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Jiang L, Li W, Hou X, Ma S, Wang X, Yan X, Yang B, Huang D, Liu B, Feng L. Nitric oxide is a host cue for Salmonella Typhimurium systemic infection in mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:501. [PMID: 37161082 PMCID: PMC10169850 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is produced as an innate immune response against microbial infections. Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), the major causative pathogen of human gastroenteritis, induces more severe systemic disease in mice. However, host factors contributing to the difference in species-related virulence are unknown. Here, we report that host NO production promotes S. Typhimurium replication in mouse macrophages at the early infection stage by activating Salmonella pathogenicity island-2 (SPI-2). The NO signaling-induced SPI-2 activation is mediated by Fnr and PhoP/Q two-component system. NO significantly induced fnr transcription, while Fnr directly activated phoP/Q transcription. Mouse infection assays revealed a NO-dependent increase in bacterial burden in systemic organs during the initial days of infection, indicating an early contribution of host NO to virulence. This study reveals a host signaling-mediated virulence activation pathway in S. Typhimurium that contributes significantly to its systemic infection in mice, providing further insights into Salmonella pathogenesis and host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanwu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolin Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Di Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Circulating Leukocytes Obtained during the Recovery from Clinical Mastitis Caused by Escherichia coli in Holstein Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162146. [PMID: 36009735 PMCID: PMC9404729 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Escherichia coli is a bacterium which infects cow udders causing clinical mastitis, a potentially severe disease with welfare and economic consequences. During an infection, white blood cells (leukocytes) enter the udder to provide immune defence and assist tissue repair. We sequenced RNA derived from circulating leukocytes to investigate which genes are up- or down-regulated in dairy cows with naturally occurring cases of clinical mastitis in comparison with healthy control cows from the same farm. We also looked for genetic variations between infected and healthy cows. Blood samples were taken either EARLY (around 10 days) or LATE (after 4 weeks) during the recovery phase after diagnosis. Many genes (1090) with immune and inflammatory functions were up-regulated during the EARLY phase. By the LATE phase only 29 genes were up-regulated including six haemoglobin subunits, possibly important for the production of new red blood corpuscles. Twelve genetic variations which were associated with an increased or decreased expression of some important immune genes were identified between the infected and control cows. These results show that the initial inflammatory response to E. coli continued for at least 10 days despite the cows having received prompt veterinary treatment, but they had largely recovered within 4 weeks. Genetic differences between cows may predispose some animals to infection. Abstract The risk and severity of clinical infection with Escherichia coli as a causative pathogen for bovine mastitis is influenced by the hosts’ phenotypic and genotypic variables. We used RNA-Seq analysis of circulating leukocytes to investigate global transcriptomic profiles and genetic variants from Holstein cows with naturally occurring cases of clinical mastitis, diagnosed using clinical symptoms and milk microbiology. Healthy lactation-matched cows served as controls (CONT, n = 6). Blood samples were collected at two time periods during the recovery phase post diagnosis: EARLY (10.3 ± 1.8 days, n = 6) and LATE (46.7 ± 11 days, n = 3). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the groups were identified using CLC Genomics Workbench V21 and subjected to enrichment analysis. Variant calling was performed following GATKv3.8 best practice. The comparison of E. coli(+) EARLY and CONT cows found the up-regulation of 1090 DEGs, mainly with immune and inflammatory functions. The key signalling pathways involved NOD-like and interleukin-1 receptors and chemokines. Many up-regulated DEGs encoded antimicrobial peptides including cathelicidins, beta-defensins, S100 calcium binding proteins, haptoglobin and lactoferrin. Inflammation had largely resolved in the E. coli(+) LATE group, with only 29 up-regulated DEGs. Both EARLY and LATE cows had up-regulated DEGs encoding ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters and haemoglobin subunits were also up-regulated in LATE cows. Twelve candidate genetic variants were identified in DEGs between the infected and CONT cows. Three were in contiguous genes WIPI1, ARSG and SLC16A6 on BTA19. Two others (RAC2 and ARHGAP26) encode a Rho-family GTPase and Rho GTPase-activating protein 26. These results show that the initial inflammatory response to E. coli continued for at least 10 days despite prompt treatment and provide preliminary evidence for genetic differences between cows that may predispose them to infection.
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3
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Chen YF, Yu SF, Wu CY, Wu N, Shen J, Shen J, Gao JM, Wen YZ, Hide G, Lai DH, Lun ZR. Innate Resistance to Leishmania amazonensis Infection in Rat Is Dependent on NOS2. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:733286. [PMID: 34777283 PMCID: PMC8586549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.733286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infection causes diverse clinical manifestations in humans. The disease outcome is complicated by the combination of many host and parasite factors. Inbred mouse strains vary in resistance to Leishmania major but are highly susceptible to Leishmania amazonensis infection. However, rats are highly resistant to L. amazonensis infection due to unknown mechanisms. We use the inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos2) gene knockout rat model (Nos2−/− rat) to investigate the role of NOS2 against leishmania infection in rats. Our results demonstrated that diversion toward the NOS2 pathway is the key factor explaining the resistance of rats against L. amazonensis infection. Rats deficient in NOS2 are susceptible to L. amazonensis infection even though their immune response to infection is still strong. Moreover, adoptive transfer of NOS2 competent macrophages into Nos2−/− rats significantly reduced disease development and parasite load. Thus, we conclude that the distinct L-arginine metabolism, observed in rat macrophages, is the basis of the strong innate resistance to Leishmania. These data highlight that macrophages from different hosts possess distinctive properties and produce different outcomes in innate immunity to Leishmania infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Fei Yu
- Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-You Wu
- Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Shen
- Institute of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of the Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiang-Mei Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Zi Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geoff Hide
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
| | - De-Hua Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
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Characterization of innate immune response to Brucella melitensis infection in goats with permissive or restrictive phenotype for Brucella intramacrophagic growth. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110223. [PMID: 33711712 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Caprine brucellosis is a chronic, world-wide distributed disease which causes reproductive failure in goats and Brucella melitensis, its causative agent, bears a great zoonotic potential. There is evidence suggesting that some cattle and pigs have an innate ability to resist Brucella infection, but this has not yet been investigated in goats. In this study, we compared caprine macrophages that exhibit extreme restriction and permissiveness to B. melitensis' intracellular growth in vitro. Monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) from 110 female goats were cultured and challenged in vitro with B. melitensis 16 M. After initial screening, 18 donor goats were selected based on their macrophages ability to restrict or allow bacterial intracellular growth and some elements of humoral and cellular immunity were studied in depth. MDMs that were able to restrict the pathogen's intracellular growth showed enhanced bacterial internalization, although there were no differences between groups in the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates following 48 h treatment with heat-killed B. melitensis. Moreover, there were no differences between groups in the level of antibodies reacting with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (natural antibodies, NAbs) or with Brucella LPS antigens (cross-reacting antibodies, CrAbs), although a strong positive correlation between individual levels of IgM NAbs and IgM CrAbs was detected. Altogether, these results represent an initial step in understanding innate primary host response to B. melitensis, and deciphering which mechanisms may determine a successful outcome of the infection in goats.
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5
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Gossner A, Hassan MA. Transcriptional Analyses Identify Genes That Modulate Bovine Macrophage Response to Toxoplasma Infection and Immune Stimulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:437. [PMID: 33014886 PMCID: PMC7508302 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, is highly prevalent among livestock species. Although cattle are generally resistant to Toxoplasma strains circulating in Europe and North America, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we report that bovine bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) pre-stimulated with interferon gamma (IFNγ) restricts intracellular Toxoplasma growth independently of nitric oxide. While Toxoplasma promoted the expression of genes associated with alternative macrophage activation and lipid metabolism, IFNγ abrogated parasite-induced transcriptional responses and promoted the expression of genes linked to the classical macrophage activation phenotype. Additionally, several chemokines, including CCL22, that are linked to parasite-induced activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling were highly expressed in Toxoplasma-exposed naïve BMDMs. A chemical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway antagonist (IWR-1-endo) significantly reduced intracellular parasite burden in naïve BMDMs, suggesting that Toxoplasma activates this pathway to evade bovine macrophage anti-parasitic responses. Congruently, intracellular burden of a mutant Toxoplasma strain (RHΔASP5) that does not secrete dense granule proteins into the host cell, which is an essential requirement for parasite-induced activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, was significantly reduced in naïve BMDMs. However, both the Wnt/β-catenin antagonist and RHASPΔ5 did not abolish parasite burden differences in naïve and IFNγ-stimulated BMDMs. Finally, we observed that parasites infecting IFNγ-stimulated BMDMs largely express genes associated with the slow dividing bradyzoite stage. Overall, this study provides novel insights into bovine macrophage transcriptional response to Toxoplasma. It establishes a foundation for a mechanistic analysis IFNγ-induced bovine anti-Toxoplasma responses and the counteracting Toxoplasma survival strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Gossner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Musa A Hassan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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6
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Bush SJ, McCulloch MEB, Lisowski ZM, Muriuki C, Clark EL, Young R, Pridans C, Prendergast JGD, Summers KM, Hume DA. Species-Specificity of Transcriptional Regulation and the Response to Lipopolysaccharide in Mammalian Macrophages. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:661. [PMID: 32793601 PMCID: PMC7386301 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian macrophages differ in their basal gene expression profiles and response to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In human macrophages, LPS elicits a temporal cascade of transient gene expression including feed forward activators and feedback regulators that limit the response. Here we present a transcriptional network analysis of the response of sheep bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) to LPS based upon RNA-seq at 0, 2, 4, 7, and 24 h post-stimulation. The analysis reveals a conserved transcription factor network with humans, and rapid induction of feedback regulators that constrain the response at every level. The gene expression profiles of sheep BMDM at 0 and 7 h post LPS addition were compared to similar data obtained from goat, cow, water buffalo, horse, pig, mouse and rat BMDM. This comparison was based upon identification of 8,200 genes annotated in all species and detected at >10TPM in at least one sample. Analysis of expression of transcription factors revealed a conserved transcriptional millieu associated with macrophage differentiation and LPS response. The largest co-expression clusters, including genes encoding cell surface receptors, endosome–lysosome components and secretory activity, were also expressed in all species and the combined dataset defines a macrophage functional transcriptome. All of the large animals differed from rodents in lacking inducible expression of genes involved in arginine metabolism and nitric oxide production. Instead, they expressed inducible transporters and enzymes of tryptophan and kynurenine metabolism. BMDM from all species expressed high levels of transcripts encoding transporters and enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism suggesting that glutamine is a major metabolic fuel. We identify and discuss transcripts that were uniquely expressed or regulated in rodents compared to large animals including ACOD1, CXC and CC chemokines, CD163, CLEC4E, CPM, CSF1, CSF2, CTSK, MARCO, MMP9, SLC2A3, SLC7A7, and SUCNR1. Conversely, the data confirm the conserved regulation of multiple transcripts for which there is limited functional data from mouse models and knockouts. The data provide a resource for functional annotation and interpretation of loci involved in susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory disease in humans and large animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E B McCulloch
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zofia M Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charity Muriuki
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L Clark
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
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Cui J, Shen B. Transcriptomic analyses reveal distinct response of porcine macrophages to Toxoplasma gondii infection. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1819-1828. [PMID: 32399721 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate protozoan parasite infecting diverse hosts. Studies have demonstrated that different hosts respond differently to Toxoplasma infection. Pigs are among the most susceptible hosts of T. gondii, but the host-pathogen interactions that shape the outcome of infection in pigs are completely unknown. Here, we used dual RNA-seq to profile the transcriptomic changes of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) upon Toxoplasma infection. Our results indicated that PAMs initiated different responses to Toxoplasma infection compared with mouse macrophages. First, although infected PAMs upregulated numerous pro-inflammatory factors, IL-12, which plays critical roles in IL-12~IFN-γ-mediated immunity against Toxoplasma infection in mice, was found unchanged during PAM infection. Second, the gene encoding iNOS that is responsible for nitric oxide (NO) production was also not induced in infected PAMs. Consistently, there was no NO level change in PAMs after infection. Third, it seems like Toxoplasma infection inhibited apoptosis in PAMs. On the parasite side, the most obvious change is the upregulation of genes involved in metabolism and macromolecule synthesis, such as the type II fatty acid synthesis in the apicoplast. Together, these results revealed distinct responses of PAMs to Toxoplasma infection and provide novel insights into Toxoplasma-pig interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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8
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Kim S, Park HT, Soh SH, Oh MW, Shim S, Yoo HS. Evaluation of the immunobiological effects of a regenerative far-infrared heating system in pigs. J Vet Sci 2019; 20:e61. [PMID: 31775188 PMCID: PMC6883191 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal conditions are an important environmental factor in maintaining healthy pigs because they affect feed intake, growth efficiency, reproduction and immune responses in pigs. RAVI, a regenerative far-infrared heating system, can effect pig production by emitting an optimal far-infrared wavelength. Far-infrared radiation has been reported to increase microvascular dilation and vascular flow volume. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunobiological differences between pigs raised with the RAVI system and the gasoline heater system. Twenty-six-week-old weaned pigs were raised in two rooms that were equipped with a RAVI system or a gasoline heater for 8 weeks. A porcine atrophic rhinitis vaccine was administered after two weeks and transcriptome analysis in whole blood were analyzed at 2-week intervals. Signaling pathway analyses of the RAVI group at 8 weeks showed the activation of pathways related to nitric oxide (NO) production. This suggests that the application of RAVI might induce the production of NO and iNOS, which are important for increasing the immune activity. Similar to the result of microarray, phenotypic changes were also observed at a later period of the experiment. The increase in body weight in the RAVI group was significantly higher than the gasoline heater group at 8 weeks. The antibody titer against the vaccine in the RAVI group was also higher than that the gasoline heater group at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. This evaluation of the use of a far-infrared heating system with pigs will be helpful for applications in the pig farm industry and pig welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- BK21 PLUS and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hong Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- BK21 PLUS and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Soh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- BK21 PLUS and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Myung Whan Oh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- BK21 PLUS and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Soojin Shim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- BK21 PLUS and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- BK21 PLUS and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- BioMax/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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9
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Young R, Bush SJ, Lefevre L, McCulloch MEB, Lisowski ZM, Muriuki C, Waddell LA, Sauter KA, Pridans C, Clark EL, Hume DA. Species-Specific Transcriptional Regulation of Genes Involved in Nitric Oxide Production and Arginine Metabolism in Macrophages. Immunohorizons 2018; 2:27-37. [PMID: 30467554 PMCID: PMC6245571 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1700073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated mouse macrophages metabolize arginine via NO synthase (NOS2) to produce NO as an antimicrobial effector. Published gene expression datasets provide little support for the activation of this pathway in human macrophages. Generation of NO requires the coordinated regulation of multiple genes. We have generated RNA-sequencing data from bone marrow-derived macrophages from representative rodent (rat), monogastric (pig and horse), and ruminant (sheep, goat, cattle, and water buffalo) species, and analyzed the expression of genes involved in arginine metabolism in response to stimulation with LPS. In rats, as in mice, LPS strongly induced Nos2, the arginine transporter Slc7a2, arginase 1 (Arg1), GTP cyclohydrolase (Gch1), and argininosuccinate synthase (Ass1). None of these responses was conserved across species. Only cattle and water buffalo showed substantial NOS2 induction. The species studied also differed in expression and regulation of arginase (ARG2, rather than ARG1), and amino acid transporters. Variation between species was associated with rapid promoter evolution. Differential induction of NOS2 and ARG2 between the ruminant species was associated with insertions of the Bov-A2 retrotransposon in the promoter region. Bov-A2 was shown to possess LPS-inducible enhancer activity in transfected RAW264.7 macrophages. Consistent with a function in innate immunity, NO production and arginine metabolism vary greatly between species and differences may contribute to pathogen host restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Young
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E. B. McCulloch
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Zofia M. Lisowski
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Charity Muriuki
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsey A. Waddell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin A. Sauter
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Pridans
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Emily L. Clark
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
- Mater Research–University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Yellon SM, Mackler AM, Kirby MA. The Role of Leukocyte Traffic and Activation in Parturition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1071-55760300116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Yellon
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine Center for Perinatal Biology, Departments of Physiologyand Anatomy, Loma Linda, California and Organon Pharmaceuticals, West Orange, New Jersey
| | | | - M. A. Kirby
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine Center for Perinatal Biology, Departments of Physiologyand Anatomy, Loma Linda, California and Organon Pharmaceuticals, West Orange, New Jersey
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11
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Jensen K, Gallagher IJ, Kaliszewska A, Zhang C, Abejide O, Gallagher MP, Werling D, Glass EJ. Live and inactivated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium stimulate similar but distinct transcriptome profiles in bovine macrophages and dendritic cells. Vet Res 2016; 47:46. [PMID: 27000047 PMCID: PMC4802613 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a major cause of gastroenteritis in cattle and humans. Dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (Mø) are major players in early immunity to Salmonella, and their response could influence the course of infection. Therefore, the global transcriptional response of bovine monocyte-derived DC and Mø to stimulation with live and inactivated S. Typhimurium was compared. Both cell types mount a major response 2 h post infection, with a core common response conserved across cell-type and stimuli. However, three of the most affected pathways; inflammatory response, regulation of transcription and regulation of programmed cell death, exhibited cell-type and stimuli-specific differences. The expression of a subset of genes associated with these pathways was investigated further. The inflammatory response was greater in Mø than DC, in the number of genes and the enhanced expression of common genes, e.g., interleukin (IL) 1B and IL6, while the opposite pattern was observed with interferon gamma. Furthermore, a large proportion of the investigated genes exhibited stimuli-specific differential expression, e.g., Mediterranean fever. Two-thirds of the investigated transcription factors were significantly differentially expressed in response to live and inactivated Salmonella. Therefore the transcriptional responses of bovine DC and Mø during early S. Typhimurium infection are similar but distinct, potentially due to the overall function of these cell-types. The differences in response of the host cell will influence down-stream events, thus impacting on the subsequent immune response generated during the course of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Jensen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Health and Exercise Research Group, University of Stirling, Cottrell Building, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Anna Kaliszewska
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Chen Zhang
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Oluyinka Abejide
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.,Scotland's Rural College, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Maurice P Gallagher
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Dirk Werling
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Glass
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
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12
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Barani R, Motalleb G, Maghsoudi H. Evaluation of iNOS Expression in Esophageal Cancer Patients. Gastrointest Tumors 2016; 3:44-58. [PMID: 27722156 DOI: 10.1159/000443976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer is a public health concern around the world; this cancer is the sixth leading cause of death of cancer in the world with about 386,000 deaths per year. Its risk factors include environmental factors such as tobacco smoke, gastroesophageal reflux and genetic changes. iNOS is stated by the effect of various inflammatory factors and is thus called inducible NOS. Investigating iNOS expression is a powerful tool for understanding effective molecular parameters at tissue and cellular responses to external factors. In this research work, iNOS expression in patients with esophageal cancer was studied in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) esophageal cancer tissue samples and 15 normal FFPE samples were collected from various medical centers (Zabol, Zahedan, Kashan) to measure iNOS expression by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR). All PCR reactions were conducted by three replicates for iNOS and internal control (β-actin) by 2-ΔΔCT (Livak) method. Differences were measured in target gene expression in patients and control group using the t test. All statistical analyses were done using the SPSS software. RESULTS The results showed that there was no significant difference between iNOS expression in the case and control groups (p > 0.05); however, there was an increase in iNOS expression in the case group. On the other hand, there was a significant difference between iNOS expression in males and females in the two groups of healthy subjects and patients, and it was higher in women than in men. CONCLUSION Further studies need to be conducted with larger sample sizes and in other populations to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Barani
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran
| | | | - Hossein Maghsoudi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran
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13
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Gibson AJ, Woodman S, Pennelegion C, Patterson R, Stuart E, Hosker N, Siviter P, Douglas C, Whitehouse J, Wilkinson W, Pegg SA, Villarreal-Ramos B, Werling D. Differential macrophage function in Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 181:15-23. [PMID: 26961672 PMCID: PMC5145809 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence that high yielding dairy cows are extremely susceptible to infectious diseases, and that this has severe economic consequences for the dairy industry and welfare implications. Here we present preliminary functional evidence showing that the innate immune response differs between cow breeds. The ability of macrophages (MØ) to kill pathogens depends in part on oxygen-dependent and independent mechanisms. The oxygen-dependent mechanisms rely on the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS, respectively). ROS production has been shown to activate the inflammasome complex in MØ leading to increased production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine Interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Conversely RNS inhibits inflammasome mediated IL-1β activation, indicating a division between inflammasome activation and RNS production. In the present study MØ from Brown Swiss (BS) cattle produce significantly more RNS and less IL-1β when compared to cells from Holstein Friesian (HF) cattle in response to bacterial or fungal stimuli. Furthermore, BS MØ killed ingested Salmonella typhimurium more efficiently, supporting anecdotal evidence of increased disease resistance of the breed. Inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) stimulated IL-1β secretion in cells from both breeds, but was more pronounced in HF MØ. Blocking RNS production by l-arginase completely abolished RNS production but increased IL-1β secretion in BS MØ. Collectively these preliminary data suggest that the dichotomy of inflammasome activation and RNS production exists in cattle and differs between these two breeds. As pattern recognition receptors and signaling pathways are involved in the assessed functional differences presented herein, our data potentially aid the identification of in vitro predictors of appropriate innate immune response. Finally, these predictors may assist in the discovery of candidate genes conferring increased disease resistance for future use in combination with known production traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Jane Gibson
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Sally Woodman
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Christopher Pennelegion
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Robert Patterson
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Emma Stuart
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Naomi Hosker
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Peter Siviter
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Chloe Douglas
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Jessica Whitehouse
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Will Wilkinson
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Sherri-Anne Pegg
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK
| | | | - Dirk Werling
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA, UK.
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14
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Strasser B, Sperner-Unterweger B, Fuchs D, Gostner JM. Mechanisms of Inflammation-Associated Depression: Immune Influences on Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Metabolisms. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 31:95-115. [PMID: 27278641 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic parameters have a direct role in the regulation of immune cell function. Thereby the inflammation-induced metabolism of aromatic amino acids, most importantly of tryptophan and phenylalanine, plays a central role. In addition, neuropsychiatric conditions that go along with disorders that are characterized by acute or chronic inflammation, such as the development of depression, decreased quality of life or cognitive impairments, are connected to disturbed amino acid and subsequent neurotransmitter metabolism.The bioanalytical procedures for the determination of concentrations of tryptophan and phenylalanine and their respective first stable intermediates kynurenine and tyrosine as well as some analytical finesses and potential sources of errors are discussed in this chapter. Monitoring of these immunometabolic parameters throughout therapies in addition to biomarkers of immune response and inflammation such as neopterin can be useful to determine disease progression but also to plan psychiatric interventions timely, thus to establish personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Strasser
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Johanna M Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Mattila JT, Thomas AC. Nitric oxide synthase: non-canonical expression patterns. Front Immunol 2014; 5:478. [PMID: 25346730 PMCID: PMC4191211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Science can move ahead by questioning established or canonical views and, so it may be with the enzymes, nitric oxide synthases (NOS). Nitric oxide (NO) is generated by NOS isoforms that are often described by their tissue-specific expression patterns. NOS1 (nNOS) is abundant in neural tissue, NOS2 is upregulated in activated macrophages and known as inducible NOS (iNOS), and NOS3 (eNOS) is abundant in endothelium where it regulates vascular tone. These isoforms are described as constitutive or inducible, but in this perspective we question the broad application of these labels. Are there instances where "constitutive" NOS (NOS1 and NOS3) are inducibly expressed; conversely, are there instances where NOS2 is constitutively expressed? NOS1 and NOS3 inducibility may be linked to post-translational regulation, making their actual patterns activity much more difficult to detect. Constitutive NOS2 expression has been observed in several tissues, especially the human pulmonary epithelium where it may regulate airway tone. These data suggest that expression of the three NOS enzymes may include non-established patterns. Such information should be useful in designing strategies to modulate these important enzymes in different disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Mattila
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anita C. Thomas
- Bristol Heart Institute and Bristol CardioVascular, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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16
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Mair KH, Sedlak C, Käser T, Pasternak A, Levast B, Gerner W, Saalmüller A, Summerfield A, Gerdts V, Wilson HL, Meurens F. The porcine innate immune system: an update. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:321-43. [PMID: 24709051 PMCID: PMC7103209 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, we have seen an increasing interest and demand for pigs in biomedical research. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) are closely related to humans in terms of their anatomy, genetics, and physiology, and often are the model of choice for the assessment of novel vaccines and therapeutics in a preclinical stage. However, the pig as a model has much more to offer, and can serve as a model for many biomedical applications including aging research, medical imaging, and pharmaceutical studies to name a few. In this review, we will provide an overview of the innate immune system in pigs, describe its anatomical and physiological key features, and discuss the key players involved. In particular, we compare the porcine innate immune system to that of humans, and emphasize on the importance of the pig as model for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Sedlak
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - T Käser
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - A Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - B Levast
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - W Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - V Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - H L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - F Meurens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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17
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Gross TJ, Kremens K, Powers LS, Brink B, Knutson T, Domann FE, Philibert RA, Milhem MM, Monick MM. Epigenetic silencing of the human NOS2 gene: rethinking the role of nitric oxide in human macrophage inflammatory responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:2326-38. [PMID: 24477906 PMCID: PMC3943971 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages, including alveolar macrophages, are primary phagocytic cells of the innate immune system. Many studies of macrophages and inflammation have been done in mouse models, in which inducible NO synthase (NOS2) and NO are important components of the inflammatory response. Human macrophages, in contrast to mouse macrophages, express little detectable NOS2 and generate little NO in response to potent inflammatory stimuli. The human NOS2 gene is highly methylated around the NOS2 transcription start site. In contrast, mouse macrophages contain unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides proximal to the NOS2 transcription start site. Further analysis of chromatin accessibility and histone modifications demonstrated a closed conformation at the human NOS2 locus and an open conformation at the murine NOS2 locus. In examining the potential for CpG demethylation at the NOS2 locus, we found that the human NOS2 gene was resistant to the effects of demethylation agents both in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrate that epigenetic modifications in human macrophages are associated with CpG methylation, chromatin compaction, and histone modifications that effectively silence the NOS2 gene. Taken together, our findings suggest there are significant and underappreciated differences in how murine and human macrophages respond to inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Gross
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Karol Kremens
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Linda S. Powers
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Brandi Brink
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Tina Knutson
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Frederick E. Domann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Carver College of
Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Robert A. Philibert
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Mohammed M. Milhem
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
| | - Martha M. Monick
- Department of Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
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18
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Costa-Hurtado M, Aragon V. Advances in the quest for virulence factors of Haemophilus parasuis. Vet J 2013; 198:571-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Willcocks S, Offord V, Seyfert HM, Coffey TJ, Werling D. Species-specific PAMP recognition by TLR2 and evidence for species-restricted interaction with Dectin-1. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:449-58. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0812390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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20
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Hermeyer K, Jacobsen B, Spergser J, Rosengarten R, Hewicker-Trautwein M. Detection of Mycoplasma bovis by In-Situ Hybridization and Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, Nitrotyrosine and Manganese Superoxide Dismutase in the Lungs of Experimentally-Infected Calves. J Comp Pathol 2011; 145:240-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Fairbairn L, Kapetanovic R, Sester DP, Hume DA. The mononuclear phagocyte system of the pig as a model for understanding human innate immunity and disease. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 89:855-71. [PMID: 21233410 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1110607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system has been studied extensively in the mouse. Studies of the pig as an experimental model have commonly been consigned to specialist animal science journals. In this review, we consider some of the many ways in which the innate immune systems of humans differ from those of mice, the ways that pigs may address the shortcomings of mice as models for the study of macrophage differentiation and activation in vitro, and the biology of sepsis and other pathologies in the living animal. With the completion of the genome sequence and the characterization of many key regulators and markers, the pig has emerged as a tractable model of human innate immunity and disease that should address the limited, predictive value of rodents in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey Fairbairn
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Roslin BioCentre, Scotland, United Kingdom
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22
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Ren G, Su J, Zhang L, Zhao X, Ling W, L'huillie A, Zhang J, Lu Y, Roberts AI, Ji W, Zhang H, Rabson AB, Shi Y. Species variation in the mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-mediated immunosuppression. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1954-62. [PMID: 19544427 DOI: 10.1002/stem.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great promise for treating immune disorders because of their immunoregulatory capacity, but the mechanism remains controversial. As we show here, the mechanism of MSC-mediated immunosuppression varies among different species. Immunosuppression by human- or monkey-derived MSCs is mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), whereas mouse MSCs utilize nitric oxide, under the same culture conditions. When the expression of IDO and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were examined in human and mouse MSCs after stimulation with their respective inflammatory cytokines, we found that human MSCs expressed extremely high levels of IDO, and very low levels of iNOS, whereas mouse MSCs expressed abundant iNOS and very little IDO. Immunosuppression by human MSCs was not intrinsic, but was induced by inflammatory cytokines and was chemokine-dependent, as it is in mouse. These findings provide critical information about the immunosuppression of MSCs and for better application of MSCs in treating immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Ren
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Immunology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School-University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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23
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Döll S, Schrickx JA, Dänicke S, Fink-Gremmels J. Interactions of deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharides on cytokine excretion and mRNA expression in porcine hepatocytes and Kupffer cell enriched hepatocyte cultures. Toxicol Lett 2009; 190:96-105. [PMID: 19607891 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on the mRNA expression of cytokines and inflammation-related genes, as well as the cytokine secretion of porcine hepatocytes and Kupffer cell enriched hepatocyte cultures (co-cultures), were investigated in the absence or presence of LPS. DON and LPS acted in a synergistic manner with regard to a significantly increased mRNA expression of TNF-alpha in hepatocytes exposed to 500 nM or 2000 nM DON, or non-significant increase in co-cultures after 3h of exposure. TNF-alpha supernatant concentrations were increased due to LPS but did not reflect the synergistic effects with DON as observed at mRNA level. IL-6 mRNA in hepatocyte cultures at 6h paralleled the TNF-alpha supernatant pattern at this time point. In co-cultures and hepatocytes, a DON dose dependent induction of IL-6 mRNA was detected in cells not exposed to LPS. Supernatant concentrations of LPS-induced IL-6 were significantly decreased by 2000 nM DON in both types of cell cultures. Also the mRNA expression of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 was increased by DON to various degrees depending on DON-dose, stimulation with LPS and time point of measurement. After 6h, expression of iNOS was only induced by 2000 nM DON, but not in LPS treated cells. Even if mRNA induction was not paralleled by related supernatant concentrations of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 under the conditions of the present investigations, it was clearly demonstrated that DON has the potential to provoke and modulate immunological reactions of porcine liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Döll
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Department of Equine Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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24
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Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that infects animals and humans worldwide. Despite the current knowledge of immunology, pathology and genetics related to the parasite, a safe vaccine for prevention of the infection in both humans and animals does not exist. Here, we review some aspects concerning vaccination against T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Luis Garcia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Londrina State University, Campus Universitário, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, Cx. Postal 6001, Londrina, PR 86051-990, Brazil.
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25
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Matute-Bello G, Frevert CW, Martin TR. Animal models of acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L379-99. [PMID: 18621912 PMCID: PMC2536793 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00010.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1233] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury in humans is characterized histopathologically by neutrophilic alveolitis, injury of the alveolar epithelium and endothelium, hyaline membrane formation, and microvascular thrombi. Different animal models of experimental lung injury have been used to investigate mechanisms of lung injury. Most are based on reproducing in animals known risk factors for ARDS, such as sepsis, lipid embolism secondary to bone fracture, acid aspiration, ischemia-reperfusion of pulmonary or distal vascular beds, and other clinical risks. However, none of these models fully reproduces the features of human lung injury. The goal of this review is to summarize the strengths and weaknesses of existing models of lung injury. We review the specific features of human ARDS that should be modeled in experimental lung injury and then discuss specific characteristics of animal species that may affect the pulmonary host response to noxious stimuli. We emphasize those models of lung injury that are based on reproducing risk factors for human ARDS in animals and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model and the extent to which each model reproduces human ARDS. The present review will help guide investigators in the design and interpretation of animal studies of acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Matute-Bello
- Medical Research Service of the Veterans Affairs/Puget Sound Health Care System, 815 Mercer St., Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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26
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Palmer MV, Waters WR, Thacker TC. Lesion development and immunohistochemical changes in granulomas from cattle experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Vet Pathol 2007; 44:863-74. [PMID: 18039899 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-6-863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, persists within granulomas. Formation of granulomas involves a complex array of immune activation and cellular migration. To examine temporal changes in granuloma development, we inoculated 32 cattle with M. bovis of deer origin. Tissues from 4 calves each were examined at 15, 28, 42, 60, 90, 180, 270, and 370 days after inoculation. Granulomas in the medial retropharyngeal lymph node were staged (I-IV) on the basis of cellular composition and the presence or absence of necrosis and peripheral fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CD68, CD4, CD8, and gamma/delta T cells was performed. Fifteen days after inoculation only stage I granulomas were seen, while between 28 and 60 days, there was a steady progression through granuloma stages such that by day 60, granulomas of all 4 stages were seen. Acid-fast bacilli were present in moderate-to-large numbers in stage I granulomas 15-60 days after inoculation. Stage IV granulomas contained large numbers of acid-fast bacteria. Abundant iNOS immunoreactivity was associated with granulomas from day 15 through day 60 but was minimal from day 90 to the termination of the experiment. The relative number of CD4+ and CD68+ cells remained constant throughout the study. In contrast, at time points >60 days, numbers of CD8+ and gamma/delta T cells diminished. Tuberculous granulomas are dynamic lesions that follow an orderly progression through disease stages. Diminished expression of iNOS and reduced numbers of CD8+ and gamma/delta T cells late in the progression of tuberculous granulomas may represent a failure of the host response to control infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Palmer
- Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
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Naureckiene S, Edris W, Ajit SK, Katz AH, Sreekumar K, Rogers KE, Kennedy JD, Jones PG. Use of a murine cell line for identification of human nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2007; 55:303-13. [PMID: 16990017 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. Low concentrations of this mediator play homeostatic roles, whereas many acute and chronic responses are associated with excessive production of NO. This upregulation is due in part to the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by proinflammatory cytokines in several different cell types, including macrophages and their CNS derivative, microglia. METHODS The crystal structures of the oxygenase domains of mouse and human iNOS were superimposed using the "align by homology" feature in Sybyl (SYBYL 7.0, Tripos Inc.). NOS isoform expression was assessed by TaqMan, Western blotting, and activity assays. RESULTS We demonstrate that there is a high degree of three-dimensional overlap between the mouse and human iNOS active centers and propose that the murine isoform can serve as a suitable substitute for the human in assays. We also demonstrate that LPS stimulation of the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 induces the expression of iNOS, but not nNOS or eNOS, at the levels of mRNA transcription and protein expression. Furthermore, the pharmacology and calcium dependency of the NO formation support the finding that it is due to iNOS alone. Also reported is the demonstration of LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in simple cell-based and cell-free screening assays for iNOS inhibitors. Both assays were reproducible, as demonstrated by Z' factors of 0.69 and 0.71, and had high signal to noise ratios of 11- and 6-fold for the cell-based and cell-free assay, respectively. DISCUSSION Our computational analyses indicate that there is a high degree of three-dimensional overlap between the oxygenase domains of human and murine iNOS. This observation together with the selective induction of murine iNOS in RAW 264.7 macrophages demonstrates the potential utility of the mouse iNOS assay to identify inhibitors of the human enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saule Naureckiene
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Wyeth Research, CN8000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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Widdison S, Ashley GR, Howard CJ, Coffey TJ. Characterisation of bovine inducible nitric oxide synthase. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 117:302-9. [PMID: 17336395 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of the reactive nitrogen intermediate nitric oxide (NO). NO is an important signalling molecule, released by numerous cells, that acts in many tissues to regulate a diverse range of physiological and biological processes, including neurotransmission, immune defence and the regulation of cell death (apoptosis). NO plays a major role in the killing of intracellular pathogens as part of the innate immune response. iNOS is known to be induced by a number of stimuli including cytokines as well as pathogens and their components. As yet, a full-length bovine iNOS sequence has only been predicted from the genome, although partial sequences from cDNA are available. Here, we have identified a 3471bp transcript for bovine iNOS, isolated from RNA from bovine alveolar macrophages stimulated with the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium bovis. When translated this gives a protein of 1156 amino acids. Bovine iNOS shows a high degree of similarity to iNOS from other species, and also shares a common protein domain structure.
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Bultinck J, Sips P, Vakaet L, Brouckaert P, Cauwels A. Systemic NO production during (septic) shock depends on parenchymal and not on hematopoietic cells: in vivo iNOS expression pattern in (septic) shock. FASEB J 2006; 20:2363-5. [PMID: 17020927 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-5798fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Septic shock is the leading cause of death in noncoronary intensive care units and the 10th leading cause of death overall. Several lines of evidence support an important role for the vasodilator NO in hypotension, a hallmark of septic shock. However, NO may also positively or negatively regulate inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. These dual effects of NO may relate to its isoform specific production but also to differences in cellular and/or temporal expression. Via bone marrow transplantations, we examined the contribution of hematopoietic cells to the dramatically elevated NO levels seen in (septic) shock. Surprisingly, hematopoietic cells are not responsible at all for the production of circulating NO after systemic tumor necrosis factor or lipopolysaccharide challenge and contribute only marginally in a bacteremic (Salmonella) model of septic shock. Immunohistochemistry identified the nonhematopoietic sources of NO as hepatocytes, paneth cells, and intestinal and renal epithelial cells. In contrast, during granulomatous Bacillus Calmette-Guérin inflammation, the hematopoietic cell population represents the sole source of systemic NO. These mouse data demonstrate that, in contrast to the general conjecture, the dramatically elevated levels of NO during (septic) shock are not produced by hematopoietic cells such as monocytes/macrophages but rather by parenchymal cells in liver, kidney and gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennyfer Bultinck
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Ghent University/VIB, Technologiepark 927, Ghent 9052, Belgium
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30
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Mirkovitch J, König A, Sauter KS, Brcic M, Hope JC, Howard CJ, Jungi TW. Single-cell analysis divides bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cells into subsets expressing either high or low levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:1-14. [PMID: 16908072 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2006] [Revised: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are important cells at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. DC have a key role in antigen processing and presentation to T cells. Effector functions of DC related to innate immunity have not been explored extensively. We show that bovine monocyte-derived DC (mDC) express inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein and produce NO upon triggering with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes (HKLM). An immunocytochemical analysis revealed that a sizeable subset (20-60%) copiously expresses iNOS (iNOShi) upon IFN-gamma/HKLM triggering, whereas the other subset expressed low levels of iNOS (iNOSlo). Monocyte-derived macrophages (mMphi) are more homogeneous with regard to iNOS expression. The number of cells within the iNOSlo mDC subset is considerably larger than the number of dead cells or cells unresponsive to IFN-gamma/HKLM. The large majority of cells translocated p65 to the nucleus upon triggering by IFN-gamma/HKLM. A contamination of mDC with iNOS-expressing mMphi was excluded as follows. (i) Cell surface marker analysis suggested that mDC were relatively homogeneous, and no evidence for a contaminating subset expressing macrophage markers (e.g. high levels of CD14) was obtained. (ii) iNOS expression was stronger in iNOShi mDC than in mMphi. The use of maturation-promoting stimuli revealed only subtle phenotypic differences between immature and mature DC in cattle. Nevertheless, these stimuli promoted development of considerably fewer iNOShi mDC upon triggering with IFN-gamma/HKLM. Immunocytochemical results showed that although a significant proportion of cells expressed iNOS only or TNF only upon triggering with IFN-gamma/HKLM, a significant number of cells expressed both iNOS and TNF, suggesting that TNF and iNOS producing (TIP) DC are present within bovine mDC populations obtained in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mirkovitch
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Rathore DK, Suchitra S, Saini M, Singh BP, Joshi P. Identification of a 66 kDa Haemonchus contortus excretory/secretory antigen that inhibits host monocytes. Vet Parasitol 2006; 138:291-300. [PMID: 16517075 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Revised: 12/27/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A 66 kDa adult Haemonchus contortus excretory/secretory (E/S) antigen was identified in Western blot by reaction with sera from the infected goats. The protein was purified from the adult worm extract and E/S products by anion exchange and ConA-Sepharose chromatography. The purified protein inhibited monocyte function in vitro as judged by decreased production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in the culture medium. The protein also caused proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The absence of protein in the free living L3 larvae suggests that the expression of this protein coincides with the adaptation to the parasitic life. A correlation of antibody titre and worm burden was observed in the infected goats with higher antibody levels in high worm burdened animals. Anti-protein antibody caused loss of adult worm motility in vitro resulting in the death of the parasite. The fact that the protein is recognized by the host together with in vitro killing of adult parasites by antibodies makes this protein a promising candidate for vaccination trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Rathore
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, UP, India
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Rock RB, Hu S, Deshpande A, Munir S, May BJ, Baker CA, Peterson PK, Kapur V. Transcriptional response of human microglial cells to interferon-γ. Genes Immun 2005; 6:712-9. [PMID: 16163375 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS), play a pivotal role in innate and adaptive immune responses in the brain. The immune functions of microglia are regulated by cytokines, including interferon (IFN)-gamma, which is a major mediator of macrophage activation. We describe the transcriptional profile of human fetal microglial cells at 1, 6, and 24 h after IFN-gamma treatment. The results show a change in the expression of 405 genes including transcriptionally induced chemokines, IFN-gamma signaling factors, and major histocompatibility complex genes. Our results demonstrate that activation of microglia by IFN-gamma induces proinflammatory T-lymphocyte-related chemokine genes as well as genes involved in antigen presentation. As a result, signals for T-cell infiltration and antigen presentation are produced to allow for microglia-T-cell interactions that likely contribute to defense against invading pathogens. In sum, our results provide a foundation for the molecular mechanisms of the microglial response to IFN-gamma-a key to understanding cell-mediated immunity of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Rock
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Hostetter J, Huffman E, Byl K, Steadham E. Inducible nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the granulomatous intestinal lesions of naturally occurring bovine Johne's disease. Vet Pathol 2005; 42:241-9. [PMID: 15872370 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-3-241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is important in the control of a number of intracellular pathogens, including mycobacteria, and is a marker of classic macrophage activation. In human granulomatous diseases such as leprosy, a spectrum of granulomatous lesions is described, ranging from the tuberculoid to lepromatous types. Tuberculoid granulomas are associated with enhanced iNOS production and improved clinical outcomes over the lepromatous types. The aim of this study is to determine whether an association exists between morphology of bovine Johne's disease granulomas and lesion macrophage effector functions. To accomplish this, we retrospectively evaluated 24 cases of bovine Johne's disease. In each case, we recorded the predominant granuloma morphology and evaluated iNOS immunoreactivity and bacterial burden by acid-fast stains and mycobacterial immunolabeling. The results of this study demonstrate that all cases had granulomas with features most similar to the lepromatous type. This morphology correlated with heavy bacterial burdens demonstrated by acid-fast staining and mycobacterial immunoreactivity. None of the cases had high expression of iNOS in mycobacterial-positive granulomas. When iNOS immunoreactivity was identified, it was usually located near the crypts and was distinct from the granulomatous foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hostetter
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2720 Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Baggio V, Ott F, Fischer RW, Gram H, Peele J, Spreng D, Schmökel H, Jungi TW. Production of antibodies to canine IL-1β and canine TNF to assess the role of proinflammatory cytokines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 107:27-39. [PMID: 15982477 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 02/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
IL-1 and TNF are important proinflammatory cytokines implicated in both antimicrobial host defense and pathogenesis of diseases with an immune-mediated and/or inflammatory component. Respective studies in the dog have been hampered by the unavailability of reagents allowing the specific measurement of canine cytokine proteins and the effect of canine cytokine neutralization by Ab. Starting with recombinant canine (rcan) IL-1beta and rcanTNF, four polyclonal antisera and 22 mAb specific for rcanIL-1beta and rcanTNF were generated. Their usefulness in neutralization assays was determined. Using cytokine-containing supernatants of canine cells in bioassays, polyclonal antisera neutralized either canine IL-1beta or TNF. TNF was also neutralized by three antibodies developed in this study and one commercial mAb. The usefulness of monoclonal and polyclonal Ab in canine cytokine-specific Ab capture ELISA's was assessed. This resulted in the identification of a commercial mAb combination and one pair developed in this study allowing low levels of TNF to be detected by antibody capture ELISA. The detection limit was 141 pg/ml rcanTNF for both combinations. Using rcanIL-1beta as an antigen allowed the detection of lower concentrations of rcanIL-1beta (20 pg/ml, on the average) by a pair of polyclonal antisera than when monoclonals were used. By using such IL-1beta-specific and TNF-specific ELISA's, the respective cytokines were detected in supernatants of canine PBMC stimulated with LPS or heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes and interferon-gamma combined. Thus, monoclonal and polyclonal reagents were identified allowing the quantitation of canine IL-1beta and TNF production in vitro, and the neutralization of these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vannozza Baggio
- Small Animal Surgery, University of Berne, Laenggassstrasse 128, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland
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35
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Stoll LL, Denning GM, Weintraub NL. Potential Role of Endotoxin as a Proinflammatory Mediator of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:2227-36. [PMID: 15472123 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000147534.69062.dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is increasingly recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease. Although a variety of inflammatory markers (ie, C-reactive protein) have been associated with atherosclerosis and its consequences, it is important to identify principal mediators of the inflammatory responses. One potentially important source of vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis is bacterial endotoxin. Mutations in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), an integral component of the endotoxin signaling complex, are fairly common in the Caucasian population and have recently been associated with reduced incidence of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases in some studies. Moreover, epidemiological studies suggest that endotoxemia at levels as low as 50 pg/mL constitutes a strong risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. Endotoxin concentrations in this range may be produced by a variety of common subclinical Gram-negative infections. In this article, we outline the main elements of the endotoxin signaling receptor complex that initiates proinflammatory signaling (lipopolysaccharide binding protein [LBP], CD14, TLR-4, and MD-2) and discuss how changes in expression of these molecules may affect proatherogenic responses in the vessel wall. We also describe some of the proinflammatory effects of endotoxin that may be relevant to atherosclerosis, and discuss how serum lipoproteins, especially high-density lipoprotein, may modulate endotoxin-induced inflammatory responses. Further, we discuss recent findings suggesting that the lipid-lowering statins may have an additional protective role in blocking at least some of these proinflammatory signaling pathways. Finally, we discuss species diversity with regard to endotoxin signaling that should be considered when extrapolating experimental data from animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn L Stoll
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City and The VA Medical Center, IA 52242, USA.
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36
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Aktan F. iNOS-mediated nitric oxide production and its regulation. Life Sci 2004; 75:639-53. [PMID: 15172174 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 931] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Accepted: 10/24/2003] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the production of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and its regulation under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. NO is an important biological mediator in the living organism that is synthesized from L-arginine using NADPH and molecular oxygen. However, the overproduction of NO which is catalyzed by iNOS, a soluble enzyme and active in its dimeric form, is cytotoxic. Immunostimulating cytokines or bacterial pathogens activate iNOS and generate high concentrations of NO through the activation of inducible nuclear factors, including NFkB. iNOS activation is regulated mainly at the transcriptional level, but also at posttranscriptional, translational and postranslational levels through effects on protein stability, dimerization, phosphorylation, cofactor binding and availability of oxygen and L-arginine as substrates. The prevention of the overproduction of NO in the living organism through control of regulatory pathways may assist in the treatment of high NO-mediated disorders without changing physiological levels of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fugen Aktan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Building A15, Room N257, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Werling D, Hope JC, Howard CJ, Jungi TW. Differential production of cytokines, reactive oxygen and nitrogen by bovine macrophages and dendritic cells stimulated with Toll-like receptor agonists. Immunology 2004; 111:41-52. [PMID: 14678198 PMCID: PMC1782399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2003] [Revised: 09/25/2003] [Accepted: 10/10/2003] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) have been described as partially sharing signalling pathways but showing unique ligand specificity and tissue distribution. Here, the response of bovine macrophages (Mphi) and dendritic cells (DC), both derived from monocytes, was compared by exposing them to the TLR-specific ligands lipopolysaccharide, poly(I:C)-double-stranded RNA, and CpG-DNA, as well as inactivated Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, shown to bind to TLR. The production of NO, superoxide anion, interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) was determined. Compared to monocytes, Mphi expressed more TLR2 and similar levels of TLR4 mRNA transcripts, as analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, whereas DC expressed reduced amounts. Although both DC and Mphi recognized the TLR ligands, dramatic differences were seen in their reaction pattern to them. Both cell types responded with the production of TNF, but DC produced more IL-12, whereas Mphi produced more IL-10, regardless of the TLR agonist used. Co-stimulation with interferon-gamma influenced the amount of cytokine production, but did not alter the cell type-specific response pattern. Compared to Mphi, DC produced > 10 times less NO upon triggering with TLR ligands. In addition, DC produced superoxide anion to opsonized and non-opsonized zymosan, but not to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a response pattern confirmed for human Mphi and DC, respectively. Different protein kinase C isoforms and extracellular signal-regulated kinase patterns were detected in cell lysates of resting and stimulated Mphi and DC. Collectively, our results point to profound differences in pathogen-derived signal-response coupling occurring commensurate with distinct functions carried out by Mphi or DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Werling
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Werners AH, Bull S, Fink-Gremmels J, Bryant CE. Generation and characterisation of an equine macrophage cell line (e-CAS cells) derived from equine bone marrow cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 97:65-76. [PMID: 14700538 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of many diseases by mediating the host immune response to infections and intoxications. The species-specific activation of macrophages and the differential response in cytokine production impedes the extrapolation of results between species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate and immortalise macrophages from equine bone marrow (BM) cells in order to study equine-specific signalling pathways. The isolated BM-derived macrophages (referred to as e-CAS cells) showed proliferation kinetics similar to that of standardised cell lines and were maintained in culture for >76 passages. To characterise the cells, a number of typical parameters of macrophages were tested. Morphological evaluation (May-Grünwald Giemsa staining) and non-specific esterase activity indicated the e-CAS cells to be macrophages. The presence of CD14 and their ability to phagocytose Escherichia coli bioparticles further confirmed their identity, as did their ability to produce cytokines, reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates in response to LPS. These data show that the established cell line (e-CAS) shows the characteristics of equine macrophages and may, therefore, prove to be a unique in vitro model for studying the cellular biology of equine inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno H Werners
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 16, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Janicke H, Taylor PM, Bryant CE. Lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma activate nuclear factor kappa B and induce cyclo-oxygenase-2 in equine vascular smooth muscle cells. Res Vet Sci 2003; 75:133-40. [PMID: 12893162 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(03)00073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Equine endotoxaemia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in horses caused by the interaction of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with cells such as macrophages and vascular smooth muscle. In this study we isolated equine vascular smooth muscle from a variety of vessels and stimulated it with LPS and human interferon (hIFN)-gamma. Using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) and Western blot analysis we show that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is readily expressed in equine vascular smooth muscle. Vascular smooth muscle cells produced prostaglandin E2 in response to LPS and hIFNgamma. Using similar approaches we saw very limited expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in only one vascular smooth muscle preparation. LPS and IFNgamma caused translocation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NfkappaB) to the nucleus in equine cells suggesting the limited iNOS production seen in our cells is not due to deficits in this signal transduction pathway. These data suggest that in equine vascular smooth muscle COX-2 and NfkappaB are likely to play important roles in the pathogenesis of equine endotoxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Janicke
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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40
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Hunter RP. Nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase and inflammation in veterinary medicine. Anim Health Res Rev 2003. [PMID: 12665111 DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a process consisting of a complex of cytological and chemical reactions which occur in and around affected blood vessels and adjacent tissues in response to an injury caused by a physical, chemical or biological insult. Much work has been performed in the past several years investigating inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS, EC 1.14.13.39) and nitric oxide in inflammation. This has resulted in a rapid increase in knowledge about iNOS and nitric oxide. Nitric oxide formation from inducible NOS is regulated by numerous inflammatory mediators, often with contradictory effects, depending upon the type and duration of the inflammatory insult. Equine medicine appears to have benefited the most from the increased interest in this small, inflammatory mediator. Most of the information on nitric oxide in traditional veterinary species has been produced using models or naturally occurring inflammatory diseases of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Hunter
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 129 Coles Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5802, USA.
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Pechkovsky DV, Zissel G, Goldmann T, Einhaus M, Taube C, Magnussen H, Schlaak M, Müller-Quernheim J. Pattern of NOS2 and NOS3 mRNA expression in human A549 cells and primary cultured AEC II. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 282:L684-92. [PMID: 11880293 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00320.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human alveolar type II epithelium-like cell line A549 expresses nitric oxide synthase type 2 (NOS2), but not NOS3, and produces nitric oxide (NO) upon appropriate stimulation. However, relatively little is known regarding the NOS2 and NOS3 expression of type II human alveolar epithelial cells (AEC II) in primary culture. We detected NOS3 mRNA in freshly isolated AEC II and after 24 h of culture. NOS3 mRNA levels were much higher in AEC II cultured for 24 h with or without interferon-gamma, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, compared with freshly isolated cells. Cytokine stimulation did not change the NOS3 mRNA expression level in AEC II compared with unstimulated cells. NOS3 protein expression was verified by Western blot, and measuring nitrate/nitrite revealed that the protein is active. In contrast, neither NOS2 mRNA nor protein could be detected in freshly isolated, unstimulated or cytokine-stimulated human AEC II in 24- or 72-h primary cultures, whereas A549 cells expressed NOS2 message and protein upon stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines. In situ hybridization confirmed that AEC II express NOS3, but not NOS2 mRNA in vivo. These data demonstrate that there are significant differences between primary AEC II and A549 cells in NOS mRNA expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Pechkovsky
- Medical Hospital, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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Remer KA, Jungi TW, Fatzer R, Täuber MG, Leib SL. Nitric oxide is protective in listeric meningoencephalitis of rats. Infect Immun 2001; 69:4086-93. [PMID: 11349080 PMCID: PMC98473 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.6.4086-4093.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2000] [Accepted: 03/14/2001] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes causes meningoencephalitis in humans. In rodents, listeriosis is associated with granulomatous lesions in the liver and the spleen, but not with meningoencephalitis. Here, infant rats were infected intracisternally to generate experimental listeric meningoencephalitis. Dose-dependent effects of intracisternal inoculation with L. monocytogenes on survival and activity were noted; 10(4) L. monocytogenes organisms induced a self-limiting brain infection. Bacteria invaded the basal meninges, chorioid plexus and ependyme, spread to subependymal tissue and hippocampus, and disappeared by day 7. This was paralleled by recruitment and subsequent disappearance of macrophages expressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine accumulation, an indication of nitric oxide (NO.) production. Treatment with the spin-trapping agent alpha-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) dramatically increased mortality and led to bacterial numbers in the brain 2 orders of magnitude higher than in control animals. Treatment with the selective iNOS inhibitor L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (L-NIL) increased mortality to a similar extent and led to 1 order of magnitude higher bacterial counts in the brain, compared with controls. The numbers of bacteria that spread to the spleen and liver did not significantly differ among L-NIL-treated, PBN-treated, and control animals. Thus, the infant rat brain is able to mobilize powerful antilisterial mechanisms, and both reactive oxygen and NO. contribute to Listeria growth control.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Remer
- Institutes of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Tabouret G, Vouldoukis I, Duranton C, Prevot F, Bergeaud JP, Dorchies P, Mazier D, Jacquiet P. Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae): effects of larval excretory/secretory products on nitric oxide production by murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Parasite Immunol 2001; 23:111-9. [PMID: 11240902 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3024.2001.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Larvae of Oestrus ovis (Insecta: Diptera: Oestridae) are common parasites of nasal and sinus cavities of sheep and goats. Previous studies revealed that crude extracts of larvae modify NO synthesis by ovine monocyte derived macrophages. The aim of this study was to investigate the larval excretory/secretory products effects on nitric oxide production by murine tumour macrophages RAW 264.7. Stimulation of RAW macrophages by excretory/secretory products of the three instars larvae (25 microg/ml) significantly increased nitrite concentrations in culture supernatants compared to negative and positive Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide control. This effect was time and dose dependent. Nitrite production in culture supernatants was due to induction of isoform NOS-2 because both NG monomethyl L-arginine (100 microM) and dexamethasone (20 microM) inhibited, by 60 and 50%, respectively, nitrite accumulation in culture supernatants. First steps of purification, by ion exchange chromatography, indicated that one protein of 29 kDa was able to induce NO synthesis by macrophages. Further studies are needed for a better characterization of these molecule and to investigate their immunogenicity for a vaccine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tabouret
- Laboratoire Associé INRA de Physiopathologie Infectieuse et Parasitaire des Ruminants, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France
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Solano Aguilar GI, Beshah E, Vengroski KG, Zarlenga D, Jauregui L, Cosio M, Douglass LW, Dubey JP, Lunney JK. Cytokine and lymphocyte profiles in miniature swine after oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Int J Parasitol 2001; 31:187-95. [PMID: 11239939 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are considered an important source of Toxoplasma gondii infection for humans. A major strategy for immune prophylaxis of toxoplasmosis in swine is the understanding of the immune response against T. gondii infection. The phenotype of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the kinetics of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) transcriptional changes were characterised in miniature swine following infection. A total of 66, 4-9-month-old miniature swine were used for three experiments performed over a period of 2 years. All pigs were fed iota1000 oocysts of the VEG strain of T. gondii and blood samples were obtained on the day of inoculation and at days 3, 6, 10, 17, 25, 32 and 40 after infection. An increase in expression of activation markers CD25 and SLA-DQ was detected in the first week of infection. A significant increase in the percentage of CD8+cells was observed in the second week of infection. Relative competitive RT-PCR analysis indicated an increase in IFN-gamma mRNA as well as a reduction in IL-10 mRNA during the second week post infection. Increase in IL-12 transcription was not observed until the fourth week of infection. The ability of the pigs to respond to T. gondii infection by simultaneously inducing pro-inflammatory cytokines early and anti-inflammatory cytokines later is a likely indication of the requirement to strike a balance between controlling parasite growth and avoiding cytokine toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G I Solano Aguilar
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Immunology and Disease Resistance Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
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Zídek Z, Franková D, Boubelík M. Genetic variation in in-vitro cytokine-induced production of nitric oxide by murine peritoneal macrophages. PHARMACOGENETICS 2000; 10:493-501. [PMID: 10975603 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200008000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative aspects of the in-vitro interferon (IFN)-gamma-induced nitric oxide (NO) production by peritoneal macrophages of eight inbred strains of mice were investigated. Animals employed in the study can be assorted into three phenotype categories: high, moderate, and low NO-responders. Concentration of nitrites in the 24-h supernatants of cells stimulated with recombinant murine IFN-gamma (25 U/ml) reached the following values (mean +/- SEM; in microM): C57BL/10 (33.7+/-1.88) = C57BL/6 (32.1+/-2.10) > SIL (24.0+/-1.55) > CBA/J (18.1+/-1.79) = C3H/HeN (18.0+/-1.10) > DBA/2 (11.4+/-1.16) = DBA/1 (11.0+/-1.20) = Balb/c (11.0+/-1.16). Approximately 80% of the total variation was found to be controlled by genetic factors. No association between the extent of NO formation and variation in the constitutive expression of macrophage IFN-gamma receptor was observed. Similar magnitude of inter-strain differences was sustained after enhanced NO-stimulation of the cells with IFN-gamma + tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, but only high (strains BL/10, BL/6, SJL, CBA/J, C3H/HeN) and low (DBA/1, DBA/2, Balb/c) NO-responder phenotypes were detected after the triple cytokine cocktail composed of IFN-gamma + TNF-alpha + interleukin (IL)-10. The strain differences remained unchanged after the supplementation of culture medium with L-arginine or tetrahydrobipopterin. Genetically governed differences in IFN-gamma-induced NO production have been found to be tightly associated with differential expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA. Possible implications of the findings for various fields of NO biomedical research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zídek
- Institute of Pharmacology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague.
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Fligger JM, Waldvogel AS, Pfister H, Jungi TW. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in spontaneous bovine bronchopneumonia. Vet Pathol 1999; 36:397-405. [PMID: 10490207 DOI: 10.1354/vp.36-5-397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), major histocompatibility class II molecules (MHC-II), CD68, and the calcium-binding proteins S100A8 and S100A9 (also called MRP8 and MRP14, respectively) was assessed in lung tissues from cattle that succumbed to pneumonia. Expression patterns of these markers were related to the types of lung lesion. iNOS expression was only observed in lungs infected with Arcanobacterium pyogenes or Pasteurella haemolytica but not in lungs from cattle with subacute chronic interstitial pneumonia and acute interstitial pneumonia due to Escherichia coli infection. High levels of iNOS were expressed by cells (probably leukocytes) surrounding necrotic foci. Occasionally, iNOS was expressed by intraalveolar macrophages in viable parenchyma, by leukocytes within the airways, and by some chondrocytes in the supporting cartilage of bronchi. Cells expressing MHC-II were distributed relatively evenly throughout areas of inflammation and did not display any clear association with necrotic foci. Cell types expressing MHC-II included type II alveolar epithelial cells, spindle-shaped cells of the interstitium, cells in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, and leukocytes in lymph and blood vessels but largely excluded iNOS-positive cells. Likewise, CD68-positive cells were rarely positive for iNOS and were not confined to the areas surrounding necrotic tissue. As with MHC-II and CD68, there was little if any coexpression of iNOS and either of the S100 proteins tested. Thus, in cattle with necrotizing bronchopneumonia, iNOS-expressing cells were largely restricted to the cellular zone surrounding necrotic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fligger
- Institutes of Veterinary Virology and Animal Pathology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Tipold A, Zurbriggen A, Moore P, Schijns V, Jungi TW. Generation and functional characterisation of canine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Res Vet Sci 1998; 64:125-32. [PMID: 9625468 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(98)90007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A culture of bone marrow cells from the femurs of canine pups at high concentrations of fetal calf serum under non-adherent conditions allowed the proliferation and differentiation of mononuclear phagocyte lineage cells, as evidenced by morphology and CD14 expression. Cells from other lineages progressively diminished in numbers. Cells collected between 12 and 19 days of culture expressed an array of macrophage activities including ingestion of opsonised erythrocytes, generation of superoxide, up-regulation of procoagulant activity and synthesis of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) upon appropriate stimulation. TNF production was enhanced when the cultures were simultaneously stimulated with canine recombinant, or supernatant-derived, interferon-gamma. In contrast, low levels of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase were expressed by only a minority of stimulated macrophages, and nitrite could not be detected in the medium. Therefore, canine macrophages generated by this novel culture system resemble human macrophages in their inefficient and restricted generation of NO upon appropriate stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tipold
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Dzenko KA, Weltzien RB, Pachter JS. Suppression of A beta-induced monocyte neurotoxicity by antiinflammatory compounds. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 80:6-12. [PMID: 9413254 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous work from this laboratory has demonstrated that prior exposure of peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) to aggregated beta-amyloid peptide (A beta), the major protein comprising the amyloid plaques characteristically present in the brain of Alzheimer disease (AD)-afflicted individuals, activates these cells to a neurotoxic state when co-cultured with brain tissue. In this report we extend these findings to further show that such A beta-induced PBM neurotoxicity can be inhibited by three differentially-acting antiinflammatory drugs, indomethacin, dexamethasone, and colchicine, which are typically used clinically to treat peripheral inflammatory disease. In addition, evidence is presented that these toxic effects are initiated, in large part, by soluble factors released from A beta-stimulated PBM. Our results suggest a rationale for antiinflammatory therapy in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Dzenko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA
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