1
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Grigorian A, Martin M, Schellenberg M, Emigh B, Nahmias J, Matsushima K, Lewis M, Inaba K. Methamphetamine use associated with gun and knife violence: A matched cohort analysis. Surg Open Sci 2023; 13:71-74. [PMID: 37187917 PMCID: PMC10176051 DOI: 10.1016/j.sopen.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There may be an association between violence and methamphetamine use. We hypothesized that trauma patients screening positive for methamphetamines are more likely to present after penetrating trauma and have increased mortality. Methods The 2017-2019 TQIP was used to 1:2 match methamphetamine (meth+) patients to patients testing negative for all drugs (meth-). Patients with polysubstance/alcohol use were excluded. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results The rate of methamphetamine use was 3.1 %. After matching, there was no difference in vitals, injury severity score, sex, and comorbidities between cohorts (all p > 0.05). Compared to meth-, the meth+ group was more commonly sustained penetrating trauma (19.8 % vs. 9.2 %, p < 0.001) with stab-wounds being the most common penetrating mechanism (10.5 % vs. 4.5 %, p < 0.001). The meth+ group more commonly underwent surgery immediately from the emergency department (ED) (20.3 % vs. 13.3 %, p < 0.001). The associated risk of death in the ED was higher for the meth+ group (OR 2.77, CI 1.45-5.28, p = 0.002), however, the risk was similar for patients that were admitted or received an operation (p = 0.065). Conclusion Trauma patients using methamphetamine more commonly presented after gun or knife violence and required immediate surgical intervention. They also have increased associated risk of death in the ED. Given these serious findings, a multidisciplinary approach in helping curtail the worsening epidemic of methamphetamine use appears warranted as it is related to penetrating trauma and outcomes. Level of evidence IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areg Grigorian
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Burns and Surgical Critical Care, Orange, CA, USA
- Corresponding author at: Division of Trauma, Burns and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, 3200 Chapman Ave #6200, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Matthew Martin
- University of Southern California, Department of Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Morgan Schellenberg
- University of Southern California, Department of Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brent Emigh
- Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jeffry Nahmias
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Burns and Surgical Critical Care, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Kazuhide Matsushima
- University of Southern California, Department of Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meghan Lewis
- University of Southern California, Department of Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenji Inaba
- University of Southern California, Department of Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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2
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Karabulut S. A 6-Month Follow-Up Study: Cognitive Impairment May Predict More Frequent Use of Methamphetamine. Subst Abuse 2023; 17:11782218231175811. [PMID: 37216038 PMCID: PMC10192674 DOI: 10.1177/11782218231175811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Methamphetamine (METH) use has been associated with impairments in a variety of cognitive functions. In this study, it was aimed to assess the relation between cognitive measures and frequency of METH use. Methods Ninety-eight participants with methamphetamine use disorder were assessed with Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Victoria-Stroop Word Color Test (SWCT), Trail Making Test (TMT) A and B. Participants were followed up during 6-month period with multiple urine toxicology tests (at baseline, month 1, month 2, month 3 and month 6). Results Participants who had their prescriptions regularly were more likely to have higher rates of METH-negative urine results (P = .003). Participants who had more correct numbers, completed more categories and had more conceptual level responses on WCST were more likely to use lower frequency of METH (OR = 0.006, P < .01; OR = 0.171, P < .001; OR = 0.024, P < .001; respectively). The higher error numbers and perseverative error rates on WCST were associated with more frequent METH use (OR = 0.023, P < .001; OR = 0.076, P < .001). Interference factor on SWCT was related with lower frequency of METH use whereas color naming factor on SWCT was related with higher rates of urine results (OR = 0.012, P < .001; OR = 3.628, P < .001; respectively). Higher TMT B-A score was related with more frequent METH use, although the significance disappeared after adjustment (OR = 0.002, P < .001). Having psychotic symptoms predicted less frequent use, but after adjustment for other significant variables, there was no significance. Conclusion Lower frequency of METH use in the follow-up could be predicted by neurocognitive assessments. Deficits in executive functions, attention, set-shifting and mental flexibility seems to be the most effected domains and this effect may be independent from the severity of psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sercan Karabulut
- Sercan Karabulut, Centre of Alcohol and
Substance Addiction Treatment, Ataturk State Hospital, Nebiler, 7192 Sok.,
Kepez/Döşemealtı/Antalya 07192, Turkey.
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3
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Su B, Zheng M. Impaired proactive control in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder: Evidence from ERPs. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 160:47-55. [PMID: 36774830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that methamphetamine use is associated with impaired cognitive control, which may contribute to impulsive drug use. Cognitive control is dynamically mediated by proactive and reactive control (reflecting various processing stages of cognitive control with different properties), and it is crucial to determine whether methamphetamine use impairs proactive and/or reactive control. To address this issue, we conducted an event-related potential (ERP) study to examine proactive and reactive control in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD). METHODS Abstinent individuals with MUD (n = 25) and healthy controls (HC, n = 27) completed a cued task-switching task while brain electrical activity was recorded. Cue- and target-locked ERP components modulated by task switching were linked to proactive and reactive control, respectively. RESULTS No behavioral differences between the groups were found. However, the HC group showed cue-locked switch-positivity (i.e., more positive amplitudes for switch than repeat trials) in both the early and late time windows, although the MUD group only showed late switch-positivity, which was smaller than the HC group. Independent of switch or congruent condition, the MUD group had smaller target-locked positivity than the HC group. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that individuals with MUD exhibit reduced proactive control and mobilize extra reactive control efforts to compensate. Our study contributes to a better understanding of cognitive control impairment in individuals with MUD and has implications for potential interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Su
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Meihong Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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4
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Opitz A, Petasch MS, Klappauf R, Kirschgens J, Hinz J, Dittmann L, Dathe AS, Quednow BB, Beste C, Stock AK. Does chronic use of amphetamine-type stimulants impair interference control? - A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105020. [PMID: 36581170 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.105020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In substance use and addiction, inhibitory control is key to ignoring triggers, withstanding craving and maintaining abstinence. In amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) users, most research focused on behavioral inhibition, but largely neglected the equally important subdomain of cognitive interference control. Given its crucial role in managing consumption, we investigated the relationship between interference control and chronic ATS use in adults. A database search (Pubmed & Web of Science) and relevant reviews were used to identify eligible studies. Effect sizes were estimated with random effects models. Subgroup, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses explored heterogeneity in effect sizes. We identified 61 studies (53 datasets) assessing interference control in 1873 ATS users and 1905 controls. Findings revealed robust small effect sizes for ATS-related deficits in interference control, which were mainly seen in methamphetamine, as compared to MDMA users. The differential effects are likely due to tolerance-induced dopaminergic deficiencies (presumably most pronounced in methamphetamine users). Similarities between different ATS could be due to noradrenergic deficiencies; but elucidating their functional role in ATS users requires further/more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Opitz
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Miriam-Sophie Petasch
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Regine Klappauf
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Josephine Kirschgens
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Julian Hinz
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Lena Dittmann
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthea S Dathe
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland; Biopsychology, Department of Psychology, School of Science, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany; Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Zerekidze A, Li M, Javaheripour N, Huff L, Weiss T, Walter M, Wagner G. Neural Correlates of Impaired Cognitive Control in Individuals with Methamphetamine Dependence: An fMRI Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020197. [PMID: 36831741 PMCID: PMC9954217 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired cognitive and behavioral control has often been observed in people who use methamphetamine (MA). However, a comprehensive understanding of the neural substrates underlying these impairments is still lacking. The goal of the present study was to study the neural correlates of impaired cognitive control in individuals with MA dependence according to DSM-IV criteria. Eighteen individuals with MA dependence and 21 healthy controls were investigated using Stroop task, fMRI, and an impulsivity questionnaire. Overall, patients were found to have significantly poorer accuracy on the Stroop task and higher self-rated impulsivity. Comparing brain activations during the task, decreased activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC), and dorsal striatum was observed in individuals with MA dependence, compared to healthy controls. Altered fMRI signal in DLPFC and aMCC significantly correlated with impaired behavioral task performance in individuals with MA dependence. Furthermore, significantly lower and pronounced brain activations in the MA group were additionally detected in several sensory cortical regions, i.e., in the visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortices. The results of the current study provide evidence for the negative impact of chronic crystal meth consumption on the proper functioning of the fronto-cingulate and striatal brain regions, presumably underlying the often-observed deficits in executive functions in individuals with MA use disorder. As a new finding, we also revealed abnormal activation in several sensory brain regions, suggesting the negative effect of MA use on the proper neural activity of these regions. This blunted activation could be the cause of the observed deficits in executive functions and the associated altered brain activation in higher-level brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Zerekidze
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nooshin Javaheripour
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Laura Huff
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Weiss
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gerd Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
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6
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Mahjoob M, Heydarian S. Long-term effects of methamphetamine abuse on visual evoked potentials. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2022; 42:1187-1192. [PMID: 36097683 DOI: 10.1111/opo.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare visual evoked potential (VEP) components in normal individuals and those with long-term methamphetamine and crystal methamphetamine use. METHODS In this study, monocular pattern-reversal VEPs were recorded in 40 methamphetamine and crystal methamphetamine users and 38 normal individuals. Visual stimuli were high-contrast (99%) checkerboard patterns at 15 and 60 min of arc with a reversal rate of 1.53 reversals per second. RESULTS A significant difference was seen between the two groups for the P100 peak time for the 60 min of arc checks (p = 0.002, d = 0.75, 4.61% higher peak time in the addicted group) and the 15 min of arc checks (p = 0.004, d = 0.73, 4.78% higher peak time in the addicted group). However, other VEP components were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The higher P100 peak time at both 15 and 60 min of arc in methamphetamine-dependent users reveals that VEPs are highly sensitive for the diagnosis of retinal and visual pathway lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Mahjoob
- Department of Optometry, Rehabilitation Faculty, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Samira Heydarian
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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7
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Franke AG, Koller G, Neumann S, Proebstl L, Manz K, Krause D, Kamp F, Hager L, Soyka M. Psychopathology and Attention Performance in Methamphetamine Users with ADHD Symptomology in Childhood. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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8
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Shukla M, Vincent B. Methamphetamine abuse disturbs the dopaminergic system to impair hippocampal-based learning and memory: An overview of animal and human investigations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:541-559. [PMID: 34606820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diverse intellectual functions including memory are some important aspects of cognition. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter of the catecholamine family, which contributes to the experience of pleasure and/or emotional states but also plays crucial roles in learning and memory. Methamphetamine is an illegal drug, the abuse of which leads to long lasting pathological manifestations in the brain. Chronic methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity results in an alteration of various parts of the memory systems by affecting learning processes, an effect attributed to the structural similarities of this drug with dopamine. An evolving field of research established how cognitive deficits in abusers arise and how they could possibly trigger neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, the drugs-induced tenacious neurophysiological changes of the dopamine system trigger cognitive deficits, thereby affirming the influence of this addictive drug on learning, memory and executive function in human abusers. Here we present an overview of the effects of methamphetamine abuse on cognitive functions, dopaminergic transmission and hippocampal integrity as they have been validated in animals and in humans during the past 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Shukla
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2 Rue Michel Ange, 75016, Paris, France.
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9
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Menglu S, Suyong Y, Xiaoyan W, Schöllhorn WI, Dong Z. Cognitive effectiveness of high-intensity interval training for individuals with methamphetamine dependence: a study protocol for randomised controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:650. [PMID: 34556153 PMCID: PMC8460192 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive deficit is a common syndrome of methamphetamine (MA) dependence. It is related to decision-making, control ability, and social functioning. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a training technique that requires people to work out at full intensity during a short period. Many studies have already shown the potential effects of HIIT on cognitive functions. The purpose of this trial is to evaluate the cognitive effects of HIIT on individuals with MA dependence. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A total of 240 individuals with MA dependence will be randomly assigned to the HIIT group, moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) group and control (CON) group. HIIT will consist of a 24-min HIIT exercise on a treadmill. MICT will consist of a 1-h body-mind exercise. CON will be their traditional intervention. The experimental period will be 12 months with 3 interventions weekly for the first 6 months and follow-up for the next 6 months. All subjects will be given cognitive tests at baseline, after intervention and at follow-up. Cognitive performances will be compared by a mixed-model analysis for repeated measures. DISCUSSION HIIT training may reduce illicit drug cravings amongst individuals with MA dependence; hence, HIIT may have a good effect on the cognitive functions, such as memory and executive function, of individuals with MA dependence. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2000032492 . Registered on April 30, 2020 ( http://www.chictr.org.cn/edit.aspx?pid=52127&htm=4 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Menglu
- Wushu College, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Suyong
- School of Sport Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Xiaoyan
- School of Physical Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Zhu Dong
- School of International Education, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, China
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10
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Effects of addiction science on conceived freewill and responsibility. Addict Behav 2021; 120:106955. [PMID: 33964582 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although there is speculation that medicalization of addiction undermines conceived agency, only relatively modest effects have been reported. Research participants generally have ideas about addiction that are informed both by personal experience and by media, and their views may not be wholly updated in response to study-information. Here we examine the potential impact of addiction science theories on perceived volition and responsibility by considering the issues in the context of a hypothetical new drug, "Z." Participants (N = 662) were provided one of three functional accounts that each corresponded to a prominent theory within addiction science: incentive-sensitization, impaired self-control, and habit-system dominance. For half of participants, additional neuroscience mechanism information was included with the functional account. Across explanations, the inclusion of mechanism information was associated with significantly less perceived volition and marginal reduction in blame, For several measures, there was a significant or marginally significant interaction between which addiction explanation was used and whether mechanism information was included, with mechanism generally having the largest impact given the impaired self-control explanation of addiction and little evidence of impact given the incentive-sensitization explanation of addiction. Taken together, these results suggest robust effects of addiction science on judgments of agency when presented in the context of a novel addiction. It is unclear whether a sustained scientific consensus around an existing theory could produce a similar impact on how people understand real addictive behavior.
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11
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The Effect of Crystal Dependence on Brain Activity Related to the Perception of Pleasure Using fMRI. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/ans.100907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Addiction is currently one of the problems of human society. Drug abuse is one of the most important issues in the field of addiction. Methamphetamine (crystal) is one of the drugs that has been abused in recent decades. Methods: In this case-control study, 10 individuals aged 20 to 40 years old with at least 2 years of experience of methamphetamine consumption without any history of drug use or other stimulants from clients and drug withdrawal centers in Tehran City, and 10 healthy volunteers were selected. Age, social status, and economic status of addicts were included in the fMRI apparatus, and 90 selected pleasurable, non-pleasurable, and neutral images (IAPS) were displayed by the projector through an event-related method. The playback time of each photo was 3 s, and after this process, the person outside the device, without the time limit selected the enjoyable and unpleasant images. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age, alcohol use, and smoking history (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in terms of the age at first use between members of the methamphetamine-dependent group. Also, the methamphetamine-dependent group showed more brain activity in their pre-center and post-center gyrus than the normal (control) group. Conclusions: According to the results obtained in this study, in general, it can be concluded that there are some areas in the brain of addicts that are activated when watching pleasant photos, while these areas are not active in the brains of normal people.
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Ahmed A, Ruiz MJ, Cohen Kadosh K, Patton R, Resurrección DM. Khat and neurobehavioral functions: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252900. [PMID: 34111184 PMCID: PMC8192015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Khat is a plant that is used for its amphetamine-like stimulant properties. However, although khat is very popular in Eastern Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and the Middle East, there is still a lack of studies researching the possible neurobehavioral impairment derived from khat use. Methods A systematic review was conducted to identify studies that assessed the effects of khat use on neurobehavioral functions. MedLine, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of Science and Open Grey literature were searched for relevant publications from inception to December 2020. Search terms included (a) khat and (b) several cognitive domains. References from relevant publications and grey literature were also reviewed to identify additional citations for inclusion. Results A total of 142 articles were reviewed, 14 of which met the inclusion criteria (nine human and five rodent studies). Available human studies suggest that long term khat use is associated with significant deficits in several cognitive domains, including learning, motor speed/coordination, set-shifting/response inhibition functions, cognitive flexibility, short term/working memory, and conflict resolution. In addition, rodent studies indicated daily administration of khat extract resulted in dose-related impairments in behavior such as motor hyperactivity and decreased cognition, mainly learning and memory. Conclusions The findings presented in this review indicates that long-term khat use may be contributing to an impairment of neurobehavioral functions. However, gaps in literature were detected that future studies could potentially address to better understand the health consequences of khat use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Ahmed
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Manuel J. Ruiz
- Department of Psychology, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Kathrin Cohen Kadosh
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Patton
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Amphetamine-induced alteration to gaze parameters: A novel conceptual pathway and implications for naturalistic behavior. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101929. [PMID: 33091542 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine produces a multiplicity of well-documented end-order biochemical, pharmacological and biobehavioural effects. Mechanistically, amphetamine downregulates presynaptic and postsynaptic striatal monoamine (primarily dopaminergic) systems, producing alterations to key brain regions which manifest as stereotyped ridged behaviour which occurs under both acute and chronic dosing schedules and persists beyond detoxification. Despite evidence of amphetamine-induced visual attentional dysfunction, no conceptual synthesis has yet captured how characteristic pharmaco-behavioural processes are critically implicated via these pathways, nor described the potential implications for safety-sensitive behaviours. Drawing on known pathomechanisms, we propose a cross-disciplinary, novel conceptual functional system framework for delineating the biobehavioural consequences of amphetamine use on visual attentional capacity and discuss the implications for functional and behavioural outcomes. Specifically, we highlight the manifest implications for behaviours that are conceptually driven and highly dependent on visual information processing for timely execution of visually-guided movements. Following this, we highlight the potential impact on safety-sensitive, but common behaviours, such as driving a motor vehicle. The close pathophysiological relationship between oculomotor control and higher-order cognitive processes further suggests that dynamic measurement of movement related to the motion of the eye (gaze behaviour) may be a simple, effective and direct measure of behavioural performance capabilities in naturalistic settings. Consequently, we discuss the potential efficacy of ocular monitoring for the detection and monitoring of driver states for this drug user group, and potential wider application. Significance statement: We propose a novel biochemical-physiological-behavioural pathway which delineates how amphetamine use critically alters oculomotor function, visual-attentional performance and information processing capabilities. Given the manifest implications for behaviours that are conceptually driven and highly dependent on these processes, we recommend oculography as a novel means of detecting and monitoring gaze behaviours during naturalistic tasks such as driving. Real-word examination of gaze behaviour therefore present as an effective means to detect driver impairment and prevent performance degradation due to these drugs.
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14
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Monterosso JR, Schwartz B. Addiction science and the perception of freewill. JOURNAL FOR THE THEORY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jtsb.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R. Monterosso
- Department of Psychology University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA
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Guerin AA, Bonomo Y, Lawrence AJ, Baune BT, Nestler EJ, Rossell SL, Kim JH. Cognition and Related Neural Findings on Methamphetamine Use Disorder: Insights and Treatment Implications From Schizophrenia Research. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:880. [PMID: 31920743 PMCID: PMC6928591 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the prevalence of methamphetamine (meth) use disorder, research on meth is disproportionately scarce compared to research on other illicit drugs. Existing evidence highlights cognitive deficits as an impediment against daily function and treatment of chronic meth use. Similar deficits are also observed in schizophrenia, and this review therefore draws on schizophrenia research by examining similarities and differences between the two disorders on cognition and related neural findings. While meth use disorder and schizophrenia are two distinct disorders, they are highly co-morbid and share impairments in similar cognitive domains and altered brain structure/function. This narrative review specifically identifies overlapping features such as deficits in learning and memory, social cognition, working memory and inhibitory/impulse control. We report that while working memory deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia, such deficits are inconsistently observed following chronic meth use. Similar structural and functional abnormalities are also observed in cortical and limbic regions between the two disorders, except for cingulate activity where differences are observed. There is growing evidence that targeting cognitive symptoms may improve functional outcome in schizophrenia, with evidence of normalized abnormal brain activity in regions associated with cognition. Considering the overlap between meth use disorder and schizophrenia, targeting cognitive symptoms in people with meth use disorder may also improve treatment outcome and daily function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. Guerin
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yvonne Bonomo
- Department of Addiction Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Women’s Alcohol and Drug Service, Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew John Lawrence
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Eric J. Nestler
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susan L. Rossell
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jee Hyun Kim
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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16
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Lappin JM, Sara GE. Psychostimulant use and the brain. Addiction 2019; 114:2065-2077. [PMID: 31321819 DOI: 10.1111/add.14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulant users are typically young adults. We have conducted a narrative review of neuropsychiatric harms associated with the psychostimulants methamphetamine/amphetamine, cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), focusing on epidemiological factors, common clinical presentations, underlying causal mechanisms and treatment options. The major neuropsychiatric harms of psychostimulant use are stroke, neurocognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease, seizures and psychotic illness. These arise through a combination of acute monoamine release, longer-term neurotransmitter effects and indirect effects. These effects are moderated by factors in the individual and in the pattern of substance use. Neuropsychiatric harms associated with psychostimulant use can thus lead to severe long-term impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Lappin
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre (NDARC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Grant E Sara
- InforMH, NSW Ministry of Health, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.,Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Sampedro-Piquero P, Ladrón de Guevara-Miranda D, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, Suárez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Santín LJ, Castilla-Ortega E. Neuroplastic and cognitive impairment in substance use disorders: a therapeutic potential of cognitive stimulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 106:23-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Bensmann W, Ernst J, Rädle M, Opitz A, Beste C, Stock AK. Methamphetamine Users Show No Behavioral Deficits in Response Selection After Protracted Abstinence. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:823. [PMID: 31803080 PMCID: PMC6877501 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic recreational methamphetamine use causes dopaminergic neurotoxicity, which has been linked to impairments in executive functioning. Within this functional domain, response selection and the resolution of associated conflicts have repeatedly been demonstrated to be strongly modulated by dopamine. Yet, it has never been investigated whether chronic methamphetamine use leads to general impairments in response selection (i.e., irrespective of consumption-associated behavior) after substance use is discontinued. Materials and Methods: We tested n = 24 abstinent methamphetamine users (on average 2.7 years of abstinence) and n = 24 individually matched controls in a cross-sectional design with a flanker task. Results: Compared to healthy controls, former methamphetamine consumers had significantly slower reaction times, but did not show differences in the size of the flanker or Gratton effect, or post-error slowing. Complementary Bayesian analyses further substantiated this lack of effects despite prior consumption for an average of 7.2 years. Discussion: The ability to select a correct response from a subset of conflicting alternatives, as well as the selective attention required for this seem to be largely preserved in case of prolonged abstinence. Likewise, the ability to take previous contextual information into account during response selection and to process errors seem to be largely preserved as well. Complementing previously published finding of worse inhibition/interference control in abstinent consumers, our results suggest that not all executive domains are (equally) impaired by methamphetamine, possibly because different cognitive processes require different levels of dopamine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Bensmann
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Ernst
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marion Rädle
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Opitz
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Zhang L, Cao X, Liang Q, Li X, Yang J, Yuan J. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex restores attention bias to negative information in methamphetamine addicts. Psychiatry Res 2018; 265:151-160. [PMID: 29709789 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (hereafter, meth) addiction results in various emotional problems linked to structural impairments in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this paper, we investigated whether high-frequency (10 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) can improve emotional attention. Thirty-one meth addicts were randomly assigned to a 10 Hz or sham rTMS group; additionally, 31 healthy participants were enrolled, who were required to respond as correctly and quickly as possible to a yellow arrow embedded in an image depicting emotional content (neutral, fear, sadness, or disgust). Results showed that the healthy participants responded more rapidly to negative compared to neutral stimuli, while meth addicts responded indiscriminately to stimuli representing disgust, fear, and neutral content. The randomization check showed no significant differences in the pretest of emotional attention measures between the 10 Hz and sham groups. However, 10 Hz rTMS yielded faster response to negative pictures than to neutral pictures, which was similar to the performance of healthy participants but Sham not. However, this attention bias effect persisted in the 10 Hz group 2 weeks later. These results demonstrate that high-frequency rTMS of the left DLPFC can improve the emotional attention of meth addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing,400715, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- Da Lian Shan Institute of Addiction Rehabilitation, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiongdan Liang
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing,400715, China
| | - Xiang Li
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing,400715, China
| | - Jiemin Yang
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing,400715, China
| | - Jiajin Yuan
- The Laboratory for Affect Cognition and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing,400715, China.
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Potvin S, Pelletier J, Grot S, Hébert C, Barr AM, Lecomte T. Cognitive deficits in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder: A meta-analysis. Addict Behav 2018; 80:154-160. [PMID: 29407687 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine has long been considered as a neurotoxic substance causing cognitive deficits. Recently, however, the magnitude and the clinical significance of the cognitive effects associated with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) have been debated. To help clarify this controversy, we performed a meta-analysis of the cognitive deficits associated with MUD. METHODS A literature search yielded 44 studies that assessed cognitive dysfunction in 1592 subjects with MUD and 1820 healthy controls. Effect size estimates were calculated using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, for the following 12 cognitive domains: attention, executive functions, impulsivity/reward processing, social cognition, speed of processing, verbal fluency/language, verbal learning and memory, visual learning and memory, visuo-spatial abilities and working memory. RESULTS Findings revealed moderate impairment across most cognitive domains, including attention, executive functions, language/verbal fluency, verbal learning and memory, visual memory and working memory. Deficits in impulsivity/reward processing and social cognition were more prominent, whereas visual learning and visuo-spatial abilities were relatively spared cognitive domains. A publication bias was observed. DISCUSSION These results show that MUD is associated with broad cognitive deficits that are in the same range as those associated with alcohol and cocaine use disorder, as recently shown by way of meta-analysis. The prominent effects of MUD on social cognition and impulsivity/reward processing are based on a small number of studies, and as such, these results will need to be replicated. The functional consequences (social and occupational) of the cognitive deficits of methamphetamine will also need to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Potvin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Grot
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Catherine Hébert
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alasdair M Barr
- British Columbia Mental Health and Addictions Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tania Lecomte
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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A Single High Dose of Methamphetamine Reduces Monoamines and Impairs Egocentric and Allocentric Learning and Memory in Adult Male Rats. Neurotox Res 2018; 33:671-680. [PMID: 29427284 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) alters dopamine markers and cognitive function in heavy users. In rodents, there are MA dosing regimens that induce concordant effects using repeated administration at spaced intervals. These regimens are effective but complicate experiments designed to disentangle the effects of the drug on different brain regions in relation to their cognitive effects because of treatment spacing. In an effort to simplify the model, we tested whether a single dose of MA could induce the same monoamine and cognitive effects as multiple, spaced dosing without affecting survival. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 40 mg/kg MA subcutaneously once and tested starting 2 weeks later. MA-treated rats showed deficits in egocentric navigation in Cincinnati water maze, in spatial navigation in the Morris water maze, and in choosing a consistent problem-solving strategy in the Star water maze when given the option to show a preference. MA-treated rats had persistent dopamine and serotonin reductions in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens, and serotonin reductions in the hippocampus of the same magnitude as in repetitive treatment models. The data demonstrate that a single dose recapitulates the neurocognitive and monoamine effects of multiple-dose regimens, thereby simplifying the model of MA-induced neurotoxicity.
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22
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Victor TA, Khalsa SS, Simmons WK, Feinstein JS, Savitz J, Aupperle RL, Yeh HW, Bodurka J, Paulus MP. Tulsa 1000: a naturalistic study protocol for multilevel assessment and outcome prediction in a large psychiatric sample. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e016620. [PMID: 29371263 PMCID: PMC5786129 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although neuroscience has made tremendous progress towards understanding the basic neural circuitry underlying important processes such as attention, memory and emotion, little progress has been made in applying these insights to psychiatric populations to make clinically meaningful treatment predictions. The overall aim of the Tulsa 1000 (T-1000) study is to use the NIMH Research Domain Criteria framework in order to establish a robust and reliable dimensional set of variables that quantifies the positive and negative valence, cognition and arousal domains, including interoception, to generate clinically useful treatment predictions. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The T-1000 is a naturalistic study that will recruit, assess and longitudinally follow 1000 participants, including healthy controls and treatment-seeking individuals with mood, anxiety, substance use and eating disorders. Each participant will undergo interview, behavioural, biomarker and neuroimaging assessments over the course of 1 year. The study goal is to determine how disorders of affect, substance use and eating behaviour organise across different levels of analysis (molecules, genes, cells, neural circuits, physiology, behaviour and self-report) to predict symptom severity, treatment outcome and long-term prognosis. The data will be used to generate computational models based on Bayesian statistics. The final end point of this multilevel latent variable analysis will be standardised assessments that can be developed into clinical tools to help clinicians predict outcomes and select the best intervention for each individual, thereby reducing the burden of mental disorders, and taking psychiatry a step closer towards personalised medicine. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from Western Institutional Review Board screening protocol #20101611. The dissemination plan includes informing health professionals of results for clinical practice, submitting results to journals for peer-reviewed publication, presenting results at national and international conferences and making the dataset available to researchers and mental health professionals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02450240; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - W Kyle Simmons
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Justin S Feinstein
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Robin L Aupperle
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Hung-Wen Yeh
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
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Moszczynska A, Callan SP. Molecular, Behavioral, and Physiological Consequences of Methamphetamine Neurotoxicity: Implications for Treatment. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:474-488. [PMID: 28630283 PMCID: PMC11047030 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.238501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between the molecular mechanisms underlying neurotoxicity of high-dose methamphetamine (METH) and related clinical manifestations is imperative for providing more effective treatments for human METH users. This article provides an overview of clinical manifestations of METH neurotoxicity to the central nervous system and neurobiology underlying the consequences of administration of neurotoxic METH doses, and discusses implications of METH neurotoxicity for treatment of human abusers of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moszczynska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sean Patrick Callan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Diversities of behavioral traits and neuropsychological function in different substance addiction. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 78:82-87. [PMID: 28533147 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are various temperaments and personality characters that modulate the development of substance addiction. The pharmacological properties of substances would alter the homeostasis of brain function and influence the neuropsychological performance through different neurotransmissions which then facilitate diverse emotional and behavioral responses. Our goal is to assess the interaction between personality characteristics, neuropsychological performances and Stroop interference in alcoholics, heroin and amphetamine dependent persons. METHODS Subjects with alcohol (N=95), heroin (N=82) and amphetamine (N=57) dependence were recruited. Diagnostic interview and questionnaires evaluating the psychiatric symptoms were done, followed by neuropsychological assessments of Stroop and Wisconsin card sorting tests (WCST). Differences between the study groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Scheffe's test. RESULTS The individuals with alcohol dependence had significantly higher scores of neurotic, dysphoric and impulsive traits (P<0.001) than heroin and amphetamine dependent groups. In Stroop tests, the alcohol dependent subjects also showed delayed response on incongruent naming interferences compared to both of heroin and amphetamine groups (P<0.001). Perseverative errors and responses of WCST were significantly higher in heroin than in alcoholic dependent persons (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with different substance dependence have distinct behavioral traits for developing addicted behaviors and had variant deficits of neuropsychological function.
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Gutierrez A, Jablonski SA, Amos-Kroohs RM, Barnes AC, Williams MT, Vorhees CV. Effects of Housing on Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity and Spatial Learning and Memory. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1479-1489. [PMID: 28287691 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe stress potentiates methamphetamine (MA) neurotoxicity. However, whether moderate stress increases or decreases the neurotoxic effects of MA is unknown. We assessed the effects of MA (4 × 10 mg/kg at 2 h intervals) in combination with prior barren-cage housing in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats on monoamines and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) in one cohort and spatial learning and memory in the Morris water maze in another cohort. MA reduced dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens, 5-HT in the hippocampus, and increased GFAP in neostriatum and nucleus accumbens compared with saline controls. In neostriatum, barren-cage housing protected against MA-induced increases in GFAP, but it did not prevent DA and 5-HT reductions, although it did increase hippocampal norepinephrine. MA impaired spatial learning during acquisition, reversal, and shift phases and impaired reference memory on reversal and shift probe trials. Barren-cage housing enhanced performance during acquisition but not during reversal or shift or on probe trials. The data indicate that prior barren-cage housing moderates MA-induced neostriatal astrogliosis and initial spatial learning, but has no protective effect when the platform is smaller and relocated and therefore requires cognitive flexibility in relearning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Gutierrez
- Department of Pediatrics,
Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati Ohio 45229, United States
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Sarah A. Jablonski
- Department of Pediatrics,
Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Robyn M. Amos-Kroohs
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Anna C. Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics,
Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati Ohio 45229, United States
- College
of Arts and Sciences, Cincinnati, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Michael T. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics,
Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati Ohio 45229, United States
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Charles V. Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics,
Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Research Foundation, Cincinnati Ohio 45229, United States
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Ohio 45229, United States
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26
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Farhadian M, Akbarfahimi M, Hassani Abharian P, Hosseini SG, Shokri S. Assessment of Executive Functions in Methamphetamine-addicted Individuals: Emphasis on Duration of Addiction and Abstinence. Basic Clin Neurosci 2017; 8:147-153. [PMID: 28539999 PMCID: PMC5440924 DOI: 10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Several studies have conducted on impairments of executive functions in individuals with methamphetamine addiction; however, only a few have investigated the relationship between executive functions and duration of addiction or abstinence. This study was designed to assess the executive functions in methamphetamine-addicted individuals in relation to the duration of addiction or abstinence. Methods: A total of 161 subjects aged between 20 and 45 years were categorized into three subgroups: currently abusing (n=41), abstinent (n=60), and control healthy individuals (n=60). A battery of standardized executive function tasks, including Stroop test, Wisconsin Card Sorting test, and Tower of London task, were administered. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis of variance, and post hoc Bonferroni test with SPSS16.0. Results: Methamphetamine-addicted and abstinent subjects performed worse than the controls. Methamphetamine-abstinent subjects performed better than the currently methamphetamine abusers in most executive functions. Duration of addiction and abstinence were correlated with executive dysfunctions. Conclusion: This study revealed that although executive functions may be improved by protracted abstinence, executive dysfunctions are not completely relieved, and specific attention to planning and implementation of intervention programs are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Farhadian
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malahat Akbarfahimi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Hassani Abharian
- Department of Cognitive Rehabilitation, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Golaleh Hosseini
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Susan Shokri
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Kutlu MG, Gould TJ. Effects of drugs of abuse on hippocampal plasticity and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory: contributions to development and maintenance of addiction. Learn Mem 2016; 23:515-33. [PMID: 27634143 PMCID: PMC5026208 DOI: 10.1101/lm.042192.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
It has long been hypothesized that conditioning mechanisms play major roles in addiction. Specifically, the associations between rewarding properties of drugs of abuse and the drug context can contribute to future use and facilitate the transition from initial drug use into drug dependency. On the other hand, the self-medication hypothesis of drug abuse suggests that negative consequences of drug withdrawal result in relapse to drug use as an attempt to alleviate the negative symptoms. In this review, we explored these hypotheses and the involvement of the hippocampus in the development and maintenance of addiction to widely abused drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, alcohol, opiates, and cannabis. Studies suggest that initial exposure to stimulants (i.e., cocaine, nicotine, and amphetamine) and alcohol may enhance hippocampal function and, therefore, the formation of augmented drug-context associations that contribute to the development of addiction. In line with the self-medication hypothesis, withdrawal from stimulants, ethanol, and cannabis results in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory deficits, which suggest that an attempt to alleviate these deficits may contribute to relapse to drug use and maintenance of addiction. Interestingly, opiate withdrawal leads to enhancement of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Given that a conditioned aversion to drug context develops during opiate withdrawal, the cognitive enhancement in this case may result in the formation of an augmented association between withdrawal-induced aversion and withdrawal context. Therefore, individuals with opiate addiction may return to opiate use to avoid aversive symptoms triggered by the withdrawal context. Overall, the systematic examination of the role of the hippocampus in drug addiction may help to formulate a better understanding of addiction and underlying neural substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Gunes Kutlu
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Pal R, Mendelson J, Clavier O, Baggott MJ, Coyle J, Galloway GP. Development and Testing of a Smartphone-Based Cognitive/Neuropsychological Evaluation System for Substance Abusers. J Psychoactive Drugs 2016; 48:288-94. [PMID: 27260123 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2016.1191093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In methamphetamine (MA) users, drug-induced neurocognitive deficits may help to determine treatment, monitor adherence, and predict relapse. To measure these relationships, we developed an iPhone app (Neurophone) to compare lab and field performance of N-Back, Stop Signal, and Stroop tasks that are sensitive to MA-induced deficits. METHODS Twenty healthy controls and 16 MA-dependent participants performed the tasks in-lab using a validated computerized platform and the Neurophone before taking the latter home and performing the tasks twice daily for two weeks. RESULTS N-Back task: there were no clear differences in performance between computer-based vs. phone-based in-lab tests and phone-based in-lab vs. phone-based in-field tests. Stop-Signal task: difference in parameters prevented comparison of computer-based and phone-based versions. There was significant difference in phone performance between field and lab. Stroop task: response time measured by the speech recognition engine lacked precision to yield quantifiable results. There was no learning effect over time. On an average, each participant completed 84.3% of the in-field NBack tasks and 90.4% of the in-field Stop Signal tasks (MA-dependent participants: 74.8% and 84.3%; healthy controls: 91.4% and 95.0%, respectively). Participants rated Neurophone easy to use. CONCLUSION Cognitive tasks performed in-field using Neurophone have the potential to yield results comparable to those obtained in a laboratory setting. Tasks need to be modified for use as the app's voice recognition system is not yet adequate for timed tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshmi Pal
- a Assistant Research Scientist, Friends Research Institute , Addiction & Pharmacology Research Laboratory , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - John Mendelson
- b Senior Research Scientist, Friends Research Institute , Addiction & Pharmacology Research Laboratory , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | | | | | - Jeremy Coyle
- e Ph.D. Candidate, University of California-Berkeley , Biostatistics , Berkeley , CA , USA
| | - Gantt P Galloway
- f Senior Research Scientist, Friends Research Institute , Addiction & Pharmacology Research Laboratory , San Francisco , CA , USA
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Yamamuro K, Kimoto S, Iida J, Kishimoto N, Nakanishi Y, Tanaka S, Ota T, Makinodan M, Kishimoto T. Reduced Prefrontal Cortex Hemodynamic Response in Adults with Methamphetamine Induced Psychosis: Relevance for Impulsivity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152373. [PMID: 27050450 PMCID: PMC4822936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with methamphetamine abuse/dependence often exhibit high levels of impulsivity, which may be associated with the structural abnormalities and functional hypoactivities observed in the frontal cortex of these subjects. Although near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a simple and non-invasive method for characterizing the clinical features of various psychiatric illnesses, few studies have used NIRS to directly investigate the association between prefrontal cortical activity and inhibitory control in patients with methamphetamine-induced psychosis (MAP). Using a 24-channel NIRS system, we compared hemodynamic responses during the Stroop color-word task in 14 patients with MAP and 21 healthy controls matched for age, sex and premorbid IQ. In addition, we used the Barrett Impulsivity Scale-11 (BIS-11) to assess impulsivity between subject groups. The MAP group exhibited significantly less activation in the anterior and frontopolar prefrontal cortex accompanied by lower Stroop color-word task performance, compared with controls. Moreover, BIS-11 scores were significantly higher in the MAP group, and were negatively correlated with the hemodynamic responses in prefrontal cortex. Our data suggest that reduced hemodynamic responses in the prefrontal cortex might reflect higher levels of impulsivity in patients with MAP, providing new insights into disrupted inhibitory control observed in MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Sohei Kimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Junzo Iida
- Faculty of Nursing, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Naoko Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yoko Nakanishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Shohei Tanaka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Toyosaku Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
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Korpi ER, den Hollander B, Farooq U, Vashchinkina E, Rajkumar R, Nutt DJ, Hyytiä P, Dawe GS. Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:872-1004. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Harlé KM, Stewart JL, Zhang S, Tapert SF, Yu AJ, Paulus MP. Bayesian neural adjustment of inhibitory control predicts emergence of problem stimulant use. Brain 2015; 138:3413-26. [PMID: 26336910 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bayesian ideal observer models quantify individuals' context- and experience-dependent beliefs and expectations about their environment, which provides a powerful approach (i) to link basic behavioural mechanisms to neural processing; and (ii) to generate clinical predictors for patient populations. Here, we focus on (ii) and determine whether individual differences in the neural representation of the need to stop in an inhibitory task can predict the development of problem use (i.e. abuse or dependence) in individuals experimenting with stimulants. One hundred and fifty-seven non-dependent occasional stimulant users, aged 18-24, completed a stop-signal task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. These individuals were prospectively followed for 3 years and evaluated for stimulant use and abuse/dependence symptoms. At follow-up, 38 occasional stimulant users met criteria for a stimulant use disorder (problem stimulant users), while 50 had discontinued use (desisted stimulant users). We found that those individuals who showed greater neural responses associated with Bayesian prediction errors, i.e. the difference between actual and expected need to stop on a given trial, in right medial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex, caudate, anterior insula, and thalamus were more likely to exhibit problem use 3 years later. Importantly, these computationally based neural predictors outperformed clinical measures and non-model based neural variables in predicting clinical status. In conclusion, young adults who show exaggerated brain processing underlying whether to 'stop' or to 'go' are more likely to develop stimulant abuse. Thus, Bayesian cognitive models provide both a computational explanation and potential predictive biomarkers of belief processing deficits in individuals at risk for stimulant addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia M Harlé
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Shunan Zhang
- 3 Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susan F Tapert
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 4 Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Angela J Yu
- 3 Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA 4 Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA 5 Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
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Reaction time variability and related brain activity in methamphetamine psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:465-74. [PMID: 25444164 PMCID: PMC4315764 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the dynamics of cognitive control instability in methamphetamine (MA) abuse, as well its relationship to substance-induced psychiatric symptoms and drug use patterns. METHODS We used an ex-Gaussian reaction time (RT) distribution to examine intraindividual variability (IIV) and excessively long RTs (tau) in an individual's RT on a Stroop task in 30 currently drug-abstinent (3 months to 2 years) MA abusers compared with 27 nonsubstance-abusing control subjects. All subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing the Stroop task, which allowed us to measure the relationship between IIV and tau to functional brain activity. RESULTS Elevated IIV in the MA compared with the control group did not reach significance; however, when the MA group was divided into those subjects who had experienced MA-induced psychosis (MAP+) (n = 19) and those who had not (n = 11), the MAP+ group had higher average IIV compared with the other groups (p < .03). In addition, although control subjects displayed a relationship between IIV and conflict-related brain activity in bilateral prefrontal cortex such that increased IIV was associated with increased activity, the MAP+ group displayed this relationship in right prefrontal cortex only, perhaps reflecting elevated vigilance in the MAP+ group. Greater IIV did not correlate with severity of use or months MA abstinent. No group differences emerged in tau values. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest increased cognitive instability in those MA-dependent subjects who had experienced MA-induced psychosis.
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O'Connor DA, Upton DJ, Moore J, Hester R. Motivationally Significant Self-control: Enhanced Action Withholding Involves the Right Inferior Frontal Junction. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:112-23. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In everyday life, people use self-control to withhold actions. This ability is particularly important when the consequences of action withholding have an impact on the individual's well-being. Despite its importance, it is unclear as to how the neural nodes implicated in action withholding contribute to this real-world type of self-control. By modifying an action withholding paradigm, the go/no-go task, we examined how the brain exerts self-control during a scenario in which the implications of withholding an action are meaningful and motivationally significant. A successfully withheld response contributed to long-term monetary rewards, whereas failure to withhold a response incurred an immediate monetary punishment. Compared with neutral action withholding, participants significantly improved their performance when these contingencies were applied. Crucially, although the right IFG and pre-SMA were found to promote overall action withholding, the enhancement in behavioral performance relative to a neutral condition was only reflected by a physiological change in a region encompassing the right inferior frontal junction and precentral gyrus. We speculate that the ability to flexibly modulate attention to goal-relevant stimuli is crucial to enhanced, motivationally driven action withholding and that this ability is subserved by the right inferior frontal junction. These findings suggest that control-modulating factors, rather than action withholding processes per se, can be critical to improving motivationally significant action withholding outcomes.
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Cadet JL, Bisagno V. Neuropsychological Consequences of Chronic Drug Use: Relevance to Treatment Approaches. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:189. [PMID: 26834649 PMCID: PMC4713863 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy use of drugs impacts of the daily activities of individuals in these activities. Several groups of investigators have indeed documented changes in cognitive performance by individuals who have a long history of chronic drug use. In the case of marijuana, a wealth of information suggests that heavy long-term use of the drug may have neurobehavioral consequences in some individuals. In humans, heavy cocaine use is accompanied by neuropathological changes that might serve as substrates for cognitive dysfunctions. Similarly, methamphetamine users suffer from cognitive abnormalities that may be consequent to alterations in structures and functions. Here, we detail the evidence for these neuropsychological consequences. The review suggests that improving the care of our patients will necessarily depend on the better characterization of drug-induced cognitive phenotypes because they might inform the development of better pharmacological and behavioral interventions, with the goal of improving cognitive functions in these subsets of drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Lud Cadet
- National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Program, Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Veronica Bisagno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Kousik SM, Napier TC, Ross RD, Sumner DR, Carvey PM. Dopamine receptors and the persistent neurovascular dysregulation induced by methamphetamine self-administration in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:432-9. [PMID: 25185214 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.217802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently abstinent methamphetamine (Meth) abusers showed neurovascular dysregulation within the striatum. The factors that contribute to this dysregulation and the persistence of these effects are unclear. The current study addressed these knowledge gaps. First, we evaluated the brains of rats with a history of Meth self-administration following various periods of forced abstinence. Micro-computed tomography revealed a marked reduction in vessel diameter and vascular volume uniquely within the striatum between 1 and 28 days after Meth self-administration. Microvessels showed a greater impairment than larger vessels. Subsequently, we determined that dopamine (DA) D2 receptors regulated Meth-induced striatal vasoconstriction via acute noncontingent administration of Meth. These receptors likely regulated the response to striatal hypoxia, as hypoxia inducible factor 1α was elevated. Acute Meth exposure also increased striatal levels of endothelin receptor A and decreased neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Collectively, the data provide novel evidence that Meth-induced striatal neurovascular dysregulation involves DA receptor signaling that results in vasoconstriction via endothelin receptor A and nitric oxide signaling. As these effects can lead to hypoxia and trigger neuronal damage, these findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the selective striatal toxicity observed in the brains of Meth-abusing humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya M Kousik
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Pharmacology (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Psychiatry (T.C.N.), Department of Neurologic Sciences (P.M.C.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (R.D.R., D.R.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - T Celeste Napier
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Pharmacology (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Psychiatry (T.C.N.), Department of Neurologic Sciences (P.M.C.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (R.D.R., D.R.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ryan D Ross
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Pharmacology (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Psychiatry (T.C.N.), Department of Neurologic Sciences (P.M.C.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (R.D.R., D.R.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - D Rick Sumner
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Pharmacology (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Psychiatry (T.C.N.), Department of Neurologic Sciences (P.M.C.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (R.D.R., D.R.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paul M Carvey
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Pharmacology (S.M.K., T.C.N., P.M.C.), Department of Psychiatry (T.C.N.), Department of Neurologic Sciences (P.M.C.), and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (R.D.R., D.R.S.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Altered neural processing of the need to stop in young adults at risk for stimulant dependence. J Neurosci 2014; 34:4567-80. [PMID: 24672002 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2297-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of neurocognitive predictors of substance dependence is an important step in developing approaches to prevent addiction. Given evidence of inhibitory control deficits in substance abusers (Monterosso et al., 2005; Fu et al., 2008; Lawrence et al., 2009; Tabibnia et al., 2011), we examined neural processing characteristics in human occasional stimulant users (OSU), a population at risk for dependence. A total of 158 nondependent OSU and 47 stimulant-naive control subjects (CS) were recruited and completed a stop signal task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A Bayesian ideal observer model was used to predict probabilistic expectations of inhibitory demand, P(stop), on a trial-to-trial basis, based on experienced trial history. Compared with CS, OSU showed attenuated neural activation related to P(stop) magnitude in several areas, including left prefrontal cortex and left caudate. OSU also showed reduced neural activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and right insula in response to an unsigned Bayesian prediction error representing the discrepancy between stimulus outcome and the predicted probability of a stop trial. These results indicate that, despite minimal overt behavioral manifestations, OSU use fewer brain processing resources to predict and update the need for response inhibition, processes that are critical for adjusting and optimizing behavioral performance, which may provide a biomarker for the development of substance dependence.
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Molkov YI, Zaretskaia MV, Zaretsky DV. Meth math: modeling temperature responses to methamphetamine. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R552-66. [PMID: 24500434 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) can evoke extreme hyperthermia, which correlates with neurotoxicity and death in laboratory animals and humans. The objective of this study was to uncover the mechanisms of a complex dose dependence of temperature responses to Meth by mathematical modeling of the neuronal circuitry. On the basis of previous studies, we composed an artificial neural network with the core comprising three sequentially connected nodes: excitatory, medullary, and sympathetic preganglionic neuronal (SPN). Meth directly stimulated the excitatory node, an inhibitory drive targeted the medullary node, and, in high doses, an additional excitatory drive affected the SPN node. All model parameters (weights of connections, sensitivities, and time constants) were subject to fitting experimental time series of temperature responses to 1, 3, 5, and 10 mg/kg Meth. Modeling suggested that the temperature response to the lowest dose of Meth, which caused an immediate and short hyperthermia, involves neuronal excitation at a supramedullary level. The delay in response after the intermediate doses of Meth is a result of neuronal inhibition at the medullary level. Finally, the rapid and robust increase in body temperature induced by the highest dose of Meth involves activation of high-dose excitatory drive. The impairment in the inhibitory mechanism can provoke a life-threatening temperature rise and makes it a plausible cause of fatal hyperthermia in Meth users. We expect that studying putative neuronal sites of Meth action and the neuromediators involved in a detailed model of this system may lead to more effective strategies for prevention and treatment of hyperthermia induced by amphetamine-like stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav I Molkov
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
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Jan RK, Lin JC, McLaren DG, Kirk IJ, Kydd RR, Russell BR. The effects of methylphenidate on cognitive control in active methamphetamine dependence using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:20. [PMID: 24639656 PMCID: PMC3944404 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) dependence is associated with cognitive deficits. Methylphenidate (MPH) has been shown to improve inhibitory control in healthy and cocaine-dependent subjects. This study aimed to understand the neurophysiological effects before and after acute MPH administration in active MA-dependent and control subjects. Fifteen MA-dependent and 18 control subjects aged 18-46 years were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after either a single oral dose of MPH (18 mg) or placebo while performing a color-word Stroop task. Baseline accuracy was lower (p = 0.026) and response time (RT) was longer (p < 0.0001) for the incongruent compared to congruent condition, demonstrating the task probed cognitive control. Increased activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and parietal cortex during the incongruent and Stroop effect conditions, respectively was observed in MA-dependent compared to control subjects (p < 0.05), suggesting the need to recruit neural resources within these regions for conflict resolution. Post- compared to pre-MPH treatment, increased RT and DLPFC activation for the Stroop effect were observed in MA-dependent subjects (p < 0.05). In comparison to MPH-treated controls and placebo-treated MA-dependent subjects, MPH-treated MA-dependent subjects showed decreased activation of parietal and occipital regions during the incongruent and Stroop effect conditions (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that in MA-dependent subjects, MPH facilitated increased recruitment of the DLPFC for Stroop conflict resolution, and a decreased need for recruitment of neural resources in parietal and occipital regions compared to the other groups, while maintaining a comparable level of task performance to that achieved pre-drug administration. Due to the small sample size, the results from this study are preliminary; however, they inform us about the effects of MPH on the neural correlates of cognitive control in active MA-dependent subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem K Jan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand ; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Joanne C Lin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand ; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Donald G McLaren
- Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA , USA ; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA , USA ; Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Ian J Kirk
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand ; Department of Psychology, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Rob R Kydd
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand ; Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Bruce R Russell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand ; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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Asnafi S, Sharifi V, Tehranidoost M. Negative priming in amphetamine psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2013; 210:263-7. [PMID: 23773294 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Amphetamine abuse may lead to a psychotic state, its symptomatology being very similar to what is seen in paranoid schizophrenia. Failure of attentional inhibition of irrelevant information is thought to be associated with the psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Negative priming (NP) paradigm is believed to measure this impairment. Several studies have shown impaired NP in schizophrenia. In the present study a spatial NP task was used to assess attentional inhibition in a group of amphetamine-induced psychosis patients. Nineteen patients with amphetamine-induced psychotic disorder and 20 healthy subjects participated in this study. Severity of psychotic symptoms was measured prior to testing using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Patients showed no deficit in NP, and the amount of their NP effect was not significantly different from healthy subjects. Besides, we did not find any correlation between the amount of NP effect and severity of symptoms. Our results may indicate that cognitive mechanisms underlying NP might not be affected in amphetamine psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Asnafi
- Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Watt MH, Meade CS, Kimani S, MacFarlane JC, Choi KW, Skinner D, Pieterse D, Kalichman SC, Sikkema KJ. The impact of methamphetamine ("tik") on a peri-urban community in Cape Town, South Africa. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2013; 25:219-25. [PMID: 24246503 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last decade, South Africa's Western Cape has experienced a dramatic increase in methamphetamine ("tik") use. Our study explored local impressions of the impact of tik use in a peri-urban township community in Cape Town, South Africa. METHODS We conducted individual in-depth interviews with 55 women and 37 men who were regular attendees of alcohol-serving venues. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. A content analysis approach was used to identify themes related to the impact of tik use based on levels of the socio-ecological framework (individual, inter-personal and community). RESULTS Tik use was reported to be a greater issue among Coloureds, compared to Blacks. At an individual level, respondents reported that tik use had adverse effects on mental, physical, and economic well-being, and limited future opportunities through school drop-out and incarceration. At an inter-personal level, respondents reported that tik use contributed to physical and sexual violence as well as increased rates of sexual risk behaviour, particularly through transactional sex relationships. Respondents described how tik use led to household conflict, and had negative impacts on children, including neglect and poor birth outcomes. At a community level, respondents linked tik use to increased rates of crime, violence and corruption, which undercut community cohesion. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight the negative impact that tik is having on individuals, households and the overall community in a peri-urban setting in South Africa. There is a clear need for interventions to prevent tik use in South Africa and to mitigate and address the impact of tik on multiple levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Watt
- Duke University, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Christina S Meade
- Duke University, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Duke University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Stephen Kimani
- Duke University, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Karmel W Choi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Box 90086, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Donald Skinner
- Stellenbosch University, Unit for Research on Health and Society, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Desiree Pieterse
- Stellenbosch University, Unit for Research on Health and Society, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Seth C Kalichman
- University of Connecticut, Department of Psychology, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kathleen J Sikkema
- Duke University, Duke Global Health Institute, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Duke University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Box 90086, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Hoffman R, al'Absi M. Concurrent use of khat and tobacco is associated with verbal learning and delayed recall deficits. Addiction 2013; 108:1855-62. [PMID: 23714286 PMCID: PMC3775939 DOI: 10.1111/add.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study assessed whether cigarette smokers who are also regular khat users would demonstrate greater impairments in verbal learning and recall compared to both non-smokers who are khat users and control subjects. DESIGN An independent-measures, between-subjects design with two covariates. SETTING An out-patient, university research center in Taiz, Yemen. PARTICIPANTS Subjects were 175 Yemeni college students (90 men, 85 women) ranging in age from 18 to 38 years. Seventy-five subjects were self-reported chronic cigarette smokers and khat users, 48 non-smoking subjects were self-reported to be chronic khat users and 52 non-smoking subjects reported no current use or history of khat use. MEASUREMENTS Verbal learning and verbal memory recall was assessed by subject performance on the Arabic version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). FINDINGS Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in RAVLT acquisition learning trials 2-5 and on delayed recall measures between concurrent khat and cigarette users compared to both the khat-only group and the control group of non-users of khat and cigarettes. On each of these trials, concurrent users recalled fewer words, demonstrating a slowed rate of verbal learning. This same pattern of performance was also seen on delayed recall measures. Khat use alone did not affect immediate or delayed recall of previously learned words. CONCLUSIONS Khat users who smoke cigarettes have a lower rate of verbal learning and delayed recall of previously learned verbal material than khat users who do not smoke cigarettes. This may be due to pre-existing differences between these groups of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hoffman
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Science University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth MN USA
| | - Mustafa al'Absi
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Science University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth MN USA
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Mereu M, Bonci A, Newman AH, Tanda G. The neurobiology of modafinil as an enhancer of cognitive performance and a potential treatment for substance use disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:415-34. [PMID: 23934211 PMCID: PMC3800148 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Modafinil (MOD) and its R-enantiomer (R-MOD) are approved medications for narcolepsy and other sleep disorders. They have also been used, off-label, as cognitive enhancers in populations of patients with mental disorders, including substance abusers that demonstrate impaired cognitive function. A debated nonmedical use of MOD in healthy individuals to improve intellectual performance is raising questions about its potential abuse liability in this population. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS MOD has low micromolar affinity for the dopamine transporter (DAT). Inhibition of dopamine (DA) reuptake via the DAT explains the enhancement of DA levels in several brain areas, an effect shared with psychostimulants like cocaine, methylphenidate, and the amphetamines. However, its neurochemical effects and anatomical pattern of brain area activation differ from typical psychostimulants and are consistent with its beneficial effects on cognitive performance processes such as attention, learning, and memory. At variance with typical psychostimulants, MOD shows very low, if any, abuse liability, in spite of its use as a cognitive enhancer by otherwise healthy individuals. Finally, recent clinical studies have focused on the potential use of MOD as a medication for treatment of drug abuse, but have not shown consistent outcomes. However, positive trends in several result measures suggest that medications that improve cognitive function, like MOD or R-MOD, may be beneficial for the treatment of substance use disorders in certain patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Mereu
- Molecular Targets & Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Antonello Bonci
- Synaptic Plasticity Section, Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets & Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
| | - Gianluigi Tanda
- Molecular Targets & Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, DHHS; 251 Bayview Blvd., NIDA suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224
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Nakajima M, Hoffman R, Al'Absi M. Poor working memory and reduced blood pressure levels in concurrent users of khat and tobacco. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 16:279-87. [PMID: 24078758 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to examine the extent in which concurrent use of khat and tobacco was associated with decrements in working memory. We also tested whether cardiovascular activity during a cognitive task was related to performance outcomes, as research has shown linkages between maladaptive physiological adjustments and cognitive functions. METHODS Seventy-four concurrent users of khat and tobacco, 49 khat-only users, and 52 nonusers (M age ± SD: 23.8±4.8) completed a laboratory session including 10 min of a mental arithmetic challenge task. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were collected throughout the task. Analyses of variance and correlational analyses were conducted. RESULTS We found that concurrent users evidenced the lowest number of correct responses on the math task among these 3 groups (ps < .05). Concurrent users also showed fewer number of attempts than khat-only users (ps < .01) and lower accuracy rate than nonusers (ps < .05). The performance of khat-only users and nonusers were comparable on these 3 measures (p > .76). Overall blood pressure levels were lower in concurrent users than in nonusers (p < .05). Correlational analysis found that lower SBP during the math task was associated with fewer number of correct responses and attempts and lower accuracy rate on the task (ps < .05). Multiple regression analysis controlling for gender found that concurrent use predicted math performance (ps < .05). Reported duration and frequency of khat and tobacco use and nicotine dependence predicted performance measures (ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest potential linkages between concurrent use of khat and tobacco and impaired working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Nakajima
- Biobehavioral Health and Population Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN
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Abé C, Mon A, Durazzo TC, Pennington DL, Schmidt TP, Meyerhoff DJ. Polysubstance and alcohol dependence: unique abnormalities of magnetic resonance-derived brain metabolite levels. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 130:30-7. [PMID: 23122599 PMCID: PMC3624044 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although comorbid substance misuse is common in alcohol dependence, and polysubstance abusers (PSU) represent the largest group of individuals seeking treatment for drug abuse today, we know little about potential brain abnormalities in this population. Brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of mono-substance use disorders (e.g., alcohol or cocaine) reveal abnormal levels of cortical metabolites (reflecting neuronal integrity, cell membrane turnover/synthesis, cellular bioenergetics, gliosis) and altered concentrations of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The concurrent misuse of several substances may have unique and different effects on brain biology and function compared to any mono-substance misuse. METHODS High field brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 4 T and neurocognitive testing were performed at one month of abstinence in 40 alcohol dependent individuals (ALC), 28 alcohol dependent PSU and 16 drug-free controls. Absolute metabolite concentrations were calculated in anterior cingulate (ACC), parieto-occipital (POC) and dorso-lateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC). RESULTS Compared to ALC, PSU demonstrated significant metabolic abnormalities in the DLPFC and strong trends to lower GABA in the ACC. Metabolite levels in ALC and light drinking controls were statistically equivalent. Within PSU, lower DLPFC GABA levels are related to greater cocaine consumption. Several cortical metabolite concentrations were associated with cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS While metabolite concentrations in ALC at one month of abstinence were largely normal, PSU showed persistent and functionally significant metabolic abnormalities, primarily in the DLPFC. Our results point to specific metabolic deficits as biomarkers in polysubstance misuse and as targets for pharmacological and behavioral PSU-specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Abé
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco and Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Veterans Administration Medical Center San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Cognitive control dysfunction and abnormal frontal cortex activation in stimulant drug users and their biological siblings. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e257. [PMID: 23673468 PMCID: PMC3669919 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive and neural abnormalities are known to accompany chronic drug abuse, with impairments in cognition and changes in cortical structure seen in stimulant-dependent individuals. However, premorbid differences have also been observed in the brains and behavior of individuals at risk for substance abuse, before they develop dependence. Endophenotype research has emerged as a useful method for assessing preclinical traits that may be risk factors for pathology by studying patient populations and their undiagnosed first-degree relatives. This study used the color-word Stroop task to assess executive functioning in stimulant-dependent individuals, their unaffected biological siblings and unrelated healthy control volunteers using a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm. Both the stimulant-dependent and sibling participants demonstrated impairments in cognitive control and processing speed on the task, registering significantly longer response latencies. However, the two groups generated very different neural responses, with the sibling participants exhibiting a significant decrease in activation in the inferior frontal gyrus compared with both stimulant-dependent individuals and control participants. Both target groups also demonstrated a decrease in hemispheric laterality throughout the task, exhibiting a disproportionate increase in right hemispheric activation, which was associated with their behavioral inefficiencies. These findings not only suggest a possible risk factor for stimulant abuse of poor inhibitory control and cortical inefficiency but they also demonstrate possible adaptations in the brains of stimulant users.
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Panenka WJ, Procyshyn RM, Lecomte T, MacEwan GW, Flynn SW, Honer WG, Barr AM. Methamphetamine use: a comprehensive review of molecular, preclinical and clinical findings. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 129:167-79. [PMID: 23273775 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is a highly addictive psychostimulant drug that principally affects the monoamine neurotransmitter systems of the brain and results in feelings of alertness, increased energy and euphoria. The drug is particularly popular with young adults, due to its wide availability, relatively low cost, and long duration of psychoactive effects. Extended use of MA is associated with many health problems that are not limited to the central nervous system, and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in drug users. Numerous studies, using complementary techniques, have provided evidence that chronic MA use is associated with substantial neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment. These pathological effects of the drug, combined with the addictive properties of MA, contribute to a spectrum of psychosocial issues that include medical and legal problems, at-risk behaviors and high societal costs, such as public health consequences, loss of family support and housing instability. Treatment options include pharmacological, psychological or combination therapies. The present review summarizes the key findings in the literature spanning from molecular through to clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Panenka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Son JH, Kuhn J, Keefe KA. Perseverative behavior in rats with methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity. Neuropharmacology 2013; 67:95-103. [PMID: 23159331 PMCID: PMC3562430 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine induces monoamine depletions thought to contribute to cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions. Previously, we reported that methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity is associated with impaired formation of stimulus-response associations. Additionally, subjective observations suggested that behavioral flexibility might be affected. Thus, the present study examined whether methamphetamine neurotoxicity induces perseverative behavior. Rats were pretreated with (±)-methamphetamine (4 × 10 mg/kg, 2-hr intervals) or saline. Three weeks later, rats were trained to press a lever on one side of an operant chamber and then retrieve the reinforcer from a magazine on the opposite side until they reached criterion (>50 reinforcers/30-min). After four consecutive sessions performing the task at criterion, rats were sacrificed and brains removed for monoamine determinations. Methamphetamine-pretreated rats had ∼50% loss of striatal dopamine and prefrontal serotonin. Methamphetamine- and saline-pretreated rats were not different in the number of sessions required to reach criterion or in the total numbers of lever presses and/or head entries made across the four consecutive sessions at criterion-level performance. However, methamphetamine-pretreated rats earned fewer reinforcers, because they made extra lever-presses and head entries when they should have been retrieving the reinforcer or returning to the lever. Latencies for methamphetamine-pretreated rats to switch between the two behaviors also were significantly slower than latencies for controls. Interestingly, the degree of additional lever-presses negatively correlated with serotonin-transporter binding in the prefrontal cortex, even in saline-pretreated controls. These data suggest that methamphetamine-induced partial monoamine toxicity is associated with perseveration and that the degree of perseveration may depend on serotonin innervation of the frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Kuhn
- Department of Neuroscience, Westminster College, 1840 South 1300 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA
| | - Kristen A. Keefe
- Author of correspondence: Dr. Kristen A. Keefe, Dept. Pharmacology and Toxicology, 30 S. 2000 E. Rm 201, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, Tel: (801) 585-7989, Fax: (801) 585-5111,
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Winhusen T, Lewis D, Adinoff B, Brigham G, Kropp F, Donovan DM, Seamans CL, Hodgkins CC, Dicenzo JC, Botero CL, Jones DR, Somoza E. Impulsivity is associated with treatment non-completion in cocaine- and methamphetamine-dependent patients but differs in nature as a function of stimulant-dependence diagnosis. J Subst Abuse Treat 2013; 44:541-7. [PMID: 23305820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Greater impulsivity, assessed by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) and Stroop interference scores, has been associated with treatment completion in cocaine-dependent patients. This study evaluated the relationships among impulsivity, stimulant-dependence diagnosis, and treatment completion. Six sites evaluating 12-step facilitation for stimulant abusers obtained the BIS-11 and Stroop from 182 methamphetamine- and/or cocaine-dependent participants. Methamphetamine-dependent, relative to cocaine-dependent, participants evidenced significantly greater BIS-11 non-planning and total scores. There was a trend for poorer response inhibition, measured by the Stroop, in cocaine-dependent, relative to methamphetamine-dependent, participants. Accounting for other factors related to treatment completion, BIS-11 motor score, assessing the tendency to act without thinking, predicted treatment completion for both cocaine-dependent and methamphetamine-dependent patients. These results suggest that methamphetamine-dependent and cocaine-dependent patients may have different impulsivity profiles but that the BIS-11 may be useful in identifying both methamphetamine-dependent and cocaine-dependent patients who are at risk for treatment non-completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Winhusen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA.
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Hoffman R, al'Absi M. Working memory and speed of information processing in chronic khat users: preliminary findings. Eur Addict Res 2013; 19:1-6. [PMID: 22948202 DOI: 10.1159/000338285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To date there are very few laboratory data available regarding the long-term effect of the psychostimulant khat on human neurocognitive functioning. The purpose of the present study was to assess whether chronic khat users would demonstrate impairments in working memory and speed of information processing compared to control subjects. Working memory was assessed using the forward and backward digit span test. Speed of information processing was assessed using the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. Results of the present study indicate that chronic khat use may have a long-term deleterious effect on working memory, particularly on digit backwards measures of short-term/working memory. The finding is consistent with results seen by several investigators in samples of methamphetamine users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hoffman
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and Population Science, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
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Berkman ET, Graham AM, Fisher PA. Training Self-Control: A Domain-General Translational Neuroscience Approach. CHILD DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 2012; 6:374-384. [PMID: 23894251 PMCID: PMC3722070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Self-control plays an important role in healthy development and has been shown to be amenable to intervention. This article presents a theoretical framework for the emerging area of "brain-training" interventions that includes both laboratory-based direct training methods and ecologically valid school-, family-, and community-based interventions. Although these approaches have proliferated in recent years, evidence supporting them is just beginning to emerge, and conceptual models underlying many of the techniques they employ tend to be underspecified and imprecise. Identifying the neural systems responsible for improvements in self-control may be of tremendous benefit not only for overall intervention efficacy but also for basic science issues related to underlying shared biological mechanisms of psychopathology. This article reviews the neurodevelopment of self-control and explores its implications for theory, intervention, and prevention. It then presents a neurally informed framework for understanding self-control development and change and discusses how this framework may inform future intervention strategies for individuals suffering with psychopathology or drug abuse/dependence, or for young children with delays in cognitive or emotional functioning.
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