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Malatji DP. Breeding of African sheep reared under low-input/output smallholder production systems for trypanotolerance. Vet World 2022; 15:1031-1043. [PMID: 35698514 PMCID: PMC9178589 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1031-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by unicellular protozoan parasites. Small ruminants succumb to trypanosomiasis in areas of high tsetse fly challenge, resulting in serious economic loss often to farmers in low-input smallholder systems. At present, trypanosomiasis is treated with trypanocidal drugs, but access to these can be limited, and increasing parasite resistance raises questions about their efficacy. The development of trypanotolerance in small ruminant flocks through targeted breeding strategies is considered a sustainable and economical option for controlling African trypanosomiasis. Recently, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with trypanotolerance traits in sheep have been reported. The results of these studies form the basis for more studies to identify QTLs associated with trypanosomiasis resistance, particularly in African livestock species. For example, signatures of positive selection for trypanotolerance have been identified using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism data. However, there are several challenges in performing genetic analyses using data from low-input smallholder systems, including a lack of recorded pedigree and production records and the need for large sample sizes when flock sizes are often fewer than 50 animals. Breeding strategies to improve trypanotolerance should also preserve existing genetic diversity as well as minimize excessive genetic introgression by trypanosusceptible breeds. This review discusses the possibilities of breeding for trypanosome tolerance/resistance in low-input/low-output small ruminant production systems. Potential challenges are outlined, and potential available genetic resources are described as a foundation for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikeledi P. Malatji
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa
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2
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Yougbaré B, Ouédraogo D, Tapsoba ASR, Soudré A, Zoma BL, Orozco-terWengel P, Moumouni S, Ouédraogo-Koné S, Wurzinger M, Tamboura HH, Traoré A, Mwai OA, Sölkner J, Khayatzadeh N, Mészáros G, Burger PA. Local Ancestry to Identify Selection in Response to Trypanosome Infection in Baoulé x Zebu Crossbred Cattle in Burkina Faso. Front Genet 2021; 12:670390. [PMID: 34646296 PMCID: PMC8504455 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.670390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genomes of crossbred (admixed) individuals are a mosaic of ancestral haplotypes formed by recombination in each generation. The proportion of these ancestral haplotypes in certain genomic regions can be responsible for either susceptibility or tolerance against pathogens, and for performances in production traits. Using a medium-density genomic marker panel from the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip, we estimated individual admixture proportions for Baoulé x Zebu crossbred cattle in Burkina Faso, which were tested for trypanosome infection by direct ELISA from blood samples. Furthermore, we calculated local ancestry deviation from average for each SNP across 29 autosomes to identify potential regions under selection in the trypanotolerant Baoulé cattle and their crossbreds. We identified significant deviation from the local average ancestry (above 5 and 10% genome-wide thresholds) on chromosomes 8 and 19 in the positive animals, while the negative ones showed higher deviation on chromosomes 6, 19, 21, and 22. Some candidate genes on chromosome 6 (PDGFRA) and chromosome 19 (CDC6) have been found associated to trypanotolerance in West African taurines. Screening for FST outliers in trypanosome positive/negative animals we detected seven variants putatively under selection. Finally, we identified a minimum set of highly ancestry informative markers for routine admixture testing. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the genetic basis of trypanotolerance in Baoulé cattle and their crossbreeds. Furthermore, we provide a small informative marker set to monitor admixture in this valuable indigenous breed. As such, our results are important for conserving the genetic uniqueness and trypanotolerance of Baoulé cattle, as well as for the improvement of Baoulé and Zebu crossbreds in specific community-based breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Yougbaré
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.,Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Dominique Ouédraogo
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.,Institut du Développement Rural, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Arnaud S R Tapsoba
- Institut du Développement Rural, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Albert Soudré
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies, Université Norbert Zongo, Koudougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Bienvenue L Zoma
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.,Institut du Développement Rural, Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Sanou Moumouni
- Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Maria Wurzinger
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hamidou H Tamboura
- Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Amadou Traoré
- Institut de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Okeyo Ally Mwai
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johann Sölkner
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Negar Khayatzadeh
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.,SUISAG, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Gábor Mészáros
- Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Pamela A Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Genome-wide association study of trypanosome prevalence and morphometric traits in purebred and crossbred Baoulé cattle of Burkina Faso. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255089. [PMID: 34351956 PMCID: PMC8341487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, single-SNP GWAS analyses were conducted to find regions affecting tolerance against trypanosomosis and morphometrics traits in purebred and crossbred Baoulé cattle of Burkina Faso. The trypanosomosis status (positive and negative) and a wide set of morphological traits were recorded for purebred Baoulé and crossbred Zebu x Baoulé cattle, and genotyped with the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip. After quality control, 36,203 SNPs and 619 animals including 343 purebred Baoulé and 279 crossbreds were used for the GWAS analyses. Several important genes were found that can influence morphological parameters. Although there were no genes identified with a reported strong connection to size traits, many of them were previously identified in various growth-related studies. A re-occurring theme for the genes residing in the regions identified by the most significant SNPs was pleiotropic effect on growth of the body and the cardiovascular system. Regarding trypanosomosis tolerance, two potentially important regions were identified in purebred Baoulé on chromosomes 16 and 24, containing the CFH, CRBN, TRNT1 and, IL5RA genes, and one additional genomic region in Baoulé, x Zebu crossbreds on chromosome 5, containing MGAT4C and NTS. Almost all of these regions and genes were previously related to the trait of interest, while the CRBN gene was to our knowledge presented in the context of trypanosomiasis tolerance for the first time.
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4
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The mosaic genome of indigenous African cattle as a unique genetic resource for African pastoralism. Nat Genet 2020; 52:1099-1110. [PMID: 32989325 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cattle pastoralism plays a central role in human livelihood in Africa. However, the genetic history of its success remains unknown. Here, through whole-genome sequence analysis of 172 indigenous African cattle from 16 breeds representative of the main cattle groups, we identify a major taurine × indicine cattle admixture event dated to circa 750-1,050 yr ago, which has shaped the genome of today's cattle in the Horn of Africa. We identify 16 loci linked to African environmental adaptations across crossbred animals showing an excess of taurine or indicine ancestry. These include immune-, heat-tolerance- and reproduction-related genes. Moreover, we identify one highly divergent locus in African taurine cattle, which is putatively linked to trypanotolerance and present in crossbred cattle living in trypanosomosis-infested areas. Our findings indicate that a combination of past taurine and recent indicine admixture-derived genetic resources is at the root of the present success of African pastoralism.
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5
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Magez S, Pinto Torres JE, Obishakin E, Radwanska M. Infections With Extracellular Trypanosomes Require Control by Efficient Innate Immune Mechanisms and Can Result in the Destruction of the Mammalian Humoral Immune System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:382. [PMID: 32218784 PMCID: PMC7078162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivarian trypanosomes are extracellular parasites that affect humans, livestock, and game animals around the world. Through co-evolution with the mammalian immune system, trypanosomes have developed defense mechanisms that allow them to thrive in blood, lymphoid vessels, and tissue environments such as the brain, the fat tissue, and testes. Trypanosomes have developed ways to circumvent antibody-mediated killing and block the activation of the lytic arm of the complement pathway. Hence, this makes the innate immune control of the infection a crucial part of the host-parasite interaction, determining infection susceptibility, and parasitemia control. Indeed, trypanosomes use a combination of several independent mechanisms to avoid clearance by the humoral immune system. First, perpetuated antigenic variation of the surface coat allows to escape antibody-mediated elimination. Secondly, when antibodies bind to the coat, they are efficiently transported toward the endocytosis pathway, where they are removed from the coat proteins. Finally, trypanosomes engage in the active destruction of the mammalian humoral immune response. This provides them with a rescue solution in case antigenic variation does not confer total immunological invisibility. Both antigenic variation and B cell destruction pose significant hurdles for the development of anti-trypanosome vaccine strategies. However, developing total immune escape capacity and unlimited growth capabilities within a mammalian host is not beneficial for any parasite, as it will result in the accelerated death of the host itself. Hence, trypanosomes have acquired a system of quorum sensing that results in density-dependent population growth arrest in order to prevent overpopulating the host. The same system could possibly sense the infection-associated host tissue damage resulting from inflammatory innate immune responses, in which case the quorum sensing serves to prevent excessive immunopathology and as such also promotes host survival. In order to put these concepts together, this review summarizes current knowledge on the interaction between trypanosomes and the mammalian innate immune system, the mechanisms involved in population growth regulation, antigenic variation and the immuno-destructive effect of trypanosomes on the humoral immune system. Vaccine trials and a discussion on the role of innate immune modulation in these trials are discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Emmanuel Obishakin
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Bassi PB, de Araújo FF, Garcia GC, Vinícius da Silva M, Oliveira CJF, Bittar ER, de Souza Gomes M, Rodrigues do Amaral L, Costa E Silva MF, Nascentes GAN, Rodrigues Junior V, Martins-Filho OA, Araújo MSS, Bittar JFF. Parasitological and immunological evaluation of cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax. Exp Parasitol 2018; 185:98-106. [PMID: 29309784 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax infection causes relevant economical impact due to high morbidity and mortality leading to negative impact on local livestock. Despite parasitological and serological methods are used for the diagnosis of T. vivax infection, gaps regarding sensitivity and specificity of these methods still represent a challenge. The present study aimed to compare the kinetics of parasitological and serological parameters in cattle experimentally infected with T. vivax along with immunophenotypic analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Based on the parasitemia profile the analysis were performed in three distinct periods, referred as pre-patent, patent and post-treatment. Distinct kinetics of anti-T. vivax IgM and IgG were observed during the pre-patent, patent and post-treatment periods. Increased levels of WC1+ γδ T-cells were observed throughout the infection with strong correlations with other biomarkers observed during post-treatment period. Our findings demonstrated that there is a important participation of Monocytes:CD14+; NK-cells:CD335+ and WC1+ γδ T-cells that coincide with the peak of parasitemia and also with the adaptive immunity, specially CD4+ T-cells in T. vivax infection. The knowledge of the immune response is important not only for understanding the biology of the parasite in the host, but for the design of new treatment strategies for trypanosome infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Boeira Bassi
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Fortes de Araújo
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Avenida Augusto de Lima nº 1715, 30190-009, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Caetano Garcia
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Vinícius da Silva
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas e Natural, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, 38015-050, MG, Brazil.
| | - Carlo José Freire Oliveira
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas e Natural, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, 38015-050, MG, Brazil.
| | - Eustáquio Resende Bittar
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
| | - Matheus de Souza Gomes
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Análises Moleculares, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, INGEB/FACOM, Campus Patos de Minas, 38700-900, Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil.
| | - Laurence Rodrigues do Amaral
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Análises Moleculares, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, INGEB/FACOM, Campus Patos de Minas, 38700-900, Patos de Minas, MG, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Fernandes Costa E Silva
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Avenida Augusto de Lima nº 1715, 30190-009, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Antônio Nogueira Nascentes
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Triângulo Mineiro, Campus Uberaba, 38064-790, Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
| | - Virmondes Rodrigues Junior
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas e Natural, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, 38015-050, MG, Brazil.
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Avenida Augusto de Lima nº 1715, 30190-009, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Márcio Sobreira Silva Araújo
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Grupo Integrado de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Avenida Augusto de Lima nº 1715, 30190-009, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Joely Ferreira Figueiredo Bittar
- Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Medicina Veterinária, Mestrado em Sanidade e Produção Animal nos Trópicos - Avenida Nenê Sabino 1697/1698, 38055-500, Uberaba, MG, Brazil.
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7
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Verma S, Thakur A, Katoch S, Shekhar C, Wani AH, Kumar S, Dohroo S, Singh G, Sharma M. Differences in innate and adaptive immune response traits of Pahari (Indian non-descript indigenous breed) and Jersey crossbred cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 192:20-27. [PMID: 29042011 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cattle are an integral part of the largely agrarian economy of India. Indigenous breeds of cattle comprise about 80% of total cattle population of the country and contribute significantly to the overall milk production. There are 40 recognized indigenous breeds of cattle and a number of uncharacterized non-descript cattle. Pahari cattle of Himachal Pradesh in Northern India are one such non-descript indigenous breed. Here we describe a comprehensive evaluation of haematobiochemical parameters and innate and adaptive immune response traits of Pahari cattle and a comparison with Jersey crossbred cattle. The study shows demonstrable differences in the two breeds with respect to some innate and adaptive immunological traits. This is a first attempt to characterize immune response traits of Pahari cattle and the results of the study provide an understanding of breed differences in immune status of cattle which could be useful for their breeding and conservations programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Verma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shailja Katoch
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Chander Shekhar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aasim Habib Wani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Dohroo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Geetanjali Singh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mandeep Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
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8
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Kim J, Hanotte O, Mwai OA, Dessie T, Bashir S, Diallo B, Agaba M, Kim K, Kwak W, Sung S, Seo M, Jeong H, Kwon T, Taye M, Song KD, Lim D, Cho S, Lee HJ, Yoon D, Oh SJ, Kemp S, Lee HK, Kim H. The genome landscape of indigenous African cattle. Genome Biol 2017; 18:34. [PMID: 28219390 PMCID: PMC5319050 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The history of African indigenous cattle and their adaptation to environmental and human selection pressure is at the root of their remarkable diversity. Characterization of this diversity is an essential step towards understanding the genomic basis of productivity and adaptation to survival under African farming systems. RESULTS We analyze patterns of African cattle genetic variation by sequencing 48 genomes from five indigenous populations and comparing them to the genomes of 53 commercial taurine breeds. We find the highest genetic diversity among African zebu and sanga cattle. Our search for genomic regions under selection reveals signatures of selection for environmental adaptive traits. In particular, we identify signatures of selection including genes and/or pathways controlling anemia and feeding behavior in the trypanotolerant N'Dama, coat color and horn development in Ankole, and heat tolerance and tick resistance across African cattle especially in zebu breeds. CONCLUSIONS Our findings unravel at the genome-wide level, the unique adaptive diversity of African cattle while emphasizing the opportunities for sustainable improvement of livestock productivity on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Kim
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- The University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- International Livestock Research institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Okeyo Ally Mwai
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Box 30709 -00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tadelle Dessie
- International Livestock Research institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Salim Bashir
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Boubacar Diallo
- National Coordinateur RGA, Ministère Elevage - Productions Animales, B.P. 559, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Morris Agaba
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Nelson Mandela Road. P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Kwondo Kim
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-741, Republic of Korea
| | - Woori Kwak
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Samsun Sung
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Seo
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonsoo Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Taehyung Kwon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Mengistie Taye
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- Division of Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoae Cho
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-741, Republic of Korea
- Animal Nutritional & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Duhak Yoon
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 742-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen Kemp
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Box 30709 -00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- The Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heebal Kim
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.
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9
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Yaro M, Munyard KA, Stear MJ, Groth DM. Combatting African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) in livestock: The potential role of trypanotolerance. Vet Parasitol 2016; 225:43-52. [PMID: 27369574 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is endemic in at least 37 of the 54 countries in Africa. It is estimated to cause direct and indirect losses to the livestock production industry in excess of US$ 4.5 billion per annum. A century of intervention has yielded limited success, owing largely to the extraordinary complexity of the host-parasite interaction. Trypanotolerance, which refers to the inherent ability of some African livestock breeds, notably Djallonke sheep, N'Dama cattle and West African Dwarf goats, to withstand a trypanosomiasis challenge and still remain productive without any form of therapy, is an economically sustainable option for combatting this disease. Yet trypanotolerance has not been adequately exploited in the fight against AAT. In this review, we describe new insights into the genetic basis of trypanotolerance and discuss the potential of exploring this phenomenon as an integral part of the solution for AAT, particularly, in the context of African animal production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yaro
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - K A Munyard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - M J Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Glasgow University, Garscube Estate, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - D M Groth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia.
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Yaro M, Munyard KA, Stear MJ, Groth DM. Molecular identification of livestock breeds: a tool for modern conservation biology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:993-1010. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Yaro
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia
| | - Kylie A. Munyard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia
| | - Michael J. Stear
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH U.K
| | - David M. Groth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia
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Shabtay A. Adaptive traits of indigenous cattle breeds: The Mediterranean Baladi as a case study. Meat Sci 2015; 109:27-39. [PMID: 26025652 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Generally taken, breeds of Bos taurus ancestry are considered more productive, in comparison with Bos indicus derived breeds that present enhanced hardiness and disease resistance, low nutritional requirements and higher capability of feed utilization. While breeds of B. taurus have been mostly selected for intensive production systems, indigenous cattle, developed mostly from indicine and African taurines, flourish in extensive habitats. Worldwide demographic and economic processes face animal production with new challenges - the increasing demand for animal food products. Intensification of animal husbandry is thus a desired goal in stricken parts of the world. An introduction of productive traits to indigenous breeds might serve to generate improved biological and economic efficiencies. For this to succeed, the genetic merit of traits like efficiency of feed utilization and product quality should be revealed, encouraging the conservation initiatives of indigenous cattle populations, many of which are already extinct and endangered. Moreover, to overcome potential genetic homogeneity, controlled breeding practices should be undertaken. The Baladi cattle are a native local breed found throughout the Mediterranean basin. Purebred Baladi animals are rapidly vanishing, as more European breeds are being introduced or used for backcrosses leading to improved production. The superiority of Baladi over large-framed cattle, in feedlot and on Mediterranean pasture, with respect to adaptability and efficiency, is highlighted in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Shabtay
- Agricultural Research Organization, Beef Cattle Section, Newe Ya'ar P.O. Box 1021, Israel.
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Smetko A, Soudre A, Silbermayr K, Müller S, Brem G, Hanotte O, Boettcher PJ, Stella A, Mészáros G, Wurzinger M, Curik I, Müller M, Burgstaller J, Sölkner J. Trypanosomosis: potential driver of selection in African cattle. Front Genet 2015; 6:137. [PMID: 25964796 PMCID: PMC4404968 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is a serious cause of reduction in productivity of cattle in tsetse-fly infested areas. Baoule and other local Taurine cattle breeds in Burkina Faso are trypanotolerant. Zebuine cattle, which are also kept there are susceptible to trypanosomosis but bigger in body size. Farmers have continuously been intercrossing Baoule and Zebu animals to increase production and disease tolerance. The aim of this study was to compare levels of zebuine and taurine admixture in genomic regions potentially involved in trypanotolerance with background admixture of composites to identify differences in allelic frequencies of tolerant and non-tolerant animals. The study was conducted on 214 animals (90 Baoule, 90 Zebu, and 34 composites), genotyped with 25 microsatellites across the genome and with 155 SNPs in 23 candidate regions. Degrees of admixture of composites were analyzed for microsatellite and SNP data separately. Average Baoule admixture based on microsatellites across the genomes of the Baoule- Zebu composites was 0.31, which was smaller than the average Baoule admixture in the trypanosomosis candidate regions of 0.37 (P = 0.15). Fixation index FST measured in the overall genome based on microsatellites or with SNPs from candidate regions indicates strong differentiation between breeds. Nine out of 23 regions had FST ≥ 0.20 calculated from haplotypes or individual SNPs. The levels of admixture were significantly different from background admixture, as revealed by microsatellite data, for six out of the nine regions. Five out of the six regions showed an excess of Baoule ancestry. Information about best levels of breed composition would be useful for future breeding ctivities, aiming at trypanotolerant animals with higher productive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Smetko
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Croatian Agricultural Agency Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Albert Soudre
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université de Koudougou Koudougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Katja Silbermayr
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Gottfried Brem
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul J Boettcher
- Animal Production and Health Division, Agriculture and Consumer Protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy ; FAO/IAEA Joint Division on Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gábor Mészáros
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Wurzinger
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Ino Curik
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Jörg Burgstaller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria ; Biotechnology in Animal Production, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln Tulln, Austria
| | - Johann Sölkner
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Vienna, Austria
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Ilboudo H, Bras-Gonçalves R, Camara M, Flori L, Camara O, Sakande H, Leno M, Petitdidier E, Jamonneau V, Bucheton B. Unravelling human trypanotolerance: IL8 is associated with infection control whereas IL10 and TNFα are associated with subsequent disease development. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004469. [PMID: 25375156 PMCID: PMC4223068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In West Africa, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), is associated with a great diversity of infection outcomes. In addition to patients who can be diagnosed in the early hemolymphatic phase (stage 1) or meningoencephalitic phase (stage 2), a number of individuals can mount long-lasting specific serological responses while the results of microscopic investigations are negative (SERO TL+). Evidence is now increasing to indicate that these are asymptomatic subjects with low-grade parasitemia. The goal of our study was to investigate the type of immune response occurring in these “trypanotolerant” subjects. Cytokines levels were measured in healthy endemic controls (n = 40), stage 1 (n = 10), early stage 2 (n = 19), and late stage 2 patients (n = 23) and in a cohort of SERO TL+ individuals (n = 60) who were followed up for two years to assess the evolution of their parasitological and serological status. In contrast to HAT patients which T-cell responses appeared to be activated with increased levels of IL2, IL4, and IL10, SERO TL+ exhibited high levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL8 and TNFα) and an almost absence of IL12p70. In SERO TL+, high levels of IL10 and low levels of TNFα were associated with an increased risk of developing HAT whereas high levels of IL8 predicted that serology would become negative. Further studies using high throughput technologies, hopefully will provide a more detailed view of the critical molecules or pathways underlying the trypanotolerant phenotype. Whereas immunological mechanisms involved in the control of trypanosome infections have been extensively studied in animal models, knowledge of how Trypanosoma brucei gambiense interacts with its human hosts lags far behind. In this study we measured cytokine levels in sleeping sickness patients and individuals who were apparently able to control infection to subdetection levels over long periods of time or who were engaged in a process of self-cure as demonstrated by the disappearance of specific antibodies. In contrast to patients, trypanotolerant subjects were characterized by a strong inflammatory response with elevated levels of IL8, IL6, and TNFα. This study indicates that both protective immune responses and markers of disease development exist in human T. brucei. gambiense infection and constitute an important step forward to identify new diagnostic or therapeutic targets in the fight against sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidou Ilboudo
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de Recherches sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rachel Bras-Gonçalves
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Laurence Flori
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1313 GABI, F78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Oumou Camara
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Hassane Sakande
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de Recherches sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Mamadou Leno
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Elodie Petitdidier
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de Recherches sur les Bases Biologiques de la Lutte Intégrée, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR IRD-CIRAD 177 INTERTRYP, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
- Ministère de la Santé et de l'Hygiène Publique, Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, Conakry, Guinée
- * E-mail:
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Ntantiso L, de Beer C, Marcotty T, Latif AA. Bovine trypanosomosis prevalence at the edge of Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 81:762. [PMID: 25686197 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v81i1.762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The northern KwaZulu-Natal (NKZN) region of South Africa is the southern limit of the African tsetse belt. Entomological information on Glossina brevipalpis and Glossina austeni was generated following the outbreak of trypanosomosis in cattle in 1990. However, these data have not been supported by parallel studies on epidemiology of the disease and therefore there has been no control policy in place. This study presented the first intensive investigations to address the epidemiology of trypanosomosis in NKZN. Tsetse abundance, trypanosome herd average prevalence (HAP), herd average anaemia (HAA) and herd average packed cell volume (HA-PCV) were investigated at three communal diptanks located at the edge of Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park by monthly sampling from June 2006 - November 2007. Seasonal trypanosome surveys were conducted at seven other communal diptanks. Glossina brevipalpis prevalence was high at two of the diptanks, Mvutshini and Ekuphindisweni, but low at Ocilwane, whilst G. austeni was only collected from Mvutshini. This high and low tsetse challenge presented different disease scenarios. Cattle at Mvutshini and Ekuphindisweni had the highest HAP of 12.3% and 8.9% respectively, both significantly different (p = 0.001) from the HAP obtained from cattle at Ocilwane (2.9%). These two cattle herds also had the highest HAA, 27.7% and 33.4% respectively, whilst cattle at Ocilwane had the lowest, 11.1% (p = 0.001). Conversely, cattle at Ocilwane had the highest HA-PCV, ranging between 29.0% and 32.0%, whilst cattle at Mvutshini and Ekuphindisweni had the lowest HA-PCV (24.0% - 29.0%). By combining the data from the three diptanks (1318 observations), 62.0% of the infected cattle were found anaemic, compared to 20.0% in the uninfected group. Trypanosome seasonal surveys showed that cattle at all the seven diptanks were infected with trypanosomes; mean HAP, HAA and HA-PCV of 10.2%, 46.6% and 23.7%, respectively. This study generated information on the epidemiological factors related to the wide spread of trypanosome-infected cattle and tsetse flies. Trypanosomosis is a disease of economic importance impacting the livelihood of resource-poor farmers in NKZN.
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Macedo AA, Bittar JFF, Bassi PB, Ronda JB, Bittar ER, Panetto JCC, Araujo MSS, Santos RL, Martins-Filho OA. Influence of endogamy and mitochondrial DNA on immunological parameters in cattle. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:79. [PMID: 24694022 PMCID: PMC4230805 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogamy increases the risk of manifestation of deleterious recessive genes. Mitochondrial DNA allows the separation of American Zebu (Bos indicus and Bos taurus) and evaluate the effect of mitochondrial DNA on productive traits of cattle. However, the effect of endogamy and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) on the immune system remains unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between endogamy, mtDNA and immune parameters. RESULTS A total of 86 cattle (43 cows and 43 calves) were used in this study. Age, endogamy, milk yield, and origin of mtDNA were measured and their influence on immunological parameters was evaluated. Older cows had increased CD4+ T cells, decreased CD21+ and γδhigh T cells as well as increased CD4+/CD8+ and T/B ratio. Multiple regression analysis indicated that endogamy in calves was associated with increased CD8+ T and CD21+ B lymphocytes, and decreased γδhigh T cells in peripheral blood. Cows with medium and lower endogamy had a lower percentage of B lymphocytes and γδlow T cells and cows with lower endogamy had higher levels of γδ T cells and γδhigh T cells, as well as the CD4+/CD48+ cell ratio. Calves with higher endogamy had higher levels of CD8+ T lymphocytes, whereas calves with lower endogamy had lower levels of γδlow T cells. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated for the first time that endogamy influences the immune system of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auricélio A Macedo
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Joely F F Bittar
- Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Belo Horizonte 1715, 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Paula B Bassi
- Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Márcio S S Araujo
- Universidade de Uberaba, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Belo Horizonte 1715, 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Renato L Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Olindo A Martins-Filho
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Belo Horizonte 1715, 30190-002, Brazil
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Murray GGR, Woolhouse MEJ, Tapio M, Mbole-Kariuki MN, Sonstegard TS, Thumbi SM, Jennings AE, van Wyk IC, Chase-Topping M, Kiara H, Toye P, Coetzer K, deC Bronsvoort BM, Hanotte O. Genetic susceptibility to infectious disease in East African Shorthorn Zebu: a genome-wide analysis of the effect of heterozygosity and exotic introgression. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:246. [PMID: 24209611 PMCID: PMC3828575 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive multi-locus heterozygosity-fitness correlations have been observed in a number of natural populations. They have been explained by the correlation between heterozygosity and inbreeding, and the negative effect of inbreeding on fitness (inbreeding depression). Exotic introgression in a locally adapted population has also been found to reduce fitness (outbreeding depression) through the breaking-up of co-adapted genes, or the introduction of non-locally adapted gene variants. In this study we examined the inter-relationships between genome-wide heterozygosity, introgression, and death or illness as a result of infectious disease in a sample of calves from an indigenous population of East African Shorthorn Zebu (crossbred Bos taurus x Bos indicus) in western Kenya. These calves were observed from birth to one year of age as part of the Infectious Disease in East African Livestock (IDEAL) project. Some of the calves were found to be genetic hybrids, resulting from the recent introgression of European cattle breed(s) into the indigenous population. European cattle are known to be less well adapted to the infectious diseases present in East Africa. If death and illness as a result of infectious disease have a genetic basis within the population, we would expect both a negative association of these outcomes with introgression and a positive association with heterozygosity. RESULTS In this indigenous livestock population we observed negative associations between heterozygosity and both death and illness as a result of infectious disease and a positive association between European taurine introgression and episodes of clinical illness. CONCLUSION We observe the effects of both inbreeding and outbreeding depression in the East African Shorthorn Zebu, and therefore find evidence of a genetic component to vulnerability to infectious disease. These results indicate that the significant burden of infectious disease in this population could, in principle, be reduced by altered breeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma GR Murray
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Mark EJ Woolhouse
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Miika Tapio
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Biotechnology and Food Research, Jokioinen FI-31600, Finland
| | - Mary N Mbole-Kariuki
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Tad S Sonstegard
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Samuel M Thumbi
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
- Current address: Paul G Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7079, USA
| | - Amy E Jennings
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ilana Conradie van Wyk
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Margo Chase-Topping
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Henry Kiara
- International Livestock Research, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Phil Toye
- International Livestock Research, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Koos Coetzer
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private bag X04, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Barend M deC Bronsvoort
- Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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Recombinant expression and biochemical characterisation of two alanyl aminopeptidases of Trypanosoma congolense. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:675-84. [PMID: 24177338 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma congolense is a haemoprotozoan parasite that causes African animal trypanosomosis, a wasting disease of cattle and small ruminants. Current control methods are unsatisfactory and no conventional vaccine exists due to antigenic variation. An anti-disease vaccine approach to control T. congolense has been proposed requiring the identification of parasitic factors that cause disease. Immunoprecipitation of T. congolense antigens using sera from infected trypanotolerant cattle allowed the identification of several immunogenic antigens including two M1 type aminopeptidases (APs). The two APs were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. As the APs were expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies it was necessary to develop a method for solubilisation and subsequent refolding to restore conformation and activity. The refolded APs both showed a distinct substrate preference for H-Ala-AMC, an optimum pH of 8.0, puromycin-sensitivity, inhibition by bestatin and amastatin, and cytoplasmic localisation. The two APs are expressed in procyclic metacyclic and bloodstream form parasites. Down-regulation of both APs by RNAi resulted in a slightly reduced growth rate in procyclic parasites in vitro.
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18
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Soudré A, Ouédraogo-Koné S, Wurzinger M, Müller S, Hanotte O, Ouédraogo AG, Sölkner J. Trypanosomosis: a priority disease in tsetse-challenged areas of Burkina Faso. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:497-503. [PMID: 23108586 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomosis is an important disease affecting humans as well as animals. It remains a big constraint to livestock productions in tropical areas. The objective of this study was to assess the importance of trypanosomosis among cattle diseases in Burkina Faso, mainly in tsetse-challenged areas, and to capture information on how farmers apply available methods for controlling the disease. A survey has been carried out in 29 villages of Burkina Faso in three regions (north, southwest, and west regions). One hundred and thirty-four cattle breeders were interviewed individually with a questionnaire. The results indicate that among the 16 diseases mentioned by cattle breeders, trypanosomosis is the most important one in tsetse-challenged areas. Overall, 76.12 % of the breeders mentioned it as the most important disease, while 54.55 % of the farmers in the southwest region and 70.91 % of the farmers in the west region ranked it as a priority disease. Chemoprophylaxis/chemotherapy is widely used as a control method. Isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate were used by 53.49 and 46.52 % of the responders, respectively. Among farmers, 85.55 % ranked diminazene aceturate as the less efficient while 14.45 % ranked isometamidium chloride as the most efficient trypanocid. Trypanocidal drug quality and drug resistance were raised as a major concern by 30.77 and 50 % of the respondents, respectively. According to them, zebu cattle are more susceptible to trypanosomosis than taurine Baoule cattle and their crosses with zebu, emphasizing that crossing susceptible breeds with trypanotolerant ones, could be used as part of an integrated control strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Soudré
- Division of Livestock Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agricultural Systems, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor Mendel Str. 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
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Vordermeier M, Ameni G, Berg S, Bishop R, Robertson BD, Aseffa A, Hewinson RG, Young DB. The influence of cattle breed on susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:227-32. [PMID: 22304898 PMCID: PMC3339321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis in domestic livestock such as cattle is an economically important disease with zoonotic potential, particularly in countries with emerging economies. We discuss the findings of recent epidemiological and immunological studies conducted in Ethiopia on host susceptibility differences between native zebu and the exotic Holstein-Friesian cattle that are increasingly part of the Ethiopian National herd, due to the drive to increase milk yields. These findings support the hypothesis that native Zebu cattle are more resistant to bovine tuberculosis. We also summarise the results of experimental infections that support the epidemiological data, and of laboratory experiments that suggest a role for the innate immune response, and in particular interleukin-6, in the outcome of bovine tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vordermeier
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, TB Research Group, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, United Kingdom.
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20
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Vordermeier M, Ameni G, Glass EJ. Cytokine responses of Holstein and Sahiwal zebu derived monocytes after mycobacterial infection. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:651-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Meade KG, O'Gorman GM, Hill EW, Narciandi F, Agaba M, Kemp SJ, O'Farrelly C, MacHugh DE. Divergent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and acute phase protein (APP) responses to Trypanosoma congolense infection in trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:196-204. [PMID: 19889461 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is endemic across Sub-Saharan African and is a major constraint to livestock production. The ability of certain cattle breeds to remain productive despite infection is known as trypanotolerance; however, the underlying immune mechanisms contributing to this trait remain poorly understood. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and acute phase proteins (APPs) are evolutionarily conserved effector molecules of the innate immune system that have important roles in the resolution of infection and activation of the adaptive immune response. Expression levels of AMP genes (TAP, LAP, BNBD4, DEFB1, DEFB5 and LEAP2) and APP genes (HP, CP, AGP, LBP, SAA3 and CRP) were investigated using real time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from two breeds of African cattle (trypanotolerant N'Dama and trypanosusceptible Boran), experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A (SAA) were also measured in plasma using quantitative protein assays. Results demonstrated that tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) gene expression increased by 32-fold in Boran, compared to only 3-fold in N'Dama, by 14 days post-infection (dpi) and rising to 136-fold at 29 dpi in Boran, compared to 47-fold in N'Dama (P<0.05). Protein expression levels of SAA are elevated in N'Dama, rising to 163 microg/ml at 14 dpi compared with 72 microg/ml in Boran. The SAA expression profile mirrors the wave of parasitaemia detected in N'Dama. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the promoter regions of the SAA3 and SAA4 genes, which are predicted to affect transcription factor binding and thereby contributing to the differential patterns of expression detected between the breeds. Whereas elevated TAP expression is a conserved component of the innate immune response to infection in both breeds, higher SAA expression levels may contribute toward trypanotolerance in N'Dama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran G Meade
- Animal Bioscience Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland
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22
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Clinical chemistry of congenic mice with quantitative trait loci for predicted responses to Trypanosoma congolense infection. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3948-57. [PMID: 19596769 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00658-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma congolense is a protozoan parasite that causes severe diseases in livestock. Three major quantative trait loci (QTL), Tir1, Tir2, and Tir3, control the survival time of mice after infection with T. congolense. Congenic mice carrying the C57BL/6 resistance alleles on the A/J background were developed for each of these loci. The congenic mice were used to physically map the regions containing the QTL gene(s) and to investigate the physiological effect of each locus. Clinical chemistry data for infected A/J, C57BL/6, and BALB/c mice were obtained for 15 analytes at five time points. Congenic mice were assessed for survival, parasitemia, and anemia as well as seven clinical-chemical analytes. The survival times were significantly increased in the Tir1 and Tir2 mice but not Tir3 congenic mice. The survival time of the parental inbred mice correlated negatively with parasitemia but positively with alanine aminotransferase activities in serum, suggesting that inflammatory reactions in the liver had a beneficial effect possibly associated with reduced parasitemia. However, there was no difference in parasitemia or liver enzyme activities of Tir1 and Tir2 congenic mice relative to their controls, showing that survival, parasitemia, and degree of liver damage are not associated with each other, despite the correlation in the parental lines. These data suggest that the congenic loci affect survival but do not affect control of parasite number. They may therefore act by limiting the pathological consequences of T. congolense infection.
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O'Gorman GM, Park SDE, Hill EW, Meade KG, Coussens PM, Agaba M, Naessens J, Kemp SJ, MacHugh DE. Transcriptional profiling of cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense highlights gene expression signatures underlying trypanotolerance and trypanosusceptibility. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:207. [PMID: 19409086 PMCID: PMC2685408 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) caused by tsetse fly-transmitted protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma is a major constraint on livestock and agricultural production in Africa and is among the top ten global cattle diseases impacting on the poor. Here we show that a functional genomics approach can be used to identify temporal changes in host peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression due to disease progression. We also show that major gene expression differences exist between cattle from trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible breeds. Using bovine long oligonucleotide microarrays and real time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) validation we analysed PBMC gene expression in naïve trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle experimentally challenged with Trypanosoma congolense across a 34-day infection time course. Results Trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle displayed a rapid and distinct transcriptional response to infection, with a ten-fold higher number of genes differentially expressed at day 14 post-infection compared to trypanosusceptible Boran cattle. These analyses identified coordinated temporal gene expression changes for both breeds in response to trypanosome infection. In addition, a panel of genes were identified that showed pronounced differences in gene expression between the two breeds, which may underlie the phenomena of trypanotolerance and trypanosusceptibility. Gene ontology (GO) analysis demonstrate that the products of these genes may contribute to increased mitochondrial mRNA translational efficiency, a more pronounced B cell response, an elevated activation status and a heightened response to stress in trypanotolerant cattle. Conclusion This study has revealed an extensive and diverse range of cellular processes that are altered temporally in response to trypanosome infection in African cattle. Results indicate that the trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle respond more rapidly and with a greater magnitude to infection compared to the trypanosusceptible Boran cattle. Specifically, a subset of the genes analyzed by real time qRT-PCR, which display significant breed differences, could collectively contribute to the trypanotolerance trait in N'Dama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M O'Gorman
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, UCD College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Noyes HA, Alimohammadian MH, Agaba M, Brass A, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hulme H, Iraqi F, Kemp S, Rathkolb B, Wolf E, de Angelis MH, Roshandel D, Naessens J. Mechanisms controlling anaemia in Trypanosoma congolense infected mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5170. [PMID: 19365556 PMCID: PMC2664899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma congolense are extracellular protozoan parasites of the blood stream of artiodactyls and are one of the main constraints on cattle production in Africa. In cattle, anaemia is the key feature of disease and persists after parasitaemia has declined to low or undetectable levels, but treatment to clear the parasites usually resolves the anaemia. Methodology/Principal Findings The progress of anaemia after Trypanosoma congolense infection was followed in three mouse strains. Anaemia developed rapidly in all three strains until the peak of the first wave of parasitaemia. This was followed by a second phase, characterized by slower progress to severe anaemia in C57BL/6, by slow recovery in surviving A/J and a rapid recovery in BALB/c. There was no association between parasitaemia and severity of anaemia. Furthermore, functional T lymphocytes are not required for the induction of anaemia, since suppression of T cell activity with Cyclosporin A had neither an effect on the course of infection nor on anaemia. Expression of genes involved in erythropoiesis and iron metabolism was followed in spleen, liver and kidney tissues in the three strains of mice using microarrays. There was no evidence for a response to erythropoietin, consistent with anaemia of chronic disease, which is erythropoietin insensitive. However, the expression of transcription factors and genes involved in erythropoiesis and haemolysis did correlate with the expression of the inflammatory cytokines Il6 and Ifng. Conclusions/Significance The innate immune response appears to be the major contributor to the inflammation associated with anaemia since suppression of T cells with CsA had no observable effect. Several transcription factors regulating haematopoiesis, Tal1, Gata1, Zfpm1 and Klf1 were expressed at consistently lower levels in C57BL/6 mice suggesting that these mice have a lower haematopoietic capacity and therefore less ability to recover from haemolysis induced anaemia after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry A. Noyes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Morris Agaba
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andy Brass
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- GMC at the Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Helen Hulme
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fuad Iraqi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Kemp
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- GMC at the Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabé de Angelis
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Chair for Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Delnaz Roshandel
- School of Computer Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Naessens
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
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Synthetic nonamer peptides derived from insect defensin mediate the killing of African trypanosomes in axenic culture. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:217-25. [PMID: 19308456 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic antimicrobial 9-mer peptides (designated as peptides A and B) designed on the basis of insect defensins and their effects on the growth of African trypanosomes were examined using two isolates of Trypanosoma congolense, IL1180 and IL3338, and two isolates of Trypanosoma brucei brucei, ILTat1.1and GUTat 3.1, under axenic culture conditions. Both peptides inhibited the growth of all bloodstream form (BSF) trypanosomes at 200-400 microg/mL in the complete growth medium, with peptide A being more potent than peptide B. In addition, these peptides exhibited efficient killing at 5-20 microg/mL on BSF trypanosomes suspended in phosphate-buffered saline, whereas procyclic insect forms in the same medium were more refractory to the killing. Electron microscopy revealed that the peptides induced severe defects in the cell membrane integrity of the parasites. The insect defensin-based peptides up to either 200 or 400 microg/mL showed no cell killing or growth inhibition on NIH3T3 murine fibroblasts. The results suggest that the design of suitable synthetic insect defensin-based 9-mer peptides might provide potential novel trypanocidal drugs.
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26
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Trypanotolerance in small ruminants of sub-Saharan Africa. Trends Parasitol 2009; 25:132-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Courtin D, Berthier D, Thevenon S, Dayo GK, Garcia A, Bucheton B. Host genetics in African trypanosomiasis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2008; 8:229-38. [PMID: 18394971 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In Africa, the protozoan parasite of the genus Trypanosoma causes animal (AAT) and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). These diseases are responsible for considerable mortality and economic losses, and until now the drugs commonly used have often been very toxic and expensive, with no vaccine available. A range of clinical presentations, from chronic to acute symptoms, is observed in both AAT and HAT. Host, parasite, and environmental factors are likely to be involved in this clinical variability. In AAT, some West African cattle (N'Dama, Bos taurus) have the ability to better control the disease development (and therefore to remain productive) than other taurine breeds (Zebu, Bos indicus). This phenomenon is called trypanotolerance and seems to have major genetic components. In humans, tolerance/resistance to the disease is suspected, however, this needs confirmation. This review focuses on recent advances made in the field of host genetics in African trypanosomiasis in animals (mouse and bovine) and humans. The perspectives for the development of new control strategies and their applications as well as a better understanding of the physiopathology of the disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Courtin
- Radboud University Medical Center, Medical Parasitology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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28
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Benavides MV, Sacco AMS. Differential Bos taurus cattle response to Babesia bovis infection. Vet Parasitol 2007; 150:54-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hutchinson OC, Picozzi K, Jones NG, Mott H, Sharma R, Welburn SC, Carrington M. Variant Surface Glycoprotein gene repertoires in Trypanosoma brucei have diverged to become strain-specific. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:234. [PMID: 17629915 PMCID: PMC1934917 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a mammalian host, the cell surface of African trypanosomes is protected by a monolayer of a single variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). The VSG is central to antigenic variation; one VSG gene is expressed at any one time and there is a low frequency stochastic switch to expression of a different VSG gene. The genome of Trypanosoma brucei contains a repertoire of > 1000 VSG sequences. The degree of conservation of the genomic VSG repertoire in different strains has not been investigated in detail. Results Eighteen expressed VSGs from Ugandan isolates were compared with homologues (> 40 % sequence identity) in the two available T. brucei genome sequences. Fourteen homologues were present in the genome of Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927 from Kenya and fourteen in the genome of T. b. gambiense Dal972 from Cote d'Ivoire. The Ugandan VSGs averaged 71% and 73 % identity to homologues in T. b. brucei and T. b. gambiense respectively. The sequence divergence between homologous VSGs from the three different strains was not random but was more prevalent in the parts of the VSG believed to interact with the host immune system on the living trypanosome. Conclusion It is probable that the VSG repertoires in the different isolates contain many common VSG genes. The location of divergence between VSGs is consistent with selection for strain-specific VSG repertoires, possibly to allow superinfection of an animal by a second strain. A consequence of strain-specific VSG repertoires is that any vaccine based on large numbers of VSGs from a single strain will only provide partial protection against other strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Clyde Hutchinson
- Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Kim Picozzi
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Nicola G Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Helen Mott
- Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Reuben Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Susan C Welburn
- Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
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Grace D, Himstedt H, Sidibe I, Randolph T, Clausen PH. Comparing FAMACHA eye color chart and Hemoglobin Color Scale tests for detecting anemia and improving treatment of bovine trypanosomosis in West Africa. Vet Parasitol 2007; 147:26-39. [PMID: 17498880 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is considered the most important cattle disease in sub-Saharan Africa but its diagnosis in the field is difficult, resulting in inappropriate treatments, excessive delay in treatments and under-treatment. A field study in West Africa investigated the usefulness of anemia in the diagnosis of trypanosomosis. A total of 20,772 cattle blood samples were taken from 121 villages in 3 countries. The average packed cell volume (PCV) of trypanosomosis positive cattle was 23%, versus 28% for negative cattle. In a sub-set of animals, other causes of anemia were investigated showing most of the anemia burden was attributable to trypanosomosis. Anemia was a reasonably accurate indicator of trypanosomosis in the study area, with a sensitivity of 56% and a specificity of 80% and a diagnostic odds ratio of 4.2, the highest of all the signs evaluated (anemia, emaciation, staring coat, lymphadenopathy, fever, lacrimation and salivary or nasal discharge). Having confirmed the usefulness of anemia as a predictor of trypanosomosis, two potential pen-side tests for anemia were evaluated (the first reported trial of their use in cattle), firstly a color chart developed for anemia detection in sheep through visual inspection of conjunctival membranes (FAMACHA) and secondly the Hemoglobin Color Scale (HbCS) developed for assessing hemoglobin levels in human patients by comparing blood drops on filter paper with color standards. In a population of cattle suspected by their owners to be sick with trypanosomosis (n=898) the sensitivity of the HbCS test was 56% and the specificity was 77%, while the sensitivity of the FAMACHA test was 95% and the specificity was 22%. The higher sensitivity but lower specificity suggests the FAMACHA may be useful as a screening test and the HbCS as a confirmatory test. The two tests were also evaluated in cattle randomly selected from the village herd. Using cut-off points to optimize test performance, the HbCS test had a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 62% (n=505 cattle), while the FAMACHA had a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 30% (n=298 cattle). Recommendations are made for the appropriate use of these tests in the West African region.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grace
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Berthier D, Chantal I, Thévenon S, Marti J, Piquemal D, Maillard JC. Bovine transcriptome analysis by SAGE technology during an experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1081:286-99. [PMID: 17135528 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1373.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In central and sub-Saharan Africa, trypanosomosis is a tsetse fly-transmitted disease, which is considered as the most important impediment to livestock production in the region. However, several indigenous West African taurine breeds (Bos taurus) present remarkable tolerance to the infection. This genetic capability, named trypanotolerance, results from numerous biological mechanisms most probably under multigenic dependences, among which are control of the trypanosome infection by limitation of parasitemia and control of severe anemia due to the pathogenic effects. Today, some postgenomic biotechnologies, such as transcriptome analyses, allow characterization of the full expressed genes involved in the majority of animal diseases under genetic control. One of them is serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) technology, which consists of the construction of mRNA transcript libraries for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the entire genes expressed or inactivated at a particular step of cellular activation. We developed four different mRNA transcript libraries from white blood cells on a N'Dama trypanotolerant animal during an experimental Trypanosoma congolense (T. congolense) infection: one before experimental infection (ND0), one at the parasitemia peak (NDm), one at the minimal packed cell volume (NDa), and the last one at the end of the experiment after normalization (NDf). Bioinformatic comparisons in bovine genomic databases allowed us to obtain more than 75,000 sequences, among which are several known genes, some others are already described as expressed sequence tags (ESTs), and the last are completely new, but probably functional in trypanotolerance. The knowledge of all identified named or unnamed genes involved in trypanotolerance characteristics will allow us to use them in a field marker-assisted selections strategy and in microarrays prediction sets for bovine trypanotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Berthier
- Cirad-Emvt Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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32
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O'Gorman GM, Park SDE, Hill EW, Meade KG, Mitchell LC, Agaba M, Gibson JP, Hanotte O, Naessens J, Kemp SJ, MacHugh DE. Cytokine mRNA profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Physiol Genomics 2006; 28:53-61. [PMID: 16985010 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00100.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine differences in cytokine profiles that may confer tolerance/susceptibility to bovine African trypanosomiasis, N'Dama (trypanotolerant, n = 8) and Boran (trypanosusceptible, n = 8) cattle were experimentally challenged with Trypanosoma congolense. Blood samples were collected over a 34-day period, and RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The expression levels of a panel of 14 cytokines were profiled over the time course of infection and between breeds. Messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript levels for the IL2, IL8, and IL1RN genes were significantly downregulated across the time course of infection in both breeds. There was an early increase in transcripts for genes encoding proinflammatory mediators (IFNG, IL1A, TNF, and IL12) in N'Dama by 14 days postinfection (dpi) compared with preinfection levels that was not detected in the susceptible Boran breed. By the time of peak parasitemia, a type 2 helper T cells (T(H)2)-like cytokine environment was prevalent that was particularly evident in the Boran. Increases in transcripts for the IL6 (29 and 34 dpi) and IL10 (21, 25, and 29 dpi) genes were detected that were higher in the Boran compared with N'Dama. These findings highlight the implications for using murine models to study the bovine immune response to trypanosomiasis, where in some cases cytokine expression patterns differ. Overall, these data suggest that the trypanotolerant N'Dama are more capable of responding very early in infection with proinflammatory and T(H)1 type cytokines than the trypanosusceptible Boran and may explain why N'Dama control parasitemia more efficiently than Boran during the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M O'Gorman
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Garcia A, Courtin D, Solano P, Koffi M, Jamonneau V. Human African trypanosomiasis: connecting parasite and host genetics. Trends Parasitol 2006; 22:405-9. [PMID: 16837245 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In West and Central Africa, the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei (T. b.) gambiense causes a chronic form of Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) that might last several years, whereas T. b. rhodesiense refers to an acute form in East Africa that lasts weeks to months. Without treatment, both forms can cause death. Diagnosis relies on detecting parasites in blood, lymph or cerebrospinal fluid. HAT was no longer considered a public health problem in the 1960s, but it returned to alarming levels in the 1990s. After intensifying case detection and treatment, WHO recently declared the situation is under control. However, research based on host and trypanosome interactions should be encouraged to help develop innovative tools for HAT diagnosis and treatment to prevent re-emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Garcia
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité de Recherche 010, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris, France.
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Naessens J. Bovine trypanotolerance: A natural ability to prevent severe anaemia and haemophagocytic syndrome? Int J Parasitol 2006; 36:521-8. [PMID: 16678182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypanotolerance is the capacity of certain West-African, taurine breeds of cattle to remain productive and gain weight after trypanosome infection. Laboratory studies, comparing Trypanosoma congolense infections in trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle (Bos taurus) and in more susceptible Boran cattle (Bos indicus), confirmed the field observations. Experiments using haemopoietic chimeric twins, composed of a tolerant and a susceptible co-twin, and T cell depletion studies suggested that trypanotolerance is composed of two independent traits. The first is a better capacity to control parasitaemia and is not mediated by haemopoietic cells, T lymphocytes or antibodies. The second is a better capacity to limit anaemia development and is mediated by haemopoietic cells, but not by T lymphocytes or antibodies. Weight gain was linked to the latter mechanism, implying that anaemia control is more important for survival and productivity than parasite control. Anemia is a marker for a more complex pathology which resembles human haemophagocytic syndrome: hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia and a large number of hyperactivated phagocytosing macrophages in bone marrow, liver and other tissues. Thus, mortality and morbidity in trypanosome-infected cattle are primarily due to self-inflicted damage by disproportionate immune and/or innate responses. These features of bovine trypanotolerance differ greatly from those in murine models. In mice, resistance is a matter of trypanosome control dependent on acquired immunity. However, a model of anaemia development can be established using C57BL/6J mice. As in cattle, the induction of anaemia was independent of T cells but its development differed with different trypanosome strains. Identification of the molecular pathways that lead to anaemia and haemophagocytosis should allow us to design new strategies to control disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Naessens
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
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Maillard JC, Berthier D, Thevenon S, Piquemal D, Chantal I, Marti J. Efficiency and limits of the Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) method: discussions based on first results in bovine trypanotolerance. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:59-69. [PMID: 16144719 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Post genomic biotechnologies, such as transcriptome analysis, are now efficient enough to characterize the full complement of genes involved in the expression of specific biological functions. One of them is the Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) technique. SAGE involves the construction of transcript libraries for a quantitative analysis of the entire set of genes expressed or inactivated at particular stages of cellular activation. Bioinformatic comparisons in hosts and pathogens genomic databases allow the identification of several up- and down-regulated genes, ESTs and unknown transcripts directly involved in the host-pathogen immunological interaction mechanisms. Based on the first results obtained during an experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection in trypanotolerant cattle, the efficiency and limits of such a technique, from the data acquisition level to the data analysis level, is discussed in this analysis.
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Paixão TA, Ferreira C, Borges AM, Oliveira DAA, Lage AP, Santos RL. Frequency of bovine Nramp1 (Slc11a1) alleles in Holstein and Zebu breeds. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 109:37-42. [PMID: 16112749 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Revised: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural resistance against brucellosis in cattle is linked to the Nramp1 gene, which encodes a divalent cation transporter that localizes in the phagolysosome membrane in macrophages. Nramp1 gene in mouse plays a critical role in innate immunity favoring bacterial killing by macrophages in addition to its influence on adaptative immunity. Polymorphisms at the bovine Nramp1 3' untranslated region (3'UTR), detectable by Single Strand Conformational Analysis (SSCA), are associated with natural resistance against brucellosis. Such polymorphisms are associated with variation in the number of GT repeats. This study compared the frequency of Nramp1 3'UTR polymorphisms between Zebu and European bovine breeds. Eighty-one Holsteins (Bos taurus taurus) and 167 Zebu (Bos taurus indicus), including the following breeds: Nelore (n=95), Guzerá (n=37), and Gir (n=35), totaling 248 pure breed cattle studied. DNA extraction was performed using the guanidium protocol and genotyping was performed by SSCA. DNA from cattle considered genotypically resistant to brucellosis resulted in a single band (homozygous) with 175bp, corresponding to the 3'UTR with 13 GT pairs (GT13), whereas DNA from genotypically susceptible cattle generated one single band with 177bp (homozygous GT14) or double bands with both 175 and 177bp, or 175 and 179bp (heterozygous GT13/GT14 or GT13/GT15, respectively). A marked difference in the frequency of alleles was detected between the Zebu and Holstein cattle. Holsteins had an extremely homogeneous genotype, with 100% of the individuals with a GT13 genotype. In sharp contrast the Nelore breed had the most heterogeneous genotype with four allelic combinations, namely, homozygous GT13, homozygous GT14, heterozygous GT13/GT14, and heterozygous GT13/GT15. When the Zebu breeds were compared to each other, the only significant difference observed was the frequencies of the genotypes GT13 and GT14 between the Nelore and Guzerá breeds. The knowledge of allelic frequencies in different breeds of cattle may prove to be very useful in the future for planning breeding strategies for selection of resistant cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane A Paixão
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627-31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Hill EW, O'Gorman GM, Agaba M, Gibson JP, Hanotte O, Kemp SJ, Naessens J, Coussens PM, MacHugh DE. Understanding bovine trypanosomiasis and trypanotolerance: the promise of functional genomics. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 105:247-58. [PMID: 15808304 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
African bovine trypanosomiasis, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma congolense, is endemic throughout sub-Saharan Africa and is a major constraint on livestock production. A promising approach to disease control is to understand and exploit naturally evolved trypanotolerance. We describe the first attempt to investigate the transcriptional response of susceptible Boran (Bos indicus) cattle to trypanosome infection via a functional genomics approach using a bovine total leukocyte (BOTL) cDNA microarray platform. Four male Boran cattle were experimentally infected with T. congolense and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected before infection and 13, 17, 23 and 30 days post-infection (dpi). A reference experimental design was employed using a universal bovine reference RNA pool. Data were normalised to the median of a set of invariant genes (GAPDH) and BRB-Array tools was used to search for statistically significant differentially expressed genes between each time-point. Using a set of 20 microarray hybridisations, we have made a significant contribution to understand the temporal transcriptional response of bovine PBMC in vivo to a controlled trypanosome infection. The greatest changes were evident 13 dpi after parasites were first detected in the blood. Significant differences were observed in clusters of protein kinase C subunits and MHC class I/II related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline W Hill
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Agri-Food and the Environment, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Naessens J, Kitani H, Nakamura Y, Yagi Y, Sekikawa K, Iraqi F. TNF-alpha mediates the development of anaemia in a murine Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection, but not the anaemia associated with a murine Trypanosoma congolense infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 139:405-10. [PMID: 15730385 PMCID: PMC1809320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of anaemia in inflammatory diseases is cytokine-mediated. Specifically, the levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), produced by activated macrophages, are correlated with severity of disease and anaemia in infections and chronic disease. In African trypanosomiasis, anaemia develops very early in infection around the time when parasites become detectable in the blood. Since the anaemia persists after the first waves of parasitaemia when low numbers of trypanosomes are circulating in the blood, it is generally assumed that anaemia is not directly induced by a parasite factor, but might be cytokine-mediated, as in other cases of anaemia accompanying inflammation. To clarify the role of TNF-alpha in the development of anaemia, blood parameters of wild type (TNF-alpha+/+), TNF-alpha-null (TNF-alpha-/-) and TNF-alpha-hemizygous (TNF-alpha-/+) trypanotolerant mice were compared during infections with the cattle parasite Trypanosoma congolense. No differences in PCV, erythrocyte numbers or haemoglobin were observed between TNF-alpha-deficient and wild type mice, suggesting that the decrease in erythrocytes was not mediated by TNF-alpha. Erythropoetin (EPO) levels increased during infection and no significant differences in EPO levels were observed between the three mouse strains. In contrast, during an infection with the human pathogen Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, the number of red blood cells in TNF-alpha-deficient mice remained significantly higher than in the wild type mice. These data suggest that more than one mechanism promotes the development of anaemia associated with trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Naessens
- International livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Maillard JC, Berthier D, Thevenon S, Quéré R, Piquemal D, Manchon L, Marti J. Use of the Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) method in veterinary research: A concrete application in the study of the bovine trypanotolerance genetic control. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1026:171-82. [PMID: 15604489 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1307.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
New postgenomic biotechnologies, such as transcriptome analyses, are now able to characterize the full complement of genes involved in the expression of specific biological functions. One of these is the Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) technique, which consists of the construction of transcripts libraries for a quantitative analysis of the entire gene(s) expressed or inactivated at a particular step of cellular activation. Bioinformatic comparisons in the bovine genomic databases allow the identification of several up- and downregulated genes, expressed sequence tags, and unknown functional genes directly involved in the genetic control of the studied biological mechanism. We present and discuss the preliminary results in comparing the expressed genes in two total mRNA transcripts libraries obtained during an experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection in one trypanotolerant N'Dama animal cow. Knowing all the functional genes involved in the trypanotolerance control will permit validation of some results obtained with the quantitative trait locus approach, to set up specific microarrays sets for further metabolic and pharmacological studies, and to design field marker-assisted selection by introgression programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Maillard
- Cirad-Prise, c/o National Institute for Animal Husbandry (NIAH), Thuy Phuong, Tu Liem, Hanoï, Vietnam.
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Naessens J, Kitani H, Momotani E, Sekikawa K, Nthale JM, Iraqi F. Susceptibility of TNF-alpha-deficient mice to Trypanosoma congolense is not due to a defective antibody response. Acta Trop 2004; 92:193-203. [PMID: 15533287 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2002] [Revised: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice deficient in one or two copies of the gene for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were more susceptible to Trypanosoma congolense infection than their resistant, wild-type counterparts. The number of TNF-alpha genes was correlated with the capacity to control parasitaemia and with survival time. Absence of TNF-alpha resulted in a diminished capacity to form germinal centres in lymph nodes and spleen. Since germinal centres are involved in antibody production and affinity maturation, the susceptibility of the TNF-alpha-deficient mice could have been due to this secondary defect. Despite the lack of the germinal centres, the antibody responses to internal and exposed trypanosome antigens and to non-trypanosome antigens were not significantly different. Also the relative avidities measured in infected sera did not significantly differ between the two mouse strains. These data suggest that the role of TNF-alpha in control of T. congolense was not due to its role in the development of an antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Naessens
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
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Bett B, Orenge C, Irungu P, Munga LK. Epidemiological factors that influence time-to-treatment of trypanosomosis in Orma Boran cattle raised at Galana Ranch, Kenya. Vet Parasitol 2004; 120:43-53. [PMID: 15019142 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2003] [Revised: 11/26/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Four thousand nine hundred and seventy-one trypanosomosis-surveillance records from an open population of Orma Boran cattle raised under natural trypanosomosis challenge in Galana Ranch, Kenya between the years 1990 and 2000 were analysed. The objective of the analysis was to identify epidemiological factors that influenced time-to-treatment of trypanosomosis cases. Under the surveillance programme, blood was being examined fortnightly for trypanosomosis using buffy coat technique. Infected animals were treated when their packed cell volumes (PCV) fell to 25% or lower. The number of days between the first diagnosis and treatment of trypanosomosis cases was obtained from the difference between diagnosis and treatment dates. Days-to-treatment clustered around the screening periods; therefore, time-to-treatment was represented by a series of time points 0-8 at 14-day intervals. Factors postulated to affect the outcome (time-to-treatment) were age of an animal at time of diagnosis, sex, number of trypanosome infections, trypanosome species and season of the year. Five animal generations were generated from birth dates and treated as nuisance parameters. Conditional logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to the data, the former to analyse factors that influenced treatment after time 0 (outcome dichotomised as time 0 or >0) and the latter to analyse factors that influenced time-to-treatment for cases that were treated after time 0, excluding all cases treated on time 0. The majority of the cases (89.5%) were treated on the same day of diagnosis. Trypanosome infections were more likely to be treated after time 0 in dry than in wet season. Similarly, the rate of treatment was lower in the dry than the wet season. An increase in number of previous trypanosome infections reduced the odds of an animal being treated after time 0. Animals that had been exposed to many infections before had higher rates of treatment than those that had minimal experiences. We offer possible reasons for these observations and conclude that selection of animals for breeding purposes in programmes geared towards improving trypanotolerance should take into consideration the environmental factors that affect classification of an animal as being resistant or susceptible.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bett
- Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya.
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Boerlin P, Boerlin-Petzold F, Jemmi T. Use of listeriolysin O and internalin A in a seroepidemiological study of listeriosis in Swiss dairy cows. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:1055-61. [PMID: 12624029 PMCID: PMC150307 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.3.1055-1061.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant listeriolysin O and internalin A were used as antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the specific detection of anti-Listeria monocytogenes antibodies in cattle. The results showed sensitivities and specificities of 82 and 92%, respectively, for the listeriolysin O ELISA, and 100 and 90%, respectively, for the internalin A ELISA, respectively. The test may be useful for the confirmation of listeria-related abortions and mastitis but does not seem to be indicated for use in the diagnosis of listeria-related encephalitis in cattle. A representative sample of 1,652 serum samples from the healthy dairy cattle population in Switzerland was tested by both ELISAs. The results showed that 11% of the healthy dairy cows in Switzerland simultaneously presented antibodies toward listeriolysin O and internalin A, and 48% of the farms had one or several animals simultaneously positive by assays with both antigens. Multivariable analysis at the farm level confirmed that feeding of silage represents a significant risk factor for a positive listeria serology. Detailed analysis identified corn silage but not grass silage as the major factor in this association. Cattle breed and hygiene on the farm were also identified as significant factors associated with the serological status of farms. In conclusion, the results of the study show that internalin A is a promising new antigen for use in listeria serology and that specific anti-L. monocytogenes antibodies are found in a significant proportion of healthy dairy cows in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Boerlin
- Institute for Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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