital labeling of astrocytes and dextran-bound fluorescein isothiocyanate for the assessment of extravasation. Transgenic mice, in which the endothelium and astrocytes expressed a yellow fluorescent protein, were also used. Astrocytic labeling in vivo was verified with postmortem immunostaining against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Summary of results: (1) the glio-vascular connections were stable in the intact brain with no sign of spontaneous dynamic attachment/detachment of glial end-feet; (2) only direct vascular damage (photodisruption or cryogenic) resulted in prompt extravasation; (3) even direct damage failed to provoke a prompt astroglial response. In conclusion, the results indicate that a detachment of the astrocytic end-feet does not precede the breakdown of blood-brain barrier following lesions. Whereas vasogenic edema develops immediately after the lesions, this is not the case with cytotoxic edemas. Time-lapse recordings and three-dimensional reconstructions are presented as supplemental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Tóth
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Dávid Szöllősi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Katalin Kis-Petik
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - István Adorján
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Ferenc Erdélyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
| | - Mihály Kálmán
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (LT, DS, IA, MK).,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, MTA-SE Molecular Biology Research Group (DS, KK-P).,Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, and Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary (FE)
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31
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Karlsson L, González-Alvarado MN, Larrosa-Flor M, Osman A, Börjesson M, Blomgren K, Kuhn HG. Constitutive PGC-1α Overexpression in Skeletal Muscle Does Not Improve Morphological Outcome in Mouse Models of Brain Irradiation or Cortical Stroke. Neuroscience 2018; 384:314-328. [PMID: 29859976 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise can improve morphological outcomes after ischemic stroke and ameliorate irradiation-induced reduction of hippocampal neurogenesis in rodents, but the mechanisms underlying these effects remain largely unknown. The transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) is considered to be one of the central factors responsible for exercise-induced benefits in skeletal muscle, including the release of neurotrophic factors into the circulation. In order to test if PGC-1α overexpression in skeletal muscle could simulate the exercise-induced effects on recovery after cranial irradiation and stroke, we used male adult transgenic mice overexpressing murine PGC-1α under the control of muscle creatinine kinase promoter and subjected them to either whole brain irradiation at a dose of 4 Gy or photothrombotic stroke to the sensory motor cortex. Muscular PGC-1α overexpression did not ameliorate irradiation-induced reduction of newborn BrdU-labeled cells in the dentate gyrus, immature neurons, or newborn mature neurons. In the stroke model, muscular overexpression of PGC-1α resulted in an increased infarct size without any changes in microglia activation or reactive astrocytosis. No difference could be detected in the number of migrating neural progenitor cells from the subventricular zone to the lesioned neocortex or in vascular density of the contralateral neocortex in comparison to wildtype animals. We conclude that forced muscular overexpression of PGC-1α does not have a beneficial effect on hippocampal neurogenesis after irradiation, but rather a detrimental effect on the infarct volume after stroke in mice. This suggests that artificial muscle activation through the PGC-1α pathway is not sufficient to mimic exercise-induced recovery after cranial irradiation and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Karlsson
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 416 85 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | - Mar Larrosa-Flor
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Osman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Börjesson
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Center for Health and Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Box 300, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Östra, 416 50 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Georg Kuhn
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 436, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Focal Ischaemic Infarcts Expand Faster in Cerebellar Cortex than Cerebral Cortex in a Mouse Photothrombotic Stroke Model. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 9:643-653. [PMID: 29455391 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the cerebellum is particularly vulnerable to ischaemic injury, and this may contribute to the high mortality arising from posterior circulation strokes. However, this has not been systematically examined in an animal model. This study compared the development and resolution of matched photothrombotic microvascular infarcts in the cerebellar and cerebral cortices in adult 129/SvEv mice of both sexes. The photothrombotic lesions were made using tail vein injection of Rose Bengal with a 532 nm laser projected onto a 2 mm diameter aperture over the target region of the brain (with skull thinning). Infarct size was then imaged histologically following 2 h to 30-day survival using serial reconstruction of haematoxylin and eosin stained cryosections. This was complemented with immunohistochemistry for neuron and glial markers. At 2 h post-injury, the cerebellar infarct volume averaged ~ 2.7 times that of the cerebral cortex infarcts. Infarct volume reached maximum in the cerebellum in a quarter of the time (24 h) taken in the cerebral cortex (4 days). Remodelling resolved the infarcts within a month, leaving significantly larger residual injury volume in the cerebellum. The death of neurons in the core lesion at 2 h was confirmed by NeuN and Calbindin immunofluorescence, alongside activation of astrocytes and microglia. The latter persisted in the region within and surrounding the residual infarct at 30 days. This comparison of acute focal ischaemic injuries in cerebellar and cerebral cortices provides direct confirmation of exacerbation of neuropathology and faster kinetics in the cerebellum.
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Yang L, Tucker D, Dong Y, Wu C, Lu Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Liu TCY, Zhang Q. Photobiomodulation therapy promotes neurogenesis by improving post-stroke local microenvironment and stimulating neuroprogenitor cells. Exp Neurol 2017; 299:86-96. [PMID: 29056360 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent work has indicated that photobiomodulation (PBM) may beneficially alter the pathological status of several neurological disorders, although the mechanism currently remains unclear. The current study was designed to investigate the beneficial effect of PBM on behavioral deficits and neurogenesis in a photothrombotic (PT) model of ischemic stroke in rats. From day 1 to day 7 after the establishment of PT model, 2-minute daily PBM (CW, 808nm, 350mW/cm2, total 294J at scalp level) was applied on the infarct injury area (1.8mm anterior to the bregma and 2.5mm lateral from the midline). Rats received intraperitoneal injections of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) twice daily (50mg/kg) from day 2 to 8 post-stoke, and samples were collected at day 14. We demonstrated that PBM significantly attenuated behavioral deficits and infarct volume induced by PT stroke. Further investigation displayed that PBM remarkably enhanced neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, as evidenced by immunostaining of BrdU, Ki67, DCX, MAP2, spinophilin, and synaptophysin. Mechanistic studies suggested beneficial effects of PBM were accompanied by robust suppression of reactive gliosis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the contrary, the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines, cytochrome c oxidase activity and ATP production in peri-infarct regions were elevated following PBM treatment. Intriguingly, PBM could effectively switch an M1 microglial phenotype to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Our novel findings indicated that PBM is capable of promoting neurogenesis after ischemic stroke. The underlying mechanisms may rely on: 1) promotion of proliferation and differentiation of internal neuroprogenitor cells in the peri-infarct zone; 2) improvement of the neuronal microenvironment by altering inflammatory status and promoting mitochondrial function. These findings provide strong support for the promising therapeutic effect of PBM on neuronal repair following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luodan Yang
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Donovan Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujiao Lu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Jin W, Yin Y, Zhang B, Mei H, Wang H, Guo T, Shi W, Hu Y. A tissue factor-cascade-targeted nanoparticle forsite-directed inducing thrombosis. J Biomater Appl 2017; 32:342-348. [PMID: 28738734 DOI: 10.1177/0885328217722740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue factor is an upstream component of the cascade and a high-expressing factor under phathological conditions. In this study, a tissue factor cascade-targeted strategy for inducing local thrombosis was developed by combining ENP-HMME and photochemistry. In vitro study showed that protein EGFP-EGF1 conjugation to the nanoparticles could significantly contribute to the uptake of nanoparticles by tissue factor over-expressed brain capillary endothelial cells. Three-dimensional imaging and specklegram of brains in vivo showed that tissue factor cascade-targeted strategy successfully induced thrombosis of expected position. As shown by the in vivo multispectral fluorescent imaging, when ENP-HMME was combined with photochemistry, higher accumulation in the infarction hemisphere was observed, which might suggest that the photochemistry inducing tissue factor cascade recruited more ENP-HMME than HMME-loaded nanoparticles (NP-HMME). The data indicated the tissue factor cascade-targeted strategy has potential to induce local thrombosis, and might be applied in the treatment of a variety of hypervascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Jin
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular, Optical Valley School District, Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanxue Yin
- 2 Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,3 Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- 2 Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,3 Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Heng Mei
- 2 Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,3 Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huafang Wang
- 2 Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,3 Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Guo
- 2 Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,3 Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Shi
- 2 Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,3 Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Hu
- 2 Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,3 Targeted Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Reactive astrogliosis in stroke: Contributions of astrocytes to recovery of neurological function. Neurochem Int 2017; 107:88-103. [PMID: 28057555 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in neuronal connectivity, particularly in the "peri-infarct" tissue adjacent to the region of ischemic damage, are important contributors to the spontaneous recovery of function that commonly follows stroke. Peri-infarct astrocytes undergo reactive astrogliosis and play key roles in modulating the adaptive responses in neurons. This reactive astrogliosis shares many features with that induced by other forms of damage to the central nervous system but also differs in details that potentially influence neurological recovery. A subpopulation of astrocytes within a few hundred micrometers of the infarct proliferate and are centrally involved in the development of the glial scar that separates the damaged tissue in the infarct from surrounding normal brain. The intertwined processes of astrocytes adjacent to the infarct provide the core structural component of the mature scar. Interventions that cause early disruption of glial scar formation typically impede restoration of neurological function. Marked reactive astrogliosis also develops in cells more distant from the infarct but these cells largely remain in the spatial territories they occupied prior to stroke. These cells play important roles in controlling the extracellular environment and release proteins and other molecules that are able to promote neuronal plasticity and improve functional recovery. Treatments manipulating aspects of reactive astrogliosis can enhance neuronal plasticity following stroke. Optimising these treatments for use in human stroke would benefit from a more complete characterization of the specific responses of peri-infarct astrocytes to stroke as well as a better understanding of the influence of other factors including age, sex, comorbidities and reperfusion of the ischemic tissue.
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Liu NW, Ke CC, Zhao Y, Chen YA, Chan KC, Tan DTW, Lee JS, Chen YY, Hsu TW, Hsieh YJ, Chang CW, Yang BH, Huang WS, Liu RS. Evolutional Characterization of Photochemically Induced Stroke in Rats: a Multimodality Imaging and Molecular Biological Study. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 8:244-256. [PMID: 27910074 PMCID: PMC5435782 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0512-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photochemically induced cerebral ischemia is an easy-manipulated, reproducible, relatively noninvasive, and lesion controllable model for translational study of ischemic stroke. In order to longitudinally investigate the characterization of the model, magnetic resonance imaging, 18F-2-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography, fluorescence, and bioluminescence imaging system were performed in correlation with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry examinations of glial fibrillary acidic protein, CD68, NeuN, von willebrand factor, and α-smooth muscle actin in the infarct zone. The results suggested that the number of inflammatory cells, astrocytes, and neovascularization significantly elevated in peri-infarct region from day 7 and a belt of macrophage/microglial and astrocytes was formed surrounding infarct lesion at day 14. Both vasogenic and cytotoxic edema, as well as blood brain-barrier leakage, occurred since day 1 after stroke induction and gradually attenuated with time. Numerous cells other than neuronal cells infiltrated into infarct lesion, which resulted in no visible TTC negative regional existence at day 14. Furthermore, recovery of cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization in peri-infarct zone were noted and more remarkably than that in infarct core following the stroke progression. In conclusion, these characterizations may be highly beneficial to the development of therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau
| | - Chien-Chih Ke
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, 999078, Macau.
| | - Yi-An Chen
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kim-Chuan Chan
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David Tat-Wei Tan
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Shian Lee
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Yin Chen
- Department of Medical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tun-Wei Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ju Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Chang
- Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core/Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Hung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and National PET/Cyclotron Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and National PET/Cyclotron Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core/Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and National PET/Cyclotron Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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37
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Magnetic resonance imaging detection of multiple ischemic injury produced in an adult rat model of minor stroke followed by mild transient cerebral ischemia. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 30:175-188. [PMID: 27815649 PMCID: PMC5364243 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-016-0597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether cumulative brain damage produced adjacent to a minor stroke that is followed by a mild transient ischemia is detectable with MRI and histology, and whether acute or chronic recovery between insults influences this damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS A minor photothrombotic (PT) stroke was followed acutely (1-2 days) or chronically (7 days) by a mild transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). MRI was performed after each insult, followed by final histology. RESULTS The initial PT produced small hyperintense T2 and DW infarct lesions and peri-lesion regions of scattered necrosis and modestly increased T2. Following tMCAO, in a slice and a region adjacent to the PT, a region of T2 augmentation was observed when recovery between insults was acute but not chronic. Within the PT slice, a modest region of exacerbated T2 change proximate to the PT was also observed in the chronic group. Corresponding histological changes within regions of augmented T2 included increased vacuolation and cell death. CONCLUSION Within regions adjacent to an experimental minor stroke, a recurrence of a mild transient cerebral ischemia augmented T2 above increases produced by tMCAO alone, reflecting increased damage in this region. Exacerbation appeared broader with acute versus chronic recovery between insults.
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Smith MR, Burman P, Sadahiro M, Kidd BA, Dudley JT, Morishita H. Integrative Analysis of Disease Signatures Shows Inflammation Disrupts Juvenile Experience-Dependent Cortical Plasticity. eNeuro 2016; 3:ENEURO.0240-16.2016. [PMID: 28101530 PMCID: PMC5241709 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0240-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout childhood and adolescence, periods of heightened neuroplasticity are critical for the development of healthy brain function and behavior. Given the high prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, identifying disruptors of developmental plasticity represents an essential step for developing strategies for prevention and intervention. Applying a novel computational approach that systematically assessed connections between 436 transcriptional signatures of disease and multiple signatures of neuroplasticity, we identified inflammation as a common pathological process central to a diverse set of diseases predicted to dysregulate plasticity signatures. We tested the hypothesis that inflammation disrupts developmental cortical plasticity in vivo using the mouse ocular dominance model of experience-dependent plasticity in primary visual cortex. We found that the administration of systemic lipopolysaccharide suppressed plasticity during juvenile critical period with accompanying transcriptional changes in a particular set of molecular regulators within primary visual cortex. These findings suggest that inflammation may have unrecognized adverse consequences on the postnatal developmental trajectory and indicate that treating inflammation may reduce the burden of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo R. Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Poromendro Burman
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Masato Sadahiro
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Brian A. Kidd
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Joel T. Dudley
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Hirofumi Morishita
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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Chen S, Liu Q, Shu X, Soetikno B, Tong S, Zhang HF. Imaging hemodynamic response after ischemic stroke in mouse cortex using visible-light optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3377-3389. [PMID: 27699105 PMCID: PMC5030017 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light optical coherence tomography (Vis-OCT) is an emerging technology that can image hemodynamic response in microvasculature. Vis-OCT can retrieve blood oxygen saturation (sO2) mapping using intrinsic optical absorption contrast while providing high-resolution anatomical vascular structures at the same time. To improve the accuracy of Vis-OCT oximetry on vessels embedded in highly scattering medium, i.e., brain cortex, we developed and formulated a novel dual-depth sampling and normalization strategy that allowed us to minimize the detrimental effect of ubiquitous tissue scattering. We applied our newly developed approach to monitor the hemodynamic response in mouse cortex after focal photothrombosis. We observed vessel dilatation, which was negatively correlated with the original vessel diameter, in the penumbra region. The sO2 of vessels in the penumbra region also dropped below normal range after focal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiao Shu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Brian Soetikno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Shanbao Tong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Tejeda GS, Ayuso-Dolado S, Arbeteta R, Esteban-Ortega GM, Vidaurre OG, Díaz-Guerra M. Brain ischaemia induces shedding of a BDNF-scavenger ectodomain from TrkB receptors by excitotoxicity activation of metalloproteinases and γ-secretases. J Pathol 2016; 238:627-40. [PMID: 26712630 DOI: 10.1002/path.4684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of death and disability in the world with limited therapies available to restrict brain damage or improve functional recovery after cerebral ischaemia. A promising strategy currently under investigation is the promotion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling through tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptors, a pathway essential for neuronal survival and function. However, TrkB and BDNF-signalling are impaired by excitotoxicity, a primary pathological process in stroke also associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Pathological imbalance of TrkB isoforms is critical in neurodegeneration and is caused by calpain processing of BDNF high affinity full-length receptor (TrkB-FL) and an inversion of the transcriptional pattern of the Ntrk2 gene, to favour expression of the truncated isoform TrkB-T1 over TrkB-FL. We report here that both TrkB-FL and neuronal TrkB-T1 also undergo ectodomain shedding by metalloproteinases activated after ischaemic injury or excitotoxic damage of cortical neurons. Subsequently, the remaining membrane-bound C-terminal fragments (CTFs) are cleaved by γ-secretases within the transmembrane region, releasing their intracellular domains (ICDs) into the cytosol. Therefore, we identify TrkB-FL and TrkB-T1 as new substrates of regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP), a mechanism that highly contributes to TrkB-T1 regulation in ischaemia but is minor for TrkB-FL which is mainly processed by calpain. However, since the secreted TrkB ectodomain acts as a BDNF scavenger and significantly alters BDNF/TrkB signalling, the mechanism of RIP could contribute to neuronal death in excitotoxicity. These results are highly relevant since they reveal new targets for the rational design of therapies to treat stroke and other pathologies with an excitotoxic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo S Tejeda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Ayuso-Dolado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Arbeteta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema M Esteban-Ortega
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar G Vidaurre
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Díaz-Guerra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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41
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Vallone F, Lai S, Spalletti C, Panarese A, Alia C, Micera S, Caleo M, Di Garbo A. Post-Stroke Longitudinal Alterations of Inter-Hemispheric Correlation and Hemispheric Dominance in Mouse Pre-Motor Cortex. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146858. [PMID: 26752066 PMCID: PMC4709093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Limited restoration of function is known to occur spontaneously after an ischemic injury to the primary motor cortex. Evidence suggests that Pre-Motor Areas (PMAs) may “take over” control of the disrupted functions. However, little is known about functional reorganizations in PMAs. Forelimb movements in mice can be driven by two cortical regions, Caudal and Rostral Forelimb Areas (CFA and RFA), generally accepted as primary motor and pre-motor cortex, respectively. Here, we examined longitudinal changes in functional coupling between the two RFAs following unilateral photothrombotic stroke in CFA (mm from Bregma: +0.5 anterior, +1.25 lateral). Methods Local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded from the RFAs of both hemispheres in freely moving injured and naïve mice. Neural signals were acquired at 9, 16 and 23 days after surgery (sub-acute period in stroke animals) through one bipolar electrode per hemisphere placed in the center of RFA, with a ground screw over the occipital bone. LFPs were pre-processed through an efficient method of artifact removal and analysed through: spectral,cross-correlation, mutual information and Granger causality analysis. Results Spectral analysis demonstrated an early decrease (day 9) in the alpha band power in both the RFAs. In the late sub-acute period (days 16 and 23), inter-hemispheric functional coupling was reduced in ischemic animals, as shown by a decrease in the cross-correlation and mutual information measures. Within the gamma and delta bands, correlation measures were already reduced at day 9. Granger analysis, used as a measure of the symmetry of the inter-hemispheric causal connectivity, showed a less balanced activity in the two RFAs after stroke, with more frequent oscillations of hemispheric dominance. Conclusions These results indicate robust electrophysiological changes in PMAs after stroke. Specifically, we found alterations in transcallosal connectivity, with reduced inter-hemispheric functional coupling and a fluctuating dominance pattern. These reorganizations may underlie vicariation of lost functions following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vallone
- Institute of Biophysics, CNR, Pisa, Italy
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Lai
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Spalletti
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR, Pisa, Italy
- Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Panarese
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Silvestro Micera
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering School of Engineering Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Yu X, Li YV. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Developed as an Alternative Animal Model for Focal Ischemic Stroke. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA SUPPLEMENT 2016; 121:115-9. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Li H, Roy Choudhury G, Zhang N, Ding S. Photothrombosis-induced Focal Ischemia as a Model of Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. J Vis Exp 2015:e53161. [PMID: 26274772 DOI: 10.3791/53161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition causing permanent changes in sensorimotor and autonomic functions of the spinal cord (SC) below the site of injury. The secondary ischemia that develops following the initial mechanical insult is a serious complication of the SCI and severely impairs the function and viability of surviving neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the SC. In addition, ischemia is also responsible for the growth of lesion during chronic phase of injury and interferes with the cellular repair and healing processes. Thus there is a need to develop a spinal cord ischemia model for studying the mechanisms of ischemia-induced pathology. Focal ischemia induced by photothrombosis (PT) is a minimally invasive and very well established procedure used to investigate the pathology of ischemia-induced cell death in the brain. Here, we describe the use of PT to induce an ischemic lesion in the spinal cord of mice. Following retro-orbital sinus injection of Rose Bengal, the posterior spinal vein and other capillaries on the dorsal surface of SC were irradiated with a green light resulting in the formation of a thrombus and thus ischemia in the affected region. Results from histology and immunochemistry studies show that PT-induced ischemia caused spinal cord infarction, loss of neurons and reactive gliosis. Using this technique a highly reproducible and relatively easy model of SCI in mice can be achieved that would serve the purpose of scientific investigations into the mechanisms of ischemia induced cell death as well as the efficacy of neuroprotective drugs. This model will also allow exploration of the pathological changes that occur following SCI in live mice like axonal degeneration and regeneration, neuronal and astrocytic Ca(2+) signaling using two-photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri
| | - Gourav Roy Choudhury
- Department of Bioengineering, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri
| | - Shinghua Ding
- Department of Bioengineering, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri;
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Losey P, Ladds E, Laprais M, Guevel B, Burns L, Bordet R, Anthony DC. The role of PPAR activation during the systemic response to brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:99. [PMID: 25994490 PMCID: PMC4450490 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fenofibrate, a PPAR-α activator, has shown promising results as a neuroprotective therapy, with proposed anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. However, it displays poor blood-brain barrier permeability leading to some ambiguity over its mechanism of action. Experimentally induced brain injury has been shown to elicit a hepatic acute phase response that modulates leukocyte recruitment to the injured brain. Here, we sought to discover whether one effect of fenofibrate might include the suppression of the acute phase response (APR) following brain injury. Methods A 1-h intraluminal thread middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model followed by a 6-h reperfusion was performed in C57/BL6 mice. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was then used to measure hepatic expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and serum amyloid A-1 (SAA-1), and immunohistochemical analysis was used to quantify brain and hepatic neutrophil infiltration following stroke. Results The MCAO and sham surgery induced the expression of all three acute phase reactants. A 14-day fenofibrate pre-treatment decreased reactant production, infarct volume, and neutrophil recruitment to the brain and liver, which is a hallmark of the APR. Conclusions The data highlight a novel mechanism of action for fenofibrate and lend further evidence towards the promotion of its use as a prophylactic therapy in patients at risk of cerebral ischaemia. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanistic explanation underlying its actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Losey
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.,EA 1046, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Branch, IMPRT, University of Lille North of France, Place de Verdun, Lille, Cedex, 59045, France
| | - Emma Ladds
- North Bristol NHS Trust, Southmead Road, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Maud Laprais
- EA 1046, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Branch, IMPRT, University of Lille North of France, Place de Verdun, Lille, Cedex, 59045, France
| | - Borna Guevel
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Laura Burns
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Regis Bordet
- EA 1046, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Branch, IMPRT, University of Lille North of France, Place de Verdun, Lille, Cedex, 59045, France.
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, Experimental Neuropathology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK. .,EA 1046, Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Research Branch, IMPRT, University of Lille North of France, Place de Verdun, Lille, Cedex, 59045, France.
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Choudhury GR, Ding S. Reactive astrocytes and therapeutic potential in focal ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:234-244. [PMID: 25982835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are specialized and the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). They play important roles in the physiology of the brain. Astrocytes are also critically involved in many CNS disorders including focal ischemic stroke, the leading cause of brain injury and death in patients. One of the prominent pathological features of a focal ischemic stroke is reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation. Reactive astrogliosis is accompanied with changes in morphology, proliferation, and gene expression in the reactive astrocytes. This study provides an overview of the most recent advances in astrocytic Ca(2+) signaling, spatial, and temporal dynamics of the morphology and proliferation of reactive astrocytes as well as signaling pathways involved in the reactive astrogliosis after ischemic stroke based on results from experimental studies performed in various animal models. This review also discusses the therapeutic potential of reactive astrocytes in focal ischemic stroke. As reactive astrocytes exhibit high plasticity, we suggest that modulation of local reactive astrocytes is a promising strategy for cell-based stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shinghua Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Sakamoto M, Miyazaki Y, Kitajo K, Yamaguchi A. VGF, Which Is Induced Transcriptionally in Stroke Brain, Enhances Neurite Extension and Confers Protection Against Ischemia In Vitro. Transl Stroke Res 2015; 6:301-8. [PMID: 25921200 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-015-0401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a devastating neural event as currently no therapies other than physical rehabilitation are available to enhance recovery after stroke. To identify endogenous mediators to repair stroke brain, we performed the expression profiling analysis of transcripts in the mouse photothrombotic stroke brain. Based on real-time PCR analysis, we found VGF, identified as a nerve growth factor (NGF)-regulated transcript, was induced transcriptionally in stroke brain at 1-7 days after insult. The immunoreactivites of VGF were observed in the neurons around the ischemic core of stroke brain. Experiments with various inhibitors and plasmid transfections indicated that cAMP response element binding protein-mediated complex signaling pathways are possibly implicated in the NGF-mediated VGF expressions in vitro. Furthermore, the over-expression of VGF promoted neurite extensions and conferred protections from ischemic stress in vitro. These findings raise the possibility the application of VGF could be one of the promising therapeutic strategies to enhance recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneki Sakamoto
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Chimura T, Launey T, Yoshida N. Calpain-Mediated Degradation of Drebrin by Excitotoxicity In vitro and In vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125119. [PMID: 25905636 PMCID: PMC4408054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of drebrin, an evolutionarily conserved f-actin-binding protein that regulates synaptic structure and function, is reduced in the brains of patients with chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Down’s syndrome (DS). It was suggested that excitotoxic neuronal death caused by overactivation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) occurs in AD and DS; however, the relationship between excitotoxicity and drebrin loss is unknown. Here, we show that drebrin is a novel target of calpain-mediated proteolysis under excitotoxic conditions induced by the overactivation of NMDARs. In cultured rodent neurons, degradation of drebrin was confirmed by the detection of proteolytic fragments, as well as a reduction in the amount of full-length drebrin. Notably, the NMDA-induced degradation of drebrin in mature neurons occurred concomitantly with a loss of f-actin. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of f-actin loss facilitated the drebrin degradation, suggesting a functional linkage between f-actin and drebrin degradation. Biochemical analyses using purified drebrin and calpain revealed that calpain degraded drebrin directly in vitro. Furthermore, cerebral ischemia also induced the degradation of drebrin in vivo. These findings suggest that calpain-mediated degradation of drebrin is a fundamental pathology of neurodegenerative diseases mediated by excitotoxicity, regardless of whether they are acute or chronic. Drebrin regulates the synaptic clustering of NMDARs; therefore, degradation of drebrin under excitotoxic conditions may modulate NMDAR-mediated signal transductions, including pro-survival signaling. Overall, the results presented here provide novel insights into the molecular basis of cellular responses to excitotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Chimura
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Launey
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Launey Research Unit, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Kunze A, Achilles A, Keiner S, Witte OW, Redecker C. Two distinct populations of doublecortin-positive cells in the perilesional zone of cortical infarcts. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:20. [PMID: 25881110 PMCID: PMC4404690 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recovery following stroke depends on cellular plasticity in the perilesional zone (PZ). Doublecortin (DCX), a protein mainly labeling immature neurons in neurogenic niches is also highly expressed in the vicinity of focal cortical infarcts. Notably, the number of DCX+ cells positively correlates with the recovery of functional deficits after stroke though the nature and origin of these cells remains unclear. Results In the present study, we aimed to characterize the population of DCX+ cells in the vicinity of ischemic infarcts in a mouse model in detail. Employing a photothrombosis model, distinct immunohistochemical techniques, stereology and confocal microscopy, we show that: i) DCX+ cells in the perilesional zone do not constitute a homogenous population and two cell types, stellate and polar cells can be distinguished according to their morphology. ii) Stellate cells are mainly located in the lateral and medial vicinity of the insult and express astrocytic markers. iii) Polar cells are found almost exclusively in the corpus callosum region including in the preserved deep cortical layers close to the subventricular zone (SVZ). Further, they do not show any colocalisation of glial markers. Polar morphology and distribution suggest a migration towards the lesion. Conclusions In summary, our findings provide evidence that in mice DCX+ cells in the perilesional zone of cortical infarcts comprise a distinct cell population and the majority of cells are of glial nature. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12868-015-0160-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Kunze
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Achilles
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Silke Keiner
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747, Jena, Germany. .,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Christoph Redecker
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, D-07747, Jena, Germany.
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Schmidt A, Diederich K, Strecker JK, Geng B, Hoppen M, Duning T, Schäbitz WR, Minnerup J. Progressive cognitive deficits in a mouse model of recurrent photothrombotic stroke. Stroke 2015; 46:1127-31. [PMID: 25744521 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.008905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In spite of its high disease burden, there is no specific treatment for multi-infarct dementia. The preclinical evaluation of candidate drugs is limited because an appropriate animal model is lacking. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate whether a mouse model of recurrent photothrombotic stroke is suitable for the preclinical investigation of multi-infarct dementia. METHODS Recurrent photothrombotic cortical infarcts were induced in 25 adult C57BL/6 mice. Twenty-five sham-operated animals served as controls. The object recognition test and the Morris water maze test were performed >6 weeks to assess cognitive deficits. Afterward, histological analyses were performed to characterize histopathologic changes associated with recurrent photothrombotic infarcts. RESULTS After the first infarct, the object recognition test showed a trend toward an impaired formation of recognition memories (P=0.08), and the Morris Water Maze test revealed significantly impaired spatial learning and memory functions (P<0.05). After recurrent infarcts, the object recognition test showed significant recognition memory deficits (P<0.001) and the Morris water maze test demonstrated persisting spatial learning and memory deficits (P<0.05). Histological analyses revealed remote astrogliosis in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS Our results show progressive cognitive deficits in a mouse model of recurrent photothrombotic stroke. The presented model resembles the clinical features of human multi-infarct dementia and enables the investigation of its pathophysiological mechanisms and the evaluation of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Schmidt
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (A.S., K.D., J.-K.S., B.G., M.H., T.D., J.M.); and Department of Neurology, Bethel-EvKB, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.).
| | - Kai Diederich
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (A.S., K.D., J.-K.S., B.G., M.H., T.D., J.M.); and Department of Neurology, Bethel-EvKB, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.)
| | - Jan-Kolja Strecker
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (A.S., K.D., J.-K.S., B.G., M.H., T.D., J.M.); and Department of Neurology, Bethel-EvKB, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.)
| | - Birgit Geng
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (A.S., K.D., J.-K.S., B.G., M.H., T.D., J.M.); and Department of Neurology, Bethel-EvKB, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.)
| | - Maike Hoppen
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (A.S., K.D., J.-K.S., B.G., M.H., T.D., J.M.); and Department of Neurology, Bethel-EvKB, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.)
| | - Thomas Duning
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (A.S., K.D., J.-K.S., B.G., M.H., T.D., J.M.); and Department of Neurology, Bethel-EvKB, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.)
| | - Wolf-Rüdiger Schäbitz
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (A.S., K.D., J.-K.S., B.G., M.H., T.D., J.M.); and Department of Neurology, Bethel-EvKB, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.)
| | - Jens Minnerup
- From the Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (A.S., K.D., J.-K.S., B.G., M.H., T.D., J.M.); and Department of Neurology, Bethel-EvKB, Bielefeld, Germany (W.-R.S.)
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Zou L, Qin H, He Y, Huang H, Lu Y, Chu X. Inhibiting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase attenuates cerebral ischemic injury in Swedish mutant amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1088-94. [PMID: 25722699 PMCID: PMC4340022 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.14.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia was induced using photothrombosis 1 hour after intraperitoneal injection of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB239063 into Swedish mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP/SWE) transgenic and non-transgenic mice. The number of surviving neurons in the penumbra was quantified using Nissl staining, and the activity of p38 MAPKs was measured by western blotting. The number of surviving neurons in the penumbra was significantly reduced in APP/SWE transgenic mice compared with non-transgenic controls 7 days after cerebral ischemia, but the activity of p38 MAPKs was significantly elevated compared with the non-ischemic hemisphere in the APP/SWE transgenic mice. SB239063 prevented these changes. The APP/SWE mutation exacerbated ischemic brain injury, and this could be alleviated by inhibiting p38 MAPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yitao He
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Heming Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaofan Chu
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, Guangdong Province, China
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